Agenda packet, first session — Malibu City Council, April 13, 2026 (part 2 of 3)

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APPROVED AS TO FORM: CONSULTANT:

Solid Waste Solutions, Inc., a California
corporation
____________________________________ _____________________________________ TREVOR RUSIN, Interim City Attorney By: KIMBERLY NILSSON Title: President
Docusign Envelope ID: 1C414866-1548-46B1-8819-EAC75963BADA 4 Agreement to Agreement
Solid Waste Solutions, Inc., a California corporation

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Exhibit 1
Compensation for Services
Consultant will perform the solid waste services on an hourly basis, in accordance with the rate schedule below. The Not to Exceed Fee represents all cost associated with the delivery of each task including travel time. Prior to commencing work for the City of Malibu by the Consultant, written authorization must be granted by the Community Development Director or his/her designee.

Consultant shall submit itemized invoices identifying the specific tasks performed, corresponding hours, and associated costs for each billing period.

Compensation for 3-Year Term: $354,000
Not-to-exceed an annual estimated budget of $127,000
Professional Staff Hourly Rate
Recycling Coordinator & Permit Processor $86.00/hour
Project Coordinator $106.00/hour
Project Management $133.00/hour
Senior Manager/Computer Programming / Database Management $195.00/hour Principal $220.00/hour
All rates shall include overhead costs including, but not limited to salaries, benefits, insurance, office expenses, mileage, and courier service. If staff substitutions are necessary, or if staff is promoted to a different title, the original rates listed above will still apply.

Non-Billable Administrative Overhead
The Consultant will bill only for time spent performing assigned professional work. All other activities associated with carrying out the contract are not billable and are therefore considered overhead or administrative functions contained within the hourly rate. Typical examples of nonbillable overhead activities are:
• Discussion with staff or applicant about the cost of services or to address billing disputes. • Meetings to discuss work performance, contract, or additional services. • Travel time to and from the City of Malibu.
• Preparation of invoices and other administrative clerical services. • Contract administration, such as preparing or discussing contract amendments. • Time spent resolving errors in the event the Consultant is responsible.

Docusign Envelope ID: 1C414866-1548-46B1-8819-EAC75963BADA 5 AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO AGREEMENT (“Amendment No. 1”) is made and entered in the City of Malibu on April 13, 2026 by and between the CITY OF MALIBU, a municipal corporation (“City”), and SCS Engineering, Inc., a California corporation (“Consultant”). City and Consultant are each a “Party” and collectively, the “Parties”.

The City and the Consultant agree as follows:

R E C I T A L S
A. On June 26, 2023, the City entered into an Agreement with Consultant for solid waste consulting services (the “Agreement”).

B. The City desires to amend the Agreement to extend the Term of the Agreement, such that the contract will now expire on June 30, 2027.

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of their mutual promises, obligations and covenants hereinafter contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Section 2.0 - Term of Agreement, is hereby amended to extend the term of the Agreement to remain in effect until June 30, 2027, unless otherwise terminated or extended as provided in the Agreement.

2. The Parties agree that this Amendment will be considered signed when the signature of a party is delivered physically or by facsimile transmission or scanned and delivered via electronic mail. Such facsimile or electronic mail copies will be treated in all respects as having the same effect as an original signature.

3. All terms and conditions of the Agreement not amended by this Amendment No. 1 remain in full force and effect.

This Agreement is executed on ______________________, at Malibu, California, and effective as of April 13, 2026.

CITY OF MALIBU:
____________________________________
BRUCE SILVERSTEIN, Mayor
ATTEST:
____________________________________
KELSEY PETTIJOHN, City Clerk
(seal)
APPROVED AS TO FORM: CONSULTANT:

SCS Engineering, Inc., a California corporation
_____________________________________ ____________________________________ TREVOR RUSIN, Interim City Attorney By: MICHELLE P. LEONARD Title: Vice President
Docusign Envelope ID: 011CB43D-AEEE-4641-A019-367C9DA4A87C 6

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Agenda Item # 1.B.7.

Council Agenda Report
To: Mayor Silverstein and the Honorable Members of the City Council Prepared by: Yolanda Bundy, Community Development Director Approved by: Joseph D. Irvin, City Manager
Date prepared: March 25, 2026 Meeting date: April 13, 2026 Subject: Amendment to Agreement with Granicus, LLC to Provide Short-Term Rental Host Compliance Services
RECOMMENDED ACTION: Authorize the Mayor to execute Amendment No. 4 to the Professional Services Agreement with Granicus, LLC for short-term rental administration.

FISCAL IMPACT: Amendment No. 4 will extend the term of the amendment through February 12, 2028, and will increase the contract authority by $37,422 annually to an amount not to exceed $427,197.65. The annual cost has decreased from Amendment No.

3. Funding for this agreement is included in the Adopted Budget for Fiscal Year 2025-26 in Account No. 100-7054-5100 (Finance-Professional Services). The expenditures are offset by Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT) revenues.

STRATEGIC PRIORITY: This item is part of the day-to-day operations identified in the Adopted FY 2025-26 Strategic Priority Project List.

DISCUSSION: The City has partnered with Granicus LLC since 2018 to administer and monitor short-term rental (STR) activity, supporting implementation of the City’s STR permitting system and enforcement ordinance adopted in 2020. The agreement has been extended through prior amendments, and although it briefly lapsed during recent negotiations, Granicus continued providing uninterrupted service. Amendment No. 4 reflects an expanded scope of work that enhances the City’s ability to monitor and regulate STRs. These enhancements strengthen enforcement and operational efficiency, and approval of the amendment will extend the agreement through February 12, 2028.

City Council Meeting
04-13-26
Item

1.B.7.
1

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Agenda Item # 1.B.7.

Background
In anticipation of adopting an STR ordinance, on February 12, 2018, after conducting a request for proposals (RFP) process, the City executed an agreement with Host Compliance LLC for short-term rental (STR) administration. In November 2019, Host Compliance LLC was acquired by Granicus, LLC (Granicus).

On September 29, 2020, the City Council adopted Ordinance No. 468 (STR Enforcement Ordinance), which created a new permit system to regulate the STR of residential property and went into effect January 15, 2021. In November 2020, the City launched its online STR permitting process, and City staff have been successfully using the Granicus system to process permits and monitor STR listings.

On January 10, 2022, the City Council approved Amendment No. 1 to the agreement to increase the Compensation for Service and extend the term to February 2024. On February 13, 2024, the City Council approved Amendment No. 2 to the agreement to increase the Compensation for Service and extend the term to February 2025. On March 24, 2025, the City Council approved Amendment No. 3 to the agreement to increase the Compensation for Service and extend the term to February 2026.

Amendment No. 4
Staff worked closely with Granicus to negotiate and refine an expanded scope of services that enhances the City’s regulatory and enforcement capabilities. The Amendment includes several valuable additions that improve data accuracy, compliance monitoring, and operational efficiency.

These enhancements include a Rental Activity Audit feature, which provides ongoing monitoring of STR listings, including historical revenue estimates and occupancy trends.

A Destroyed Property Filtering function allows the City to maintain and upload a list of parcels that are uninhabitable—such as red-tagged or wildfire-damaged properties— ensuring they are excluded from monitoring and enforcement activities unless new listing activity occurs.

Additionally, Night-Cap Monitoring tools will enable staff to track estimated booking activity and identify listings that may exceed locally adopted night limits, supported by reporting and alert features. The inclusion of TOT Revenue Comparison capabilities will allow staff to evaluate estimated rental activity against reported TOT submissions, strengthening audit and compliance efforts. Finally, Planning and Zoning Cross-Check functionality will allow integration of City-provided parcel, zoning, and permitting data to identify STR listings that may not be eligible to operate under local regulations. 2

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Agenda Item # 1.B.7.

Collectively, these enhancements represent a significant improvement in the City’s ability to proactively monitor, regulate, and enforce STR activity, while leveraging Granicus’ continued service and technical expertise.

Due to current staff priorities related to post-fire recovery efforts, a Request for Proposals (RFP) was not conducted at this time. This Amendment includes a two-year term to maintain service continuity while allowing staff to complete a competitive procurement process. An RFP is anticipated within the next year, with a new agreement in place prior to the expiration of this Amendment.

CONCLUSION: Staff recommends that the City Council authorize the Mayor to execute Amendment No. 4 to the Professional Services Agreement with Granicus, LLC, extending the term until February 12, 2028, expanding the scope of work, and increasing the overall compensation for services.

ATTACHMENT:

1. Amendment No. 4 to the Professional Services Agreement with Granicus, LLC 3 AMENDMENT NO. 4 TO AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDMENT NO. 4 TO AGREEMENT (“Amendment No. 4”) is made and entered in the City of Malibu on April 13, 2026, by and between the CITY OF MALIBU, a municipal corporation, hereinafter referred to as City, and Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability company, hereinafter referred to as Consultant. City and Consultant are each a “Party” and collectively, the “Parties.” The City and the Consultant agree as follows:

R E C I T A L S
A. On February 13, 2018, the City entered into an Agreement with Host Compliance LLC for consulting and software services related to permitting, compliance monitoring, and enforcement of the City’s code, regulations, and tax rules related to short-term rentals (the “Agreement”).

B. On November 8, 2019, Host Compliance LLC was acquired by Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability company, and City and Host Compliance LLC assigned the Agreement to Granicus, LLC.

C. On January 10, 2022, the City entered into Amendment No. 1 with Consultant to extend the term, amend the scope of Consultant’s services, Consultant’s notice information, and indemnification procedures, modify the billing period and procedures on termination, file retention, and data breaches, remove provisions related to limitations of liability and potential remedies for breach, add terms regarding confidentiality and a warranty on Consultant’s services, and increase the Compensation for Services by $80,244.38.

D. On May 28, 2024, the City entered into Amendment No. 2 with Consultant to extend the term, and increase the Compensation for Services by $46,081.19.

E. On March 24, 2025, the City entered into Amendment No. 3 with Consultant to extend the term, and increase the Compensation for Services by $42,128.08.

F. The City desires to amend the Agreement to extend the term by two years, amend the Scope of Work, and increase the Compensation for Services by $37,422 annually, not-to-exceed amount of $427,197.65, and Consultant has submitted a proposal for this purpose that is acceptable to the City.

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of their mutual promises, obligations and covenants hereinafter contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Section 2.0 – Term of Agreement, of the Agreement, is hereby amended to read as follows:

2.0 TERM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement will become effective on February 13, 2018 and will remain in effect until February 12, 2028, unless otherwise expressly extended and agreed to by both parties or terminated by either party as provided herein.

2. Section 4.0 – Compensation for Services, of the Agreement, is hereby amended to read as follows:

4.0 COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES. The City shall pay the Consultant for its professional services rendered and costs incurred pursuant to this Agreement in accordance with the Scope of Work’s fee and cost schedule attached hereto as Exhibit B and incorporated herein by reference. If any part of Exhibit B is inconsistent with the terms of this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall control. The cost of service shall not exceed $37,422 per year, for a total not-toexceed amount of $74,844 for the period of the agreement from February 13, 2026 until February 12, 2028. No additional compensation shall be paid for any other expenses incurred, unless first approved by the City Manager, or his designee.

Docusign Envelope ID: A7691899-628E-4CDE-8ADC-D56CE350E9EC 4 Amendment No. 4 to Agreement
Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability company

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3. The Parties agree to replace the Scope of Work attached to the Agreement as Exhibit A with the Scope of Work attached to this Amendment No. 4 as Exhibit A – SCOPE OF WORK.

4. The Parties further agree to attach the fee and cost schedule, attached to this Amendment No. 4 as Exhibit B - COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES, to the Agreement as Exhibit B.

5. The Parties further agree that this Amendment No. 4 will be considered signed when the signature of a party is delivered physically or by facsimile transmission or scanned and delivered via electronic mail. Such facsimile or electronic mail copies will be treated in all respects as having the same effect as an original signature.

6. All terms and conditions of the Agreement not amended by this Amendment No. 4 remain in full force and effect.

This Agreement is executed on ______________________, at Malibu, California, and effective as of April 13, 2026.

CITY OF MALIBU:
____________________________________
BRUCE SILVERSTEIN, Mayor
ATTEST:
____________________________________
KELSEY PETTIJOHN, City Clerk
(seal)
APPROVED AS TO FORM: CONSULTANT:

Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability
company
_____________________________________ ____________________________________ TREVOR RUSIN, Interim City Attorney By: JESSICA SHUBBIE Title: Manager, Renewals
Docusign Envelope ID: A7691899-628E-4CDE-8ADC-D56CE350E9EC 5 Amendment No. 4 to Agreement
Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability company

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EXHIBIT A

SCOPE OF WORK
Mobile Permitting and Registration
Mobile-enabled online forms and back-end systems for streamlining the registration, licensing, and permitting of individual short-term rental hosts. These registration forms and workflows include:
• Parcel Number lookup and validation
• E-Signatures
• ACH, Debit, and Credit Payments exclusively powered by Stripe.com • Registration Number & Certificate creation
• Document Upload
• Renewals
• Email confirmation
• Admin approval & denial
Address Identification and Monitoring
State-of-the-art software provides ongoing monitoring of short-term rental platforms including major platforms such as Airbnb, VRBO, Booking.com, and FlipKey. Continual review and update of software to align with the evolving state of the platforms to provide a comprehensive dataset.

Machine learning will deduplicate all known Listings into unique Rental Units, where the identification team will provide owner contact information for further enforcement. This product includes:
• Ongoing monitoring of all listings in your jurisdiction • Updating listing activity and details on a regular basis • Screenshot activity of every active listing
• Deduplication of listings into unique Rental Units
• Activity dashboard and map to monitor trends and breakdown of compliance Compliance Outreach
Compliance monitoring provides up-to-date information for each identified Rental Unit and its compliance status. Will configure City of Malibu compliance definition specific to jurisdiction rules and ordinances in order to provide up-to-date compliance status of each identified Rental Unit.

Additionally, this product will:
• Allow your team to send letters to noncompliant properties 24/7 • Configure letter templates with your branding and letterhead • Add as many letter sequences as you need for escalation • Monitor properties that become compliant after letter enforcement Rental Activity Audit
Ongoing monitoring of Short Term Rental listings for signs of rental activity including historical revenue estimates & occupancy. Coupled with our Tax Collection product, users can also compare historical revenue estimates to actual reported revenue to identify those that may be underreporting and underpaying sales tax (i.e., TOT).

The following capabilities shall be configured, activated, or made available within the Granicus Short-Term Rental Compliance platform using existing system functionality where feasible.

Docusign Envelope ID: A7691899-628E-4CDE-8ADC-D56CE350E9EC 6 Amendment No. 4 to Agreement
Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability company

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Configuration and activation of existing platform features required to support these capabilities shall be included as part of the Vendor’s subscription services and shall not require additional licensing, setup, or service fees unless the City requests new modules, products, or services not included in the current agreement.

Destroyed Property Filtering
The system shall allow the City to upload and maintain a list of parcels identified as destroyed, redtagged, or otherwise uninhabitable (e.g., wildfire-damaged properties). These parcels shall be flagged and excluded from active monitoring, compliance reports, and outreach unless new listing activity is detected.

Night-Cap Monitoring
The platform shall provide tools to monitor estimated booking activity and identify listings that may exceed locally adopted short-term rental night limits. Reporting and alert capabilities shall be available to assist staff in identifying potential violations.

Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT) Revenue Comparison
The platform shall provide estimated rental activity, revenue, and occupancy data through the Rental Activity Audit feature to allow comparison with reported TOT submissions for compliance review and audit support.

Planning and Zoning Cross-Check
Where parcel, zoning, or permitting datasets are provided by the City, the platform shall allow cross-referencing of short-term rental listings to assist staff in identifying properties that may not be eligible to operate as short-term rentals.

Docusign Envelope ID: A7691899-628E-4CDE-8ADC-D56CE350E9EC 7 Amendment No. 4 to Agreement
Granicus, LLC, a Minnesota limited liability company

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EXHIBIT B

COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES
The City shall pay the Contractor for its professional services rendered and costs incurred pursuant to this Agreement in accordance with the Scope of Work’s fee and cost schedule. No additional compensation shall be paid for any other expenses incurred, unless first approved by the City Manager or designee.

Compensation for 2-Year Term: $74,844
Not-to-exceed an annual estimated budget of $37,422
Above pricing assumes fewer than 1000 unique short-term rental listings in the City of Malibu’s jurisdiction.

Estimated Future Annual Pricing
Solution Billing Frequency Quantity/ Unit Annual Fee
Mobile Permitting and
Registration
Annual 1 Each $5,250
Address Identification and
Monitoring
Annual 1 Each $18,207
Compliance Outreach Annual 1 Each $5,985
Rental Activity Audit Annual 1 Each $7,980
SUBTOTAL $37,422
Docusign Envelope ID: A7691899-628E-4CDE-8ADC-D56CE350E9EC 8 City of Malibu
Memorandum

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Agenda Item # 1.B.8.

To: Mayor Silverstein and the Honorable Members of the City Council From: Ruth F. Quinto, CPA, City Treasurer
Subject: Investment Report for the Month Ending February 28, 2026 RECOMMENDED ACTION: Receive the Investment Report for the month ending February 28, 2026.

The portfolio is in compliance with the City’s Investment Policy. The City has sufficient liquidity to meet expenditure requirements for at least six months. This monthly Investment Report is in conformance with Government Code 53636, stating the Treasurer may render a quarterly report to the legislative body within 45 days following the end of the quarter covered by the report.

The City’s portfolio is invested in the following categories:

Cash and Cash Equivalents 19.71%
U.S. Treasury 74.88%
U.S. Agencies 0.00%
Certificates of Deposit 5.41%
Investments month to month:

Investment
Issuer/Instrument Type
January 31, 2026 February 28, 2026
Amount
(in millions) Yield(A) %
Amount
(in millions) Yield(A) %
Operating Cash Cash $16.67 3.19% 18.57% $12.73 3.19% 14.73% LAIF Cash $2.53 3.90% 2.82% $2.53 3.85% 2.93%
CDs Investment $5.18 3.94% 5.77% $4.68 3.91% 5.41%
Treasury Bills Investment $0.00 0.00% 0.00% $0.00 0.00% 0.00% Treasury Notes Investment $54.65 3.85% 60.88% $60.46 3.81% 69.99% Treasury STRIPS Investment $9.75 4.02% 10.87% $4.22 4.01% 4.89% Money Market Cash $0.99 3.65% 1.10% $1.77 3.63% 2.05%
Total/Blended Yield 3.75% 3.73%
Total Duration(Years) 1.70 2.00
(A)Yield is based on Purchase Yield for Treasury Bills
Two-Year U.S. Treasury Note Benchmark, as of February 28, 2026: 3.38%.

The fair market value of all investments held by the City is $86,389,083 as of February 28, 2026.

ATTACHMENTS:

1. City of Malibu Investment Statement

2. City of Malibu Portfolio Analysis Statement
City Council Meeting
04-13-26
Item

1.B.8.
1 SNAPSHOT
Current period ending February 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NAME: CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Your Financial Advisor:

WILLIAM GOMBERG 701 S PARKER STREET
Phone: 714-497-1366 SUITE 2500
ORANGE, CA 92868
If you have more than one account with us, why not link them and receive summary information for your entire household? Contact Your Financial Advisor for more details.

CITY OF MALIBU Message from Our Firm
RUTH QUINTO APRIL 15, 2026, IS THE FINAL DAY TO MAKE YOUR 2025 IRA CONTRIBUTION. THE 2025 LIMIT 23825 STUART RANCH ROAD FOR A TRADITIONAL IRA, ROTH IRA,OR A COMBINATION OF THE TWO IS $7,000 ($8,000 IF YOU'RE 50 OR OLDER).CONTACT YOUR FINANCIAL ADVISOR TODAY TO CONTRIBUTE TO OR MALIBU CA 90265-4861 OPEN A WELLS FARGO ADVISORS IRA.

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• Subject to Investment Risks, Including Possible Loss of the Principal Amount Invested

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RSNIP-03012025-5924926.1.1 072 ANCA ANC9
2 General About your rights and responsibilities instructions and disclosures Questions and complaints about Your Account: This account statement contains important information About this statement about your brokerage account, including recent transactions. All account statements sent to you shall be deemed Clearing services: Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC (WFCS), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Wells complete and accurate if not objected to in writing within ten days of receipt. We encourage you to review the details Fargo & Company, is a clearing broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and in this statement. If you do not understand any of the information in your statement or if you believe there are any the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) and is a member of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the inaccuracies or discrepancies in your statement, you should promptly report them to both WFCS and to the manager Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and all principal U.S. exchanges. WFCS carries your account(s) and of the Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network office listed on the front of your statement. To further protect your acts as your custodian for funds and securities deposited with us directly by you, through our affiliated broker-dealer, rights, including any rights under the Securities Investor Protection Act, any verbal communications with either your Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC (Wells Fargo Advisors) or as a result of transactions WFCS processes Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network office or with WFCS should be re-confirmed in writing. Inquiries or for your account. Twice a year, WFCS publishes on its web site www.wfclearing.com a statement of the firm's complaints about your account statement, including the positions and balances in your account, may be directed to financial condition. A financial statement of this organization is available for your personal inspection at its offices, or Wells Fargo Advisors Client Services at (866) 258-4606 or ATTN: H0005-087, 1 N. Jefferson Ave, St. Louis, MO a copy of it will be mailed upon your written request. Unless and until we receive written notice from you to the 63103. contrary, WFCS may, without inquiry or investigation, accept from Wells Fargo Advisors (i) orders for the purchase or Public disclosure: You may reach FINRA by calling the FINRA BrokerCheck Hotline at (800) 289-9999 or by visiting sale of securities for your account on margin or otherwise, and (ii) any other instructions concerning your account. the FINRA website at www.finra.org. An investor brochure that includes information describing FINRA BrokerCheck Trade date statement and trade details: All activity and positions on this statement are shown as of the date a is available from FINRA upon request. A brochure describing the FINRA Pricing of Securities Regulation Public trade is entered on the brokerage trading system (i.e., the trade date). Proceeds from the sale of securities and costs Disclosure Program is also available from the FINRA upon request. for the purchase of securities are not transacted through your account until the actual settlement date of the trade. MSRB disclosure: A brochure describing the protections available under MSRB rules and how to file a complaint is The time of the transactions, the name of the buyer or seller, and the source and amount of any commission or fee available at www.MSRB.org. will be furnished upon written request.

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Tax reporting: We are required by federal law to report annually to you and to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) on Form(s) 1099 interest income, dividend payments and sales proceeds including cost basis information for applicable transactions credited to your account.
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Cash flow summary THIS PERIOD THIS YEAR
Opening value of cash and sweep balances $307,893.48
Income and distributions 228,168.08 244,560.77
Securities sold and redeemed 6,051,000.00 6,301,000.00
Net additions to cash $6,279,168.08 $6,545,560.77
Securities purchased -6,315,264.10 -6,316,540.68
Net subtractions from cash -$6,315,264.10 -$6,316,540.68 Closing value of cash and sweep balances $271,797.46
Income summary * THIS PERIOD THIS YEAR
TAXABLE Money market/sweep funds 4,766.56 5,498.08
Interest 221,297.49 235,682.08
Ordinary dividends and ST capital gains 2,104.03 2,104.03 Total taxable income $228,168.08 $243,284.19
Total federally tax-exempt income $0.00 $0.00
Total income $228,168.08 $243,284.19
* Certain distributions made in the current year are reported as prior year income according to IRS regulations. This may cause a difference between Cash Flow and Income Summary totals.

Gain/loss summary UNREALIZED THIS PERIOD REALIZED THIS YEAR REALIZED Short term (S) 326,424.56 0.00 0.00
Long term (L) 1,545,482.61 0.00 0.00
Total $1,871,907.17 $0.00 $0.00

SNAPSHOT
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Your Financial Advisor Client service information
WILLIAM GOMBERG 701 S PARKER STREET Client service: 800-266-6263 Phone: 714-497-1366 SUITE 2500 Website: www.wellsfargoadvisors.com ORANGE, CA 92868
Account profile
Full account name: CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
Account type: Brokerage Cash Services For your consideration Brokerage account number: 5419-7847 Go paperless. Accessing your account documents online is easy, secure, and Brokerage Cash Services number: 9091092513 costs nothing. Sign on at wellsfargoadvisors.com, go to Portfolio and select Tax status: Non-Profit Statements & Docs, and then click on the Delivery Preferences link. Choose Investment objective/Risk tolerance:* CONSERVATIVE INCOME Paperless - All Docs or view your Delivery Settings details to select specific Time horizon:* INTERMEDIATE (3-5 YEARS) account documents for paperless delivery. If you do not have a Username and Liquidity needs:* MODERATE Password, visit wellsfargoadvisors.com/signup or call 1-877-879-2495 for Cost Basis Election: First in, First out enrollment assistance.

Sweep option: ALLSPRING GOVERNMENT MONEY
MARKET Document delivery status
*For more information, please visit us at: www.wellsfargoadvisors.com/disclosures Paper Electronic Statements: X Available funds Trade confirmations: X
Cash 255,041.10 Tax documents: X
Money market and sweep funds 16,756.36 Shareholder communications: X Available for loan 0.00 Other documents: X
Your total available funds $271,797.46

SNAPSHOT
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Bond maturity schedule % OF
MATURING IN: AMOUNT MATURING CURRENT VALUE MATURING VALUE under 1 year 15,655,000.00 15,553,936.40 22.32
60,000,00 1 to 5 years 54,478,000.00 53,808,354.20 77.68 6 to 10 years 0.00 0.00 0.00
40,000,00 11 to 15 years 0.00 0.00 0.00
16 to 20 years 0.00 0.00 0.00
21 to 30 years 0.00 0.00 0.00
20,000,00 over 30 years 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total $70,133,000.00 $69,362,290.60 100.00%
0 under 1 1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 Over 30
Years
Additional information

THIS PERIOD THIS YEAR THIS PERIOD THIS YEAR
Accrued interest on purchases -14,187.85 -14,187.85 Gross proceeds 6,051,000.00 6,301,000.00 Portfolio detail
Cash and Sweep Balances
Sweep Balances - You have the right, in the course of normal business operations, to withdraw balances in the Bank Deposit Sweep Program or redeem shares of the money market mutual fund used in the sweep, subject to any open commitments in any of your accounts and have the proceeds returned to your accounts or remitted to you. The money market mutual funds in the sweep reserve the right to require one or more day's prior notice before permitting withdrawals.

Money Market Mutual Fund - Funds seek to preserve a value at $1.00 per share, but it is possible to lose money by investing in these funds. Investments in money market funds are not bank deposits and are not insured by the FDIC or any other government agency. They are instead covered by SIPC. Estimated Annual Yield on money market funds, when available, reflects the current estimated yield for the Interest Period dates displayed. For more complete information, including fees, expenses and risks, please request a prospectus from Your Financial Advisor.
% OF CURRENT ESTIMATED ESTIMATED CURRENT
DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT MARKET VALUE ANNUAL INCOME YIELD (%) Cash 0.36 255,041.10 0.00 N/A
ALLSPRING 0.02 16,756.36 546.00 3.26

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
Interest Period 02/01/26 - 02/28/26
Total Cash and Sweep Balances 0.38 $271,797.46 $546.00
072 ANCA ANC9
Amount Maturing
7

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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Corporate and municipal bonds and other fixed income securities are priced by a computerized pricing service or, for less actively traded issues, by utilizing a yield-based matrix system to arrive at an estimated market value.

Government Bonds

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%) US TREASURY ^
NOTES
CPN 2.250% DUE 03/31/26
DTD 03/31/19 FC 09/30/19
Moody AA1
CUSIP 9128286L9
Acquired 03/15/23 L 5.62 4,000,000 96.38 3,855,382.00 99.8800 3,995,200.00 139,818.00 37,582.41 90,000 2.25 US TREASURY ^
NOTES
CPN 3.750% DUE 04/15/26
DTD 04/15/23 FC 10/15/23
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CGV7
Acquired 04/02/24 L 2.81 2,000,000 98.53 1,970,772.62 100.0030 2,000,060.00 29,287.38 28,228.02 75,000 3.74

UNITED STATES TREAS SEC

INT PMT BD
DUE 05/15/26
DTD 11/15/96
Moody NR , S&P NR
CUSIP 912833LZ1
Acquired 10/22/24 L 5.94 4,255,000 99.17 4,219,889.68 99.2480 4,223,002.40 3,112.72 N/A N/A N/A

93.98 3,999,109.60

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 0.750% DUE 08/31/26
DTD 08/31/21 FC 02/28/22
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CCW9
Acquired 03/15/23 L 5.54 4,000,000 91.07 3,643,007.00 98.5840 3,943,360.00 300,353.00 82.87 30,000 0.76 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Government Bonds continued

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%)

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 2.500% DUE 03/31/27
DTD 03/31/22 FC 09/30/22
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CEF4
Acquired 03/15/23 L 5.56 4,000,000 96.45 3,858,132.00 98.9450 3,957,800.00 99,668.00 41,758.25 100,000 2.52

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 2.625% DUE 05/31/27
DTD 05/31/22 FC 11/30/22
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CET4
Acquired 03/21/24 L 3.12 2,245,000 95.32 2,139,978.18 98.9530 2,221,494.85 81,516.67 14,732.81 58,931 2.65

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 3.125% DUE 08/31/27
DTD 08/31/22 FC 02/28/23
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CFH9
Acquired 03/15/23 L 2.65 1,894,000 98.59 1,867,461.42 99.5420 1,885,325.48 17,864.06 163.50 59,188 3.13

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 1.250% DUE 04/30/28
DTD 04/30/21 FC 10/31/21
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CBZ3
Acquired 04/02/24 L 4.01 2,985,000 88.91 2,654,128.14 95.5780 2,853,003.30 198,875.16 12,471.85 37,313 1.30

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 1.375% DUE 12/31/28
DTD 12/31/21 FC 06/30/22
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CDP3
Acquired 02/15/24 L 6.75 5,075,000 88.22 4,477,363.89 94.6090 4,801,406.75 324,042.86 11,565.96 69,781 1.45 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Government Bonds continued

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%)

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 2.875% DUE 04/30/29
DTD 04/30/22 FC 10/31/22
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CEM9
Acquired 04/30/24 L 2.17 1,565,000 92.50 1,447,763.07 98.4140 1,540,179.10 92,416.03 15,039.35 44,994 2.92

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 2.625% DUE 07/31/29
DTD 07/31/22 FC 01/31/23
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CFC0
Acquired 03/18/25 S 6.89 5,025,000 94.85 4,766,494.32 97.4640 4,897,566.00 131,071.68 10,567.07 131,906 2.69

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 3.500% DUE 09/30/29
DTD 09/30/24 FC 03/31/25
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CLN9
Acquired 09/17/25 S 6.92 4,910,000 100.27 4,923,374.26 100.2140 4,920,507.40 -2,866.86 71,761.54 171,850 3.49 100.30 4,924,890.44

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 4.000% DUE 10/31/29
DTD 10/31/22 FC 04/30/23
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CFT3
Acquired 11/07/24 L 4.30 3,000,000 99.61 2,988,405.43 101.8980 3,056,940.00 68,534.57 40,110.50 120,000 3.92

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 3.500% DUE 01/31/30
DTD 01/31/23 FC 07/31/23
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CGJ4
Acquired 02/20/25 L 6.99 4,965,000 96.82 4,807,135.54 100.1480 4,972,348.20 165,212.66 13,921.20 173,775 3.49 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Government Bonds continued

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%)

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 1.500% DUE 02/15/30
DTD 02/15/20 FC 08/15/20
Moody AA1
CUSIP 912828Z94
Acquired 03/18/25 S 6.98 5,350,000 89.17 4,770,769.19 92.8510 4,967,528.50 196,759.31 3,103.60 80,250 1.61

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 4.125% DUE 08/31/30
DTD 08/31/23 FC 02/29/24
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CHW4
Acquired 09/17/25 S 7.01 4,864,000 102.54 4,987,923.19 102.5580 4,988,421.12 497.93 554.25 200,640 4.02 102.77 4,999,211.02

US TREASURY
NOTES
CPN 4.000% DUE 01/31/31
DTD 01/31/24 FC 07/31/24
Moody AA1
CUSIP 91282CJX0
Acquired UNKNOWN S nc 7.68 5,350,000 N/A## N/A 102.1010 5,462,403.50 N/A 17,143.65 214,000 3.91 Total Government Bonds 90.94 65,483,000 $57,377,979.9 $64,686,546.60$1,846,163.17 $318,786.83 $1,657,628 2.56 3 $57,170,003.8
6 ^ Denotes bonds with a maturity date in the next 60 days. Please contact us for further investment opportunities or any assistance. ## Cost information for one or more securities is not available. If you have cost information and would like to see it on future statements, contact Your Financial Advisor. nc Cost information for this tax lot is not covered by IRS reporting requirements. Unless indicated, cost for all other lots will be reported to the IRS. 072 ANCA ANC9
11

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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Certificates of Deposit
Long-term certificates of deposit (maturity beyond one year from date of issue) are priced using a market value pricing model.

JUMBO CD FDIC INSURED
CPN 2.000% DUE 03/18/26
DTD 03/18/22 FC 04/18/22
CUSIP 99000QQW7
Acquired 03/15/22 L 0.28 200,000 100.00 200,000.00 99.8650 199,730.00 -270.00 120.55 4,000 2.00 SYNCHRONY BANK CD ^
DRAPER UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 5.000% DUE 03/24/26
DTD 03/24/23 FC 09/24/23
CUSIP 87165HX21
Acquired 03/14/23 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 100.0670 250,167.50 167.50 5,410.96 12,500 4.99

BARCLAYS BANK/DELAWAR CD
WILMINGTON DE ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.000% DUE 08/28/26
DTD 08/28/24 FC 02/28/25
CUSIP 06740KSW8
Acquired 08/20/24 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 100.0540 250,135.00 135.00 27.40 10,000 3.99

TEXAS EXCHANGE BK SSB CD
CROWLEY TX ACT/365

CALLABLE FDIC INSD
CPN 1.100% DUE 10/29/26
DTD 10/29/21 FC 11/29/21
CALL 03/29/26 @ 100.000
CUSIP 88241TMC1
Acquired 10/22/21 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 98.2270 245,567.50 -4,432.50 7.53 2,750 1.11

DISCOVER BANK CD
GREENWOOD DE ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.950% DUE 11/16/26
DTD 11/15/22 FC 05/15/23
CUSIP 254673Z66
Acquired 11/09/22 L 0.28 200,000 100.00 200,000.00 100.8520 201,704.00 1,704.00 2,875.07 9,900 4.90 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Certificates of Deposit continued

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%)

UBS BANK USA CD
SALT LAKE CTY UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 1.150% DUE 12/08/26
DTD 12/08/21 FC 01/08/22
CUSIP 90348JX96
Acquired 11/30/21 L 0.34 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 98.0040 245,010.00 -4,990.00 165.41 2,875 1.17

CALPRIVATE BANK CD
LA JOLLA CA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.050% DUE 02/16/27
DTD 08/14/24 FC 02/14/25
CUSIP 13135NCY4
Acquired 08/05/24 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 100.3110 250,777.50 777.50 416.10 10,125 4.03

VALLEY NATL BK WAYNE CD
WAYNE NJ ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.600% DUE 03/11/27
DTD 03/11/24 FC 09/11/24
CUSIP 919853KW0
Acquired 03/05/24 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 100.8360 252,090.00 2,090.00 5,387.67 11,500 4.56

BRADESCO BANK CD
CORAL GABLES FL ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.500% DUE 03/22/27
DTD 03/21/24 FC 09/21/24
CUSIP 10421AAT4
Acquired 03/05/24 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 100.7650 251,912.50 1,912.50 4,962.33 11,250 4.46

BNY MELLON NA CD
NEW YORK NY ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.600% DUE 06/01/27
DTD 05/29/24 FC 11/29/24
CUSIP 05584CP59
Acquired 05/23/24 L 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 101.0000 252,500.00 2,500.00 1,953.43 11,500 4.55 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Certificates of Deposit continued

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%)

EAGLEMARK SVGS BK CD
CARSON CTY NV ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.700% DUE 07/02/27
DTD 07/03/24 FC 01/03/25
CUSIP 27004PFE8
Acquired 06/26/24 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 101.1860 252,965.00 2,965.00 1,834.93 11,750 4.64

CELTIC BANK CD
SALT LAKE CTY UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 2.000% DUE 12/27/27
DTD 12/27/19 FC 01/27/20
CUSIP 15118RTH0
Acquired 12/09/19 L 0.34 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 96.7590 241,897.50 -8,102.50 27.40 5,000 2.06

AMERANT BANK NA CD
CORAL GABLES FL ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.050% DUE 03/28/28
DTD 03/28/25 FC 09/28/25
CUSIP 02357QCL9
Acquired 03/18/25 S 0.35 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 100.3850 250,962.50 962.50 4,271.92 10,125 4.03

UNIVEST BANK & TR CO CD
SOUDERTON PA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.300% DUE 02/28/29
DTD 02/28/25 FC 03/28/25
CUSIP 91527PCP0
Acquired 02/20/25 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 101.3180 253,295.00 3,295.00 29.45 10,750 4.24

BEAL BANK USA CD
LAS VEGAS NV ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.700% DUE 05/30/29
DTD 06/05/24 FC 12/05/24
CUSIP 07371DR66
Acquired 05/23/24 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 102.5750 256,437.50 6,437.50 3,734.25 11,750 4.58 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Fixed Income Securities
Certificates of Deposit continued

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ACCRUED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INTEREST INCOME YIELD (%)

BEAL BANK - PLANO TX CD
PLANO TX ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.700% DUE 05/30/29
DTD 06/05/24 FC 12/05/24
CUSIP 07371BVU2
Acquired 05/23/24 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 102.5750 256,437.50 6,437.50 3,734.25 11,750 4.58

MORGAN STANLEY PVT BK CD
PURCHASE NY ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.650% DUE 05/30/29
DTD 05/30/24 FC 11/30/24
CUSIP 61768E4J9
Acquired 05/23/24 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 102.4140 256,035.00 6,035.00 2,898.29 11,625 4.54

TOYOTA FINL SGS BK CD
HENDERSON NV ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.500% DUE 06/28/29
DTD 06/28/24 FC 12/28/24
CUSIP 89235MPR6
Acquired 06/26/24 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 101.9760 254,940.00 4,940.00 1,941.78 11,250 4.41

MORGAN STANLEY BK NA CD
SALT LAKE CTY UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.250% DUE 02/26/30
DTD 02/26/25 FC 08/26/25
CUSIP 61690DS33
Acquired 02/20/25 L 0.36 250,000 100.00 250,000.00 101.2720 253,180.00 3,180.00 87.33 10,625 4.19 Total Certificates of Deposit 6.57 4,650,000 $4,650,000.00 $4,675,744.00 $25,744.00 $39,886.05 $181,025 3.87 Total Fixed Income Securities 97.51 $62,027,979.9 $69,362,290.60$1,871,907.17 $358,672.88 $1,838,653 2.65 3 $61,820,003.8
6 ^ Denotes Certificate of Deposit with a maturity date in the next 60 days. Please contact us for further investment opportunities or any assistance. 072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Mutual Funds
Open End Mutual Funds
Open End Mutual Fund shares are priced at net asset value. Estimated Annual Income and Yield refer to Dividends and Interest Income only, and typically do not reflect Total return.

Although retail and government money market funds seek to preserve a net asset value (NAV) of $1.00 per share, in a negative interest rate environment, the fund's net asset value (NAV) may float to the nearest 1/100th of a cent (i.e., $0.9999). When the NAV is floating, the value of your investment will fluctuate and lose value.

ESTIMATED
% OF ADJ PRICE/ ADJ COST/ CURRENT CURRENT UNREALIZED ANNUAL ANNUAL DESCRIPTION ACCOUNT QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ORIG COST PRICE MARKET VALUE GAIN/LOSS INCOME YIELD (%)

FIDELITY FUNDS

FIDELITY TREASURY ONLY

PORT INSTL CLASS SHS
FRSXX
On Reinvestment
Acquired UNKNOWN S nc 2.10 1,497,225.92000 N/A## N/A 1.0000 1,497,225.92 N/A 55,397 3.70 Total Open End Mutual Funds 2.10 $0.00 $1,497,225.92 $0.00 $55,397 3.70 Total Mutual Funds 2.10 $0.00 $1,497,225.92 $0.00 $55,397 3.70 ## Cost information for one or more securities is not available. If you have cost information and would like to see it on future statements, contact Your Financial Advisor. nc Cost information for this tax lot is not covered by IRS reporting requirements. Unless indicated, cost for all other lots will be reported to the IRS.

Activity detail
Income and distributions

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/02 Cash DIVIDEND FIDELITY FUNDS 2,104.03

FIDELITY TREASURY ONLY

PORT INSTL CLASS SHS
013026 682,121.89000
AS OF 1/30/26
02/02 Cash INTEREST US TREASURY 86,887.50
NOTES
CPN 3.500% DUE 01/31/30
DTD 01/31/23 FC 07/31/23
013126 4,965,000
AS OF 1/31/26
CUSIP 91282CGJ4
072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Activity detail continued
Income and distributions

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/02 Cash INTEREST US TREASURY 65,953.13
NOTES
CPN 2.625% DUE 07/31/29
DTD 07/31/22 FC 01/31/23
013126 5,025,000
AS OF 1/31/26
CUSIP 91282CFC0
02/09 Cash INTEREST ISRAEL DISCOUNT BK OF CD 5,669.18
NEW YORK NY ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.450% DUE 02/09/26
DTD 08/07/24 FC 02/07/25
020726 250,000
AS OF 2/07/26
CUSIP 465076UQ8
02/09 Cash INTEREST UBS BANK USA CD 244.18
SALT LAKE CTY UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 1.150% DUE 12/08/26
DTD 12/08/21 FC 01/08/22
020826 250,000
AS OF 2/08/26
CUSIP 90348JX96
02/17 Cash INTEREST CALPRIVATE BANK CD 5,104.11
LA JOLLA CA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.050% DUE 02/16/27
DTD 08/14/24 FC 02/14/25
021426 250,000
AS OF 2/14/26
CUSIP 13135NCY4
02/17 Cash INTEREST US TREASURY 40,125.00
NOTES
CPN 1.500% DUE 02/15/30
DTD 02/15/20 FC 08/15/20
021526 5,350,000
AS OF 2/15/26
CUSIP 912828Z94
072 ANCA ANC9
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CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Activity detail continued
Income and distributions

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/18 Cash INTEREST COMENITY BANK CD 339.73
WILMINGTON DE ACT/365

JUMBO CD FDIC INSURED
CPN 2.000% DUE 03/18/26
DTD 03/18/22 FC 04/18/22
021826 200,000
CUSIP 99000QQW7
02/24 Cash DIVIDEND ALLSPRING 4,762.22

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET

SWEEP CLASS
02/26 Cash INTEREST MORGAN STANLEY BK NA CD 5,356.16
SALT LAKE CTY UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.250% DUE 02/26/30
DTD 02/26/25 FC 08/26/25
022626 250,000
CUSIP 61690DS33
02/27 Cash INTEREST BARCLAYS BANK/DELAWAR CD 5,041.10
WILMINGTON DE ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.000% DUE 08/28/26
DTD 08/28/24 FC 02/28/25
022726 250,000
CUSIP 06740KSW8
02/27 Cash INTEREST CELTIC BANK CD 424.66
SALT LAKE CTY UT ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 2.000% DUE 12/27/27
DTD 12/27/19 FC 01/27/20
022726 250,000
CUSIP 15118RTH0
02/27 Cash INTEREST DOLLAR BANK FSB PA CD 5,013.70
PITTSBURGH PA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.000% DUE 02/27/26
DTD 08/28/24 FC 02/28/25
022726 250,000
CUSIP 25665QDE2
072 ANCA ANC9
18

Page 16 of 20 ends

CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Activity detail continued
Income and distributions

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/27 Cash INTEREST TEXAS EXCHANGE BK SSB CD 226.03
CROWLEY TX ACT/365

CALLABLE FDIC INSD
CPN 1.100% DUE 10/29/26
DTD 10/29/21 FC 11/29/21
022826 250,000
AS OF 2/28/26
CUSIP 88241TMC1
02/27 Cash INTEREST UNIVEST BANK & TR CO CD 913.01
SOUDERTON PA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.300% DUE 02/28/29
DTD 02/28/25 FC 03/28/25
022826 250,000
AS OF 2/28/26
CUSIP 91527PCP0
02/27 Cash DIVIDEND ALLSPRING 4.34

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET

SWEEP CLASS
022726 16,752
Total Income and distributions: $228,168.08
Securities sold and redeemed

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/09 Cash REDEMPTION -250,000.00000 ISRAEL DISCOUNT BK OF CD 250,000.00 NEW YORK NY ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.450% DUE 02/09/26
DTD 08/07/24 FC 02/07/25
CUSIP 465076UQ8
02/17 Cash REDEMPTION -5,551,000.00000 US TREAS STRIPS 02/26 5,551,000.00

INTEREST PMT
DUE 02/15/26
DTD 02/15/96
CUSIP 912833LY4
072 ANCA ANC9
19

Page 17 of 20 ends

CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Activity detail continued
Securities sold and redeemed

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/27 Cash REDEMPTION -250,000.00000 DOLLAR BANK FSB PA CD 250,000.00 PITTSBURGH PA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.000% DUE 02/27/26
DTD 08/28/24 FC 02/28/25
CUSIP 25665QDE2
Total Securities sold and redeemed: $6,051,000.00
Securities purchased

DATE ACCOUNT TYPE TRANSACTION QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE AMOUNT 02/02 Cash REINVEST DIV 2,104.03000 FIDELITY FUNDS -2,104.03

FIDELITY TREASURY ONLY

PORT INSTL CLASS SHS
REINVEST AT 1.000
02/23 Cash PURCHASE 5,350,000.00000 US TREASURY 102.5414 -5,485,972.22 ACCRUED INT NOTES -14,187.85
CPN 4.000% DUE 01/31/31
DTD 01/31/24 FC 07/31/24
CUSIP 91282CJX0
02/24 Cash PURCHASE 813,000.00000 FIDELITY FUNDS 1.0000 -813,000.00

FIDELITY TREASURY ONLY

PORT INSTL CLASS SHS
AS OF 2/23/26
Total Securities purchased: -$6,315,264.10
Cash sweep activity
Our Cash Sweep program allows you to earn a return on the idle cash balances in your account by automatically investing such balances into one of our cash sweep options. These 'sweep transactions' may represent a net amount for the day and occur on settlement date. The following section displays transfers into and out of your sweep option. Transactions displayed here are Transfer To, Transfer From and Reinvested Dividends and Interest. These transaction amounts are not included in your cash flow summary.

DATE TRANSACTION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT DATE TRANSACTION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT 02/01 BEGINNING BALANCE 307,893.48 02/10 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 250,000.00

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
02/02 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 152,840.63 02/17 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 5,596,229.11

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
02/09 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 5,913.36 02/18 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 339.73

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
072 ANCA ANC9
20

Page 18 of 20 ends

CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Cash sweep activity continued

DATE TRANSACTION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT DATE TRANSACTION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT 02/24 TRANSFER FROM ALLSPRING -6,313,216.31 02/27 REINVEST DIV ALLSPRING 4.34

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
02/25 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 4,818.46 02/27 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 6,577.40

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
02/26 TRANSFER TO ALLSPRING 5,356.16 02/28 ENDING BALANCE 16,756.36

GOVERNMENT MONEY MARKET
Bank Deposits Through Teller February 1 - February 28
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (Member FDIC) Account number 9091092513 Questions? Call us at 1-800-266-6263 Deposits made in a bank branch on the last business day of the month will typically appear on your next statement. Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC is not an FDIC-insured depository institution; FDIC deposit insurance only protects against the failure of an insured depository institution. Banking products and services provided by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

DATE TRANSACTION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT BANK BALANCE
02/01 BEGINNING BALANCE $0.00
02/28 ENDING BALANCE $0.00
072 ANCA ANC9
21

Page 19 of 20 ends

CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Realized gain/loss
Realized Gain/Loss Summary

THIS PERIOD THIS PERIOD THIS PERIOD THIS YEAR THIS YEAR THIS YEAR

GAIN LOSS NET GAIN LOSS NET
Short term 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Long term 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Realized Gain/Loss $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Realized Gain/Loss Detail
Long term

ADJ PRICE/ DATE ADJ COST/

DESCRIPTION QUANTITY ORIG PRICE ACQUIRED CLOSE DATE PROCEEDS ORIG COST GAIN/LOSS DOLLAR BANK FSB PA CD 250,000.00000 100.0000 08/20/24 02/27/26 250,000.00 250,000.00 0.00 PITTSBURGH PA ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.000% DUE 02/27/26
DTD 08/28/24 FC 02/28/25
CUSIP 25665QDE2
ISRAEL DISCOUNT BK OF CD 250,000.00000 100.0000 08/05/24 02/09/26 250,000.00 250,000.00 0.00 NEW YORK NY ACT/365

FDIC INSD
CPN 4.450% DUE 02/09/26
DTD 08/07/24 FC 02/07/25
CUSIP 465076UQ8
US TREAS STRIPS 02/26 276,000.00000 100.0000 01/24/24 02/17/26 276,000.00 276,000.00 0.00

91.7929 253,355.50

INTEREST PMT
DUE 02/15/26
DTD 02/15/96
CUSIP 912833LY4
5,275,000.00000 100.0000 10/08/24 02/17/26 5,275,000.00 5,275,000.00 0.00

94.7756 4,999,423.80
Total Long term $6,051,000.00 $6,051,000.00 $0.00
$5,752,779.30
072 ANCA ANC9
22

Page 20 of 20 ends

CITY OF MALIBU

RUTH QUINTO
FEBRUARY 1, 2026 - FEBRUARY 28, 2026
ACCOUNT NUMBER:

Specific instructions and disclosures
Available funds
"Available for loan" reflects the approximate amount available as of the statement period ending date and should be reduced by any pending checks and Visa charges not yet cleared. This amount is the approximate amount available for withdrawal and loans. A margin loan is a variable rate loan secured by your account.

Income on non-reportable accounts
Your income summary is categorized into taxable and tax-exempt income based upon the securities that you hold. Please be aware that, since this is a 1099 non-reportable account, this income will NOT be reported to the IRS, but is being provided to you for informational purposes only.

Callable Securities
Securities that are subject to a partial call will be selected by an impartial lottery process in which the probability of your securities being selected for redemption is proportional to the holdings of all shareholders of such securities held in street name. If a security is called prior to maturity it may affect the yield you receive. Additional information is available at www.wellsfargoadvisors.com under Legal Disclosures or the written procedures are available upon request.

Cost basis - To add or update information or modify your reporting options, please contact Your Financial Advisor.

This statement presents estimated unrealized or realized gains or losses for your information only. If acquisition or other information is not available, the gain/loss information may not be displayed and section and summary totals may not reflect your complete portfolio. Cost basis information is not verified by WFCS or Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network and should not be relied upon for legal or tax purposes. Revisions to this information (due to corporate mergers, tenders and other reorganizations) may be required from time to time.

Cost basis for factored bonds (GNMA, CMO, etc.) will be adjusted for paydown of principal. Systematic investments in mutual funds and reinvested dividends for mutual funds and stocks have been consolidated for each position. Unit cost data for systematic investments and dividend reinvestment securities is provided for informational purposes only and is a non-weighted average.

Your account statement should not be used for tax preparation without assistance from your tax consultant. We do not report capital gains or losses for non-covered securities to the IRS.

Cost basis options
Unless specific tax lots are selected at trade time, sales of tax lots will occur using the cost basis election reflected in the Account profile section.

Estimated accrued interest on Fixed Income securities
Estimated accrued interest is included in the Portfolio summary as a convenience to you and represents the estimated portion of the interest that would be received upon the sale of the Fixed Income positions in your account, calculated from the date of the last coupon (or dated date) through the date of the account statement, based upon information provided by the issuer. This is not a guarantee that this amount will be realized in your account. Actual income will be based upon the payout schedule of the securities held in your account. If you own a Foreign Fixed Income security, and it is denominated in a foreign currency, the Estimated accrued interest will not be accurate. 072 ANCA ANC9
23 Portfolio Analysis
Prepared for CITY OF MALIBU
February 28, 2026
Prepared by:

WILLIAM GOMBERG
This report is not complete without all sections noted in the Table of Contents. Please read each section carefully.

Investment products and services are offered through Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC (WFAFN), a registered broker-dealer and non-bank affiliate of Wells Fargo & Company. WFAFN uses the trade name Wells Fargo Advisors. Any other referenced entity is a separate entity from WFAFN.

A portion of the financial data used to generate this report may be provided to Wells Fargo Advisors by third-party vendors. While this third-party information is believed to be reliable, it has not been verified.
© 2025 Wells Fargo
PM-05122027-8596330.1.1
24 Table of Contents
Fixed Income Summary 3
Fixed Income Statistics 6
Redemption Distribution Rolling 12 Months 12
Fixed Income Redemption Distribution 14
Estimated Income Summary 17
Important Information 19
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026
25 Fixed Income Summary
As of 02/27/2026 for XXXX7847 - CITY OF MALIBU
Security Sub Type
Security sub type Market value % Fxd income
Government Bond 64,686,547 93.30%
Certificates of Deposit 4,675,744 6.70%
Total $69,362,291 100%
Credit Quality Ratings
Credit quality ratings % Fxd income
Treasury 93.30%
CDs 6.70%
Agency -
AAA -
AA -
A -
BBB -
Below inv grade -
Not rated -
N/A -
Total 100%
Bond Statistics
Statistic Taxable Tax exempt
Weighted avg coupon 2.65% -
Yield at purchase 3.86% -
Yield to maturity 3.69% -
Yield to worst 3.69% -
Weighted avg maturity: 2.08 yrs
Total duration: 2.48 yrs
Estimated Income Annualized
Month Estimated income annualized
03/2026 205,381
04/2026 140,469
05/2026 47,632
06/2026 54,034
07/2026 267,424
08/2026 197,144
09/2026 154,313
10/2026 102,910
11/2026 47,664
12/2026 53,844
01/2027 267,102
02/2027 181,748
Total $1,719,665
Taxable $1,719,665
Tax exempt -
Tax exempt Subject to AMT -
The asset classification of Corporate Bonds includes holdings of Certificates of Deposit. Funds include open end mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, closed end funds. Estimated Income Annualized (EIA) takes your current income, based on the current dividends or interest paid by your securities and multiplies it to create an annualized hypothetical figure. It does not reflect actual or future CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 3 of 21
26 performance and should not be relied upon when making financial decisions. All annualizations are based upon current positions using a simple mathematical calculation and assumes all figures remain constant for a year; any subsequent position changes will affect these calculations. Calculations for certain types of securities could include a return of principal or capital gain, in which case the figures would be overstated. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Dividend payments are made solely at the discretion of the issuer and are subject to be changed or eliminated at any time.

Estimated Income is an estimate and the actual income might be lower or higher than the estimated amount. Estimated income reflects only the income generated by an investment. It does not reflect changes in price, which may fluctuate. The Credit Quality Rating shown takes the lower of the two credit agency ratings between Moody's and Standard & Poor's and converts it to the equivalent S&P major rating category. Credit Quality Ratings and Bond Statistics sections do not include bond funds. Bond Statistics are weighted averages based on market value of bonds in the portfolio. Yield calculations are based on yield prices that may change monthly. Fixed income holdings, where the information is not available, are excluded from the Yield at Purchase, Yield to worst, Yield to maturity, Total duration, Weighted average coupon and Weighted average maturity calculations. For more information, including fixed income descriptions, please see the Important Information section at the end of this report.

Bond Term vs. Duration
Bond: 101% of bonds with short bond terms (0 to <5 yrs), 0% of bonds with intermediate bond terms (5 to <10 yrs), 0% of bonds with long bond terms (10+ yrs), 0% of bonds with a N/A bond terms.

Duration: 101% of bonds with short bond terms (0 to <5 yrs), 0% of bonds with intermediate bond terms (5 to <10 yrs), 0% of bonds with long bond terms (10+ yrs), 0% of bonds with a N/A bond terms.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 4 of 21
27 Total portfolio value: $71,131,314
Bond term indicates years to redemption date as defined in the Important Information section.

Mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) include asset-backed securities (ABSs), pass-throughs and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs). For MBSs, the full market value is displayed at the average life of each security, when available. Duration indicates calculated option adjusted duration. 'Bonds' include preferred stocks.

In the Callable Analysis chart, MBS includes all prepaying securities. Callable value applies next call price and date to the remaining principal. Call premiums may decline subsequent to the initial call date. Extraordinary call features may exist that are not represented in this report. Bond Term vs.

Duration and Callable Analysis sections do not include bond funds. For more information, including fixed income descriptions, please see the Important Information section at the end of this report.

Callable Analysis
Term Callable value Market value

MBS - -
0 to <1 yrs 250,000 245,568
1 to <2 yrs - -
2 to <3 yrs - -
3 to <4 yrs - -
4 to <5 yrs - -
5 to <7 yrs - -
7+ yrs - -
Not Available - -
Non-Callable - 69,116,723
Total $250,000 $69,362,291
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 5 of 21
28 Fixed Income Statistics
As of 02/27/2026 for XXXX7847 - CITY OF MALIBU
Subtotals and totals are weighted averages based on market value These references may display in the following data table within the column, Description:**Indicates that this holding is insured by a credit agency but the specific insurer is unknown. Redemption Types: M - maturity, R - refunded, T - mandatory tender/put, P - perpetual (displays date of report plus sixty years), D - Dutch auction or optional tender, A - estimated average life of prepaying securities. Call Types: C - Optional Premium Call, P - Optional Par Call. YTW Codes: C = next call, P = par call, W = middle call, R = pre-refunding, M = maturity of issue, A = estimated average life on principal paydown securities, T = next mandatory put/tender, F = called in full.

Description
Qty/Face
and
Rem Prin
and
Factor
Moody's
and
S&P
and
Enhance
Coupon
and
Cpn Type
Redemption
and
Next Call
and
Call Price
Mkt Price
and
Adj Price
and
Orig Price
Mkt Value($)
and Gain Loss ($)
and
Purch Yld
Yld Price
and
YTWand
YTM
Duration
and
Convexity
Dur Cont
and
% Fxd Inc
and
% Port
U.S. Taxable Investment
Grade Fixed Income
asset class total (category applies to all security types below) N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A

2.646%
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
69,362,291
and
1,848,931
and

3.86%
N/A
and

3.69%
and

3.69%

2.5 and

0.1 2.5
and
100.0%
and

97.5%
Treasury Note
security type total (category applies to all holdings below) N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A

2.733%
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
60,463,544
and
1,819,612
and

3.85%
N/A
and

3.67%
and

3.67%

2.7 and

0.1 2.3
and

87.2%
and

85.0%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
9128286L9
4,000,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

2.250%
and
Fixed
03/31/26 M
and
-
and
-

99.88 and

96.38 and

96.38 3,995,200
and
139,818
and

3.51%

99.77 and

3.69% M
and

3.69%

0.2 and

0.0 and

5.8%
and

5.6%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CGV7
2,000,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

3.750%
and
Fixed
04/15/26 M
and
-
and
-
100.00
and

98.54 and

98.54 2,000,060
and
29,287
and

4.51%
100.01
and

3.64% M
and

3.64%

0.2 and

0.0 and

2.9%
and

2.8%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CCW9
4,000,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

0.750%
and
Fixed
08/31/26 M
and
-
and
-

98.58 and

91.08 and

91.08 3,943,360
and
300,353
and

3.52%

98.37 and

3.65% M
and

3.65%

0.6 and

0.0 and

5.7%
and

5.5%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CEF4
4,000,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

2.500%
and
Fixed
03/31/27 M
and
-
and
-

98.94 and

96.45 and

96.45 3,957,800
and
99,668
and

3.45%

98.81 and

3.56% M
and

3.56%

1.1 and

0.0 and

0.1 and

5.7%
and

5.6%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CET4
2,245,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

2.625%
and
Fixed
05/31/27 M
and
-
and
-

98.95 and

95.32 and

95.32 2,221,495
and
81,517
and

4.21%

98.81 and

3.55% M
and

3.55%

1.3 and

0.0 and

3.2%
and

3.1%
1,894,000
and
-
and
AA1
and
-
and
08/31/27 M
and
-
and

99.54 and

98.60 and
1,885,325
and
17,864
and

99.38 and

3.54% M
and

0.0 and

2.7%
and

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CFH9

3.125%
and
Fixed

1.5 and

0.0 and
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 6 of 21
29 Description
Qty/Face
and
Rem Prin
and
Factor
Moody's
and
S&P
and
Enhance
Coupon
and
Cpn Type
Redemption
and
Next Call
and
Call Price
Mkt Price
and
Adj Price
and
Orig Price
Mkt Value($)
and Gain Loss ($)
and
Purch Yld
Yld Price
and
YTWand
YTM
Duration
and
Convexity
Dur Cont
and
% Fxd Inc
and
% Port
- - - 98.60 3.47% 3.54% 2.7%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CBZ3
2,985,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

1.250%
and
Fixed
04/30/28 M
and
-
and
-

95.58 and

88.92 and

88.92 2,853,003
and
198,875
and

4.24%

95.07 and

3.56% M
and

3.56%

2.2 and

0.1 and

4.1%
and

4.0%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CDP3
5,075,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

1.375%
and
Fixed
12/31/28 M
and
-
and
-

94.61 and

88.22 and

88.22 4,801,407
and
324,043
and

4.06%

93.90 and

3.60% M
and

3.60%

2.8 and

0.1 and

0.2 and

6.9%
and

6.8%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CEM9
1,565,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

2.875%
and
Fixed
04/30/29 M
and
-
and
-

98.41 and

92.51 and

92.51 1,540,179
and
92,416
and

4.57%

97.68 and

3.64% M
and

3.64%

3.0 and

0.1 and

2.2%
and

2.2%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CFC0
5,025,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

2.625%
and
Fixed
07/31/29 M
and
-
and
-

97.46 and

94.86 and

94.86 4,897,566
and
131,072
and

3.92%

96.62 and

3.66% M
and

3.66%

3.3 and

0.1 and

0.2 and

7.1%
and

6.9%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CLN9
4,910,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

3.500%
and
Fixed
09/30/29 M
and
-
and
-
100.21
and
100.27
and
100.30
4,920,507
and
-2,876
and

3.42%

99.36 and

3.69% M
and

3.69%

3.4 and

0.1 and

0.2 and

7.1%
and

6.9%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CFT3
3,000,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

4.000%
and
Fixed
10/31/29 M
and
-
and
-
101.90
and

99.61 and

99.61 3,056,940
and
68,535
and

4.09%
101.04
and

3.70% M
and

3.70%

3.4 and

0.1 and

0.2 and

4.4%
and

4.3%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CGJ4
4,965,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

3.500%
and
Fixed
01/31/30 M
and
-
and
-
100.15
and

96.82 and

96.82 4,972,348
and
165,213
and

4.22%

99.20 and

3.72% M
and

3.72%

3.7 and

0.2 and

0.3 and

7.2%
and

7.0%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
912828Z94
5,350,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

1.500%
and
Fixed
02/15/30 M
and
-
and
-

92.85 and

89.17 and

89.17 4,967,529
and
196,759
and

3.95%

91.80 and

3.71% M
and

3.71%

3.8 and

0.2 and

0.3 and

7.2%
and

7.0%

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CHW4
4,864,000
and
-
and
-
AA1
and
-
and
-

4.125%
and
Fixed
08/31/30 M
and
-
and
-
102.56
and
102.55
and
102.78
4,988,421
and
429
and

3.51%
101.43
and

3.78% M
and

3.78%

4.1 and

0.2 and

0.3 and

7.2%
and

7.0%
5,350,000
and
-
and
AA1
and
-
and
01/31/31 M
and
-
and
102.10
and
102.54
and
5,462,404
and
-23,359
and
100.84
and

3.82% M
and

0.4 and

7.9%
and

US TREASURY/ NOTES/
91282CJX0

4.000%
and
Fixed

4.5 and

0.2 and
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 7 of 21
30 Description
Qty/Face
and
Rem Prin
and
Factor
Moody's
and
S&P
and
Enhance
Coupon
and
Cpn Type
Redemption
and
Next Call
and
Call Price
Mkt Price
and
Adj Price
and
Orig Price
Mkt Value($)
and Gain Loss ($)
and
Purch Yld
Yld Price
and
YTWand
YTM
Duration
and
Convexity
Dur Cont
and
% Fxd Inc
and
% Port
- - - 102.54 - 3.82% 7.7%
Treasury Strip
security type total (category applies to all holdings below) N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
-
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
4,223,002
and
3,575
and

4.01%
N/A
and

3.70%
and

3.70%

0.3 and
-

0.0 and

6.1%
and

5.9%

UNITED STATES TREAS

SEC/ INT PMT BD/
912833LZ1
4,255,000
and
-
and
-
NR
and
NR
and
-

0.000%
and
-
05/15/26 M
and
-
and
-

99.25 and

99.16 and

93.99 4,223,002
and
3,575
and

4.01%

98.97 and

3.70% M
and

3.70%

0.3 and

0.0 and

6.1%
and

5.9%
Certificates of Deposit
security type total (category applies to all holdings below) N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A

3.908%
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
4,675,744
and
25,744
and

3.91%
N/A
and

3.83%
and

3.83%

1.7 and
-

0.1 and

6.7%
and

6.6%

COMENITY BANK CD/

WILMINGTON DE
ACT/365/ 99000QQW7
200,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

2.000%
and
N/A
03/18/26 M
and
-
and
-

99.86 and
100.00
and
100.00
199,730
and
-270
and

2.00%

99.48 and

4.50% M
and

4.50%

0.2 and

0.0 and

0.3%
and

0.3%

SYNCHRONY BANK

CD/ DRAPER UT
ACT/365/ 87165HX21
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

5.000%
and
Fixed
03/24/26 M
and
-
and
-
100.07
and
100.00
and
100.00
250,168
and
168
and

5.00%
100.16
and

3.80% M
and

3.80%

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

BARCLAYS

BANK/DELAWAR CD/

WILMINGTON DE
ACT/365/ 06740KSW8
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.000%
and
Fixed
08/28/26 M
and
-
and
-
100.05
and
100.00
and
100.00
250,135
and
135
and

4.00%
100.08
and

3.85% M
and

3.85%

0.5 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

TEXAS EXCHANGE BK

SSB CD/ CROWLEY TX
ACT/365/ 88241TMC1
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

1.100%
and
Fixed
10/29/26 M
and
03/29/26 P
and
100.00

98.23 and
100.00
and
100.00
245,568
and
-4,433
and

1.10%

98.04 and

3.81% M
and

3.81%

0.7 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.3%

DISCOVER BANK CD/

GREENWOOD DE
ACT/365/ 254673Z66
200,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.950%
and
Fixed
11/16/26 M
and
-
and
-
100.85
and
100.00
and
100.00
201,704
and
1,704
and

4.95%
100.95
and

3.70% M
and

3.70%

0.8 and

0.0 and

0.3%
and

0.3%

UBS BANK USA CD/

SALT LAKE CTY UT
ACT/365/ 90348JX96
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

1.150%
and
Fixed
12/08/26 M
and
-
and
-

98.00 and
100.00
and
100.00
245,010
and
-4,990
and

1.15%

97.79 and

3.80% M
and

3.80%

0.8 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.3%
CALPRIVATE BANK CD/ 250,000
and
-
and

4.050%
and
02/16/27 M
and
100.31
and
250,778
and
100.30
and

1.0 and

0.0 and
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 8 of 21
31 Description
Qty/Face
and
Rem Prin
and
Factor
Moody's
and
S&P
and
Enhance
Coupon
and
Cpn Type
Redemption
and
Next Call
and
Call Price
Mkt Price
and
Adj Price
and
Orig Price
Mkt Value($)
and Gain Loss ($)
and
Purch Yld
Yld Price
and
YTWand
YTM
Duration
and
Convexity
Dur Cont
and
% Fxd Inc
and
% Port
LA JOLLA CA ACT/365/
13135NCY4
-
and
-
-
and
FDIC
Fixed -
and
-
100.00
and
100.00
778
and

4.05%

3.75% M
and

3.75%

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

VALLEY NATL BK

WAYNE CD/ WAYNE NJ
ACT/365/ 919853KW0
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.600%
and
Fixed
03/11/27 M
and
-
and
-
100.84
and
100.00
and
100.00
252,090
and
2,090
and

4.60%
100.89
and

3.76% M
and

3.76%

1.0 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

BRADESCO BANK CD/

CORAL GABLES FL
ACT/365/ 10421AAT4
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.500%
and
Fixed
03/22/27 M
and
-
and
-
100.76
and
100.00
and
100.00
251,913
and
1,913
and

4.50%
100.82
and

3.75% M
and

3.75%

1.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

BNY MELLON NA CD/

NEW YORK NY
ACT/365/ 05584CP59
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.600%
and
Fixed
06/01/27 M
and
-
and
-
101.00
and
100.00
and
100.00
252,500
and
2,500
and

4.60%
101.07
and

3.76% M
and

3.76%

1.3 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

EAGLEMARK SVGS BK

CD/ CARSON CTY NV
ACT/365/ 27004PFE8
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.700%
and
Fixed
07/02/27 M
and
-
and
-
101.19
and
100.00
and
100.00
252,965
and
2,965
and

4.70%
101.27
and

3.76% M
and

3.76%

1.4 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

CELTIC BANK CD/ SALT
LAKE CTY UT ACT/365/
15118RTH0
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

2.000%
and
Fixed
12/27/27 M
and
-
and
-

96.76 and
100.00
and
100.00
241,898
and
-8,103
and

2.00%

96.69 and

3.81% M
and

3.81%

1.9 and

0.0 and

0.3%
and

0.3%

AMERANT BANK NA

CD/ CORAL GABLES FL
ACT/365/ 02357QCL9
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.050%
and
Fixed
03/28/28 M
and
-
and
-
100.38
and
100.00
and
100.00
250,963
and
963
and

4.05%
100.50
and

3.80% M
and

3.80%

2.0 and

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

UNIVEST BANK & TR

CO CD/ SOUDERTON
PA ACT/365/
91527PCP0
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.300%
and
Fixed
02/28/29 M
and
-
and
-
101.32
and
100.00
and
100.00
253,295
and
3,295
and

4.30%
101.42
and

3.81% M
and

3.81%

2.9 and

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

BEAL BANK - PLANO

TX CD/ PLANO TX
ACT/365/ 07371BVU2
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.700%
and
Fixed
05/30/29 M
and
-
and
-
102.58
and
100.00
and
100.00
256,438
and
6,438
and

4.70%
102.68
and

3.83% M
and

3.83%

3.0 and

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

BEAL BANK USA CD/

LAS VEGAS NV
ACT/365/ 07371DR66
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.700%
and
Fixed
05/30/29 M
and
-
and
-
102.58
and
100.00
and
100.00
256,438
and
6,438
and

4.70%
102.68
and

3.83% M
and

3.83%

3.0 and

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 9 of 21
32 Description
Qty/Face
and
Rem Prin
and
Factor
Moody's
and
S&P
and
Enhance
Coupon
and
Cpn Type
Redemption
and
Next Call
and
Call Price
Mkt Price
and
Adj Price
and
Orig Price
Mkt Value($)
and Gain Loss ($)
and
Purch Yld
Yld Price
and
YTWand
YTM
Duration
and
Convexity
Dur Cont
and
% Fxd Inc
and
% Port

MORGAN STANLEY

PVT BK CD/ PURCHASE
NY ACT/365/
61768E4J9
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.650%
and
Fixed
05/30/29 M
and
-
and
-
102.41
and
100.00
and
100.00
256,035
and
6,035
and

4.65%
102.52
and

3.83% M
and

3.83%

3.0 and

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

TOYOTA FINL SGS BK

CD/ HENDERSON NV
ACT/365/ 89235MPR6
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.500%
and
Fixed
06/28/29 M
and
-
and
-
101.98
and
100.00
and
100.00
254,940
and
4,940
and

4.50%
102.06
and

3.85% M
and

3.85%

3.1 and

0.1 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%

MORGAN STANLEY BK

NA CD/ SALT LAKE CTY
UT ACT/365/
61690DS33
250,000
and
-
and
-
-
and
-
and
FDIC

4.250%
and
Fixed
02/26/30 M
and
-
and
-
101.27
and
100.00
and
100.00
253,180
and
3,180
and

4.25%
101.26
and

3.91% M
and

3.91%

3.6 and

0.2 and

0.0 and

0.4%
and

0.4%
Fixed income statistics
total
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A

2.646%
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
N/A
and
N/A
and
N/A
69,362,291
and
1,848,931
and

3.86%
N/A
and

3.69%
and

3.69%

2.5 and

0.1 2.5
and
100.0%
and

97.5%
Total portfolio value: $71,131,314
**Indicates that this holding is insured by a credit agency but the specific insurer is unknown.

Rem Prin - Remaining Principal is the amount of principal which, as of a given date, has not yet been paid on a fixed income security (original face value multiplied by the factor).

Factor represents the portion of principal remaining on a security subject to principal prepayments (such as a mortgage-backed security). A factor of .87654321 on an original face of $100,000 would indicate that $87,654.32 in principal remained.

Enhance - Indicates that there is a form of credit enhancement such as collateralization or bond insurance which may vary in credit quality. The ratings displayed are the higher of the credit rating of the bond insurer or of the underlying credit of the issuer. Acronyms indicate insurance or type of collateral. Please see the Important Information section at the end of this report.

CDs are subject to insurance limits through FDIC.

The coupon rate is the interest rate stated on a bond, note or other fixed income security, expressed as a percentage of the principal. Adjustable rate coupon securities will be shown at the current coupon rate if known; actual coupon rates may vary. There is no assurance that coupons will be paid. Past Performance is not a guarantee of future results. Range Notes will carry a coupon of 0%.

Coupon Types: Adj (Adjustable rate), Fixed (Fixed rate), Step (Step up or down), Struct (Structured Product Securities), Zero (Zero Coupon), PIK (Payment-in-kind) Redemption is the date the security is scheduled to be redeemed. Types: M - maturity, R - refunded, T - mandatory tender/put, P - perpetual (displays date of report plus sixty years), D - Dutch auction or optional tender, A - estimated average life of prepaying securities.

Next call is the next date, prior to maturity, on which a callable security may be redeemed by the issuer. Call Price is the price, specified at issuance, at which a bond or preferred stock can be redeemed.

Call Types: C - Optional Premium Call, P - Optional Par Call.

Adjusted Price is the original price adjusted for accretion for a discount and amortization for a premium.

Purchase Yield is the yield to worst based on original price and purchase date.

Yield Price is the most recent month-end market price which is used to calculate yields, duration, convexity, etc.

YTW - Yield to Worst indicates the lowest of yields to calls or the yield to maturity, calculated at yield price and not at current market price. The Yield Code next to YTW indicates the date/price to which the yield has been calculated. Codes: C = next call, P = par call, W = middle call, R = pre-refunding, M = maturity of issue, A = estimated average life on principal paydown securities, T = next mandatory put/tender, F = called in full.

YTM (Yield to Maturity) is calculated to the redemption date based on the yield price and not on current market price.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 10 of 21
33 Duration - Duration, where available, is Modified Duration. It is used to provide a measurement of price volatility. For example, a duration of 4 means that a shift in prevailing rates 100 basis points (1%) in a 1 year period should shift the price in the opposite direction by 4%. Duration will not be calculated on Structured Products or other securities for which required data is not available. Modified Duration, unlike Effective Duration, assumes cash flows do not change and does not take into account embedded call options.

Convexity - Convexity measures the speed with which the duration will change with movements in interest rates. For example, on a bond with negative convexity, the duration will shorten with falling interest rates which will reduce the impact of duration of this security on the portfolio. Convexity is reflected at both the security level and at the subtotal level for fixed income classification calculated as a weighted average.

Duration Contribution - The duration contribution is the impact of this bond's duration on the fixed income portion of the portfolio. Example, if bond has a duration of 3 and its market value is 5% of the fixed income, the duration contribution will be 0.15 (3 x .05).

For more information including fixed income analysis details, please see the Important Information section at the end of this report.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 11 of 21
34 Redemption Distribution Rolling 12 Months
As of 02/27/2026 for XXXX7847 - CITY OF MALIBU
Redemption values are stated in thousands ($)
Description
Mar
2026
Apr
2026
May
2026
Jun
2026
Jul
2026
Aug
2026
Sep
2026
Oct
2026
Nov
2026
Dec
2026
Jan
2027
Feb
2027
Total
Principal
Government bond 4,000 2,000 4,255 - - 4,000 - - - - - - 14,255 Certificates of
deposit 450 - - - - 250 - 250 200 250 - 250 1,650
Redemption
distribution
rolling 12 months
total
4,450 2,000 4,255 - - 4,250 - 250 200 250 - 250 15,905
Current market value of securities with undefined redemption value: $0 CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 12 of 21
35 Total portfolio value: $71,131,314
This report shows the schedule of principal payments of securities calculated as of the date of the report. Payments are not guaranteed. Unforeseen events could occur which could cause the estimated principal payments to differ from stated values. Bonds in default will not display a redemption value. The redemption value applies the redemption price to the remaining principal or the number of shares.

These schedules assume that bonds are not called. Call features may be exercised as stated elsewhere at any time. On Treasury Inflation Index securities (TIPs), we have applied the most recent Index Ratio to the redemption price. Actual redemption value will not be less than the face amount on TIPs if held to maturity. 100% Principal protected structured products (when held to maturity) will be displayed at their face amount as the redemption value.

The asset classification of Corporate Bonds includes holdings of Certificates of Deposit.

Mortgage Backed Securities display the total remaining principal on pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), which are not represented in the table due to uncertain schedule of principal payments.

Securities with Undefined Redemption Value, such as mandatory convertible securities and structured products (other than those with 100% principal protection), do not have a defined redemption value and are not represented in the table. The market value of these securities that have a redemption date within the next 12 months is displayed beneath the table. These securities will display N/A as the redemption value in the month of their scheduled redemption. For more information, see the Important Information section at the end of this report.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 13 of 21
36 Fixed Income Redemption Distribution: w/Holding(s)
As of 02/27/2026 for XXXX7847 - CITY OF MALIBU
Coupon subtotals and totals are weighted averages based on redemption value Redemption is the date the security is scheduled to be redeemed. These references may display in the following data table within the column, Redemption date: Types: M - maturity, R - refunded, T - mandatory tender/put, P - perpetual (displays date of report plus sixty years), D - Dutch auction or optional tender, A - estimated average life of prepaying securities.

Description
Redemption
date
Redemption
price ($) Redemption value ($) Coupon
Weighted average
coupon remaining
2026 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A 15,655,000 1.514% 2.940% COMENITY BANK 2% 031826 (CUSIP: 99000QQW7) 03/18/26 M 100.00 200,000 2.000% 2.623% SYNCHRONY BA 5% 032426 (CUSIP: 87165HX21) 03/24/26 M 100.00 250,000 5.000% 2.613% UST NTS 2.25% 033126 (CUSIP: 9128286L9) 03/31/26 M 100.00 4,000,000 2.250% 2.644% UST NTS 3.75% 041526 (CUSIP: 91282CGV7) 04/15/26 M 100.00 2,000,000 3.750% 2.589% UST STRIP 0%5/15/26 INT (CUSIP: 912833LZ1) 05/15/26 M 100.00 4,255,000 0.000% 2.791% BARCLAYS BAN 4% 082826 (CUSIP: 06740KSW8) 08/28/26 M 100.00 250,000 4.000% 2.617% UST NTS .75% 083126 (CUSIP: 91282CCW9) 08/31/26 M 100.00 4,000,000 0.750% 2.735% TEXAS EXC 1.10% 102926 (CUSIP: 88241TMC1) 10/29/26 M 100.00 250,000 1.100% 2.627% DISCOVER 4.95% 111626 (CUSIP: 254673Z66) 11/16/26 M 100.00 200,000 4.950% 2.615% UBS BANK 1.15% 120826 (CUSIP: 90348JX96) 12/08/26 M 100.00 250,000 1.150% 2.627% CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 14 of 21
37 Description
Redemption
date
Redemption
price ($) Redemption value ($) Coupon
Weighted average
coupon remaining
2027 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A 9,639,000 2.897% 2.578% CALPRIVAT 4.05% 021627 (CUSIP: 13135NCY4) 02/16/27 M 100.00 250,000 4.050% 2.617% VALLEY NAT 4.6% 031127 (CUSIP: 919853KW0) 03/11/27 M 100.00 250,000 4.600% 2.615% BRADESCO B 4.5% 032227 (CUSIP: 10421AAT4) 03/22/27 M 100.00 250,000 4.500% 2.615% UST NTS 2.5% 033127 (CUSIP: 91282CEF4) 03/31/27 M 100.00 4,000,000 2.500% 2.629% UST NTS 2.625% 053127 (CUSIP: 91282CET4) 05/31/27 M 100.00 2,245,000 2.625% 2.622% BNY MELLON 4.6% 060127 (CUSIP: 05584CP59) 06/01/27 M 100.00 250,000 4.600% 2.615% EAGLEMARK 4.7% 070227 (CUSIP: 27004PFE8) 07/02/27 M 100.00 250,000 4.700% 2.614% UST NTS 3.125% 083127 (CUSIP: 91282CFH9) 08/31/27 M 100.00 1,894,000 3.125% 2.608% CELTIC BANK 2% 122727 (CUSIP: 15118RTH0) 12/27/27 M 100.00 250,000 2.000% 2.624% 2028 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A 8,310,000 1.411% 2.785% AMERANT B 4.05% 032828 (CUSIP: 02357QCL9) 03/28/28 M 100.00 250,000 4.050% 2.617% UST NTS 1.25% 043028 (CUSIP: 91282CBZ3) 04/30/28 M 100.00 2,985,000 1.250% 2.683% UST NTS 1.375% 123128 (CUSIP: 91282CDP3) 12/31/28 M 100.00 5,075,000 1.375% 2.719% 2029 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A 15,750,000 3.339% 2.414% UNIVEST BA 4.3% 022829 (CUSIP: 91527PCP0) 02/28/29 M 100.00 250,000 4.300% 2.616% UST NTS 2.875% 043029 (CUSIP: 91282CEM9) 04/30/29 M 100.00 1,565,000 2.875% 2.616% BEAL BANK 4.7% 053029 (CUSIP: 07371DR66) 05/30/29 M 100.00 250,000 4.700% 2.614% BEAL BANK 4.7% 053029 (CUSIP: 07371BVU2) 05/30/29 M 100.00 250,000 4.700% 2.614% MORGAN ST 4.65% 053029 (CUSIP: 61768E4J9) 05/30/29 M 100.00 250,000 4.650% 2.614% TOYOTA FIN 4.5% 062829 (CUSIP: 89235MPR6) 06/28/29 M 100.00 250,000 4.500% 2.615% UST NTS 2.625% 073129 (CUSIP: 91282CFC0) 07/31/29 M 100.00 5,025,000 2.625% 2.621% UST NTS 3.5% 093029 (CUSIP: 91282CLN9) 09/30/29 M 100.00 4,910,000 3.500% 2.556% UST NTS 4% 103129 (CUSIP: 91282CFT3) 10/31/29 M 100.00 3,000,000 4.000% 2.560% 2030 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A 15,429,000 3.016% 2.511% UST NTS 3.5% 013130 (CUSIP: 91282CGJ4) 01/31/30 M 100.00 4,965,000 3.500% 2.555% UST NTS 1.5% 021530 (CUSIP: 912828Z94) 02/15/30 M 100.00 5,350,000 1.500% 2.714% MORGAN ST 4.25% 022630 (CUSIP: 61690DS33) 02/26/30 M 100.00 250,000 4.250% 2.616% UST NTS 4.125% 083130 (CUSIP: 91282CHW4) 08/31/30 M 100.00 4,864,000 4.125% 2.510% 2031 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A 5,350,000 4.000% 2.508% UST NTS 4% 013131 (CUSIP: 91282CJX0) 01/31/31 M 100.00 5,350,000 4.000% 2.508% 2032 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2033 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 15 of 21
38 Description
Redemption
date
Redemption
price ($) Redemption value ($) Coupon
Weighted average
coupon remaining
2034 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2035 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2036 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2037 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2038 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2039 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2040 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2041 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2042 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2043 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2044 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2045 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - 2046 or later
period total (category applies to all the years below)
N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
2046 yearly total (category applies to all holdings below)N/A N/A - - - Perpetual
period total (category applies to all holdings below)

N/A N/A - - -
Fixed income redemption distribution total N/A N/A 70,133,000 2.622% 0.000% Redemption value (remaining principal) of mortgage backed securities: $0 Market value of securities with undefined redemption value: $0 This report shows the schedule of principal payments of securities calculated as of the date of the report. Payments are not guaranteed. Unforeseen events could occur which could cause the estimated principal payments to differ from stated values. Bonds in default will not display a redemption value. The redemption value applies the redemption price to the remaining principal or the number of shares.

These schedules assume that bonds are not called. Call features may be exercised as stated elsewhere at any time. On Treasury Inflation Index securities (TIPs ), we have applied the most recent Index Ratio to the redemption price. Actual redemption value will not be less than the face amount on TIPs if held to maturity. 100% Principal protected structured products (when held to maturity) will be displayed at their face amount as the redemption value.

Mortgage backed securities (MBSs) are not represented in this report as it is not possible to accurately predict principal prepayments.

Securities with undefined redemption value, such as mandatory convertible securities and structured products (other than those with 100% principal protection), do not have a defined redemption value and are not represented in the bar charts. The market value of these securities is displayed beneath the table. These securities will display N/A as the redemption value in the year of their scheduled redemption.

Redemption is the date the security is scheduled to be redeemed. Types: M - maturity, R - refunded, T - mandatory tender/put, P - perpetual (displays date of report plus sixty years), D - Dutch auction or optional tender, A - estimated average life of prepaying securities.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 16 of 21
39 Estimated Income Summary
As of 02/27/2026 for XXXX7847 - CITY OF MALIBU
Description
Mar
2026
Apr
2026
May
2026
Jun
2026
Jul
2026
Aug
2026
Sep
2026
Oct
2026
Nov
2026
Dec
2026
Jan
2027
Feb
2027
Annualized
Estimated
income ($)
Tax exempt accounts total(category applies
to security types below)
209,997 145,085 52,248 58,650 272,041 201,760 158,930 107,526 52,281 58,461 271,718 186,365 1,775,062 Money market fund 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 4,616 55,397 Certificates of deposit 24,456 1,815 18,166 19,143 7,584 12,105 18,388 1,757 18,199 18,954 7,261 11,710 159,538 Government bond 180,925 138,653 29,466 34,891 259,841 185,039 135,925 101,153 29,466 34,891 259,841 170,039 1,560,128 Unassigned total N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Not available
income type total(category applies to security types below)

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Cash alternative N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Estimated income total 209,997 145,085 52,248 58,650 272,041 201,760 158,930 107,526 52,281 58,461 271,718 186,365 1,775,062 Total Portfolio Value: $71,131,314
This report is not a substitute for official tax reporting. This report separates the holdings, first based on the taxability at the account level. The secondary aggregation is Tax Type which is used to aggregate securities based on their assumed taxability of income (interest and dividends) at the time of this report. Classifications are made by data sources we deem reliable; however, we do not CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 17 of 21
40 guarantee the accuracy of these classifications. Most securities are subject to capital gains taxes and some may be considered in calculations for Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) that are not so designated here. This report does not attempt to portray phantom income (income accreted or accrued but not paid) on discount or zero coupon securities. You should consult with your tax advisor regarding the taxability of your holdings.

The following tax type classifications may be included in this report: AMT - subject to Alternative Minimum Tax; Dividend - taxable as dividend income; Federal - income taxable by federal government (state and local income taxes may not apply); Non-Federal - income non-taxable by federal government but may be subject to state and local taxes; Taxable - income taxable by federal, state and local taxes; and Not Available - taxability undetermined.

Estimated Income Annualized (EIA) takes your current income, based on the current dividends or interest paid by your securities and multiplies it to create an annualized hypothetical figure. It does not reflect actual or future performance and should not be relied upon when making financial decisions. All annualizations are based upon current positions using a simple mathematical calculation and assumes all figures remain constant for a year; any subsequent position changes will affect these calculations. Calculations for certain types of securities could include a return of principal or capital gain, in which case the figures would be overstated. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Dividend payments are made solely at the discretion of the issuer and are subject to be changed or eliminated at any time. Estimated Income is an estimate and the actual income might be lower or higher than the estimated amount. Estimated Income only the income generated by an investment. It does not reflect changes in price, which may fluctuate.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 18 of 21
41 Important Information
Accounts Included:

These references may display in the following internal or external account lists, as applicable, at the end of the account number: Use of the "P" footnote will indicate it is included in the performance information within the report, Use of the "E" footnote will indicate it is included in your eMoney plan summary, use of the "A" footnote will indicate an account aggregated within the report.

Internal Accounts
XXXX7847 P CITY OF MALIBU
P Indicates an account included in the performance information within the report.

This Account listing represents a portfolio of assets and/or liabilities owned by you based on our records of transactions processed through us or supplemental information supplied by you. The information contained in this report may not reflect all holdings or transactions, their costs, or proceeds in your household. Any assets and liabilities you currently hold away from our Firm may not be covered by SIPC.

Transactions requiring tax consideration should be reviewed carefully with your accountant or tax advisor. Unless otherwise indicated, market prices are only indications of market values, are subject to change, and may not reflect the value at which securities could be sold.

This report is not the official record of your account. However, it has been prepared to assist you in understanding your investments and is for informational purposes only. Your account statements and/or trade confirms are considered the official and accurate records of your account activity. Therefore, if there are any discrepancies between this report and your statements and/or trade confirms, you should rely on your statements and/or trade confirms.

For a complete list of accounts used in this report or if you have more questions related to this report, please contact your dedicated investment professional.

Certain assets are excluded from performance calculations. Selected annuities, mutual funds held outside the firm, precious metals, coins, bullion, or any assets subject to tax-withholdings (TEFRA) are among the assets not included in values or performance calculations. Additionally, thinly traded or non-publicly traded securities, private assets and other types of assets that do not have a readily ascertainable market value, including but not limited to loan assets, real estate, closely held interests, and oil, gas, and mineral interests are not included in performance calculations and may not be included in market values.

For performance market values, we include account accruals in the calculations. Accruals are accumulated interest or income that your individually held assets have earned over time but have not been recorded or paid out yet. Because you are legally entitled to receive this interest and income as the holder of the assets, we factor these accruals as part of the assets' appreciation value. Please note accruals are not included in performance calculations for most mutual funds and non-performance market values.

Where your account holds alternative investments, the alternative investment valuations used to calculate the investment performance presented in this report are based on valuation reporting we receive from fund sponsors. In certain instances, the most recent valuations provided by fund sponsors may be delayed by as much as six months or more and may not reflect distributions made over the prior six-plus months. As a result, the performance returns shown may be based on stale valuations and may be higher or lower than performance returns based on current valuations.

As such, if you own alternative investments, the account level and alternatives performance presented in this report may not reflect the current value of your holdings. Please refer to the statement provided by the applicable alternative fund sponsor for the most up-to-date valuation of holdings.

Asset Classification
Asset Classes for mutual funds, variable annuities and exchange-traded funds are derived from Morningstar Categories. Underlying holdings classification provided by Morningstar. ©2025 Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely.

Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information.

CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 19 of 21
42 Account Return Methodology
Account returns are annualized for time periods greater than one year. This performance presented is past performance, which is not a guarantee of future results; current performance may be lower or higher than the performance quoted. The investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor’s units, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost.

Net Time Weighted rates of return are independent of the timing and magnitude of your cash flow decisions and are calculated after the deduction of program fees. Each return period is given an equal weighting, regardless of the portfolio value.

Gross Time Weighted rates of return are independent of the timing and magnitude of your cash flow decisions and are calculated before the deduction of all fees. Each return period is given an equal weighing, regardless of the portfolio value.

Gross Performance represents returns before the deduction of any investment management fees. Actual performance in your account will be less. For more information, please contact your advisor who can provide you with account performance both gross of and net of fees.

Money Weighted rates of return reflect your decisions to deposit assets to or withdraw assets from your accounts and are calculated after the deduction of all fees. They give more weight to returns in periods with higher portfolio values and, as a result, should not be used to measure performance of an investment manager.

Fixed Income Securities (Bonds)
Investments in fixed-income securities are subject to market, interest rate, credit/default, inflation and other risks. Bond prices fluctuate inversely to changes in interest rates. Therefore, a general rise in interest rates can result in the decline in the bond's price. Lower rated securities are speculative and involve greater risk of default.

YTW: Yield to worst is the lowest of all yields to calls or the yield to maturity. Yield to maturity is the yield that would be realized on a fixed income security if it were held to the maturity date. Yield at purchase is calculated based on the purchase date and price of each position (if available) and represents the yield to worst at the time of purchase. At the subtotal and total levels, yields are weighted averages for that grouping.

Duration, if available, is option adjusted duration and is used to provide a measurement of price volatility. For example, a duration of 4 means that a shift in prevailing rates 100 basis points (1%) in a 1 year period should shift the price in the opposite direction by 4%. Duration will not be calculated on Structured Products or other securities for which required data is not available. Modified Duration, unlike Effective Duration, assumes cash flows do not change and does not take into account embedded call options.

YTM: Yield to Maturity is calculated to the redemption date based on the yield price and not on current market price.

Yield at purchase is the yield to worst based on original price and purchase date.

Weighted avg coupon: Weighted average coupon at the subtotal and total levels is the weighted average coupon that has been calculated based on the market value of the securities within that grouping.

Weighted avg maturity: Weighted average maturity is a measure of the overall maturity of the fixed income securities in a portfolio. The higher the weighted average maturity the longer it takes for all these securities in the portfolio to mature.

Term: Short-term bonds have effective maturities of five years or less, intermediate bonds have effective maturities between five and ten years; and long-term bonds have maturities of ten years or longer. Income from tax exempt bonds is generally free from federal and state taxes for residents of the issuing state. While the interest income is tax-free, capital gains if any are subject to taxes. Income of certain tax-exempt bonds may be subject to the Federal Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT).

Credit Quality Ratings: Bond rating firms, such as Moody’s and Standard & Poor's, use different designations consisting of upper- and lower-case letters 'A' and 'B' to identify a bond's credit quality rating. 'AAA' and 'AA' (high credit quality) and 'A' and 'BBB' (medium credit quality) are CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 20 of 21
43 considered investment grade. Credit ratings for bonds below these designations ('BB', 'B', 'CCC', etc.) are considered low credit quality, and are commonly referred to as junk bonds.

Fixed Income Analysis
All yields, durations and convexities are calculated at the 'Yield Price' listed on the report. The calculations are updated approximately once per month.

Should there be significant changes in interest rates we will update the calculations more frequently.

Enhancements used for this analysis may include Bond Insurance, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and escrowed collateral on refunded bonds (typically in US Government securities). The terms of enhancements vary and assumptions cannot be made as to specific issuers or issues. This report is not meant to indicate that 'non-enhanced' securities are of lesser credit quality than those with secondary credit enhancement. Insurance pertains to the timely payment of principal and interest by the issuer of the underlying securities and not the price of the bond, which will fluctuate prior to maturity.

Types of enhancements may include but are not limited to:

Pre-ref - Indicates that the security has been pre-refunded, is collateralized (typically in US Government Securities) and is scheduled to be redeemed at the stated redemption date.

ETM - Indicates that the security has been escrowed to maturity (collateralized, typically in U.S. Government securities).

FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
MBIA - Municipal Bond Insurance Association
FGIC - Financial Guaranty Insurance Company
AMBAC - American Municipal Bond Assurance Corporation
Assured Gty. - Assured Guaranty Corp.

BHAC - Berkshire Hathaway Assurance
AGM(f.FSA) - Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp.

AGC - Assured Guaranty Corp.

NATL-RE(f.MBIA) - National Public Finance Guaranty Corp. (MBIA's public finance subsidiary)
Syncora(f.XLCA) - Syncora Guarantee (Formerly XL Capital Assurance) PSF - Permanent School Fund
BAM - Build America Mutual Assurance Corp.

Q-SBLF - Qualified School Bond Loan Fund
ACA - ACA Financial Guaranty Corp.

FHA - Federal Housing Administration
FHLMC - Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp.

FNMA - Federal National Mortgage Association
GNMA - Government National Mortgage Association
SECT8 - Section 8
CITY OF MALIBU | February 28, 2026 Page 21 of 21
44

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Agenda Item # 5.A.

Council Agenda Report
To: Mayor Silverstein and Honorable Members of the City Council Prepared by: Allison Cook, Contract Planner
Reviewed by: Susan Dueñas, Public Safety Director
Yolanda Bundy, Community Development Director
Tyler Eaton, Assistant Community Development Director
Approved by: Joseph D. Irvin, City Manager
Trevor Rusin, Interim City Attorney
Date prepared: March 10, 2026 Meeting date: April 13, 2026 Subject: Adoption of Safety Element Update to the City of Malibu General Plan (General Plan Amendment No. 24-002).

RECOMMENDED ACTION: Adopt Resolution No. 26-16 (Exhibit A), determining that the project is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), incorporating the Las Virgenes Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan into the Safety Element Update of the City of Malibu General Plan by reference, and adopting General Plan Amendment (GPA) No. 24-002 to adopt the Safety Element Update to the City of Malibu General Plan consistent with all applicable State Safety Element laws.

FISCAL IMPACT: There is no fiscal impact associated with the recommended action.

STRATEGIC PLAN IMPLEMENTATION: N/A.

DISCUSSION: The matter is the adoption of an updated Safety Element of the City of Malibu General Plan.

Purpose/Background
Each city and county in California is required to prepare a General Plan, which is a comprehensive, long-term guide for a community’s physical development. Government Code Section 65302 et seq. establishes requirements for General Plans, including the following mandatory “elements” that are applicable to the City of Malibu: land use, circulation, housing, conservation, open space, noise, and safety. The General Plan is a City Council Meeting
04-13-26
Item

5.A.
1

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Agenda Item # 5.A.
broad policy document, and its vision can be accomplished through a variety of more specific projects, programs, standards, and directives that follow its adoption.

The City of Malibu General Plan Safety and Health Element has not been updated since the original adoption of the General Plan in 1995 (Exhibit C). Since then, several changes to California Government Code Section 65302(g), which regulates Safety Elements, have been enacted that require the City to conduct an update.

The focus on Safety Element requirements in recent years is an attempt by the State Legislature to better align local land use planning with the changing landscape associated with natural and human-caused hazard risks. Catastrophic wildfires, severe flooding, extreme heat, and other climate-driven hazards have exposed gaps between local planning, emergency management, and infrastructure decision-making. To address these gaps, legislation like Senate Bill (SB) 1241 (2012) (wildfire), SB 379 (2015) (climate adaptation and resiliency), SB 99 (2019) (residential evacuation routes), and Assembly Bills 747/1409 (2019/2021) (evacuation route assessment) have been adopted.

The state recently adopted AB 2684 (2024) which requires jurisdictions to address extreme heat impacts on their communities. Under this requirement, a community needs to identify areas most vulnerable to extreme heat, assess health and infrastructure risks, and include goals, policies, and implementation measures to reduce those risks.

Addressing this issue can often overlap with emergency management activities, especially during extreme heat events. This requirement does not go into effect until January 1, 2028, but the Safety Element Update incorporates objectives and policies to support compliance with these requirements.

The Safety Element Update has been spearheaded by the Public Safety and Community Development Departments, with the assistance of the planning consulting firm Atlas Planning Solutions. It has been prepared consistent with the above-noted legislative bills codified in Government Code Section 65302 et seq. and elsewhere in the Government Code, and the Governor’s Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation’s General Plan Guidelines.

State Requirements for Safety Elements
The Safety Element is required to provide for the protection of the community from unreasonable risks associated with the following:
• Seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, and ground failure • Tsunami, seiche, and dam failure
• Slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides • Subsidence
• Liquefaction
• Flooding
• Wildland and urban fires
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Agenda Item # 5.A.
• Climate change
The Safety Element must include maps of known seismic and other geologic hazards, and must address evacuation routes, peak load water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures as related to identified fire and geologic hazards.

Policies associated with road widths and clearances were incorporated into the Fire section to ensure compliance with CAL FIRE and California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection requirements.

The following required analyses informed preparation of the Safety Element Update.

Malibu Safety Element Update SB 99 Evacuation Discussion Pursuant to SB 99 (2019), the Safety Element is required to identify residential developments in any hazard area that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes (Government Code Section 65302(g)(5)). The Malibu Safety Element Update SB 99 Evacuation Discussion (Atlas Planning Solutions, November 2025) was prepared to identify locations in the City where single ingress/egress conditions are located and could affect future evacuations (Exhibit D).

Transportation Study for Malibu Safety Element Update
The Transportation Study for Malibu Safety Element Update (Evacuation Assessment) (Fehr & Peers for Atlas Planning Solutions, October 2025) (Exhibit E) builds on the City’s Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation Study (Minagar & Associates, 2020) and provides a qualitative assessment to meet AB 747/AB 1409 requirements (Government Code Section 65302.15). It identifies potential evacuation routes and evaluates their capacity, safety, and viability under a range of emergency scenarios. It considers potential hazards such as wildfire, flooding, and seismic events, as well as factors like roadway capacity, congestion, and accessibility for vulnerable populations.

City of Malibu Climate Vulnerability Assessment
Climate change can affect and potentially exacerbate the impact of other hazards (e.g., flooding). State law requires a city to prepare a climate vulnerability analysis (Government Code Section 65302(g)(4)). The City of Malibu Climate Vulnerability Assessment (Atlas Planning Solutions, September 2025) (Exhibit F). was prepared to identify potential hazards impacted by climate change consistent with SB 379. The City’s climate vulnerabilities were evaluated as part of the 2023 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2021 Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan, and the 2021 Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, and have been incorporated into the Climate Vulnerability Assessment. Collectively, the three documents evaluate climate focused and natural hazards that inform the overall vulnerability and adaptative capacity of the City. In addition, the City is currently preparing the Malibu Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment. Since that assessment is ongoing, 3

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Agenda Item # 5.A.
the results of the assessment are not yet available to include in the Climate Vulnerability Assessment.

Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Las Virgenes Malibu Council of Governments’ (LVMCOG) Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (2023) is a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan that addresses hazards in the LVMCOG’s member cities, including the City of Malibu. The Plan allows member cities to be eligible for federal mitigation funding after disasters and to apply for mitigation grants.

It is incorporated into the Safety Element Update by reference, which allows the City to use available California Disaster Assistance Act funds to cover the local share of the 25 percent non-federal portion of grant funded post disaster projects.

Summary of Safety Element Update
The Safety Element Update meets the applicable state requirements by addressing the following topic areas and establishing related goals, objectives, policies, and implementation actions.

Emergency Preparedness
This section addresses natural and human-caused hazards and briefly describes the City’s hazard prevention, response, and recovery strategies. This section references the City’s Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) and the LVMCOG Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Goals, policies, objectives, and actions focus on identifying risks, planning and preparing for emergencies, minimizing evacuation impacts, and establishing post disaster/hazard recovery.

Seismic and Geologic Hazards
Topics in this section include surface rupture, seismic shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and mudflows. The goals, objectives, policies, and actions address both individual and collective risks from these hazards, as seismic and geologic events can have cascading effects. The section ensures seismic and geologic hazards are addressed to effectively protect structures and lives, as well as minimize risks.

Flood Hazards
Flooding by itself is a significant hazard, but flooding can often coincide with other hazards, such as landslides and mudslides, which are frequently exacerbated by wildfires. The intent of this section is to minimize flooding impacts by continuing to coordinate with other responsible agencies, requiring development to be consistent with federal standards (FEMA and the National Flood Insurance Program), and conducting public outreach efforts on flood hazards.

Fire Hazards
4

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Agenda Item # 5.A.

Topics related to fire hazards include wildfires, urban fires, and water supply. The majority of the City is located in the very high fire hazard severity zone (VHFHSZ), as mapped by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE). Goals, objectives, policies, and actions address multiple issues, including: continuing to work with the appropriate fire agencies (CAL FIRE, Los Angeles County Fire Department or LACFD, and others) to improve coordination, ensure adequate staffing, implement programs and standards, and ensure code enforcement; continuing to work with appropriate agencies to assure sufficient stored water, water capacity, and water delivery systems; and requiring development to be designed and sited to minimize fire risk, with new development and major redevelopment within a high fire hazard severity zone providing a Fire Protection Plan to prevent fires (i.e., “home hardening”) and ensure safe evacuation. Another item is to consider developing and updating a community evacuation master plan.

Climate Adaptation
While climate change is not a hazard, variations in environmental conditions can impact some of the natural hazards affecting Malibu, particularly wildfires. This section describes climate change predictions and the potential effects of climate change on already existing hazards. Goals, objectives, policies, and implementation actions aim to prepare the community for potential climate-related impacts and minimize weather-related event hazards. These include water supply practices, measures to reduce the heat island effect, the use of cooling centers in neighborhoods, public outreach to inform residents of heat risk, and timely communication about power constraints and public safety power shutoff events. They also include collaborating with partners at various levels of government and local community organizations to address and evaluate the effectiveness of climate resilience and adaptation efforts. One measure is to develop a climate resiliency plan integrating and building on the strategies in the General Plan, Energy Action Plan (2018), and Draft Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment currently underway.

Shoreline Protection
With projected sea-level rise, the City’s current vulnerabilities are expected to increase.

This section addresses coastal erosion, sea-level rise, and tsunamis. Goals, objectives, policies, and implementation actions are identified to create a community resilient to changing coastal conditions, including the proper siting and design of coastal development; requiring development to provide for safety from coastal storm flooding, coastal erosion, surfacing septic effluent, sea level rise, and tsunami; and participating in a tsunami warning system. Other items include studying the effects of seawalls, groins, and revetments on beach erosion, completing coastal morphology studies, and establishing shoreline construction standards. One of the actions is to implement the recommendations of the City’s upcoming Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment regarding sea-level rise impacts.
5

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Agenda Item # 5.A.

Hazardous Materials and Wastes
While not a required component of a Safety Element, hazardous materials and wastes are addressed, as they are human-caused hazards often found throughout a community.

This section addresses typical chemicals and hazardous materials found in the home and wider community, and the potential for hazardous materials to present a risk to public health and safety as well as the environment after a major fire or flood. The intent is to minimize the impact from hazardous materials and their accidental release. Policies and actions include continuing to provide for the proper collection and disposal of hazardous wastes, developing information campaigns about the safe use, handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials as well as alternatives to their use, and coordinating with other government resources to address potential hazardous materials sites. 1995 Safety and Health Element
The Safety Element Update is a complete replacement of the City’s 1995 Safety and Health Element (Exhibit C). The health-related topics of the 1995 Safety and Health Element include air quality, water quality, healthcare, overall community clean-up (e.g., litter and graffiti), and police protection. The Safety Element Update focuses on typical safety issues, such as those identified in Government Code Section 65302(g). While some goals, objectives, policies, and implementation measures from the prior element have been retained, many have been revised to be current and consistent with more recent state requirements. Outdated or no longer applicable ones have been removed.

Exhibit G is a table that lists the existing Safety and Health Element goals, policies, objectives, and implementation measures and their status in the proposed Safety Element Update. The Safety Element Update also includes new goals, objectives, policies, and implementation actions to meet the latest state requirements.

From the list of policies removed from the original 1995 Safety and Health Element, the City can choose to keep some of these policies in other elements of the General Plan that may be more applicable. For example, policies related to the testing of waters near the shoreline for contamination could be placed in the Conservation Element. The new Safety Element has been tailored to meet state law and is focused more on safety related to the natural and built environment. The public health policies by and large have been moved out but may be more suitable for other General Plan elements if they are desired to be kept.

City Council Meeting
At its meeting on November 24, 2025, the City Council received a presentation by staff about the Safety Element. Staff explained the purpose of the Safety Element Update and the review by CAL FIRE to ensure the City is eligible for future wildfire prevention funding and other benefits to residents and businesses, as described below under, “State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection.” Comments of the City Council included concerns for 6

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improved communication with residents during an emergency event, especially when power is shut off.

State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection
As the City is within a VHFHSZ, the Draft Safety Element was provided to the State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection (Board) for review at its meeting on December 9, 2025, consistent with Government Code Section 65302.5(b)(1). The purpose of the review is to ensure wildfire risks are addressed in local planning. A city council must consider the recommendations of the Board prior to adopting the Safety Element. The Board found the Safety Element to comply with all state requirements, and no other recommendations were made.

The Board’s finding is a critical step that enables the City to be eligible for the State Board’s Fire Risk Reduction Community List (FRRCL) in 2026. The FRRCL is a list of cities, counties, and special districts in a state responsibility area or a VHFHSZ meeting best practices for local fire planning. There are significant advantages to being on the FRRCL, including priority for wildfire prevention grants from CAL FIRE and the potential for obtaining other state or federal resilience, hazard and community planning funds. It provides advantages to City homeowners and businesses when applying for insurance, as insurance companies are required to consider the FRRCL designation when calculating premiums for homes and businesses in the community, thereby potentially lowering insurance costs. To qualify for the FRRCL, the City must adopt the Safety Element and submit evidence of its adoption to CAL FIRE by April 30, 2026.

Public Safety Commission
At its meeting on January 14, 2026, the Public Safety Commission provided feedback on the Safety Element. This meeting notice was posted on January 2, 2026, and promoted through the City’s social media platforms. The Commission asked about the authority of the Safety Element, the requirement for more than one ingress/egress point for residences, minimum safe tsunami elevation, robust coordination with fire protection agencies regarding state lands properties, a central location for an evacuation shelter, status of signal synchronization efforts, communication with the public about evacuations, and consideration of incident impact time for evacuation, among other items.

City staff and its consultant responded to the comments. Upon adoption by the City Council, compliance with the Safety Element will be mandatory. The Safety Element is primarily a policy document that addresses issues on a broader level than the Malibu Municipal Code. The implementation actions of the Safety Element, to be accomplished in the future, may best be addressed through subsequent projects or programs (e.g., Develop, encourage, and support volunteer neighborhood watch and arson prevention programs, Action S-3.3.11) or through Code amendments (e.g., Design and ensure all private roads are maintained to permit unrestricted emergency equipment and personnel access in compliance with the California Fire Code, adopted local ordinances, and Fire 7

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Safe Regulations, Action S-1.3.2a). The City’s consultant explained the state requirement for the need for more than one ingress/egress point for certain development.

This policy would need to be implemented during project development review. The City’s consultant indicated that a minimum safe tsunami elevation cannot be effectively modeled, as tsunamis can occur from a variety of sources and their inundation may not be easily predicted. Modeling used by the state relies on best available science, but it is not at a level of detail to provide specific elevations. Rather, the community should be educated that the best evacuation route during a tsunami even would lead them to a safety location outside of potential inundation areas.

The Safety Element includes policies for continued coordination with CAL FIRE and the LACFD. State lands areas are not shown on the fire hazard maps in the Safety Element, as the Safety Element focuses on City fire responsibility areas. The City’s consultant indicated that a policy to identify potential evacuation shelters would be appropriate, but that such specific shelter locations should not be identified in the Safety Element because they could vary depending on the emergency event and location. The City’s consultant recommended that signal synchronization be addressed as part of specific evacuation plans. The Safety Element generally references evacuation routes. The Transportation Study for Malibu Safety Element Update (Exhibit E) identifies potential evacuation routes based on the largest roadways in a particular zone, however specific routes cannot be recommended in the Safety Element as evacuation scenarios are fluid with the direction and particular road changing. Communication with the public is addressed in multiple policies and implementation actions of the Safety Element. Regarding incident time of impact, the City’s consultant indicated while a general policy to address this topic could be useful, specific information is not included in a Safety Element because incidents vary and some, such as earthquakes, do not have an effective notification time. There is often little to no advance notice of certain hazards, and the City takes this into consideration when planning and preparing for emergencies.

Staff has considered the Public Safety Commission comments and modified the Safety Element to address some of the concerns expressed by the Commission members.

California Geological Survey
The Safety Element Update was prepared based on current seismic and other geologic hazard maps, including those available from the state. The Draft Safety Element was provided to the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation on February 5, 2026, to ensure that all known seismic and other geologic hazards are addressed, consistent with Government Code Section 65302.5(a). Comments from the California Geological Survey received in late February 2026 have been incorporated into the Safety Element Update. These include incorporating more recent data into Figure S1 (Anticipated Seismic Shaking in Malibu) and identifying in the text that the City has one active fault, the Malibu Coast Fault, and is in an Alquist-Priolo Zone. An Alquist-Priolo Zone is an area of active known fault where special studies are required before approving development in the zone.
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California Office of Emergency Services
State Assembly Bill 2140 (2006) (Government Code Section 65302.6) requires a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and the Safety Element of a General Plan to be consistent and requires a jurisdiction to adopt the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan in the Safety Element to be fully eligible for disaster relief funding under the California Disaster Assistance Act.

The Draft Safety Element was provided to the California Office of Emergency Services (OES) on February 5, 2026, for review to ensure the Safety Element uses recognized hazard mitigation frameworks, considers emergency management and hazard mitigation coordination, and is consistent with the LVMCOG Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (Local Hazard Mitigation Plan). OES indicated on February 9, 2026, that the Safety Element complies with these requirements. OES further indicated that it can issue a letter of compliance upon receipt of the City Council resolution adopting the Safety Element Update, as required by AB 2140.

Planning Commission
On March 2, 2026, the Planning Commission adopted Resolution No. 26-12, recommending that the City Council determine that the project is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); incorporate the LVMCOG MultiJurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan into the Safety Element Update of the City of Malibu General Plan by reference; and adopt GPA No. 24-002 to adopt an update to the Safety Element of the City of Malibu General Plan consistent with all application State Safety Element laws (Exhibit B). The Commission discussed several topics addressed in the Safety Element Update, including emergency evacuation routes, the number of public road ingress/egress points for development, and the Safety Element Update review by the Public Safety Commission, among other items. Specifically, Commissioners discussed balancing the need to protect structures from fire with the need to protect native vegetation and sensitive habitat in Action S-3.3.13a and how that balance is determined.

Action S-3.3.13a: Coordinate with neighboring jurisdictions to develop strategic fire plans focusing on fuel management/modification within established defensible spaces, balancing structure protection with native vegetation, and sensitive habitat preservation.

If the Council desires, the following Action S-3.3.13b could be added to the Safety Element Update to further address the balancing of fire protection with habitat preservation by creating thresholds for each as an implementation measure of the Safety Element Update:
(Potential) Action S-3.3.13b: Establish thresholds to be incorporated into future strategic fire plans, appropriate for structure protection, habitat preservation, and vegetation management that balance the current and future needs of Malibu residents and property owners.
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Public Safety Director Duenas clarified that while evacuation as a general topic is addressed in the Safety Element Update, separately, the City is currently preparing an Evacuation Plan update to identify particular evacuation operations.

To further clarify the policy for certain types of development to have at least two access routes for emergencies, as described at the Commission meeting, the following change to Policy S-1.3.2 has been incorporated into the draft Safety Element:

Policy S-1.3.2: Require all new developments and redevelopments (new subdivisions) within Fire Hazard Severity Zones provide a minimum of two points of access by means of public roads that can be used for emergency vehicle response and evacuation purposes, where practicable, as required by the Los Angeles County Fire and Cal FIRE requirements.

As described in the Malibu Safety Element Update SB 99 Evacuation Discussion (Exhibit D), many areas of the City rely on single ingress/egress roads. Pursuant to Section 503 of Part 9 of the California Fire Code, a fire marshal (i.e., the Los Angels County Fire Department) has broad discretionary authority on whether to require more than one access route for safety when conditions warrant, particularly in VHFHSZs. Therefore, Policy S-1.3.2 has been revised to acknowledge that these are CAL FIRE requirements that the LACFD may enforce.

General Plan Consistency
Government Code Section 65300.5 requires General Plan elements to be consistent, integrated, and compatible with one another. The Safety Element is consistent with all other elements of the City’s General Plan. In particular, the Safety Element is consistent with the following related goals, objectives, policies and implementation measures in the Circulation and Infrastructure Element and Land Use Element.

CIRCULATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENT
C GOAL 1. Safe, Environmentally Sensitive and Efficient Transportation for the City.

C OBJECTIVE 1.1: Safe, Efficient, and Convenient Traffic System with a Minimum of Impact or Cost.

Policy 1.1.2: The City shall utilize sound traffic engineering and enforcement principles to safety regulate traffic and improve traffic flow.

C Implementation Measure 7: Work with the fire and sheriff to minimize road closures due to accidents and disasters and to facilitate traffic flow on these occasions.

C OBJECTIVE 2.2: An Adequate Water Supply for Daily and Emergency Use by the Year 2000.

Policy 2.2.1: The City shall ensure adequate water storage for firefighting and other emergencies.
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C Implementation Measure 37: Work with appropriate agencies such as Water District 29 and the Los Angeles County Fire Department to increase water storage at strategic locations throughout the City as required to assure a seven-day emergency water supply.

In addition to the Emergency Preparedness section of the Safety Element Update addressing multiple aspects of safe and effective evacuation, it addresses working with the LACFD and Sheriff’s Department to improve local access during emergencies and provide safe evacuation (S-1.3.3c, S-1.2.6, S-1.2.6a). The Fire Hazards section addresses water supply, storage and capacity to meet daily demand and fire flow requirements (S3.3.1f, S-3.3.17, and S-33.18).

LAND USE ELEMENT
LU GOAL 1. The Natural and Environmental Resources of Malibu are Protected and Enhanced.

LU OBJECTIVE 1.3: Land Uses Consistent with Flood, Geologic and Fire Safety Requirements.

LU Policy 1.3.1: The City shall regulate development in floodways.

LU Policy 1.3.2: The City shall require proposed development to avoid geologic safety hazards created by development.

LU Policy 1.3.3: The City shall require fire protection measures for development.

To implement these policies the City shall:

LU Implementation Measure 18: Implement the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) program in Flood Hazard Overlay Areas.

LU Implementation Measure 19: Amend the Building Code to regulate development to respond to local conditions that require special consideration, such as impacts of septic systems on ancient and active landslides, unusual drainage problems, fire hazards and similar conditions.

LU Implementation Measure 20: Develop a system of incremental and progressive reviews of known or suspected geologic and liquefaction hazards in connection with development applications so that review is proportionate to the risk of such hazards.

LU Implementation Measure 21: Require study of potential soil creep, settling, mass movement and their attendant hazards as part of geologic review for proposed development in areas where appropriate due to known or suspected hazards.

LU Implementation Measure 22: Require applicants to execute release and assumption of risk from flood, geologic and fire hazards where appropriate.

LU Implementation Measure 23: Implement regulations, such as those of the Los Angeles County Consolidated Fire Protection District, to minimize the risk of loss of life and property as a result of fire.

LU Implementation Measure 24: In consultation with the appropriate park agency, all development within 200 feet of public park lands, [shall] require a fire vegetation 11

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clearance prescription analysis and require appropriate landscaping or vegetation clearance as a condition for development.

The Safety Element Update addresses development in floodways and geologic safety hazards as well as fire protection measures to be incorporated into development.

Specifically, the Flood Hazards section requires development to be consistent with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) guidelines for flood plain management (S-3.2.1), encourages residents to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)(S-3.2.4), and requires public outreach on flood hazards and the NFIP (S-3.2.4a).

The Seismic and Geologic Hazards section addresses requirements for geologic/geotechnical studies for development projects (S-3.1.2, S-3.1.3, S-3.1.3b). The Fire Hazards section incorporates goals, objectives, policies, and actions to coordinate with the LACFD and other relevant agencies regarding minimizing risks from fires (S3.3.1b through S-3.3.1e, S-3.3.1i, S-3.3.1k, S-3.3.1n, and S-3.3.2). Action S-3.3.13 specifically requires coordination with neighboring jurisdictions to create strategic fire plans for fuel management/modification balancing structure protection with native vegetation and sensitive habitat protection. Note that the requirement for applicants to execute release and assumption risk from flood, geologic, and fire hazards in LU Implementation Measure 22 has already been implemented in the City.

Local Coastal Program
While a Local Coastal Program Amendment (LCPA) is not proposed for the Safety Element Update at this time, the following summary of the Safey Element Update’s consistency with relevant provisions of the LCP Land Use Plan (LUP) and Local Implementation Program (LIP) is provided for reference.

Chapter 4 – Hazards & Shoreline/Bluff Development of the LUP contains policies to minimize development hazards and impacts to coastal resources. These include addressing sea level rise, siting and designing development to minimize risk from geologic and fire hazards and minimizing grading and vegetation clearance on steep slopes, addressing shoreline management, using adequate drainage and erosion control measures in development, and requiring development to minimize the impact of required fuel modification and brush clearance on native habitat and neighboring properties. The Safety Element Update addresses these policies in specific ways. Goals, objectives, policies, and actions protect the community by requiring that development be constructed in a safe manner through addressing geologic/geotechnical concerns and other hazards, requiring fuel modification near environmentally sensitive habitat areas to minimize impacts to habitat, and protecting the shoreline through studies and development standards along the coastline.

The purpose of Chapter 9 – Hazards of the LIP is to ensure that new development minimizes risks to life and property in areas of high geologic, flood, and fire hazard. It contains a series of specific development standards similar to what is addressed more broadly in the Safety Element Update. These include, but are not limited to, the requirements of geologic/geotechnical studies prepared for development and measures 12

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to reduce geologic/geotechnical risks (e.g., landslides, unstable slopes, erosion). The Chapter provides standards for development in flood zones, and to minimize fire hazards, including fuel modification and brush clearance and ensuring emergency vehicle access and adequate fire flow water supply. The Safety Element Update is consistent with Chapter 9 of the LIP.

The draft Safety Element brings together principles long since established in the City’s LCP and marries them with the City’s General Plan. The Malibu LCP was adopted in 2002, while the existing Safety and Health Element had not been updated since 1995.

The City’s General Plan will now be better aligned with current state laws and policies, including the Coastal Act, which aims at protecting California’s coastal environment by implementing safe development principles and guiding policy to protect and maintain the sensitive areas. Malibu is entirely within the coastal zone established by the Coastal Act.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW: The project is exempt from CEQA. CEQA applies only to projects that have the potential for causing a significant effect on the environment. Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15061(b)(3), where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment, the activity is not subject to CEQA. Therefore, because the Safety Element Update would involve adoption of a policy document that does not, in and of itself, include any proposed development or land alteration, and would not require rezoning or facilitate development beyond what is currently allowed in the City’s General Plan, it can therefore be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that adoption of the Safety Element Update would have a significant effect on the environment.

In addition, pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15308, the project is exempt from CEQA, as it consists of an action taken by a regulatory agency, as authorized by state or local ordinance, to assure the maintenance, restoration, enhancement, or protection of the environment where the regulatory process involves procedures for protection of the environment.

PUBLIC CORRESPONDENCE: Neither the Community Development Department nor Public Safety Department has received any public correspondence on this project.

PUBLIC NOTICE: On March 19, 2026, a Notice of City Council Public Hearing was published in a newspaper of general circulation within the City (Exhibit H).

SUMMARY: Based on information in this report, provided with the agenda report presented to the Planning Commission, and other documents, the City Council shall consider whether to adopt the attached resolution to update the Safety Element of the City of Malibu General Plan.

EXHIBITS:

A. Resolution No. 26-16 with Exhibit 1 (Safety Element Update) B. Adopted Planning Commission Resolution No. 26-12 with Exhibit 1 (Safety Element Update)
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C. City Safety and Health Element (1995)
D. Malibu Safety Element Update SB 99 Evacuation Discussion (November 2025) E. Transportation Study for Malibu Safety Element Update (October 2025) F. City of Malibu Climate Vulnerability Assessment (September 2025) G. Summary of Safety Element Update Changes to the Existing Safety and Health Element
H. Notice of Public Hearing
14 Exhibit A
RESOLUTION NO. 26-16

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MALIBU,

DETERMINING THAT THE PROJECT IS EXEMPT FROM THE CALIFORNIA

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT (CEQA), INCORPORATING THE LAS VIRGENES MALIBU COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS MULTIJURISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN INTO THE SAFETY

ELEMENT UPDATE OF THE CITY OF MALIBU GENERAL PLAN BY
REFERENCE, AND ADOPTING GENERAL PLAN AMENDMENT (GPA) NO. 24-002 TO ADOPT THE SAFETY ELEMENT UPDATE TO THE CITY OF

MALIBU GENERAL PLAN CONSISTENT WITH ALL APPLICABLE STATE SAFETY ELEMENT LAWS.

The City Council of the City of Malibu does hereby find, order and resolve as follows:

SECTION 1. Recitals.

A. The State of California requires each city and county to prepare a General Plan, which is a comprehensive, long-term guide for a community’s physical development. California Government Code (Government Code) Section 65302 et seq. establishes requirements for General Plans, which includes a Safety Element.

B. Section 65302(g) of the Government Code establishes requirements for a Safety Element of a General Plan to provide for the protection of the community from unreasonable risks associated with seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, and ground failure; tsunami, seiche, and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; subsidence, liquefaction, flooding, wildland and urban fires; and climate change. The Safety Element must include maps of known seismic and other geologic hazards, and must address evacuation routes, peak load water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures related to identified fire and geologic hazards.

C. The City of Malibu General Plan Safety and Health Element was last updated in 1995, and since then, several changes to Government Code Section 65302(g) have occurred, requiring the Safety and Health Element to be updated to meet current state requirements, including but not limited to, those related to wildfire, climate adaptation and resiliency, and evacuation routes.

D. The Safety Element Update (the “project”) establishes goals, objectives, policies, and implementation actions that address emergency preparedness, seismic and geologic hazards, flood hazards, fire hazards, climate adaptation, shoreline protection, and hazardous materials and wastes in the Safety Element.

E. The state adopted Assembly Bill (AB) 2140 in 2006, which added provisions to the Government Code specifying what is to be included in a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, requiring consistency between the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and the Safety Element of a General Plan, and requiring a jurisdiction to adopt the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan into the Safety Element to be fully eligible for disaster relief funding under the California Disaster Assistance Act.

Furthermore, AB 2140 can be met by either including the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan language 15 Resolution No. 26-16

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specific to AB 2140 in the Safety Element or incorporating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan by reference into the Safety Element.

F. The City of Malibu adopted the Las Virgenes Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan on August 26, 2024, which was approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IX officials on August 13, 2024, in accordance with the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000.

G. At its regularly scheduled meeting on November 24, 2025, the City of Malibu City Council received a presentation on the Safety Element by staff and provided feedback for consideration. Public notice of the meeting was posted at City Hall, on the City’s website, and sent to interested parties.

F. On December 9, 2025, the California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection reviewed the Draft Safety Element, consistent with Government Code Section 65302.5(a), and found it to comply with all applicable state requirements.

G. On January 14, 2026, the City of Malibu Public Safety Commission received a presentation by staff on the Safety Element and provided feedback for consideration. Public notice of the meeting was provided to interested parties and posted on the City website.

H. On February 3, 2026, the Draft Safety Element was provided to the California Geological Survey of the Department of Conservation to ensure that all known seismic and other geologic hazards are addressed, in accordance with Government Code Section 65302.5(a).

I. On February 4, 2026, a draft Safety Element Update was made available for public review at City Hall. Public notice of the document’s availability was provided to interested parties; regional, state and federal agencies; local libraries and media.

J. On March 2, 2026, the Planning Commission held a duly noticed public hearing on the Draft Safety Element Update and at that hearing the Planning Commission reviewed and considered the Draft Safety Element Update, staff report, written reports, public testimony, and other information in the record and adopted Resolution No. 26-12 recommending that the City Council determine that the project is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), incorporate the Las Virgenes Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan into the Safety Element Update of the City of Malibu General Plan by reference, and adopt GPA No. 24-002 adopting the Safety Element Update to the City of Malibu General Plan consistent with all applicable State Safety Element laws.

K. On March 19, 2026, a Notice of City Council Public Hearing was published in a newspaper of general circulation within the City of Malibu and mailed to all interested parties, regional, state and federal agencies, local libraries and media L. On April 13, 2026, the City Council held a duly noticed public hearing on the Safety Element Update project (GPA No. 24-002), reviewed and considered the agenda report, reviewed and considered written reports including the agenda report for the March 2, 2026, Planning Commission meeting, public testimony, and other information in the record. 16 Resolution No. 26-16

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SECTION 2. Environmental Review.

Pursuant to the authority and criteria contained in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the City Council has analyzed the proposed project. The City Council hereby finds that the proposed Safety Element Update is exempt from CEQA. CEQA applies only to projects that have the potential for causing a significant effect on the environment. Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15061(b)(3), where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment, the activity is not subject to CEQA. Therefore, because the Safety Element Update would involve adoption of a policy document that does not, in and of itself, include any proposed development or land alteration, and would not require rezoning or facilitate development beyond what is currently allowed in the City’s General Plan, it can therefore be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that adoption of the Safety Element Update would have a significant effect on the environment.

In addition, pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15308, the City Council finds that the project is exempt from CEQA, as it consists of an action taken by a regulatory agency, as authorized by state or local ordinance, to assure the maintenance, restoration, enhancement, or protection of the environment where the regulatory process involves procedures for protection of the environment.

SECTION 3. General Plan Amendment Findings.

The City Council hereby finds as follows:

A. The Safety Element is part of the City’s General Plan, which sets forth guidance for physical development in the City. The requirement for each city to adopt a General Plan is contained in Government Code Section 65300 et seq., which also lays out specific requirements for each element. Government Code Section 65302(g) requires a Safety Element to include maps of known seismic and other geologic hazards; address evacuation routes, peak load water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures related to identified fire and geologic hazards; and provide for the protection of the community from unreasonable risks associated with the following:
• Seismically induced surface rupture ground shaking, and ground failure; • Tsunami, seiche, and dam failure;
• Slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides; • Subsidence;
• Liquefaction;
• Flooding;
• Wildland and urban fires; and
• Climate change.

The Safety Element Update meets each of the aforementioned requirements, therefore, is consistent with state law.

B. Government Code Section 65300.5 requires General Plan elements to be consistent, integrated, and compatible with one another. The Safety Element is consistent with the goals, objectives, policies, and implementation measures of the General Plan and all its elements, specifically in the Conservation Element and Land Use Element, including C Implementation 17 Resolution No. 26-16

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Measure 7 (Work with the fire and sheriff to minimize road closures due to accidents and disasters to facilitate traffic flow on these occasions); C Implementation Measure 37 (Work with appropriate agencies such as Water District 29 and the LACFD to increase water storage at strategic locations throughout the City as required to assure a seven-day emergency water supply); LU Goal 1 (Natural and environmental resources of Malibu are protected and enhanced); LU Objective 1.3 (Land uses consistent with flood, geologic and fire safety requirements); LU Policy 1.3.1 (City shall regulate development in floodways); LU Policy 1.3.2 (City shall require proposed development to avoid geologic safety hazards created by development); LU Policy 1.3.3 (City shall require fire protection measures for development); LU Implementation Measure 18 (Implement the FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map program in flood hazard overlay areas); LU Implementation Measure 19 (Amend the Building Code to regulate development to respond to local conditions that require special consideration, such as impacts of septic systems on ancient and active landslides, unusual drainage problems, fire hazards and similar conditions); LU Implementation Measure 20 (Develop a system of incremental and progressive reviews of known or suspected geologic and liquefaction hazards in connection with development applications so that review is proportionate to the risk of such hazards); LU Implementation Measure 21 (Require study of potential soil creep, settling, mass movement and their attendant hazards as part of geologic review for proposed development in areas where appropriate due to known or suspected hazards); LU Implementation Measure 22 (Require applicants to execute release and assumption of risk from flood, geologic and fire hazards where appropriate); LU Implementation Measure 23 (Implement regulations, such as those of the Los Angeles County Consolidated Fire Protection District, to minimize the risk of loss of life and property as a result of fire); and LU Implementation Measure 24 (In consultation with the appropriate park agency, all development within 200 feet of public park lands, [shall] require a fire vegetation clearance prescription analysis and require appropriate landscaping or vegetation clearance as a condition for development).

The Safety Element addresses development in floodways and geologic safety hazards as well as fire protection measures to be incorporated into development. The Flood Hazards section of the Safety Element requires development to be consistent with the FEMA guidelines for flood plain management (S-3.2.1), encourages residents to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) (S-3.2.4), and requires public outreach on flood hazards and the NFIP (S-3.2.4a). The Seismic and Geologic Hazards section addresses requirements for geologic/geotechnical studies for development projects (S-3.1.2, S-3.1.3, S-3.1.3b). The Fire Hazards section incorporates goals, objectives, policies, and actions to coordinate with the LACFD and other relevant agencies regarding minimizing risks from fires (S-3.3.1b through S-3.3.1e, S-3.3.1i, S-3.3.1k, S-3.3.1n, and S-3.3.2). Action S-3.3.13 specifically requires coordination with neighboring jurisdictions to create strategic fire plans for fuel management/modification balancing structure protection with native vegetation and sensitive habitat protection.

C. GPA No. 24-002 updating the Safety Element of the City of Malibu General Plan constitutes a complete replacement of the existing text in the General Plan Safety and Health Element with new text and exhibits to be consistent with state law. The original General Plan Safety and Health Element has not been updated since its adoption in 1995 and has policies that are outdated with current state law and City goals and objectives.

SECTION 4. Incorporation of Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Plan. 18 Resolution No. 26-16

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Pursuant to AB 2040, the City Council hereby incorporates the Las Virgenes Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan into the Safety Element Update of the General Plan by reference.

SECTION 5. Adoption of General Plan Amendment.

Based on the foregoing findings and evidence contained in the record, the City Council hereby adopts the Safety Element Update of the City of Malibu General Plan (GPA No. 24-002) attached hereto as Exhibit 1.

SECTION 6. Submittal to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.

The City Council hereby directs the City Manager or his designee to submit a City Council resolution of adoption of the Safety Element Update to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection for the City to be eligible for the California Board of Forestry’s Fire Risk Reduction Community List (FRRCL).

SECTION 7. Environmental Review.

Pursuant to the authority and criteria contained in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the City Council has analyzed the proposed project. The City Council finds that the adoption of the Safety Element Update is exempt from CEQA pursuant to CEQA Guidelines §15061(b)(3), because it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment. The Safety Element Update consists of the adoption of a policy document that does not, in and of itself, authorize any specific development, land alteration, or physical change to the environment, and would not require rezoning or facilitate development beyond what is currently permitted under the City’s General Plan.

The City Council further finds that the project is exempt from CEQA pursuant to CEQA Guidelines §15308, as the adoption of the Safety Element Update constitutes an action taken by a regulatory agency, as authorized by state law, to assure the maintenance, restoration, enhancement, or protection of the environment where the regulatory process involves procedures for environmental protection.

SECTION 7. The City Council shall certify the adoption of this resolution. 19 Resolution No. 26-16

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______________________
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 13th day of April 2026. __________________________________
BRUCE SILVERSTEIN, Mayor
ATTEST:
____________________________________
KELSEY PETTIJOHN, City Clerk
(seal)
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
____________________________________
TREVOR RUSIN, Interim City Attorney
Exhibit 1: Safety Element Update
Any action challenging the final decision of the City made as a result of the public hearing on this application must be filed within the time limits set forth in Section 1.12.010 of the MMC and Code of Civil Procedure. Any person wishing to challenge the above action in Superior Court may be limited to raising only those issues they or someone else raised at the public hearing, or in written correspondence delivered to the City of Malibu at or prior to the public hearing. 20 Resolution No. 26-16

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63 CITY OF MALIBU PLANNING COMMISSION
RESOLUTION NO. 26-12

A RESOLUTION OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MALIBU RECOMMENDING THE CITY COUNCIL DETERMINE THAT THE PROJECT IS EXEMPT FROM THE CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, INCORPORATE THE LAS VIRGENES MALIBU COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN INTO THE SAFETY ELEMENT OF THE CITY OF MALIBU GENERAL PLAN BY REFERENCEg AND ADOPT GENERAL PLAN AMENDMENT NO. 24-002 ADOPTING THE SAFETY ELEMENT UPDATE TO THE CITY OF MALIBU GENERAL PLAN CONSISTENT WITH ALL APPLICABLE STATE SAFETY ELEMENT LAWS The Planning Commission of the City 0f Malibu does hereby find, order and resolve as follows:

SECTION l. Recitals.

A. The State of California roquircs each cilv and countv to prepare a General Plan, which is a comprehensive, long—term guide for a con'n'nunity‘slphvsieal dei/olopment California Government Code (Government Code) Section (35302 cl xcq. establishes requirements for General Plz‘nisiwhieh includes a Safety Element.

B. Section 6530?.(g) ol‘the Government Code establishes requirements for a Sal‘etv Flement ot‘a Genera] Plan to provide for the protection of the eoinrntini‘ty from unreasonable risks associated with seismieally induced surface rupture, ground shaking. and ”round failure tsunami seichc and dam failure; slope instability leading to mudslides and landslidcesi subsidence: liquefaction. illoodihg and
wildland
other
and
geologic
urban
hazards,
fires; and
and
climate
must
change.
address
The
evacuation
Safetv Element
routesr peak:
must
load
include
waler
maps
supply
ofknown
requirements
seismie
and minimum road widths and clearances around structures related to identified lire and geologie hazards.

C. The City of Malibu General Plan Safety and Health Element was last updated in 1995 and since then, several changes to Government Code Section 65302(g) have occurred, requiring the Safety and Health Element to be updated to meet current state requirements, including but not limited to, those related to wildfire, climate adaptation and resiliency, and evacuation routes.

D. The Safety Element Update (the "project”) establishes goals objectives policies and implementation actions that address emergency preparedness, seismic and geologic hazards, flood hazards, fire hazards, climate adaptation, shoreline protection, and hazardous materials and wastes in the Safety Element.

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can be met by either including the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan language specific to AB 2140 in the Safety Element or incorporating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan by reference into the Safety Element.

F. The City of Malibu adopted the Las Virgenes Malibu Council of Governments Multi— Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan on August 26, 2024, which was approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IX officials on August l3, 2024, in accordance with the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000.

G. At its regularly scheduled meeting on November 24, 2025, the City of Malibu City Council received a presentation on the Safety Element by staff and provided feedback for consideration.

Public notice ofthe meeting was posted at City Hall, on the City’s website, and sent to interested parties.

G. On January l4, 2026, the City of Malibu Public Safety Commission received a presentation by staff on the Safety Element and provided feedback for consideration. Public notice of the meeting was provided to interested parties and posted on the City website.

J. On February 5, 2026, a Notice of Planning Commission Public Hearing was published in a newspaper of general circulation within the City of Malibu and mailed to all interested parties, regional, state and federal agencies, local libraries and media.

K. On March 2, 2026, the Planning Commission held a duly noticed public hearing on the Draft Safety Element Update and at that hearing the Planning Commission reviewed and considered the Draft Safety Element Update, staff report, written reports, public testimony, and other information in the record.

SECTION 2. Environmental Review.

Pursuant to the authority and criteria contained in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the Planning Commission has analyzed the proposed project. The Planning Commission hereby recommends the City Council find that the proposed Safety Element Update is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). CEQA applies only to projects that have the potential for causing a significant effect on the environment. Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 1506l(b)(3), 65 ResolutiOn N0. 26-12

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where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment, the activity is not subj ect to CEQA. Therefore, because the Safety Element Update would involve adoption of a policy document that does not, in and of itself, include any proposed development or land alteration, and would not require rezoning or facilitate development beyond what is currently allowed in the City’s General Plan, it can therefore be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that adoption of the Safety Element Update would have a significant effect on the environment. ln addition, pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15308, the project is exempt from CEQA, as it consists of an action taken by a regulatory agency, as authorized by state or local ordinance, to assure the maintenance, restoration, enhancement, or protection of the environment where the regulatory process involves procedures for protection of the environment.

SECTION 3. General Plan Amendment.

The Safety Element Update is provided in Exhibit A. General Plan Amendment (GPA) No. 24-002 constitutes a complete replacement of the existing text in the General Plan Safety and Health Element with new text and exhibits to be consistent with state law. The original General Plan Safety and Health Element has not been updated since its adoption in 1995 and has policies that are outdated with current state law and city goals and objectives.

SECTION 4. General Plan Amendment Findings.

A. The Safety Element is part of the City’s General Plan, which sets forth guidance for physical development in the City. The requirement for each city to adopt a General Plan is contained in Government Code Section 65300 er seq, which also lays out specific requirements for each element. Government Code Section 65302(g) requires a Safety Element to include maps of known seismic and other geologic hazards; address evacuation routes. peak load water supply requirements. and minimum road widths and clearances around structures related to identified lire and geologic hazards; and provide for the protection ofthe community from unreasonable risks associated with the lollowing:
~ Seismically induced surface rupture ground shaking. and ground failure; 0 Tsunami. seiche. and dam failure ;
o Slope instability leading to mudslides and landslides:
a Subsidence;
t Liquefaction;
0 Flooding;
a Wildland and urban fires: and
u Climate change.

The Safety Element Update meets each of the aforementioned requirements, therefore, is consistent with state law.

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objectives, policies, and implementation measures ofthe General Plan and all its elements, specifically in the Conservation Element and Land Use Element, including C Implementation Measure 7 (Work with the fire and sheriff to minimize road closures due to accidents and disasters to facilitate traffic flow on these occasions); C Implementation Measure 37 (Work with appropriate agencies such as Water District 29 and the Los Angeles County Fire Department to increase water storage at strategic locations throughout the City as required to assure a seven-day emergency water supply); LU Goal l (Natural and environmental resources of Malibu are protected and enhanced); LU Objective 1.3 (Land uses consistent with flood, geologic and fire safety requirements); LU Policy 1.3.1 (City shall regulate development in floodways); LU Policy 1.3.2 (City shall require proposed development to avoid geologic safety hazards created by development); LU Policy 1.3.3 (City shall require fire protection measures for development); LU Implementation Measure 18 (implement the FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map program in flood hazard overlay areas); LU Implementation Measure 19 (Amend the Building Code to regulate development to respond to local conditions that require special consideration, such as impacts of septic systems on ancient and active landslides. unusual drainage problems, fire hazards and similar conditions); LU Implementation Measure 20 (Develop a system of incremental and progressive reviews of known or suspected geologic and liquefaction hazards in connection with development applications so that review is proportionate to the risk of such hazards); LU Implementation Measure 21 (Require study of potential soil creep, settling, mass movement and their attendant hazards as part of geologic review for proposed development in areas where appropriate due to known or suspected hazards); LU Implementation Measure 22 (Require applicants t0 execute release and assumption of risk from flood, geologic and fire hazards where appropriate); LU Implementation Measure 23 (implement regulations, such as those of the Los Angeles County Consolidated Fire Protection District, to minimize the risk of loss of life and property as a result of fire); and LU Implementation Measure 24 (In consultation with the appropriate park agency, all development within 200 feet ofpublic park lands, [shall] require a fire vegetation clearance prescription analysis and require appropriate landscaping or vegetation clearance as a condition for development).

The Safety Element addresses dcvclopmcnt in tioodways and geologic safety hazards as well as lire protection measures to be incorporated into devclopmcnt. The Flood l-Iazards section of the Safety Element requires development to be consistent with the FEM/t guidelines for flood plain management (8—3.2. l ). enemn'ages residents to participate in the National Flood Insuraitee Program (NFIP) (S~3.2.4), and requires public outreach on flood hazards and the NFIP (ti—3.2%). ’I‘he Seismic and Geologic Hazards section addresses requirements for geologie/ reoteehnieal studies for development projects (S— 3. 1 .2. S~3.1 .3. 8w}. l .3b). The liire Hazards section incorporates goals. objectives. policies. and actions to coordinate with the Los Angeles County lire Department and other relevant agencies regarding minimizing risks from fires (Sa3.3.lb through S~v3.3.le. Ss3i3.li. Swifklk. 337.3111. and $33.2).

Action 8—3.3. l 3 specifically requires coordination with neighhoringjurisdictions to create strategic fire plans for fuel management/modil’ieation balancing structure pro‘teetimi with natix'e vegetation and sensitive habitat protection.
67 Resolution No. 26-12

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SECTION 5. Adoption of General Plan Amendment.

Based on the foregoing findings and evidence contained in the record, the Planning Commission hereby adopts Resolution No. 26—12 recommending that the City Council:

A. Determine the project is exempt from CEQA pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 1506l(b)(3);
B. Incorporate the lat; Virgencs Malibu Council of Governments Multi~.lur'isdictioiml llzixard Mitiga‘tioi'i l’lan by reference into the Safety Element Update ol‘ the General Plan in uccorc‘lunee with the requirements ol AR 21401
C. Adopt GPA No. 24-002 for the Safety Element Update to the General Plan (attached hereto as Exhibit A);
l). Direct City stallto submit a City Council resolution ot‘adoption oi’tlie Safety Element Updnte to the (Vfalifornia ()lliee ot‘ Emergency Services; to establish conformance with the requirements ofAB 2140; and
li. Direct City staffto submit a1 City Council regsolution ofadoption ofthe Safety Element Update to the California l.)epartment ofli‘orcstry and l9ire Protection for the City to be eligible for the California Board of li’orestry’s Fire Risk Reduction Community List (FRIK‘lJ).

PASSED, APPROVED, and ADOPTED this 2nd day ofMarch 2026.

ELIZABETH A/TRIDDICK, Planning Commission Chair
ATTEST: WeREBECCA EVANS, Recording Secretary
Exhibit A: Safety Element Update
68 Resolution N0. 26—12
Pag€ 6 0f6
I CERTIFY THAT THE FOREGOING RESOLUTION NO. 26—12 was passed and adopted by the Planning Commission of the City of Malibu at the Regular meeting held on the 2'“ day ofMarch 2026 by the following vote:
@toalaw +_ REBECCA EVANS, Recording Secretary
AYES: 4 Commissioners: Peak, Leonard, Kamins, Riddick NOES: l Commissioner: Mazza ABSTAIN: 0 ABSENT: O
69 'CITY OF MALIB_U_ GENERAL PLAN
SAFETYELEMENT g
PUBLIC _R_EvlEw_DRAF éa.
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70 CITY OF MALIBU

SAFETY ELEMENT

ADOPTED BY CITY COUNCIL ON
3 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft Februar 2026 71 CITY OF MALIBU

SAFETY ELEMENT
REVISED 2026

CITY COUNCIL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT
Yolanda Bundy, Community Development
Director
Tyler Eaton, Assistant Community
Development Director
Marianne Riggins, Mayor
Bruce Silverstein, Mayor Pro Tem
Haylynn Conrad, Councilmember
Doug Stewart, Councilmember
Steve Uhring, Councilmember PUBLIC SAFETY DEPARTMENT
PLANNING COMMISSION Susan Duenas, Public Safety Director Elizabeth Riddick (Chair)
John Mazza (Vice Chair)
Marni Kamins
Drew Leonard
Skylar Peak

PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION

LOS ANGELES COUNTY
SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT
Dustin A. Carr, Captain,

LOS ANGELES COUNTY FIRE

DEPARTMENT
Joshua Spiegel (Chair)
Brian Merrick (Vice Chair)
Alexis Aria
Keegan Gibbs
Chris Frost
Brent Woodworth (Ex Officio Member)
Anthony Marrone, Fire Chief

CONSULTANTS
Atlas Planning Solutions (Lead)
Capstone City Planning
4 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft February 2026 72 TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................ 6 A. Conditions in Malibu and Focus ofthe Safety Element .................................................. 6 B. Purpose of safety element .............................................................................................. 6 C. Moving Forward .............................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 7 Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 7 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 7 Element Organization ............................................................................................................ 8 Consistency with Other Elements .......................................................................................... 8 Multijurisdictional Las Virgenes-Malibu Council Of Governments Hazard Mitigation Plan (LVMCOG HMP) Consistency ............................................................................................... 9 Consistency with the Local Coastal Program ...................................................................... 10 Regulatory Environment ...................................................................................................... 1O HAZARDS / TRENDS ........................................................................... 12 A. Emergency Preparedness ............................................................................................... 12 B. Seismic and Geologic Hazards ....................................................................................... 17 C. Flood Hazards ................................................................................................................. 24 D. Fire Hazards .................................................................................................................... 26 E. Climate Adaptation .......................................................................................................... 34 F. Shoreline Protection ........................................................................................................ 37 G. Hazardous Materials and Wastes ................................................................................... 42 73 SAFETY ELEMENT ék
A. CONDITIONS IN MALIBU AND FOCUS OF THE SAFETY

ELEMENT
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Malibu is a coastal hillside community located along the Pacific Ocean, northwest of Los Angeies, surrounded by open space, inciuding foothills and canyons. its physicai characteristics inciude prominent ridgeiines, steep hiilsides with guliies, rugged canyon bottoms, coastal bluffs, and low—lying coastal areas, creating a variety of hazardous conditions that can impact the community. Much of the City of Malibu remains undeveloped due to constraints posed by the natural environment and the coastline. Malibu faces serious risks that could detrimentally impact overall community safety, including, but not limited to wildfires and urban fires, earthquakes, instability from geologic conditions, and flooding from both stormwater runoff and tidal conditions. The City has experienced these specific events on several different occasions throughout the years, most recently the devastating Palisades Fire, which caused some $25 billion in damages in Malibu and the surrounding area. To compound matters, the impact of a changing climate is likely to intensify many of these risks.

Drier, hotter weather will likely increase fire risk and potentially affect water supplies. Wetter and more intense winter storms could inundate parts of Malibu that have never experienced flooding or could exacerbate slope instability, causing landslides within the City‘s hillsides. This Safety Element focuses on identifying these safety risks and identifying policies, goals, and implementation actions to address and prepare for them. The View of Malibu looking south,
Safety Element also strives to align with other general plan elements, as required by state law, including (1) Land Use, (2) Open Space and Recreation, (3) Conservation, (4) Circulation and Infrastructure, (5) Noise, and (6) Housing Elements. Malibu and several neighboring jurisdictions also updated the multijurisdictional Las Virgenes— Malibu Council of Governments Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP), which was adopted in 2024, maintaining federal grant funding eligibility to mitigate many ofthe natural hazards identified in the City.

B. PURPOSE OF SAFETY ELEMENT
The Safety Element is one of seven mandatory elements ofthe General Plan, its primary purpose is to identify potential risks within the City that could endanger the community's public health, safety, and welfare. Periodic updates ofthe Safety Element ensure that goals and policies are relevant and responsive to community needs.

California Government Code Section 65302(g)(1) identifies the following list of safety risks that, at a minimum, should be examined in each Safety Element:
*potential hazards specific to the City of Malibu
6 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft Februar 2026 - seismicaiiy induced surface rupture‘ u liquefaction (areas with shaiiow o ground shaking" groundwater [<50 feetl) ‘ . ground failure* . other seismic hazards identified under o flooding" Chapter 7.8 (commencing with Section u tsunami* 2690) of Division 2 of the Public
. seiche" Resources Code
o dam failure" u other geologic hazards known to the
o slope instability leading to mudslides legislative body and landslides* wiidiand and urban fires"
o subsidence climate change"
74 SAFETY ELEMENT
Each Safety Element must also geographicaHy identify each safety risk's location and potentiai extent using maps, primariiy for seismicity, fiooding. and fire risks‘ C. MOVING FORWARD
The City of Maiibu reaffirms its commitment to protecting the community from potentiai natural hazard risks. The City's location and history with hazards make it likely that Malibu will experience risks from seismic, flooding, and wildfire events in the future. Malibu can also expect that some of these risks will worsen as climate change accelerates With this in mind, the Safety Element, in conjunction with the MJHMP, is the best avenue for understanding and addressing natural hazard risks within the community.

II. INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE
The City of Malibu takes pride in its responsibility to safeguard the well-being of its community members. Among other things, this includes adequately anticipating potential emergencies caused by natural and human-made hazards and planning response strategies in an emergency. This element provides the necessary context to understand the hazards threatening the community and outlines policies and practices that take tangible steps to ensure the community's continued prosperity.

SCOPE
The Malibu Safety Element addresses the relevant planning hazards mandated by California Government Code Section 65302(g). Under state planning law, this element identifies and discusses the following hazards as they relate to the City:
- Seismic and geologic hazards such as seismic shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and mudslides caused by slope instability
- Fire hazards
- Flood hazards
- Climate adaptation and resiliency strategies
- Shoreline protection
The element also identifies and addresses the following safety issues, as permitted by law:
- Disaster and emergency preparedness, including evacuation - Hazardous materials and waste
7 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft February 2026 75 SAFETY ELEMENT

ELEMENT ORGANIZATION
This element is organized to be consistent with the other General Plan Elements. The goals, policies, and implementation actions/programs provide declarative statements setting forth the City's approach to safetyrelated issues. A definition of these key terms is provided below:

Goal: A general statement ofthe desired community outcome. it is denoted as Goal S—X in this element.

Objective: Objectives are the focused steps further streamlining the stated goals. These are denoted as Objective S-X.X in the element.

Policy: Policies are actions that a community will undertake to meet the goals. They are denoted as Policy S-X.X.X in this element.

Implementation Action/Programs: A list of recommended programs and future actions necessary to achieve element goals and policies; implementing actions are discussed within each section of this element.

Many of the previous Safety Element’s policies have been incorporated into this element either as a new policy or an implementation action. Modifications to the previous text language occurred to ensure new goals, policies, and implementation actions meet City needs and best practice standards.

CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER ELEMENTS
integrating safety considerations throughout the General Plan creates a consistent framework that prioritizes the community‘s well-being. The Malibu Safety Element is an essential component ofthe General Plan and works in tandem with the other elements in the General Plan to guide these efforts.

Land Use Element
The Land Use Element is considered the key element of any general plan because of its broad scope. This element plays a central role in synthesizing all General Plan issues, constraints, and opportunities. it was prepared to ensure consistency with the information, policies, and programs contained in the Circulation and Infrastructure, Housing, Open Space and Recreation, Conservation, Safety, and Noise elements of the General Plan and the Local Coastal Plan. The Land Use Element is particularly responsive to natural hazards.

Understanding the natural and human-caused hazards that threaten a community can help reduce the possibility of disaster by avoiding the designation of sensitive land uses in hazard—prone areas.

Open Space and Recreation Element
The purpose of the Open Space and Recreation Element is to improve the overall quality of life for Malibu residents and visitors by managing the natural resources and open space areas, The Open Space and Recreation Element deals with open space and recreation issues, including outdoor recreation facilities and trails.

The issues addressed in this element include various aspects of the natural environment that contribute to ecological balance. The Malibu Open Space and Recreation Element is to be used as a guide for the maintenance of existing parkland, the acquisition and development of additional parks and recreational facilities, and the management of vacant open land. The Open Space and Recreation Element works with the Conservation Element to help protect open space and provide ecosystem services to reduce flood risk and preserve habitat. 8 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft Februar 2026 76 SAFETY ELEMENT
Conservation Element
The purpose of the Conservation Element is to serve as a guide for the conservation, protection, restoration, management, development, and appropriate and responsible utilization of the City's existing natural resources.

Substantiai areas of land within the City of Malibu and north of the City within the Malibu Coastal Zone (MCZ) are undeveloped or contain an abundance of natural resources. To protect these resources, the City has established policies that promote intelligent management. These policies address a variety of natural resources issues, including water quality, coastal and slope erosion, maintenance of unique plant communities, habitat protection, viable populations of plants and wildlife, and preservation of visual resources.

Circulation and Infrastructure Element
The Circulation and Infrastructure Element sets forth policies and standards for the rational and cost-efficient provision and extension of public services to support planned development and protect natural resources. it addresses present conditions and concerns and sets measures for improvement. it is structured to accommodate future growth and development patterns. The purposes and goals of the other elements align with those of the Circulation and infrastructure Element. Together, they serve as a guide for decision-making by public and private investors and for the future expenditure of public funds. Coordination with the Safety Element can influence public health and safety by addressing traffic congestion on roads designated as evacuation routes during emergencies and by redefining truck routes to avoid residential and other heavily populated areas.

Noise Element
The purpose of the Noise Element is to guide comprehensive local programs to control and abate excessive noise and to protect residents from adverse noise impacts. The element provides information on the existing and projected noise environment and includes goals, objectives, policies, and implementation programs to ensure an acceptable noise environment. The element also identifies criteria for decision-makers to evaluate the noise implications of proposed projects.

Housing Element
The Housing Element is more closely associated with land use and incorporates many safety considerations into its goals and objectives. Building practices and codes addressed in the Housing Element contribute to community safety by improving the built environment's resiliency to natural and human-caused hazards. Additionally, the Housing Element can help identify vulnerable populations and inform the Safety Element to ensure that proper protections are in place.

MULTlJURISDICTlONAL LAS VIRGENES-MALIBU COUNCIL
OF GOVERNMENTS HAZARD MITlGATlON PLAN (LVMCOG

HMP) CONSISTENCY
The multijurisdictional Las Virgenes—Malibu Council of Governments Hazard Mitigation Plan (LVMCOG HMP), was adopted by the City in 2024 and serves three primary purposes: 1) it provides a comprehensive analysis of the natural and human-caused hazards that threaten the City, with a focus on mitigation; 2) it keeps the City of Malibu eligible to receive additional federal and state funding to assist with emergency response and recovery, as permitted by the federal Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2000 and California Government Code § 8685.9 and 65302.6; and 3) it complements the efforts undertaken by the Safety Element. The LVMCOG HMP complies with all requirements set forth under the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 and received approval from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2024. Sections ofthe Safety Element are supplemented by the LHMP, incorporated by reference in this element, as allowed by California Government Code § 65302.6. To 9 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft Februar 2026 77 SAFETY ELEMENT
access, visit the City‘s website dedicated to emergency plans at: (https://www.ma!ibucity.orq/1159/Emerqencv— Plans).

CONSISTENCY WITH THE LOCAL COASTAL PROGRAM
The Malibu Local Coastal Program (LCP) was certified in 2002 by the Caiifornia Coastai Commission. Since the entire City is iocated within the coastai zone, the Local Coastai Program regulates all deveiopment activities (except activities considered exempt). Maiibu‘s LCP functions similarly to the City‘s General Pian and Zoning Code (Titie 17 ofthe Municipal Code), as it too regulates zoning and land user The main difference between the LCP and the General Plan/Zoning code is the LCP is an extension of State law (i.e., California Coastal Act) implemented at the local level. As a result, the policies and regulations of the LCP supersede any policy or regulation of the City’s General Plan or Zoning Code in the event there is a conflict between the documents.

Zoning is administered through the LCP Local implementation Plan (LIP), and land use is administered through the LCP Land Use Plan (LUP).

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
California Government Code § 65302(g)(1)
California Government Code § 65302(g)(1) establishes the legislative framework for California‘s safety elements.

This framework consolidates requirements from relevant federal and state agencies, ensuring that all cities comply with numerous statutory mandates. These mandates include:
- Protecting against significant risks related to earthquakes, tsunamis, seiches, dam failure, landslides, subsidence, flooding, and fires as applicable.
- Including maps of known seismic and other geologic hazards. - Addressing evacuation routes, military installations, peak-load water supply requirements, and minimum road widths and clearances around structures as related to fire and geologic hazards, where applicable. - identifying areas subject to flooding and wildfires.

I Avoiding locating critical facilities within areas of high risk. - Assessing the community‘s vulnerability to climate change. - Including adaptation and resilience goals, policies, objectives, and implementation measures.

California Government Code § 8685.9 and 65302.6
California Government Code § 8685.9 (also known as Assembly Bill 2140, 0r AB 2140) limits California's share of disaster relief funds paid to local governments to 75 percent ofthe funds not covered by federal disaster relief efforts. However, ifthejurisdiction has adopted a valid hazard mitigation plan consistent with DMA 2000 and has incorporated the Hazard Mitigation Plan into the jurisdiction's General Plan, the State may cover more than 75 percent of the remaining disaster relief costs. All cities and counties in California must prepare a General Plan, including a Safety Element that addresses various hazard conditions and other public safety issues. The Safety Element may be a standalone chapter or incorporated into another section as the community wishes. California Government Code § 65302.6 allows a community to adopt an LHMP into its Safety Element, provided the LHMP meets applicable state requirements. This enables communities to use the LHMP to meet state Safety Element requirements. As the General Plan is an overarching long—term plan for community growth and development, incorporating the LHMP into it creates a stronger mechanism for implementing the LHMP. 10 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft Februar 2026 78 SAFETY ELEMENT
California Government Code § 65302(g)(3) adopted through SB 1241 (2012) §alifornia Government Code § 65302(g)(3) requires the Safety Element to identify and update mapping, information. and goals and poiicies to address wiidfire hazards. As part of this requirement, any jurisdiction that inciudes State Responsibility Areas or Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in the Locai Responsibility Areas (LRA), as defined by the California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection (Board), is required to transmit the updated element to the Board for review and approval.

California Government Code § 65302(g)(4) adopted through SB 379 (2015) California Government Code § 65302(g)(4) requires the Safety Element to address potential impacts of climate change and develop potential strategies to adapt/mitigate these hazards. Analysis of these potential effects should rely on a jurisdiction's Local Hazard Mitigation Plan or an analysis that includes data and analysis from the State of California's Cal-Adapt website. The City prepared a Climate Vulnerability Assessment to comply with SB 379 requirements, which can be accessed here.

California Government Code § 65302(g)(5) adopted through SB 99 (2019) California Government Code § 65302(g)(5) requires the Safety Element to identify evacuation constraints associated with residential developments, specifically focused on areas served by a single roadway. Refer to the Malibu Safety Element update SB 99 Evacuation Discussion memo for additional detail.

California Government Code 65302.15(a) adopted through AB 747 (2020) and AB 1409 (2021)
California Government Code 65302.15(a) requires the Safety Element to be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify evacuation routes and their capacity, safety, and viability under a range of emergency scenarios. The bill would authorize a city or county that has adopted an LHMP, emergency operations plan, or other document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives to use that information in the Safety Element to comply with this requirement by summarizing and incorporating by reference that other plan or document in the Safety Element. The “Transportation City has completed a Transportation Study for Malibu Safety Element that relies on an existing plan Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation Study" completed in 2020. This study complies with AB 747/1409 requirements and can be accessed here.

National Flood Insurance Program
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was created in 1968 to help communities adopt more effective floodplain management programs and regulations. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is responsible for implementing the NFIP and approves the floodplain management plans for participating cities and counties. Malibu participates in the NFIP and uses Title 15, Chapter 15.20 ofthe Malibu Municipal Code to administer flood management regulations throughout the City.

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act
The Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (California Public Resources Code [PRC], Chapter 7.5, § 2621- 26996) was intended to reduce the risks associated with surface faults and requires the designated State Geologist to identify and map "Earthquake Fault Zones" around known active faults. Per PRC § 2623(a), cities and counties shall require a geologic report defining and delineating any hazard of surface fault rupture before the approval of a project. If the jurisdiction finds no undue hazard of that kind exists, the geologic report on the hazard may be waived, with the State Geologist‘s approval. For a list of project types, please refer to PRC § 2621 .6. There is one Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone in Malibu. 79 SAFETY ELEMENT
Seismic Hazards Mapping Act
The Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (California Pubiic Resources Code, Chapter 7‘8, § 2690—26996) created a statewide seismic hazard mapping and technical advisory program in 1990 to help cities and counties more effectively address the effects of geologic and seismic hazards caused by earthquakes. Under PRC § 2697, cities and counties shall require a geotechnical report that defines and delineates any seismic hazard before approving a project located in a seismic hazard zone. lfthe jurisdiction finds that no undue hazard ofthis kind exists based on information resulting from studies conducted on sites near the project and of similar soil composition to the project site, the geotechnical report may be waived. After a report has been approved or a waiver granted, subsequent geotechnical reports shall not be required, provided that no new geologic datum or data warranting further investigation is recorded, Each jurisdiction shall submit one copy of each approved geotechnical report, including the mitigation measures to be taken, if any, to the State Geologist within 30 days of its approval of the report. For a list of project types, please refer to PRC § 2693.

Cortese List
Government Code § 65962.5 (typically referred to as the "Cortese List") identifies sites that require additional oversight during the local permitting process as well as compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The list generally comprises properties and businesses that generate, store, or have been impacted by hazardous materials/wastes. Many properties identified on this list may be undergoing corrective action, cleanup, or abandoned and in need of these activities. The City of Malibu does not have any properties or businesses identified on this list as of October 2025.
iii. HAZARDS l TRENDS
A. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
The ability to anticipate, evaluate, and mitigate potential risks posed by natural and human-caused hazards is paramount to a city's longevity. In some cases, hazard events may occur with little to no notice. These types of events can make emergency management activities more difficult. To better prepare for these occurrences, the City considers various hazard events that have different warning times as part of their planning and preparation to ensure better response in the future. Although this element specifically addresses natural and human—caused hazards, emergency preparedness involves many more considerations beyond identifying the hazards themselves. The Emergency Preparedness section consolidates and briefly describes the City of Malibu's hazard prevention and response strategies.

Emergency Operations Plan
The Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), managed by the Public Safety Department, is primarily responsible for informing the City of Malibu's emergency management strategies. These strategies are typically organized under four categories: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. 80 SAFETY ELEMENT
Mitigation
The EOP, in conjunction with the MJHMP, identifies and assesses the natural and human—caused hazards that threaten the City and recommends proactive policy and procedural actions that reduce the risks associated with these hazards. This preemptive planning is intended to decrease the probability 0f emergency situations and minimize the effects should one occur. Examples 0f hazard mitigation and prevention can be found in many city policies, but they are most prominently displayed in the numerous codes regulating construction and development. A key strategy for many fire prone communities is the relocation of overhead powerlines underground.

Preparedness
Emergency preparedness focuses on activities that equip a community to respond to a disaster. These activities typically involve preparing plans addressing life safety, emergency response, and evacuation; purchasing and storing emergency supplies; and conducting training and exercises to practice response activities. As part ofthe City's preparedness initiatives, an Evacuation Analysis has been prepared that identifies potential evacuation routes and Genasys evacuation zones. These potential constraints may affect evacuation activities and inform future improvements to evacuation efforts. As part of this analysis, single ingress/egress locations have been mapped and locations within the City that have impaired access roadways. These locations may require earlier evacuation notifications during an emergency incident.

Response
Emergency response activities typically focus on actions necessary to save lives and prevent further property damage during an emergency/disaster. Many of these activities are conducted in tandem with the Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s Department and the Los Angeles County Fire Department’s standard emergency response procedures. To guide response activities, the City relies on implementing the EOP and working closely with volunteer organizations such as the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT). lf City resources become overwhelmed, the City will request support through the Operational Area (which consists of a county and all political subdivisions within that county, including incorporated cities and special districts) and mutual aid agreements currently in place. However, the City recognizes that mutual aid resources are dependent on availability and may be limited during a large regional incident. Therefore, consideration for strengthening self— sufficiency should be a priority.

Recovery
Recovery activities typically occur after an emergency/disaster event. These activities focus on reestablishing services to impacted areas, repairing and/or reconstructing damaged buildings and infrastructure, and assisting residents and businesses with permitting and approvals of building plans. Depending on the scale and type of incident, recovery could occur in specific community locations and/or require specialized expertise to address the issues created. Cleanup of hazardous wastes shall be considered part ofthe recovery from a major disaster event.

E',x'a/'np/e of everheacl powerlines
81 SAFETY ELEMENT
GOAL S-1: A COMMUNITY BETTER PREPARED FOR FUTURE EMERGENCIES.

Objective / Policy / Action
S-1 .1
8—1.1,1
S—‘l .1 .2
Action 8-1. 1.2a
Action 8-1. 1.2b
Action 8-1. 1.2c
Action 8-1. 1.2d
Action 8-1. 1.2e
S-1 .2
S-1.2.1
Action 8-1.2. 1a
Action 8—1.2. 1b
S—1.2.2
Action 8-1.2‘2a
Ensure residents, employees, and visitors understand the risks within the community
Communicate existing and emerging risks to residents, businesses, and visitors from hazardous areas, where practicabie.
improve understanding of community risks by residents, businesses, and visitors through signage and educational materiais.

Deveiop and maintain a deveiopment gee-hazard and coastal vuinerability database to incorporate findings from site specific and area hazard-related studies.

Deveiop and maintain an up—to-date iist of appropriate media outiets to reiay emergency information, such as eariy warnings and notification of threats to the community.

Educate and encourage both residents and local businesses to carry adequate insurance or maintain adequate resources to meet most emergencies.

Establish community health-education and safety-education programs, to include the need to prepare well ahead oftime for emergency response and recovery.

Create and maintain an all—hazards outreach and education program prioritizing at— risk populations (could include children, older adults, pregnant women, people with disabilities, chronic health conditions, limited English proficiency, or limited financial/transportation access). Priority issues addressed should include:
a) Emergency Preparedness and Evacuation;
b) Seismic and Geologic Hazards;
c) Flood and Dam Failure Hazards;
d) Wildfire Hazards;
e) Severe Weather
f) Human-Caused Hazards; and
g) Climate Adaptation
As part of outreach and education programs, share updated maps and information with residents and businesses throughout the City.

Ensure City staff are able to plan, prepare, and respond to emergency situations efficiently and effectively.

Maintain and update as needed a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan for response to all levels of emergency situations affecting the City.

Conduct annual trainings, exercises, and/or simulations to ensure that staff are properly prepared to support emergency management functions during an incident.

Conduct emergency-response drills on a regular basis and periodically participate in Operational Area trainings and exercises and include city staff and stakeholders when appropriate.

The City shall cooperate with local first responders to achieve efficient and prompt response by local agencies to those emergencies which do not require mutual aid support.

Support and encourage sufficient local staffing and equipment levels for first responder agencies and city services to ensure timely and well-coordinated responses to calls for service and most emergency situations. 82 SAFETY ELEMENT
§§
8—1 2.3 The City shall coordinate efficient utiiization of emergency assistance provided by neighboring communities and county agencies under mutuai—aid response S—1 .2.4 The City shalt create, maintain, and coordinate with local volunteer agencies to enhance emergency assistance and response.

Action 8—1.2.4a Continue to organize, train, and support the City of Malibu Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), to maintain trained and organized volunteers from the community capable of providing intelligence, communications, medical and logistic support to the professional health and safety organizations in emergency situations.

Action S-1.2.4b Continue to improve the area-wide, volunteer-manned emergency communication system.

Action 8-1.2.40 Work with the Red Cross, other private agencies, and local, state and federal government agencies on disaster-preparedness education and training, S—‘l .2.5 Ensure information about hazards or concerns, critical facilities, and vulnerable populations is periodically updated by the City.

Action 1.2.5a Map all existing and planned critical facilities in the City and categorize them based on function.

Action 1.2.5b ln coordination of updates to planning documents (Emergency Operations Plan and Hazard Mitigation Plan, etc), adopt and update as appropriate maps of existing and emerging hazards of concern.

S—1 .2.6 The City shall provide effective and efficient law enforcement protection services to ensure effective emergency response.

Action S~1.2.6a Periodically evaluate Los Angeles County Sheriffs services and service criteria to ensure that the City continues to receive adequate law enforcement services. 8-1 .2.7 Ensure communications capabilities meet current and future community needs and incorporate newer more effective technologies.
3-1.3 Minimize the impact to the emergency evacuation capability of the City.

S—1 .3.1 Ensure new development, redevelopment, and major remodels do not diminish roadway capacity and evacuation capabilities and support future evacuations during emergencres.

S-1 .32 Require all new developments and redevelopments within Fire Hazard Severity Zones provide a minimum of two points of access by means of public roads that can be used for emergency vehicle response and evacuation purposes, where practicable.

Action 8-1.3.2a Ensure all private roads are designed and maintained to permit unrestricted emergency equipment and personnel access in compliance with the California Fire Code, adopted local ordinances, and California Fire Safe Regulations.

Action 8-1.3.2b identify the feasibility of constructing additional emergency access improvements for existing developments that do not meet minimum road standards for emergency equipment, such as:
a) Additional vehicle pullouts at key hillside locations. b) Limiting or restricting on-street parking at key hillside locations and areas with inadequate road widths.
c) Potential for construction of new or improved emergency access routes. d) Roadside clearance improvements.

S-1 .3.3 Maintain functionality, make improvements, and expand the capacity, where feasible, of the existing emergency evacuation routes within the City, taking into account current and future natural and human—caused hazards.
83 SAFETY ELEMENT
Action 8—1.3.3a
Action 8—1.3‘3b
Action 3-1.3.36
Action 8-1.3.3d
8-1.3.4
8—1.3.5
Conduct public outreach and educational activities associated with emergency evacuation routes and procedures, prioritizing efforts towards vulnerable populations.

Prepare evacuation routes and disaster response pians for known hazards within the city.

Work with law enforcement agencies to develop techniques to improve local access during times of emergency.

Work with the appropriate jurisdictions to ensure that highways, roads, bike paths, foot paths, and trails are free of avoidable hazards. ln areas with inadequate access or without at least two evacuation routes, provide adequate mitigation actions to address the deficiencies required by the Fire Code and State law.

For residential developments in hazard areas that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes, identify alternate evacuation options, implement earlier evacuation notifications, and develop protocols for future evacuations that consider the constraints associated with these areas.

GOAL S-2: A COMMUNITY THAT CAN QUICKLY RECOVER AFTER A HAZARD EVENT Objective l Policy / Action
S—2.1
3—2.1 .1
Action 8-2. 1. 1a
Action 8—2. 1. 1b
3-2.2
8—2.2.1
Action 8-2. 2. 1a
Action 8-2.2. 1b
Action 8-2.2. 1c
3-2.3
S—2.3.1
Action 8-2.3. 1a
Establish a coordinated post-disaster] hazard event recovery framework.

Develop and maintain a post disaster/ hazard event recovery framework that guides short— and long—term recovery across housing, infrastructure, public health, and environmental restoration.

Adopt a local post disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) Recovery Plan as an appendix to the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), consistent with the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

Designate a Recovery Coordinator or assign a local recovery team responsible for interagency coordination and communication during hazard event (i.e. wildfire) recovery.

Promote resilient and safe rebuilding in post hazard event (i.e. wildfire) areas.

Support rebuilding efforts that meet or exceed current wildfire resilience standards and reduce future hazard exposure.

Develop a
”Resilient Rebuilding Checklist” with requirements for fire—resistant materials, compliance with Wildland Urban interface (WUI) standards, and enhanced defensible space regulations.

Establish a streamlined permit process for rebuilding hazard (i.e. wildfire) damaged structures that meet enhanced resilience criteria.

Discourage rebuilding in the most hazardous areas identified in the Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) or Hazard Mitigation Plan unless risk reduction measures are in place.

Provide access to temporary and permanent housing after hazard/disaster events (i.e. wildfires).

Facilitate rapid deployment of interim housing and the long—term replacement of lost housing, with a focus on vulnerable populations.

Pre-identify sites suitable for temporary housing in coordination with the Housing Element and disaster recovery agencies.
84 SAFETY ELEMENT
Action 8—2.3. 1b
Action 8-2.3. 1c
5-2.4
8—2.4.1
Action 8-2.4. 1a
Action 8—2.4. 1b
Action 8-2.4. 1c
3-2.5
S-2.5.1
Action 8-2.5. 1a
Action 3-2. 5. 1b
3-2.6
8-2.6.1
Action 8—2.6. 1a
Action S-2. 6. 1b
Encourage use of Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) and SB 9 lot—splits as flexible housing recovery tools.

Work with nonprofit and regional partners to provide wraparound services, rental assistance, and housing counseiing for displaced residents.

Restore and protect public health and the environment during recovery.

Ensure that post disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) recovery addresses air and water quality, soil stability, debris, and hazardous waste management.

Coordinate with CalRecycle, CalEPA, and County Public Health to manage debris and hazardous materials after disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfires).

Implement erosion control, slope stabilization, and/ or replanting of native vegetation as deemed appropriate by the Fire Chief and Public Works Director in burned areas within 6-12 months of a wildfire.

Monitor and report post disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) environmental impacts, including air quality and surface water contamination, and incorporate findings into future planning efforts.

Prioritize equity and community engagement during the recovery process.

Ensure post disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) recovery services are inclusive and accessible, especially for low-income households, renters, seniors, and persons with disabilities.

Develop a post disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) recovery assistance program offering case management, translation services, and rebuilding resources for underrepresented communities.

Host community recovery meetings with language translation services responsive to the population and distribute recovery information in accessible formats within 3O days of a disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) disaster declaration.

Leverage funding and partnerships to support recovery.

Actively pursue local, state, federal, and private funding to support post disaster/hazard event (i.e. wildfire) recovery and resilience infrastructure.

Maintain eligibility for FEMA and California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) funding by keeping the Safety Element, Hazard Mitigation Plan, and Emergency Operations Plan updated and aligned.

Develop pre—approved applications and templates for commonly used post-disaster grant programs to accelerate access to recovery funding.

B. SEISMIC AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Seismic and geologic hazards are traditionally addressed together because they both involve the movement of the Earth's surface. Although some geologic events (landslides, subsidence, erosion, etc.) can and do occur independently, the primary catalyst fortheir occurrence is often a seismic event, commonly called an earthquake.

This section identifies four common seismic and geologic hazards that threaten Malibu and establishes policies and procedures to protect the community in the event of a geologic event. A key consideration for seismic and geologic hazards is the potential for cascading effects resulting from an event. When an earthquake occurs, seismic shaking can rupture natural gas and water/sewer pipelines, leading to additional impacts such as flooding, erosion, or fires. The goals, policies, and actions throughout this element are designed to work together to reduce both the individual and collective risk of these hazards. 85 SAFETY ELEMENT
Seismic Hazards
Southern CaHfornia is prone to earthquakes, and their frequent occurrence is widely accepted as a fact of life.

Malibu is prone to seismic hazards due to its location in a seismically active region. These hazards can be divided into three categories, each with unique characteristics and implications for pianning.

Surface Rupture
The Earth's crust is composed of large tectonic plates that are in constant motion, moving toward, away from, or past one another. This constant movement means that where two plates grind past each other, friction can cause them to become ”stuck". As the plates continue to push, immense energy builds up at the point of friction Eventually, this stress overcomes the friction, causing the plates to suddenly shift and release the stored energy as an earthquake. This abrupt release can sometimes cause the ground itself to break and displace, a phenomenon known as surface fault rupture. Structures built over a surface rupture are especially vulnerable to damage from ground displacement, which can sever pipelines and destroy roads and bridges. To address this risk, California identifies areas with known surface rupture hazards as Aiquist—Priolo Special Study Zones. Malibu includes one zone for the Malibu Coast Fault, requiring special studies for development activities proposed within this dehned area. Moreover, many earthquakes may only cause seismic shaking and do not produce a surface rupture event.

Seismic Shaking
Seismic shaking is the recognizable movement caused by the energy released from an earthquake. The same mechanism that creates a surface rupture is also responsible for seismic shaking and can produce an equally devastating effect. Buildings and other structures may be destroyed because of violent shaking. infrastructure such as roads, pipelines, and power lines is also susceptible to damage and poses additional safety concerns. Unlike surface rupture, the consequences of seismic shaking are not restricted to the area immediately surrounding the fault. Energy resonating through the ground can travel hundreds of miles and cause damage in many locations simultaneously. The closer to the earthquake‘s source (epicenter), the stronger the shaking will be. Seismic shaking is of particular concern to the City of Malibu due to its proximity to active faults capable of generating significant earthquakes. Numerous faults surround and traverse the Malibu area, including the Malibu Coast Fault, the Santa Monica Fault, the Las Flores Reverse Fault, and the Anacapa Fault. These faults are not well—defined because they are generally not visible on the surface.

According to the MJHMP, there is a 93% probability of a magnitude 6.7 or greater event occurring within the Los Angeles Region in the next 3O years. There is a 30—40% chance that the Las Virgenes—Malibu Region will experience a magnitude 6.5 or greater event within the next 25 years. Figure S-1 depicts the Seismic Shaking anticipated from a strong earthquake in the City. The darker colors on the map indicate stronger shaking is expected in those areas.

Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs when intense earthquake vibrations cause saturated soil t0 lose stability and behave more like a liquid than a solid. This poses significant problems for buildings and other structures in areas where liquefaction can occur, as the ground may give way under the weight of the structure and its foundation. ln addition, underground structures are vulnerable to liquefaction. Few areas of significant liquefaction susceptibility exist in the City of Malibu. These areas are located along beaches and in the floodplains of major streams, such as Malibu Creek. The soils in these areas are sandy or loose sediment washed down the canyons by floods and creeks, and such material is prone to liquefaction. Areas of liquefaction potential in the City occur along stream beds and in some canyon areas. Malibu's coastline, particularly areas near Malibu Creek and the Malibu Coastal Fault Zone, has been identified as having liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Figure S-2 depicts the areas ofthe City susceptible to liquefaction. 86 SAFETY ELEMENT
Figure S—1 Anticipated Seismic Shaking in Malibu
87 SAFETY ELEMENT
Figure S-2 Liquefaction Susceptibility Locations in Malibu Cane/o 3*
Valley y
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Highway
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88 SAFETY ELEMENT
Geologic Hazards
Although seismic events, such as earthquakes, often trigger geotogic hazards, this is not aiways the case.

Therefore, understanding and preparing for these hazards as standalone events is equally important.

Landslides and Mudflows
A landslide is the movement 0f earth materials down slopes and areas of steep topography. Although earthquakes often trigger them, landslides can occur when a sloped surface can no longer support the material contained within or
above it. This instability can be caused by the sheer weight of the loose material or exacerbated by other events, such as heavy rain. When rain causes a slope to fail, the
movement of earth materials is typically called a mudslide.

The many canyons that drain the Santa Monica Mountains
and cross through Malibu to empty into the ocean provide avenues for future debris/mud flow events during wet
winters and intense rainstorms. Debris flow events have been experienced in Topanga Canyon, Las Flores
Canyon, and other areas, and will occur again in the future.

Malibu‘s landscape is prone to wildfires. The heat from fires makes the soil hydrophobic (water-repeHent), while the loss of vegetation and root systems leaves slopes
unstable and unable to absorb rainfall. This dramatically increases the risk of destructive debris flows and
mudslides in subsequent rain events. Both landslides and mudslides move with great force and pose a significant
ALos Angeles Fire DepartmentSt/Vis sweptmtothe ocean by danger t0 bUHdmQS and Other StTUCtureS. in SOme a mudslide along Big Rock Road in Malibu, circumstances, these events may cause bodily harm if bystanders cannot move out of its path in time. Anticipating the risk of landslides in the areas identified by Figure S-3 will be essential for protecting the community members who reside there. The parts of Malibu most at risk of landslides are the bottom of canyons and canyon slopes.

The generally recognized landslide areas in Malibu include (listed from east to west):
- Las Tunas Beach Slides - Big Rock Mesa - Eagle Pass—Las Flores Slide - Rambéa Pacifico - Calle Del Barce - Carbon Mesa Slides - Carbon Canyon Slide - Amarillo Beach Stides - Puerce Beach Slides - RV Park Slide - Latigo Shore Siide - Latigo Canyon Slide - Malibu Cove Colonv Slides - Lower Encinal Canyon Slides - LaChusaé Highlands Slide I V
89 SAFETY ELEMENT
Figure S-3 Earthquake induced Landslide Zone in Malibu
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90 SAFETY ELEMENT
GOAL 3-3: A COMMUNITY BETTER PREPARED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS.

Objective I Policy / Action
3-3.1 Ensure seismic and geologic hazards are addressed to effectively protect structures and Iives. 3-3.1 .1 The City shall minimize the risks from landslides and debris fiows.

Action 8—3. 1. 1a Work with the residents of neighborhoods affected by landslides and debris flows to develop appropriate risk abatement programs.
3-3.1 .2 Require new development/ redevelopment, and major remodels to provide for analyses of site safety related to potential hazards of fault rupture, seismic shaking, liquefaction, subsidence, soil erosion, seepage, and rockfalls.

S-3.1 .3 Reduce the risk of impacts from geologic and seismic hazards by applying proper development engineering, building construction, and retrofitting requirements on new developments and major redevelopments.

Action 8-3. 1.3a Apply all restrictions and investigation requirements mandated by the State under the Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Zones Act for faults classified as "active" to development on properties crossed by or adjacent to the Malibu Coast Fault.

Action S—3r 1.3b Require that soils, geologic and structural evaluation reports with appropriate mitigation measures be prepared by registered soils engineers, engineering geologists, and/or structural engineers and that all recommended mitigation measures be implemented.

Action 8-3. 1.30 To protect slope stability, restrict grading or development related vegetation clearance where the slope exceeds 2:1, except as required for fire safety, driveways and utilities and where there is no reasonable alternative.

Action 8-3. 1.3d Ensure water efficient landscaping plans in areas of landslide susceptibility minimize deep percolation and enhance slope stability.

Action 8-3. 1,3e Encourage research to study the effects of excessive ground water on surface erosion, earth movement, and groundwater "daylighting." Seek funding opportunities and resources to support this project including but not limited to: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Research Grants Program, The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Resources Research Act Program, or the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) Conservation innovation Grants.
8—3.1 .4 Require that all City—owned and private critical facilities (hospitals/urgent care clinics, police and fire stations) be earthquake resistant designed for the effects of a maximum credible earthquake.
91 SAFETY ELEMENT
C. FLOOD HAZARDS
The accumulation of water on the ground surface leads
to flooding, which can occur after heavy rainfall or from failures in water delivery infrastructure. The effects of flooding may be intensified by climate change—driven
droughts, as parched ground becomes less permeable.

Flooding presents significant hazards to both individuals and property. Risks range from drowning in deep
standing waterto extensive property damage caused by
even shallow water. Fast-moving water is particularly
perilous, capable of sweeping away people and causing
severe structural damage. in Malibu, where flooding is
a persistent threat current flood contrd and drainage Floodwaters surge ati'he Pacific CoastH/‘ghway and Las Flores Canyon Read m Mal/bu systems are inadequate to consistently meet community needs. Malibu‘s combination of steep clay slopes and
numerous canyons, such as Las Flores Canyon and Malibu Canyon, make it especially vulnerable t0 rapidly moving water and debris. The Pacific Coast Highway (PCH), which runs through several canyons, is frequently closed due to these hazards. Coastal areas of Malibu are increasingly vulnerable to flooding from rising sea levels, high tides, and storm surges. This threatens low-lying areas and critical infrastructure like the PCH and beachfront properties, especially during major storms. Matibu‘s flood infrastructure is only moderately effective and faces significant vulnerabilities from post—wildfire debris flows and sea-level rise. While the city works with Los Angeles County to manage stormwater runoff, recent intense weather has frequently overwhelmed the system, causing flash floods and mudslides. To help address these issues, the City is actively engaged in several ongoing initiatives with Los Angeles County Public Works and the Flood Control District to improve the effectiveness of flood control, such as the Enhanced Watershed Management Program, stormwater capture and retention, and continued sediment dredging and maintenance of flood-prone areas. Figure S-4 illustrates the FEMA flood zones within Malibu. While flooding by itself is a significant hazard, often flooding can coincide with other hazards like landslides and mudslides, which are often exacerbated by wildfires.

GOAL S-3: A COMMUNITY BETTER PREPARED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS.

Objective I Policy /Action
3-3.2 A community where impacts of flooding are minimized. 5—3.2.1 Require development to be consistent with minimum Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) guidelines for flood plain management, 3-3.2.2 Collaborate with local/regional agencies to ensure that risks of flooding caused by upstream development are minimized, 3-3.2.3 Coordinate with the dam owners/operators and responsible jurisdictions to ensure that all dams in the Malibu watershed areas have regular safety inspections. 8—3.2.4 Encourage area residents to participate in the National Flood insurance Program (NFIP).

Action 8—3.2.4a Create and hold public educational workshops providing information on flood hazards in the City and participation in the National Flood Insurance Program.

Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft February 2026
92 SAFETY ELEMENT
Figure S-4 Fl00d Zones in Malibu
Pacific Ocean
) N —::Miles
Cone/o 7 Va/iey
Thcusand
Oaks
@usse/l
(”W/alley
13 S ama N'
Agoura Hills
Agnura Hill
('ly Par'
Falibv’ozik Ava
Fiuod Hazard Zones
1% Annual Chance of
Flood Hazard

CALIFORNIA

0.2% Annual Chance of Road Flood Hazard
s Park
E City Boundary
Highway
s
d
¢3
£
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D. FIRE HAZARDS
Wildfires
The most common type of natural hazard in Califomia is
wildflre, which can burn large areas of undeveloped or
natural land in a short amount of time. They often begin as smaller fires caused by lightning strikes, downed power lines, or unattended campfires, but may rapidly expand in size if conditions are dry and/or windy. Southern California experiences Santa Ana Wind events annually, usuaily
before the winter rainy season. Santa Anas are hot, dry desert winds, usually of relatively high velocity. These events typically occur when humidity is low and
temperatures are high. The combination of these two
conditions can create extreme fire danger during late
summer through early winter. These winds can quickly
exacerbate wildfires, intensifying their burning and
spreading, potentially increasing the range of embers and feeding oxygen to the flames. Powerful Santa Ana winds made the recent 2025 Palisades fire significantly worse by rapidly increasing its speed and spread. The winds, which gusted up to 80 mph or more, fueled the fire, causing it to explode in size, destroy thousands of structures, and force widespread evacuations
The recent trend toward more extended drought periods increases the likelihood of wildfires. Typically, wildfires pose minimal threat to people and buildings in urban areas, but increasing human encroachment into natural areas raises the threat of damage/destruction. This encroachment occurs in areas called the wildland-urban interface (WUI), which are within the High and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, as defined by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE). Significant wildfires have occurred in Malibu and the Santa Monica Mountains in the past and posed a significant threat to people and property. Natural, undeveloped hillsides border the community, and the developed areas are very narrow. Much of the community is very close to these hillsides. All of the City is located within a mapped Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone (VHFHSZ), which is the highest wildfire risk classification designated by CAL FIRE. Figure 3-5 depicts the VHFHSZs mapped throughout Malibu, which covers nearly 100% ofthe City. Figure S-6 also identifies areas where historic fires have occurred within the City as well as areas identified within the WUI. In addition, the Los Angeles County Fire Department conducts strategic planning regularly to ensure fire response capabilities and personnel can adequately address current service needs throughout the City and identify potential issues to be addressed. The latest version of the Los Angeles County Fire Department 2017—2021 Strategic Plan is available here.

Steep hillsrde areas of Mal/bu with natural vegetation
,>..
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Urban Fires
The possibility of an urban fire confronts every City. Many urban fires begin as isolated incidents caused by a fauity eiectricai appliance, an absentminded cooking mishap, or an industriai malfunction, but can spread to other buildings if conditions permit. Many factors contribute to the severity and extent of urban fires, but modern building codes and practices have helped reduce their impact. Despite these improvements, it is essential to acknowledge the risks
associated with fires in urban areas. No matter its size, any fire can cause severe harm to people and damage
buildings and other structures. The larger concern for
Malibu is the ability for a structure fire to ignite surrounding brush and/or structures, which could increase the size of the incident as well as the necessary response.

Water Supply
Water service in Malibu is provided by the Los Angeles County Waterworks Districts (LACWD) specifically District

29. According to LACWD's District 29 Urban Water Management Plan, adequate water supplies are available to meet customer demands within the City, as the District receives its water from West Basin Municipal Water District, which imports its primary source from the Metropolitan District of Southern California. This is especially important for ensuring adequate supplies are available for fire suppression needs within the City. While adequate water supplies are available, parts of the City continue to experience challenges with water pressure and flow, particularly during major infrastructure work and emergencies such as wildfires. These issues have been reported to cause service disruptions throughout the City. As standard practice, new developments and major remodels are required to conduct water pressure/flow testing and to mitigate issues if they are inadequate. The 2025 Palisades Fire highlighted some key challenges associated with water infrastructure used for wildfire fighting purposes. Most water systems are designed to support structure fire response, however when a large wildfire, such as during the Palisades Fire, overwhelms a communities’ infrastructure, reductions in water pressure and '«pumping capacity can occur.

Struclul’e fire that occurred in Malibu
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Figure S-5 Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in Malibu FHSZ LRA 2025 Phase4 v1
E City Boundary ‘Vew High
High
I] Moderate *
iUnzoned LRA C A L i F O R N i A a Park L
State Responsibility Area
Highway
Road
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Figure 3-6 Historic Fire Perimeters and WUI Areas in Malibu Mile§
E City Boundary m Wiidiand~Urban
Highway Interface
Road w Historic Fire
Perimeters
CAUFORNIA {:3 Park
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GOAL S-3: A COMMUNITY BETTER PREPARED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS.

Objective I Policy / Action
8-3.3 A community adapted to wildfire risks and hazards . 8-3.3.1 The City shall minimize the risk of loss to life and property from wildfire by reducing wildfire vulnerability where possible.

Action 8-3.3. 1a Continue to monitor and update the Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan, including the identification of fire hazards, assessing acceptable levels of cost and risk, and determining appropriate fire protection programs.

Action 8-3.3. 1b Work with other agencies including but not limited to Los Angeles County Fire Department, Ventura County Fire Department, and California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), to ensure effective and efficient fire suppression, prevention and rescue services.

Action 8-3.3. 1c Coordinate with Los Angeles County Fire Department and CAL FIRE to establish programs and guidelines for fire—safe landscaping including buffers comprised of fire adapted/ resistant vegetation between residential areas and open space areas and encourage use of fire—safe landscaping principles which emphasize plant species with low fuel volumes.

Action 8-3.3. 1d Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to adopt a program for controlled burning of combustible vegetation, based on the recommendations ofthe responsible forestry and fire—protection official.

Action 8-3.3. 1e Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to enforce code requirements for flammable brush clearance, and reduction of flammable vegetation, including both native plants and ornamental landscaping.

Action 8-3.3. 1f Work with appropriate agencies to ensure sufficient stored water and consider nonmonetary incentives for on-site or area-wide shared storage water suitable to meet effective firefighting standards and requirements .

ACtion 8-3.3. 1g Work with Los Angeles County Fire Department to establish standards for firefighting equipment access suitable for Malibu.

Action 3-3.3, 1h Develop and update as necessary an Evacuation Plan for the City which identifies streets available to serve as wildfire escape routes, potential hazard incidents, and criteria regarding capacity, safety, and viability.

Action 3-3.3. 1i Coordinate with Los Angeles County Fire Department and CAL FIRE to develop guidelines and standards for all new construction and remodel structures to utilize fire-resistant building materials and designs, and, if feasible, to be sited to minimize fire hazards.

Action 3-3.3. 1j Provide South Coast Air Quality Management District regional wind patterns maps to homeowners, architects and contractors to help them plan development siting and design that minimizes fire hazards.

Action 8-3.3. 1k Provide on-site fire safety home inspections (using Fire Safety Liaisons), when requested by resident or property owner, and advise homeowners on the most current programs/policies within the City and County, to help minimize fire hazards while maintaining slope stability and appropriate vegetation.

Action 8-3.3. 1/ Develop, encourage, and support volunteer neighborhood watch and arson prevention programs.
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Action 8-3‘3. 1m
Action 8-3.3. 1n
Action 8-3.3. 1o
Action 8-3.3. 1p
Action 8-3.3. 1fq
8—3.3.2
Action 8-3.3.2a
Action 8-3.3.2b
Action 8-3.3.20
Action 8-3.3.2d
Action 8-3.3.2e
3-3.3.3
8—3.3.4
8-3.3.5
Action 8—3.3.5a
3—3.3.6
Action 8-3.3.6a
Develop a permanent, ongoing homeowner watershed area management plan to reduce fire hazards while maintaining appropriate vegetation that will stabilize the watershed and control the flow of water from it. Application of such plan in Resource Protection Areas shall be subject to review and approval for compliance with resource protection requirements.

Work with water service providers and Los Angeles County Fire Department, to identify neighborhoods with inadequate flow from fire hydrants, and to upgrade deteriorated and undersized water—distribution systems.

Work with jurisdictions within the city and surrounding region to ensure that all public water storage facilities have an emergency power supply for their pumps, or gravity- driven water distribution systems.

Require smoke detectors, carbon monoxide alarms, and fire sprinkler systems in all new residential developments.

Reassess fire hazards after wildfire events to adjust short— and long-term fire prevention and suppression needs.

Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to ensure that communities address the following wildfire risk within Fire Hazard Severity Zones:
a) Identify building and site design methods or other methods to minimize damage in fire prone areas on undeveloped land and when rebuilding after a fire. b) Require ongoing brush management to minimize the risk of structural damage or loss due to wildfires.
c) Provide and maintain water supply systems to for adequate structural fire suppressron.
d) Provide adequate fire protection.

Assess site constraints when considering land use designations near wildlands to avoid or minimize wildfire hazards as part of land use update or amendment.

Establish ongoing maintenance and funding for vegetation management and brush clearance along City-maintained roads, open space areas, and fire breaks. implement brush management along City maintained roads in Fire Hazard Severity Zones adjacent to open space and canyon areas.

Maintain up-to-date maps depicting Fire Hazard Severity Zones and historical wildfire data and ensure that information is readily accessible to the public.

Maintain access (ingress and egress) for fire apparatus vehicles along public streets in Fire Hazard Severity Zones for emergency equipment and evacuation.

Ail proposed development shall incorporate fire safe design and adhere to the latest fire safe regulations adopted by the State and City.

Require development to be located, designed, and constructed to provide adequate fire defensibiiity and minimize the risk of structural loss and life safety.

Require development located near ridgelines, top of slopes, saddles, or topography prone to wildfire hazards to be located and designed to account for the increased risk.

Require new developments and major redevelopments to be designed to minimize pockets, peninsulas, or islands of flammable vegetation to reduce fire susceptibility.

Require new developments and major redevelopments to conform to contemporary fire safe standards related to road standards and vegetative hazards.

Develop, implement, and maintain a public outreach program educating the community about contemporary fire safe standards, and wildland fire preparedness. 99 SAFETY ELEMENT
8-3.3.7 Require all new deveiopment and redevelopment after a fire to meet current Fire Code requirements. Incorporate fire safe design into aii new deveiopment within the City, which shouid inciude but not be limited to:
a) Require that deveiopment is located, designed and constructed to provide adequate defensibility and minimize the risk of structurai and human loss from wiidland fires.
b) Require deveiopment on hilisides and canyons to be designed to reduce the increased risk of fires from topography features (ie, steep siopes, bluffs, and ridge slopes).
c) Administer state vegetation management requirements for new and existing deveiopments.
d) Design and maintain pubiic and private streets for adequate fire apparatus vehicle access (ingress and egress).
e) lnstalt and maintain visibie street signs, and necessary water supply for structural fire suppression.
f) Require that development provide and maintain adequate fire breaks where feasible or identify other methods to slow the movement of a wildfire in very high Fire Hazard Severity Zones.
g) Ensure long-term maintenance of vegetation management activities is accounted for in budgeting and planning throughout the City. h) Fire prone areas shall require construction standards to reduce structural susceptibility and increase protection. In addition, require onsite detection and suppression, including automatic sprinkler systems.
i) Encourage owners of non-sprinklered properties to retrofit their buildings and include internal fire sprinklers.
j) As appropriate, require site and design new development to avoid the need to extend fuel modification zones into sensitive habitat, where feasible. k) Adopt, amend or maintain the Fire Hazard Severity Zone Map and applicable Wildland Urban interface Code Standards through periodic updates and ensure alignment with City documents such as but not limited to; the Community Wildfire Protection Plan, General Plan Safety Element, and the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.
incorporate all of the previous requirements into any new or updated Fire Protection Plans (see Policy 8-3.3.1 1) to maintain consistency. 8-3.3.8 Require development to provide additional access roads when necessary to provide for safe access of emergency equipment and civilian evacuation concurrently. 8—3.3.9 Require all new, remodeled, or rebuilt structures to meet current ignition resistance construction codes and establish and enforce reasonable and prudent standards that support retrofitting of existing structures in High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

S~3.3.1O Require all new essential public facilities to adhere to the latest construction requirements and best management practices within fire prone areas to minimize risk to these facilities.

S~3.3.11 All new development and major redevelopment shall provide a Fire Protection Plan which meets the minimum standards as required by the State of California, County of Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles County Fire Department. 8—3.3.12 Require brush clearance around structures consistent with the City of Malibu and Los Angeles County Fire Department Fire Code and California Fire Safe Regulations.
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SAFETY ELEMENT
Action 8-3.3. 12a
3-3.3.13
Action S-3. 3. 1 3a
8—3.3.14
Action 8-3.3. 14a
Action 8-3.3. 14b
Action 3-3. 3. 14C
Action 8-3. 3. 14d
Action 3-3.3. 14e
8—3.3.15
8-3. 3. 16
Action 8-3.3. 1 6a
Action S-3. 3. 1 6b
Action 8-3.3. 1 6c
S—3.3.17
S—3.3.18
3—3.3.19
Provide information for and encourage the removal of dead, dying, and diseased trees on developed properties.

New development near or within environmentaHy sensitive habitat areas and habitat buffers shall be sized, sited, and designed to minimize the impacts of fuel modification and brush clearance activities to the extent feasible Coordinate with neighboring jurisdictions to develop strategic fire plans focusing on fuel management/ modification within established defensible spaces, balancing structure protection with native vegetation, and sensitive habitat preservation.

Advocate and support regional coordination among fire and protection service providers to improve fire protection and maximize service levels in a fair, efficient, and cost-effective manner.

Coordinate with local, state, and federal fire protection agencies with respect to fire suppression, rescue, mitigation, training, and education.

Coordinate with local, state, and federal agencies to update emergency, evacuation, and hazard mitigation plans, as necessary.

Coordinate with local, state, and federal agencies to develop emergency services training and education goals, policies, and standards
Coordinate with local, state, and federal agencies to ensure adequate training is provided to first responders and emergency services personnel Coordinate with fire services providers to improve fire protection services for multistory construction.

Require and maintain adequate setbacks, easements, and accesses to development, to ensure that emergency services can function.

Require all planned development and major redevelopment has adequate fire and emergency servrces.

Analyze new development impacts on emergency services funding and develop new funding sources, if needed
Coordinate with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to ensure adequate emergency services staffing, facilities, and equipment is available to serve existing and future development.

Coordinate with Los Angeles County Fire Department to develop and periodically update an Emergency Services Master Plan that details staffing, facilities, and equipment needs. Updates should periodically assess future emergency services needs for the City.

Require adequate water supplies and infrastructure are available for current and future development.

Ensure that adequate water storage and capacity are available to meet daily demand and fire flow requirements.

Coordinate with appropriate providers/agencies to ensure adequate infrastructure and conditions for new development related to:

Water supply and fire flow.

Location of anticipated water supply.

Maintenance and long-term integrity of water supplies.

Evacuation and emergency vehicle access.

Fuel modification and defensible space.

Vegetation clearance maintenance on public and private roads.

Visible home and street addressing and signage.

ThmQOmLOO'
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E. CLIMATE ADAPTATION
Although climate change is not a hazard, variations in environmentai conditions can impact some of the natural hazards affecting Malibu. Projections of future conditions include increased temperatures, increased extreme heat days, changes in precipitation, more prolonged droughts, and changes in the size and frequency of wildfire incidents. Table S-1 identifies the current/historical conditions and end ofthe century projected conditions within Malibu projected from climate change.
increasing temperatures associated with climate change can act as a hazard multiplier. By the end ofthe century, annual mean temperatures are projected to increase between two and ten degrees, impacting City residents and businesses. These increases are also anticipated to increase the number of extreme heat days, from 3 days per year to between 8 and 37 days. These potential temperature increases may impact residents living in poorly insulated structures or structures that do not meet current code requirements.

TABLE S-1 — POTENTIAL CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS FOR MALIBU Climate change projections suggest that while temperatures will increase in the coming decades, annual mean precipitation could decrease. However, future rainfall events are expected to be more intense, potentially increasing the risk of flooding. These shifts in precipitation patterns may also lead to changes in local vegetation, impacting drainages and changing wildfire management needs.

Increased rainfall could intensify flooding in the community and extend into areas that have not experienced such events before. in addition, more intense precipitation can destabilize local hillsides and drainages, potentially resulting in an increase of landslides, mudslides, and erosion along stream courses, which would threaten adjacent properties and structures.

With future temperature increases and unpredictable precipitation events compared to those experienced today, wildfire impacts are projected to increase by the end of the century. This projection is based on the overall reduction in small and moderate precipitation events in place of large or extreme events, suggesting that vegetation could also experience fluctuating growth patterns. A reduction in vegetation (during dry years) could reduce future wildfire vulnerability, while an increase in vegetation (during wet years) could increase wildfire vulnerability. The City currently experiences an average of 379.6 acres burned annually, projected to increase to 4903—5318 acres by the end of the century. Based on these projections the City could experience a 40% increase in acreage burned during a wildfire.

While climate change is projected to exacerbate many of the hazards already affecting the City, many of these hazards may interact with each other. increased temperatures coupled with less precipitation (a prolonged drought) can reduce water supplies and vegetation growth. Under these drier conditions lower vegetation growth may reduce fire risk, however during a prolonged drought, the existing vegetation will be drier than normal and CATEGORY Historic (1961-1990) Future/End of the Century ICurrent (2070-2099)
ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE 71 .3° F 73.9 — 81 .4 °F
EXTREME HEAT DAYS (90.1° F) 3 days per year 8 to 37 days per year ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION 17.0 inches 13.2 to 26.0 inches ANNUAL AVERAGE AREA BURNED 379.6 acres 490.3 — 531 .8 acres SOURCE: HTTPs:/ICAL-ADAPT.0RGI
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could become diseased due to the added stress. Under these conditions, the remaining vegetation would be extremely vulnerable to wildfire conditions.

GOAL S-3: A COMMUNITY BETTER PREPARED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS.

Objective l Policy / Action
3-3.4
8-3.4.1
3-3.4.2
Action 8-3.4.2a
Action 8-3. 4. 2b
Action 8-3.4.20
8-3.4.3
3—3.4.4
8-3.4.5
Action 8-3.4.5a
3—3.4.6
Action 8-3.4.6a
Action 8-3.4.6b
8-3.5
3—3.5.1
8—3.5.2
Action 8-3.5.2a
3—3.5.3
A community where hazards from weather related events are minimized.

Require buildings and developments exposed to high wind conditions to incorporate design elements and features that minimize or reduce damage to people, structures, and the community.

Ensure city operations and the community are informed about heat risk during extreme heat events.

Maintain a heat vulnerability index and use it in prioritizing capital projects and neighborhood investments.

Operate and maintain cooling centers in underserved neighborhoods during heat emergencies and publicize their locations widely
Conduct public outreach to inform residents of heat risks each summer and collaborate with local health agencies to support vulnerable populations.

Ensure new multi-family development, non-residential, and single-family residential subdivision developments shall plant street trees at appropriate intervals to increase shade and canopy cover.

Promote the use of increased shading, light colored—paving, and pervious surfaces.

Require heat mitigation plans as part of project review for all new developments, showing shading, ventilation, and surface treatment strategies lmplementation of heat mitigation measures shall prioritize nature based solutions to improve tree cover, cooling resources, and infrastructure capacity to address extreme heat impacts.

Coordinate with utility providers to reduce blackouts and public safety power shutoff events.

Provide timely communication regarding power constraints and public safety power shutoff events to residents and businesses.

Explore and encourage alternative power sources and power infrastructure including micro-grids and battery backup systems.

A community prepared forfuture climate related impacts.

Support regional and subregional efforts to adapt current water supply practices in anticipation of reduced water availability due to the effects of climate change.

Collaborate with local, regional, state, and/or federal jurisdictions and agencies on climate resiliency and adaptation strategies in the City.

Develop a climate resiliency plan that integrates and builds upon the strategies identified in the General Plan, Energy Action Plan, and Coastal Vulnerability Assessment,
Monitor climate change-related effects with local, regional, state, and/or federal partners to provide information about the effectiveness of existing infrastructure and programs within the City.
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Action 8-3.5.3a Establish a collaborative framework with partners at various levels of government and Iocal community to share goals, collect Iocalized data, and regularly evaluate the effectiveness of resilience and adaptation efforts.

Potential partners couid include but not be limited to:
o Local Community-Based Organizations (CBOs),
' Research and Academic Institutions,
c Local Cities and Counties,
- Regional Planning Organizations Like Southern California Association Of Governments (SCAG),
o Governor’s Office Of Land Use And Climate lnnovation (LCI), o California Department Of Public Health,
o National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), And o Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
3-3.5.4 Coordinate with regional, state, and federal agencies to monitor the indicators and impacts of climate change as they relate to the City.

Action S—3.5.4a Monitor and periodically update the following City plans and mapping as required to include the most up to date climate adaptation resiliency strategies and information within the City:
a) Las Virgenes—Malibu Council of Governments MJHMP - to incorporate new information related to climate change, as necessary.
b) The City of Malibu Energy Action Plan - focuses on climate mitigation and generally addresses climate adaptation.
c) The City of Malibu Vulnerability Assessment — integrates climate adaptation and hazard mitigation information and analysis.
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SAFETY ELEMENT
F. SHORELINE PROTECTION
Coastal Erosion
Coastal erosion is the gradual or sudden wearing away of coastal bluffs and beaches by wind, rain, high surf, tides, and other events. lf buildings and facilities on a beach or bluff have poor drainage, it can exacerbate erosion. Bluff erosion weakens the edges 0f the coastal terraces and causes parks or yards built on top ofthe bluffs to shrink over timer Erosion also weakens or hollows out areas beneath structures, leading to partial or complete collapse if the erosion progresses far enough. If the risk of collapse is high enough, the structure may be closed to prevent a potential disaster.

Beach erosion narrows beaches, reducing recreational use or limiting coastal access. A narrower beach is also less able to act as a buffer from wave action and coastal flooding, so beach erosion can increase the risk to beachfront properties or increase the rate of bluff erosion when the beach is at the cliff's base. The entire shoreline of Malibu—both beach and bluffs—is subject to coastal erosion. Depending on the orientation of the shoreline and composition of the coastal geology, erosion occurs at different rates in different locations along the coast. Erosion is often worse during the rainy season when severe storms can cause substantial oded embaniqnent on PCH new-Coastline Drive m Malibu. erosion.

Sea-Level Rise
Sea-level rise is the increase in the ocean‘s height and is driven by changes in the Earth's climate. Global temperatures are increasing and causing land ice (i.e., glaciers) to melt. Meltwater runs into the oceans, raising sea levels. Warmer temperatures also cause the water in the oceans to expand (as many other materials do when heated), further raising sea levels. Although it occurs globally, various factors and changes in ocean composition cause sea-level rise at different rates in different locations. Sea—level rise can happen naturally at the end of an ice age, although current sea-level rise is very likely (at least a 90 percent chance) due to humancaused climate change. Sea—level rise is not a direct threat, but it exacerbates various coastal flooding hazards, such as storms, high surf, or exceptionally high tides. Sea-level rise makes beaches narrower and less effective as buffers between the ocean and waterfront development. As a result, when coastal flooding occurs, floodwaters can advance farther inland. Higher ocean levels can also increase the rate of erosion of beaches and bluffs. ln the long term, ocean levels may rise high enough to permanently or semi-permanently flood low-lying coastal areas. All beaches in Malibu are at risk of sea—level rise. Areas particularly vulnerable to sea—level rise include low—lying coastal communities, such as the Malibu Lagoon area, as well as specific beaches, such as Zuma Beach, Malibu Surfrider, and Topanga Beach. Critical infrastructure, such as PCH and wastewater treatment facilities, is also at risk, as are beachfront properties, including those on Carbon Beach.

The City prepared a Coastal Vulnerability Assessment (Coastal VA) in 2023 to plan for measures to reduce future vulnerabilities of the City‘s built and natural coastal resources to projected sea—level rise. The assessment analyzed coastal hazards including tidal inundation, shoreline and bluff erosion, and extreme coastal storm flooding associated with sea-level rise through the end ofthe century. ‘5, " «m
i
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SAFETY ELEMENT
SEA—LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITY SUMMARIES
According to the Coastal VA, Malibu’s vulnerabiiities to coastal fl00ding and erosion are projected to increase with projected sea—level rise. Many ofthe City’s assets are currently exposed to fl00ding and erosion hazards in the coastai zone, which are projected to experience greater impacts if no actions are takent in addition, many assets are not currently subject to coastal hazards but may become exposed under projected future conditions.

The following summarizes key sea level rise vulnerabiiities of concern for Malibu:

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure in Malibu includes Lifeguard Towers and the Station at Zuma Beach, which may need modification/relocation to avoid erosion and flooding impacts with sea-level rise. Several stretches of PCH are vulnerable to hazards by the end of this century, including bluff erosion or coastal storm flooding and wave run—up (along Zuma Beach, Dan Blocker County Beach, Puerco Beach and Carbon Beach). Several fire hydrants may be exposed to coastal flooding and erosion with sea—level rise. Other important infrastructure includes a sewer pump station that may be exposed to coastal erosion with sea-level rise. in addition, beachfront parcels may also experience issues with onsite septic systems due to rising groundwater levels from sea—level rise. Failure of septic systems may result in discharge of untreated wastewater, poor local water quality and adverse impacts to human health and the environment.

Development
Vulnerable development in Malibu includes beachfront and blufftop homes and businesses, much of which are currently armored and/or elevated. With sea level rise, development on the beaches or lower bluffs may be subjected to coastal erosion and flooding more frequently, leading to property damage and degradation of existing coastal armoring structures. Some oceanfront property and buildings may become impacted by tidal inundation depending on floor elevation and configuration of utilities beneath structures. Shore and bluff erosion may impact upland property and structures. By end of the century, much of the commercial area west of Malibu Creek and lagoon is vulnerable to coastal storm flooding and regular inundation by spring tides.

Access roads to beachfront development may become exposed to erosion with sea—level rise, while Malibu Colony Road may also be subject to tidal inundation and coastal storm flooding.

Beaches
Many of the narrow beaches along the Malibu coast may disappear with sea-level rise, impacting shore ecology and recreation, Beaches in Malibu mostly exist as narrow stretches along beachfront homes, coastal bluffs and PCH, with wider beaches at Zuma/Westward Beach, Point Dume State Beach, and Malibu Surfrider Beach. Today, approximately one quarter of beaches in Malibu may disappear annually from seasonal fluctuations alone and nearly two thirds may disappear annually by middle of this century. ln addition, beaches may cease to recover along coastal armoring and other hardened shorelines without action. The disappearance of beaches in Malibu would adversely impact ecological functions along the coastline as well as recreation opportunities for Malibu residents and visitors.

With projected sea-level rise, Malibu’s current vulnerabilities to coastal flooding and erosion are projected to increase. There are many assets currently exposed to flooding and erosion hazards in the coastal zone that will experience greater impacts without action. There are also many assets that are not currently subject to coastal hazards but may become exposed under projected future conditions. Table 8-2 (Table 4—22 from the Coastal VA) summarizes the grades for each asset category’s exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and overall vulnerability to sea—level rise. For additional information refer to the Draft Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment.
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Table S-2 Coastal VA Results for Malibu
Asset Asset
Category
Communicatian Communication Towers
Fire Stations
Fire Hydrants
Emergency Shelter
Critical Facilities Legal Facimies
Lifeguard Towers
Lifeguard Stations
and Headquarters
Coastal Armoring
Structures
Commercia!
Buildings
Govern ment
Buildings
Industrial Buildings
Recreational
Deveiopment Buildings
Single Family Homes
Multi~Family
Buildings
Mobile Homes
Parking Lots
0ther Buildings
Malibu Parcels
Wetlands
Beaches
Ecology Environmentally
Sensitive Habitat
Areas (ESHA)
Energy Electrical Meters
Parks and Open
Space
Hiking Trails
Recreatm" Coastal Access
Points
Paradise Cove and
Malibu Piers
Bridges
Local Roads
Transportation pacmcCoast
Highway
Fueling Stations
Sewer Mains
Sewer Pipes
Sewer Treatment Water Sewer Pump Stations
Storm Drain Lines
Storm Drain Blocks
*n/a — vulnemb y grading not applicable; usseis are not exposed ta hazards by late centry ‘* septic systems are not evaluated in mi: study but have die potential for high vulnerabimy u
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SAFETY ELEMENT
Tsunami
A tsunami is a type of sea wave typically generated by an underwater or coastal geologic event. Earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis, but they may also be triggered by landslides, volcanic eruptions, and in rare instances meteor strikes. A large and sudden change in atmospheric pressure can also trigger a rare tsunami-type called a meteotsunami. Tsunamis can inundate low-lying coastal areas, causing widespread flooding, and the force of the water can cause significant damage. A typical tsunami event involves multiple waves of varying heights, and the initial wave is not always the tallest. Part ofthe danger oftsunamis is that they can cause damage far away from the event that triggers them. Although tsunamis weaken as they travel and typically do the most significant damage near the displacement event, large ones can retain enough energy to be destructive hundreds or thousands of miles away. While Malibu is not considered high—risk for tsunamis (due to coastal orientation and geographic location) compared to other coastal areas in California, its low—lying areas and beaches are vulnerable to inundation during a tsunami event. This includes areas surrounding the Malibu Lagoon and much of the coast near Pacific Coast Highway. Figure S-7 depicts key locations of concern for tsunami inundation based on the latest tsunami hazard mapping prepared by the State of California.

GOAL S-3: A COMMUNITY BETTER PREPARED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS.

Objective I Policy / Action
5-3.6 A community resilient to changing coastal conditions. 8-3.6.1 Require development to provide for safety from coastal storm flooding, coastal erosion, surfacing septic effluent, sea level rise, and tsunami.

Action 8-3.6. 1a Require coastal development, except supporting structure, to be above the wave uprush level for storms within the past 100 years, above the 100-yearflood plain, and consistent with the latest state and federal guidance and regulations regarding sea level rise.

Action 8-3.6. 1b Complete coastal morphology studies and establish shoreline construction standards.

Action 8—3.6. 1c Study the effects of seawalls, groins and revetments on beach erosion, consistent with the latest state and federal guidance and regulations regarding sea level rise.

Action 8-3.6. 1d Require that proposed coastal development exposed to ocean waters, including but not limited to potentially heavy tidal or wave action, be sited landward of state—owned tidelands and be further sited so as not to cause a potential nuisance, hazard to navigation, public safety problem, or interference with the public's right in the navigable waters.

Action 8—3.6. 1e Continue to require a coastal engineering report for all proposed revetments, seawalls, cliff retaining walls and other such construction proposed to protect existing structures to ensure that the structure is constructed utilizing the least environmentally damaging method.
8-3.6.2 Ensure the latest state and federal guidance and regulations regarding sea level rise impacts are considered during planning and development.

Act/on S~3.6.2a implement the recommended actions identified in the Coastal Vulnerability Assessment to address sea-level rise impacts.
8-3.6.3 Participate in a tsunami warning system.

Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft Februar 2026
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SAFETY ELEMENT
§i
G. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTES
Natural hazards are not the only threat to a community's safety. Human-caused hazards associated with hazardous materials and waste, are often found throughout a community and can pose significant risks.

Generally, hazardous materials are identified as being toxic, fiammable, explosive, corrosive, infectious, radioactive, or a combination ofthese characteristics. Hazardous waste is categorized similarly but is identified separately from materials because they no longer serve a meaningful use.

In the Community
Although common household chemicals pose little threat to the community at large, hazardous materials and waste used by business and industry present a greater risk. Mechanical dealerships, repair shops, gasoline, diesel fuel stations, and dry cleaners are examples of businesses that regularly use and store chemicals or other hazardous materials. Pipelines and tanks within the City also transport and store chemicals that could pose a risk if failure occurs. These releases are anticipated to be isolated to properties where storage occurs. Releases also tend to involve the transportation of raw materials and their byproducts either by pipeline or truck. Regulation of the use, storage, and transportation of hazardous materials and wastes rests on state and federal agencies; however, cities play a significant role in minimizing the risks and impacts of exposure through careful planning and preparation. The City's only truck route is PCH, which has restrictions on the size of vehicles (four or more axles) between Topanga Canyon Blvd (State Route 27) and Decker Road. ln addition, California’s Department of Transportation and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works impose limits on trucks on the main roads in and around the City.
ln the Home
Exposure to hazardous materials is not uncommon, as many household cleaning products contain chemicals that can harm both humans and the environment, Through proper use, however, the health risks associated with these hazardous materials can largely be avoided. The proper storage of household cleaning products and other common hazardous materials, such as those used in automotive and home repair, is also an important component of responsible management. Following the manufacturer's instructions on the packaging and keeping products out ofthe reach of children are two simple steps that can help reduce the risk of exposure, Post Emergency/Disaster Concern
Following a major wildfire or flood, hazardous materials can pose significant risks to public health, safety, and the environment due to the release oftoxic substances from damaged structures, vehicles, industrial sites, and household products. Contaminants such as heavy metals, asbestos, hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds can infiltrate soil, air, and water systems, creating long-term cleanup and exposure challenges.

Effective recovery efforts require coordinated hazardous materials management, debris removal, and water quality protection consistent with state and federal regulations to safeguard community health and environmental quality.
110

SAFETY ELEMENT
GOAL S-4: A COMMUNITY BETTER PROTECTED AGAINST HUMAN-CAUSED HAZARDS (HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE).

Objective / Policy /Action
S.4.1 Minimize the impact from hazardous materials and accidentai release in the City. 3-4.1 .1 Ensure hazardous materials release programs are up to date and effectively implemented by the City.

Action 3-4, 1.1a Work with trash haulers and Los Angeles County Fire Department to provide for the proper coHection and disposal of hazardous wastes.

Action 8—4. 1, 1b Work with Los Angeles County Fire Department to ensure compliance with the Hazardous Materials Disciosure Law. 3—4.1 .2 Continue to maintain and hold the bi—monthly Malibu Roundups, a household hazardous waste (HHW) and electronic waste (E-Waste) disposal program. which enables residents to bring material to a centralized collection facility (City Hall) for proper disposal.

Action 8-4.2. 1a Develop an informative campaign promoting Malibu Roundups and hold educational workshops/events teaching residents and businesses of the City about the safe handling, storage, use, disposal, and alternatives to use of hazardous materials.

Action 3-4.2. 1b Coordinate with federal, state and county resources on potential hazardous materials sites to support identification, analysis, and cleanup if needed. 43 Malibu Safet Element Public Review Draft February 2026 111

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1. Legislative Authorization.

California Code Section 65302(1) requires each local government to prepare and adopt a Safety Element as a component of their General Plan. This involves identifying and mapping natural hazards and the administration of zoning and subdivision regulations that account for the safety hazards. Avoiding loss of life and property can be achieved if the problem areas of a community are recognized early and if the planning and approval process undertake an orderly means of mitigating potential hazards.

California Government Code Section 65302(g) recognizes that many actions that reduce risk from such hazards as fire, storms, flooding, and landsliding also may result in the reduction of risks from earthquakes. In accordance with the statutory requirements of the code, the Safety Element must assess threats to public health and safety from, but not limited to, the following:
• Seismic hazards: ground shaking, surface
rupture, and ground failure;
• Geologic hazards: slope instability,
landsliding, and unstable ground;
• Flood and inundation hazards: tsunami,
seiche, dam failure, and storm induced
flooding;
• Wildland and urban fire hazard; and
• Other safety issues as desired by the
community, or suggested in the General
Plan Guidelines, including the threat of
hazardous materials releases, potentially
hazardous buildings, protection of critical
facilities, and emergency response issues.

5.1.2. Purpose and Scope.

Much of the City of Malibu remains undeveloped as a result of constraints posed by the natural environment. Early identification of these hazards can minimize the level of public exposure. With regard to faulting and seismicity, primary hazards include surface fault rupture and ground shaking, while secondary seismic hazards include tsunamis, seiche, liquefaction, lateral spreading and seismically-induced subsidence and landslide movement. Slope instability, including landslides, mud and debris flows, and soil creep, have a common occurrence in hillside areas. Expansive soils, compressible or collapsible soils, high groundwater and shoreline regression are additional geologic/geotechnical hazards which occur throughout the City. Each of these geologic/geotechnical and safety hazards is a constant threat to the property and health of residents in Malibu within and surrounding the areas where they exist.

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The purpose of the Safety Element is to create a cohesive guide consisting of specific policy-oriented implementation measures. The policies and implementation measures contained in this element will provide direction and a course of possible future action for the various City departments. To achieve its purpose, the City of Malibu General Plan accounts for hazardous issues. The intention is to reduce the potential for loss of life, injuries, damage to property, and social and economic dislocation resulting from major hazards throughout the community. A detailed analysis of the physical characteristics of Malibu and a list of the source documents used in the analysis may be found in the Safety Element Background Report.

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5.2 Existing Conditions

5.2.0. Purpose.

The following information summarizes background data and analysis prepared as part of the preparation of this General Plan and Safety Element. A full and complete copy of the background studies is available for public review in the City's Planning Department offices.

5.2.1. Geology and Topography.

The City of Malibu is located within the Santa Monica Mountains which are characterized by steep and rugged hillsides and valleys and canyons draining into the Pacific Ocean. Elevations within the City range from sea level to approximately 1,700 feet above sea level. Most of the developed areas along the coast lie below 100 feet with the exception of the Point Dume and Malibu Park areas which reach an elevation of 500 feet. The hillsides and coastal mesas such as Big Rock and Las Flores have elevations ranging from 300 to 400 feet above sea level.

The City is in an area of the California coast that encompasses extremely complex geology that has resulted from the geologic uplift that formed the Santa Monica Mountains. The City is located within the northwestern corner of the Los Angeles basin, which lies at the boundary or juncture between two major geomorphic or structural provinces of southern California: the Peninsular Ranges province, consisting primarily of a north-west-oriented structural grain, and the Transverse Ranges structural province, which features a predominantly east-west-oriented structural grain.

The Los Angeles structural basin originated roughly 16 million years ago in what is designated the Miocene geologic epoch, but the Los Angeles basin area in general has been a site of continuous sedimentary deposition for at least the past 80 million years, or since the Late Cretaceous period (Yerkes et al, 1965). The sedimentary rocks underlying the Santa Monica Mountains in the Malibu area are generally highly folded and complexly faulted, making their stratigraphic interpretation very difficult for geologists (Yerkes and Campbell, 1979).

The geologic formations that are present in the Malibu area (see also Figure S-1) include a full range of engineering geologic rock types that include, in alphabetical order:
• Alluvium (creek beds) • Conglomerates • Mudstones
• Beach and sand dune deposits • Colluvium (foothill areas) • Sandstones • Cemented sandstones • Debris flow deposits • Shales
• Cherts • Diatomaceous beds • Siltstones
• Claystones • Mixed-rock terrace deposits • Various volcanic rocks The common geologic formation names in the Malibu area would include, in alphabetical order:

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• Calabasas Formation • Conejo Volcanics • Coal Canyon Formation • Llajas Formation • Modelo Formation • Monterey Shale
• Sespe Formation • Topanga Canyon Formation • Trancas Formation • Tuna Canyon Formation • Vaqueros Formation • Zunia Volcanics Other geologic names used to describe the earth materials in the Malibu area which are geologically younger than the formations listed above would include:
• Artificial fill • Landslides and landslide deposits
• Coastal terrace deposits • Stream terrace deposits
• Debris trains • Undifferentiated surficial deposits
• Fan deposits
The complexity of the interrelationship between all of the geologic rock types has resulted from the fault movements along the Malibu Coast fault and the myriad of subsidiary faults, mapped and as yet unmapped.

The local bedrock structure of the Santa Monica Mountains in the Malibu area north of the Malibu Coast fault zone can be modeled as an asymmetric, south-vergent, westwardplunging anticline, whose southern limb has been partially truncated by the Malibu Coast Fault Zone (Yerkes and Campbell, 1980; Dibblee, 1982). This structural style of broad anticlinal folding reflects a higher degree of mechanical competency, and propensity for brittle deformation, within the sandstone and siltstone bedrock sequence occurring north of the Malibu Coast Fault Zone; e.g., Tuna Canyon Formation, Sespe Formation, Vaqueros Formation, and Topanga Group.

South of the Malibu Coast Fault Zone, the ductile bedrock units, Trancas and Monterey Formations, contain a high percentage of shales, mudstones and diatomaceous rocks exhibiting complex folding and pervasive shearing. However, bedrock structure on both sides of the Malibu Coast Fault Zone exhibit overwhelming evidence for southvergent compressive deformation, including north-dipping bedding parallel to axial plane shear surfaces, gently plunging fold axes trending east-west, small-scale shear and fault surfaces exhibiting top-to-the-south displacement in exploratory trenches and roadcuts, and the ubiquitous 45-to-80-degree northward dips of all fault splays within the Malibu Coast Fault Zone, including the Malibu Coast Fault proper (Yerkes and Wentworth, 1965; RSA Associates, 1989, 1990; Rzonca et al, 1991).

5.2.2. Geologic Hazards.

Faulting and Seismicity: The recently published foreword from "California at Risk, Reducing Earthquake Hazards 1992-1996" explains the State viewpoint on the importance of recognizing seismic hazards with the following:

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It is government's primary duty to assure public safety. No California jurisdiction would ignore a major toxic spill threat, a big fire hazard, or any other such "clear and present danger." While the dangers posed by earthquakes are clear, many of the responsible government officials do not see them as clearly present and immediately threatening. Thus it is essential to emphasize the earthquake danger to public safety and economic stability. This ever-present hazard can be reduced and emergency response strengthened.

The State of California has aggressively embarked on its goal to significantly improve earthquake safety by the year 2000. An agenda of initiatives has been established that will involve dozens of state agencies, local agencies, the private sector, and volunteer groups. The state program includes 42 initiatives in five categories:

1. Addressing the hazards associated with
existing vulnerable facilities, including
utility and transportation systems as well
as buildings;

2. Improving the seismic resistance of new
facilities;

3. Improving management of the emergency
response and relief efforts;

4. Improving disaster recovery; and

5. Supporting research and public
information and education.

The important initiatives that have resulted from the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco area are a clue to some of the important issues which could be important to Malibu as follows:
• Initiative 1.1: Establish seismic
evaluation and retrofit building standards.
• Initiative 1.3: Improve safety of older
public school buildings.
• Initiative 1.8: Improve safety of homes.

Improper wall bracing and anchorage can
lead to condemned buildings and the
number of homeless following a major
quake.
• Initiative 1.9: Improve safety of mobile
homes.

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• Initiative 1.11: Reduce work-place
hazards. Furniture, equipment, and stock
often are not secured, causing loss of
function, hazards to employees, and
significant damage.
• Initiative 1.16: Improve earthquake
performance of transportation structures.

A major effort is required to retrofit
highway bridges.
• Initiative 2.2: Map geologic hazards.
• Initiative 3.1: Improve emergency
communications systems.
• Initiative 3.6: Improve shelter planning.

Urban earthquake victims require shelter
services for a longer period than victims of
other disasters.
• Initiative 4.1: Implement recovery
guidelines.

In addition to the above, a review of the Initiatives in the "California at Risk, Reducing Earthquake Hazards 1992-1996" also outlines numerous other state initiatives which can serve as guidelines for the City of Malibu when picking its priorities. Summaries of these important initiatives have been reproduced in the Safety Element Background Report in Appendix B, Summary Of California Seismic Safety Commission Initiatives, 1992-1996. Actual State legislation which may affect Malibu is summarized in Appendix C, Legislation: The Last Five Years.

There are numerous faults surrounding and traversing the Malibu area, including the Malibu Coast Fault, the Santa Monica Fault, the Las Flores Reverse Fault, and the Anacapa Fault. These faults are not well defined as they are not generally visible on the surface. Maps provided in the Background Report to Safety Element of the General Plan delineate a 1,000-foot area on either side of all faults as areas which could be subject to seismic hazard; see also Figures S-2 and S-3.

The location, geometry, sense of displacement and magnitude of maximum credible earthquake (MCE) events along the following regional faults, each of which may generate strong ground shaking impacting the Malibu area, are described below. (The Maximum Credible Earthquake Event is the worst-case design earthquake magnitudes.) Historical and predicted maximum earthquake magnitudes are given as moment rather than the historically more common Richter magnitude, since the former is generally accepted as a better estimate of the seismic energy released during an earthquake because it is calculated from the actual physical dimensions of a fault zone (Wesnousky, 1986; Joyner and Fumal, 1985).

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San Andreas Fault
Although it lies 81.5 miles east of the Malibu area, the southern segment of the San Andreas fault, running from Tejon Pass to Cajon Pass, is considered capable of generating a maximum 8.0 magnitude earthquake which could generate significant ground shaking in the City of Malibu. This design earthquake is supported by the historical record, including the great 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, estimated at 7.9 magnitude, and the more recent 1992 Landers earthquake of magnitude 7.4. The San Andreas fault has strike-slip displacement, and a well-documented mean recurrence interval of approximately 130 years for great earthquakes. Recent data suggest that such large events may actually occur in temporal "clusters" separated by much larger time periods on the order of 300 to 400 years apart (Sieh, 1984; 1989).

Anacapa (Dume)-Santa Monica Fault Zone
Originally recognized on the basis of bathymetric contours in Santa Monica Bay, the Anacapa or Dume fault is a near-vertical offshore escarpment exceeding 600 meters locally, with a total length exceeding 62 miles (Yerkes and Wentworth, 1965; Junger and Wagner, 1977). It occurs as close as 3.6 miles offshore south of Malibu at its western end, but trends northeast where it apparently merges with the offshore segment(s) of the Santa Monica Fault Zone, thus lying as close as two miles south of the Malibu Beach/Carbon Beach area. This fault is assumed responsible for generating the historic 1930 M5.2 Santa Monica earthquake, the 1973 M5.3 Point Mugu earthquake, and the 1979 and 1989 Malibu earthquakes, each of which possessed a magnitude of 5.0 (Ziony and Yerkes, 1985; Hauksson, 1990). Analyses of the first-motion seismic waves produced by these latter three earthquake events suggests that the faults which produced them were north-dipping structures, and that the earthquakes resulted from south-vergent compression of the crust (Stierman and Ellsworth, 1976; Hauksson and Saldivar, 1986; 1989). Such studies are termed "firstmotion" or "focal mechanism" solutions for the earthquakes, and suggest that the Anacapa fault is a south-vergent thrust fault. Because the Anacapa fault appears to truncate the northwest-striking, strike-slip Palos Verdes Fault Zone of Peninsular Ranges affinity, the former fault is considered the present-day southern margin of the zone of thrust faults which punctuate the Transverse Ranges province.

The Santa Monica Fault
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The Santa Monica fault is interpreted as a 25 mile long zone with physiographic up-to-the-north scarp features along its trace which imply at least Late Quaternary displacement (Weber, 1980; Crook et al, 1983). The fault is truncated eastward by the Newport-Inglewood zone, implying that the latter behaves as a tear fault and possibly a segment boundary (Dolan and Sieh, 1992). Focal mechanism solutions of smallmagnitude (micro seismicity) earthquakes at the eastern end of this fault suggest that it is active (Ziony and Yerkes, 1985) as a thrust fault with a minor component of left-lateral horizontal displacement; evidence for this left-lateral component can be seen in a series of en echelon left-stepping fault scarps (Dolan and Sieh, 1992).

Hauksson (190) considers the Anacapa/Santa Monica fault zone as the westernmost segment of the Elysian Park Fold and Thrust Belt, a buried or "blind thrust" fault zone forming the southernmost boundary of the Transverse Ranges, and which was responsible for the 1987 M5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake (Hauksson and Jones, 1989). This fault has not yet been fully evaluated under the Division of Mines and Geology Fault Evaluation Program (FER), and thus does not currently possess Alquist Priolo classification as an active fault.

Newport-lnglewood Structural Zone
Located between 18 and 31 miles east of the City of Malibu, the Newport-Inglewood zone consists of a series of enechelon, northwest-striking right-lateral strike-slip fault segments and related fold structures defined physiographically by a series of low hills crossing the Los Angeles coastal plain. The northernmost of these, the Inglewood segment, intersects the Santa Monica fault zone in the Cheviot Hills area, which represents the complex structural boundary between the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges. The fault has a potential to generate moment magnitude of 7.0 (Ziony and Yerkes, 1985; Toppozada et al, 1988). Total onshore length of the fault is

46.5 miles; all mapped surface deformation zones along the various segments of the fault have been granted Alquist-Priolo classification (Hart, 1990). The fault produced the 1920 magnitude 4.7 Inglewood earthquake and the great 1933 magnitude 6.2 Long Beach earthquake, and the 1989 magnitude 4.6 Newport Beach earthquake. This fault zone has more seismicity associated with it than any other Late Quaternary faults in the Los Angeles basin (Hauksson, 1990).

Palos Verdes Fault Zone
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Located south of Malibu, the northernmost trace of this northwest-striking, rightreverse-slip fault occurs 7.5 miles south of the city limits, in Santa Monica Bay where it apparently intersects or merges with the Anacapa (Dume) fault discussed above. Its onshore segment forms the northwestern boundary of the Palos Verdes Hills and has significant reverse-slip component, whereas offshore it appears to be dominated by right-lateral displacement. The zone apparently displaces acousticallytransparent ocean-floor sediments in San Pedro Bay (Darrow and Fischer, 1983), interpreted to be water-saturated and thus formed recently in the Holocene period. The zone is about 50 miles long. Increases in recent seismicity along the Santa Monica Bay segment of this fault also imply Holocene displacement, although the spatial correlation of this seismicity with the geophysically-mapped offshore fault trace is not precise (Hauksson and Saldivar, 1989). Nevertheless, the fault is considered active and assumed capable of generating a maximum earthquake magnitude of 7.0; although it has not yet been granted active classification under Alquist-Priolo.

Ventura/Pitas Point Fault
Located 19.8 miles northwest of Malibu, this fault, like the San Fernando Fault, has a thrust or reverseslip sense of displacement. Although only 6.2 miles of onshore surface trace has been mapped, the fault extends offshore to the west for a minimum of 24.5 miles and displaces probable Holocene sediments (Greene and Kennedy, 1986). This fault has been zoned active under Alquist-Priolo, and was the probable source of a 7.1 magnitude 1812 event, a 6.8 magnitude 1925 event, a 5.0 magnitude 1930 event, and a 5.6 magnitude 1978 event, all of which had epicenters along the offshore extension of this fault in the Santa Barbara Channel. Therefore, a maximum design magnitude of 7.25 is assumed for this fault. Rates of crustal compression and tectonic uplift in the Southern California area are highest along this fault zone, based on the ages of uplifted and deformed marine terraces in the Ventura area (Lajoie et al, 1979).

San Fernando Fault
Located 14.8 miles northeast of Malibu, at the north end of the San Fernando Valley, this is a thrust fault with similar length, sense of displacement and character to the Malibu Coast Fault Zone and other Transverse Ranges-type faults. This fault generated the 1971 San Fernando earthquake of magnitude 6.6, which caused strong ground shaking in the Malibu area, and which was the impetus behind the AlquistPriolo legislation. The fault is estimated to be able to yield a maximum 6.5 magnitude earthquake by Wesnousky (1986), based essentially on its mapped 10.5 miles of surface rupture during the 1971 event; however, Mualchin and Jones (1987) assume continuity with the Sierra Madre fault zone to the east, which has similar sense of displacement and a maximum design magnitude of 7.5 (Crook et al, 1987). A maximum earthquake magnitude of 7.0 is estimated herein. The entire fault zone, based on the surface rupture in 1971, is designated as active under Alquist-Priolo. On January 17, 1994, an estimated 6.7 magnitude earthquake occurred in the Northridge/ Reseda area of the San Fernando Valley; preliminary analysis indicates that this earthquake was not part of the San Fernando Fault but was associated with the Oak Ridge Fault Zone or the Santa Susana Fault Zone.

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Malibu Coast Fault Zone
The Malibu Coast fault zone runs in an east-west orientation onshore subparallel to and along the shoreline for a linear distance of about 17 miles through the Malibu City limits, but which also extends offshore to the east and west for a total length exceeding perhaps 37.5 miles (Junger and Wagner, 1.977; Greene and Kennedy, 1986). Onshore, this fault extends from Sequit Point in the west to Carbon Beach in the east (Yerkes and Campbell, 1980; Dibblee and Ehrenspeck, 1990), although recent mapping suggests that the Las Flores thrust fault may conceivably represent an onshore extension of this fault zone, thus pushing its onshore eastern limits to the Big Rock/Las Tunas beach areas (Dibblee and Ehrenspeck, 1992).

The onshore Malibu Coast fault zone involves a broad, wide zone of faulting and shearing as much as one mile in width; the Malibu Coast fault proper is only one fault splay within this broad deformation zone, but it is the most prominent feature within the zone because it juxtaposes two crustal blocks of extremely different character on either side of its length (Durrell, 1954; Schoellhamer and Yerkes, 1961; Yerkes and Wentworth, 1965). To the north, a basement terrain of granite and related igneous rocks, intruded into older metasedimentary-rocks termed the Santa Monica Slate, is overlain by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Late Cretaceous to Recent; to the south of the Malibu Coast fault proper, a basement terrain of high-pressure metamorphic rocks termed the Catalina Schist is overlain unconformably by a sequence of sedimentary rocks no older than Miocene, including the distinctive Monterey Formation, which is locally highly diatomaceous (Yerkes and Campbell, 1979). This latter crustal block south of the Malibu Coast fault is often termed a "Continental Borderland" terrain (Yerkes et al, 1965; Legg, 1992), because the Catalina Schist basement terrain underlies most of the offshore zone of southern California, which is conventionally known as the Continental Borderland.

The Malibu Coast Fault Zone (MCFZ) has not been officially designated as an active fault zone by the State of California and no Special Studies Zones have been delineated along any part of the fault zone under the Alquist-Priolo Act of 1971.

However, evidence for Holocene activity (movement in the last 11,000 years) has been established in several locations along individual fault splays within the fault zone. Due to such evidence, several fault splays within the onshore portion of the fault zone are identified as active in the Seismic Element of the County of Los Angeles (Leighton and Associates; 1990). With reference to inferred active fault splays in Malibu, the Los Angeles County Seismic Safety Element map contains a note which states:
"A primary objective of this map is to increase public awareness of fault rupture hazards recognized by the state-mandated Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Zone Act (APSSZ). Additional faults inferred to be active are included on the map because there is published information or scientific opinion by staffs of authoritative agencies that indicate there is a reason to consider them active. Their inclusion is not intended to prohibit development, but to insure that proposed projects are supported by detailed geologic and seismic investigations that will provide the most accurate obtainable data on the presence or absence of a hazards and identify necessary mitigative measures."
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In general, the City of Malibu has adopted of Los Angeles County Seismic Safety Element Map as discussed above and regards the Malibu Coast Fault Zone as active; however, it is recognized that individual splays within the fault zone may not necessarily be classified as active based upon site-specific geologic and seismic investigations.

Table 5-1 lists the large historic earthquakes recorded in Southern California. This list includes activity on all faults in Southern California, any of which might, during a major event, precipitate activity in Malibu; see, also, Figure S-4.

Liquefaction and Subsidence - Liquefaction is a process by which water-saturated sediment suddenly loses strength, which commonly accompanies strong ground motions caused by earthquakes. During an extended period of ground shaking or dynamic loading, porewater pressures increase and the ground is temporarily altered from a solid to a liquid state. Liquefaction is most likely to occur in unconsolidated, sandy sediments which are water-saturated within less than 30 feet of the ground surface (Tinsley et al., 1985).

Few areas of significant liquefaction susceptibility exist in the City of Malibu. These few areas are located along the beaches and in the flood plains of the major streams, such as Malibu Creek. Liquefaction susceptibility as used for this study is a qualitative measure of the fraction, or percent, of the area considered likely to be underlain by deposits susceptible to liquefy if strong shaking occurs. The susceptibility value is determined as the product of three important factors:

1. The probability of finding cohesionless
sediment in the area considered;

2. The probability that the cohesionless
sediment, when saturated, would be
susceptible to liquefaction;

3. The probability that the cohesionless
sediment would be saturated.

The detailed information to determine these factors is only available for Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco. Because the USGS study of the Los Angeles region missed the Malibu area, susceptibility values based upon the values obtained nearby, at Santa Monica and Oxnard, were extrapolated into the City of Malibu.

Table 5-1

LARGE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES RECORDED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Date Magnitude Fault
Jan. 9, 1857 8.3+* San Andreas Fault Zone
July 21, 1952 7.7 White Wolf Fault
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Table 5-1

LARGE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES RECORDED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Date Magnitude Fault
Nov. 4, 1927 7.5 Undetermined fault off of
Point Arguello
June 28, 1992 7.3 Landers (San Andreas
Fault Zone)
May 19, 1940 7.0 Imperial (San Jacinto Fault
Zone)
Dec. 8, 1812 7.0* San Andreas Fault Zone
April 21, 1918 6.9 Claremont Fault (San
Jacinto Fault Zone)
June 28, 1992 6.8 Big Bear (San Andreas
Fault Zone)
Jan. 17, 1994 6.7 Oak Ridge or Santa Susana
Fault Zone
Dec. 25, 1899 6.6* Claremont Fault (San
Jacinto Fault Zone)
Oct. 21, 1942 6.5 Coyote Creek (San Jacinto
Fault Zone)
Oct. 15, 1979 6.5 Imperial (San Jacinto Fault
Zone)
April 9, 1968 6.5 Coyote Creek (San Jacinto
Fault Zone)
Feb. 9, 1971 6.4 San Fernando-Sunland
Fault
April 10, 1947 6.4 Manix Fault in Mojave
Desert
Mar. 19, 1953 6.4 Coyote Creek (San Jacinto
Fault Zone)
Mar. 10, 1933 6.3 Newport-Inglewood Fault
Zone
June 29, 1825 6.3 Undetermined fault in the
Santa Barbara Channel
Dec. 4, 1948 6.0 Mission Creek
Apr. 4, 1893 6.0* San Fernando-Santa
Susana Fault
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Table 5-1

LARGE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES RECORDED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Date Magnitude Fault
May 15, 1919 6.0 Glen Ivy (San Jacinto Fault
Zone)
Oct. 23, 1916 6.0* Tejon Pass Area (San
Andreas Fault Zone,
suspected)
Oct. 1, 1987 5.9 Elysian Park Fault
July 1, 1941 5.9 Undetermined Fault in the
Santa Barbara Channel
* Estimated magnitude
Source: Parsons Environmental Services and Harland Bartholomew & Associates (1994)
Subsidence is the settling of the ground surface due to the compaction of underlying unconsolidated sediment. It is most common in uncompacted soils, thick unconsolidated alluvial material and improperly-constructed artificial fill. Subsidence is typically associated with the rapid removal of large volumes of groundwater or oil. It is also a secondary hazard associated with seismic activity, as groundshaking may cause the settling of loose, unconsolidated grains. Due to the fault zones and the unconsolidated alluvial sediments underlying much of the city and planning area, the potential for seismically-induced subsidence is considered high. Some subsidence could also be expected if large volumes of groundwater are withdrawn for developments in the area.

Landslides: Slope instability or landsliding is related to slope gradient, soil or rock type, and erosion susceptibility. Landsliding can also be seismically-induced, resulting from extended periods of groundshaking and high ground accelerations (see Figure S-5).

Improper grading, and excessive rainfall or irrigation can also increase the probability of landsliding.

The 1990 Los Angeles County Safety Element (LACSE) prepared a map that was a generalized inventory of landslides that included:
• Block Glides
• Slumps
• Debris Flows
• Rockfalls
The minimum size of an individual landslide shown on the Landslide Inventory Map was five acres. Review of the Los Angeles County Landslide Inventory map indicates that the Malibu area, and the Santa Monica Mountains area in general, constitute one City of Malibu, CA

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of the three areas of Los Angeles County that display a high propensity for landsliding.

Only the Santa Susana Mountains and the Castaic area appear to equal the degree of landsliding displayed in the Malibu area; see, also, Figure S-6 and Figure S-7.

According to the 1992 review of landslides conducted by Philip Williams & Associates and Peter Warshall & Associates there are approximately 250 mapped landslides in the area. The 15 largest landslide areas contain 350 homes, not all of which are endangered, and are surrounded by at least 285 other homes which could be affected by sliding in the future.

Of the major slides listed in the Williams and Warshall report, sizes range from about eight acres up to the Big Rock Mesa landslide which is about 220 acres. Most of the large landslide areas involve housing units. Many of these are threatened. Public utilities have been affected, particularly those underground. To address the problem, underground piping has often been rerouted onto the ground surface with flexible connections.

The majority of slides in the study area are slump failures involving surficial deposits and weathered and faulted bedrock formational material. Of the numerous slides mapped by Weber and Wills as active in 1983, most were slump failures and 16 were reactivated during the winters of 1978-1980. The landslide limits have been plotted on a 1000-scale Geohazards Maps of Malibu available for inspection at City Hall, and the better known slides have been labeled with their commonly recognized name from the geologic literature and the listing provided in the 1992 Wastewater Management Study.

Debris Flow: The many canyons that drain the Santa Monica Mountains and cross through Malibu to empty into the ocean, provide avenues for future debris/mud flow events during wet winters and intense rain storms. Debris flow events have been experienced in Topanga Canyon, Las Flores Canyon, and others, and will occur again in the future. These phenomenon are potentially deadly to the public because many of the mountain failures that contribute soils and debris to the canyon bottoms tends to occur during the early A.M. hours following intense rainfall that is most likely during the night time. The public tends to be inside and asleep, not expecting catastrophic hillside failures to affect them.

Past storm tracks that caused significant debris flows in the 1982-83 storms, indicates that intense, continuous rainfall exceeding 0.25 inches per hour can, and does, occur in the Santa Monica Mountains.

The work of Russell H. Campbell (1975) for the Santa Monica Mountains indicates that when intense rain storms follow after the rainy season has experienced 10 to 15 inches of rainfall (antecedent rainfall), slopes steeper than 2:1 (26 degrees) up to steepness of 45 degrees, are prone to slippage and failure of the surficial several feet of slope. When there are numerous failures that take place within a short span of time, and that flow into main drainage courses, then there is the potential for downstream debris flow damage.

Debris flow potential from the Santa Monica Mountains has been greatly underestimated for its possible impact on the City of Malibu.

Mudflows have a potential for occurring wherever land development has constructed fill City of Malibu, CA

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slopes that are steeper than 2:1. If such slopes are above other occupied properties, there is a potential for failure of these slopes during wet winters.

The generally recognized landslide areas in Malibu include (listed from east to west):
• Las Tunas Beach Slides • Big Rock Mesa
• Eagle Pass-Las Flores Slide • Rambla Pacifico
• Calle Del Barco • Carbon Mesa Slides
• Carbon Canyon Slide • Amarillo Beach Slides
• Puerco Beach Slides • RV Park Slide
• Latigo Shore Slide • Latigo Canyon Slide
• Malibu Cove Colony Slides • Lower Encinal Canyon Slides • LaChusa Highlands Slide
Soils: Soil types in the City of Malibu have been classified by the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS). These SCS classifications are associated with identified soil capabilities which may be used in planning for agricultural, urban, watershed, recreational and wilderness uses. SCS has identified 22 soil series and 45 soil phases in the Malibu area (Malibu Soil Survey, 1967).1 Expansive Soils: Of the various geologic hazards that affect the State of California, expansive soils have caused millions of dollars in damages, particularly to singlefamily residences and private property improvements. The State Department of Natural Resources estimates that to the year 2000, expansive soils will be a 150 million dollar problem in the state.

Each of the different geologic formations mapped in the Malibu area consists of various units which may possess expansive potential. Typically, these would be mudstones, claystones, siltstones, and clay fault gouge. Clay fault gouge is clay along the fault planes that slice through the rock. Silt and clay deposits near and around the Malibu Creek lagoon would possess expansion potential. Geologic units mapped as colluvium or slopewash, would commonly be expansive in nature. The terrace deposits shown along the coast also generally contain expansive soils.

1. Soil series are soils that are grouped together because they have a similar set of soil profile characteristics. The soil phase is a division of the soil series in which the soils are grouped together by common surface and substrata characteristics. Important characteristics used to determine soil phase are surface texture, slope and quantity of stones.

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Collapsible/Compressible Soils: Potential collapsible soils may exist in areas of Malibu where geologic units of alluvium or colluvium are present at the lower end of sloping terrain where it begins to flatten and become less steep, but particularly where debris flow deposits have been recognized (see Figure S-10). Russell H. Campbell (1980) mapped what he believes are old deposits from debris flows in the Point DumeZuma Beach area. Similar types of deposits are likely along Las Flores Canyon, Malibu Creek, Zuma Canyon, and Trancas Canyon. Compressible soils would be very likely in the Malibu Lagoon area, along Malibu Creek, Dume Canyon, and Trancas Canyon.

Undetected, development on these type of soils may become distressed to collapse or consolidation of the foundation soils.

Coastal Hazards: Because of the age of the community (1920's, 1930's, to present), there are a wide range of buildings and coastal protective devices present along the Malibu coast. It has generally been observed by local geologists and engineers that during the major storms, construction that is most severely impacted is generally older construction.

In all situations, the potential exposure of a property is also a direct function of the setback of the structure from the ocean, the beach, and the cliff or bluff. Adequately setback construction provides the best protection.

Older bluff top properties with reduced bluff top setbacks, become more exposed to the risks of bluff failure and landsliding due to coastal erosion and earthquake ground shaking.

Some areas of the—Malibu coastal bluffs are retreating variably because of either the neglect, or special attention, given to surface drainage control. Rapid coastal bluff, or sea cliff top, retreat can occur when surface runoff is not controlled by collection and proper disposal. Damage to properties can be seen where concentrated surface runoff has generated surficial failures of the bluff, or where erosion has quickened the advance of gullies and ravines that have been cut into the bluff face and bluff top.

There still continues to be widespread debate among coastal experts and engineers regarding the possible adverse affect on beach widths relative to coastal protection.

There is also wide disagreement about what types of coastal protection are best suited to a backshore. Economics of the property owner, or entity responsible for the protective device no doubt play a role in the type of coastal protection that is ultimately constructed.

Cooperative efforts to armour (protect) stretches of beach where protective devices may be hit, or miss, seem to provide the most appropriate methods to protect all the properties involved. Apparently, attempts by the County of Los Angeles in the past to coordinate homeowners has been largely unsuccessful.

There will be a continuing threat to beach structures from wood and floating debris that become battering rams when introduced to the surf during storms and coastal erosion events. As the building of decks, patios, housing, and other improvements become more sophisticated and permitted, the percentage of damages due to floating debris should be reduced.

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Tsunamis and Seiches: Tsunamis, seismic sea waves, can be expected rarely from distant sources, but may be generated immediately offshore of Malibu by surface ground rupture of the faulting just offshore, or by the occurrence of submarine landslides immediately offshore. Displacement of the sea floor could generate a local wave and would include wave runup to elevations 12 feet above Mean Lower Low Water of the Pacific Ocean in this area. The runup heights for the Malibu coast in general are between five and seven feet for the 100-year zone and between eight and 12 feet for the 500-year zone. The higher runups occur in the eastern part of Malibu because of the amplification effects related to the Santa Monica Bay resonant oscillations. (See also Figures S-11 to S-15 and the Safety Background Report for a more detailed discussion.) Most of the coastal dwellings and low lying coastal areas can expect to be damaged some time in the future by an earthquake generated tsunami. Damage due to flooding in the Malibu Civic Center area can be expected. The most vulnerable objects would be people on the beaches, houses or other buildings constructed on or near the beach, and bridges over the streams near the beach, such as along the Pacific Coast Highway at Malibu Creek and Corral Creek. People could be swept away by the waves and drowned; buildings and bridges could be undermined and collapse or carried away by the currents; buildings and other structures could be battered by debris carried by the currents.

Seiche, resonant oscillations in semi-enclosed water bodies such as Santa Monica Bay, may be triggered by moderate or larger local submarine earthquakes, and sometimes by large, more distant, regional earthquakes. Seiching was recorded at Santa Monica following moderate (Mw = 5.0-5.2) earthquakes under Santa Monica Bay in 1930, 1979, and 1989. The maximum height of these long period waves was about two feet. If such oscillations occurred during storm, conditions or unusually high tides, damaging coastal inundation could result. The duration of these oscillations may be several hours.

5.2.3. Climate.

The City of Malibu is located within the South Coat Air Basin. The regional air flow is controlled mainly by four synoptic large scale features, one of which occurs just prior to the winter rainy season and is commonly referred to as Santa Ana wind; Santa Anas are hot, dry, desert winds usually of relatively high velocity and are associated with low humidity. The extremely low humidity and high temperature produce an extreme fire hazard during late summer and fall.

5.2.4. Crime.

A crime report for the area is completed by the County Sheriff's Department monthly and submitted to the City Manager's office. Since Malibu is primarily a residential community, the main enforcement problems are burglary, traffic and tourist-related crimes. Areas of noticeable crime impact within the City are pocket beaches along the coastline that are not patrolled regularly. With residential development occurring in the canyon areas, the physical distance from the Sheriff's stations makes it more difficult for patrols to respond to calls in these northern reaches. Additionally, the increase of commercial activity and development along Pacific Coast Highway, together with development in adjacent communities, has caused a concomitant increase in traffic City of Malibu, CA

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accidents along Pacific Coast Highway.

Noticeable crime impact within the City are pocket beaches along the coastline that are not patrolled regularly. With residential development occurring in the canyon areas, the physical distance from the Sheriff's stations makes it more difficult for patrols to respond to calls in these northern reaches. Additionally, the increase of commercial activity and development along Pacific Coast Highway, together with development in adjacent communities, has caused a concomitant increase in traffic accidents along Pacific Coast Highway.

Pacific Coast Highway is also the main connector road of Malibu to surrounding communities. Due to its close proximity to fault lines and floodplains, Pacific Coast Highway must have adequate security for patrolling and regulating the area in the event of a natural catastrophe.

5.2.5. Fire Hazards.

The City of Malibu is served by the Los Angeles County Fire Department, as well as the California Department of Forestry, if needed. According to the California Department of Forestry and the County Fire Department, Malibu is considered to be an extreme fire hazard zone. There are seven County fire stations serving the City, including four stations located in the City. In the event of major fires, the County has "mutual aid agreements" with cities and counties throughout the state so that additional personnel and fire fighting equipment can augment the County Fire Department.

Wildland fires are inevitable and are a part of the natural regeneration cycle of the native California landscape. Structure losses are not necessarily directly due to wildland fires but instead result from: (a) inappropriate siting of structures; (b) flammable ornamental landscaping; (c) surrounding structures located too close together; and (d) flammable accessory structures (such as fences, decks, arbors, etc.).

The majority of the City has experienced major brush fires in the past 10 to 30 years, the most recent fire being the Old Topanga/Malibu Fire of November 2-5, 1993. This fire began along Old Topanga Road near Calabasas and, fanned by strong Santa Ana winds, burned southerly into the City of Malibu. This fire resulted in the destruction and damage of approximately 300 homes in the City, while it burned over 18,000 acres between Malibu, Topanga and Calabasas. The most significant loss to property due to the Old Topanga/Malibu Fire was in the Las Flores, Ramblo Pacifica, Carbon Mesa and Big Rock areas of the City, although the fire stretched from Topanga Canyon/Pacific Coast Highway on the east to the Pepperdine University campus on the west.

The Old Topanga/Malibu fire was very similar to the most recent fires that have struck Malibu —primarily destroying property and burning hillside in central Malibu, between Carbon Canyon Road and Kanan Dume Road, north of Pacific Coast Highway, and western Malibu, between Encinal Canyon Road and the City's western boundaries, north of Pacific Coast Highway. There have not been any fires in Point Dume in over 30 years.

Although these are the areas of the City where fires have most recently occurred in the past, it cannot be concluded that these areas are at greater risk than others. No single area City of Malibu, CA

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can be determined as being more susceptible to fires than another due to the fact that the location of fires varies from year to year.

Native vegetation plays a significant role in wildland fires. Malibu is located in the Santa Monica Mountains, bordering the Pacific Ocean and is subject to massive fire hazards due to highly flammable chaparral vegetation covering thousands of acres in brushlands.

Fires in these brushland areas are inevitable because of the flammability of both living and non-living brush and the variable weather conditions that exist. Approximately three fourths of the mountains in the surrounding area have burned more than once in the past 50 years.

The lack of intense development reduces the occurrence of urban fires. Malibu primarily consists of low density residential with a supportive commercial area.

The residential areas are affected by fire more than any other area in the City. Houses which are nestled among the heavily vegetated canyons are surrounded by a great deal of underbrush making this area highly vulnerable to fires. However, some preventive measures, required by County and/or City ordinances, have been taken to offset the risk factors involved:
• Elimination of wood shake roofs for new
construction;
• Establishment of minimum greenbelt
systems along new subdivisions;
• Improvement in existing water systems
and vehicular access in a number of areas;
• Improvements made in the "Incident
Command System" used by the Los
Angeles County Fire Department and in
the emergency communications and
coordination among various fire resource
agencies;
• Installation of smoke detectors in homes
and sprinkler systems in commercial
buildings; and
• An aggressive brush clearance program
that has been undertaken in the past few
years.

Construction plays a major role in fire prevention. Horizontal roofings are an important concern because they catch and hold flying firebrands (pieces of burning wood).

Firebrands can endanger structures as far as a mile away.

During the autumn months Malibu is very dry and, therefore, highly susceptible to fires, even with fire retardant materials. Most fires occur under Santa Ana conditions in September to March. Large picture windows and sliding doors allow radiated heat City of Malibu, CA

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into buildings. Overhangs and balconies are dangerous because flames sweep against the underside of these projections of the building. While preventive construction measures reduce these problems, nonetheless the fire risks in Malibu remain significant.

Although fire is a hazard to the Malibu area, it is also a necessary element in the Santa Monica Mountains ecosystems. Classified as a chaparral habitat, many of the native evergreen plants require fire to open their seeds, as well as to create new open areas for the young plants to become established. In order to minimize the fire risk to homeowners, selective clearance of flammable vegetation is required around all structures. However, removing all vegetation surrounding a residence could result in an erosion hazard leading to landslides and slope failures. By selectively thinning the more flammable vegetation and landscaping with fire retardant plants, it is possible to minimize both fire danger and erosion problems.

Statewide, approximately 90% of all fires are caused by human activity with the remaining 10% resulting from natural activity (primarily lightning). However, in the Malibu/Santa Monica Mountains areas, about 99% of all fires result from human activity, particularly arson, with one percent caused by natural activity. The increased tourist population to the area in the warm summer months increases the potential for fire in the area.

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5.3 Goals, Objectives, Policies and Implementation Measures

5.3.1. S GOAL 1. A Community that is Free From all Avoidable Risks to Safety, Health and Welfare from Natural and Man-Made Hazards.

S OBJECTIVE 1.1: LOSSES TO LIFE AND PROPERTY FROM NATURAL AND MAN-MADE HAZARDS GREATLY REDUCED FROM HISTORIC LEVELS.

S Policy 1.1.1: The City shall protect people and
property from environmental hazards.

S Policy 1.1.2: The City shall minimize the risk of loss from fire.

S Policy 1.1.3: The City shall reduce the amount of
non-essential toxic and hazardous
substances.

S Policy 1.1.4: The City shall promote use of
alternatives to hazardous substances.

S Policy 1.1.5: The City shall reduce water pollution
and improve Malibu's water quality.

S Policy 1.1.6: The City shall reduce air pollution and improve Malibu's air quality.

S Policy 1.1.7: The City shall minimize the risks from
landslides and debris flows.

To implement these policies the City shall:

S Implementation Measure 1: Develop a master plan of fire prevention and control identifying hazards, assessing acceptable levels of cost and risk and determining protection programs.

S Implementation Measure 2: Work with other agencies to ensure effective and efficient fire suppression, prevention and rescue services.

S Implementation Measure 3: Encourage owners of swimming pools to obtain gasoline powered pumps to use in fire fighting.

S Implementation Measure 4: Establish programs and guidelines for fire-safe landscaping including buffers comprised of fire resistant vegetation between residential areas and open space areas and encourage use of fire-safe landscaping principles which emphasize plant species with low fuel volumes.

S Implementation Measure 5: Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to adopt a program for controlled burning of combustible vegetation, based on the recommendations of the responsible forestry and fire-protection official.

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S Implementation Measure 6: Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to enforce code requirements for flammable brush clearance, and reduction of flammable vegetation, including both native plants and ornamental landscaping.

S Implementation Measure 7: Work with appropriate agencies to assure sufficient stored water and provide non-monetary incentives for on-site or area-wide shared storage water suitable for fire fighting equal to one gallon for each square foot of structural floor area for all new development.

S Implementation Measure 8: Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to establish standards for fire-fighting equipment access suitable for Malibu.

S Implementation Measure 9: Create a major streets and routes plan which includes streets available as wildfire escape routes.

S Implementation Measure 10: Require all new and remodel structures to have Class A fire-retardant roofing.

S Implementation Measure 11: Develop guidelines and standards for all new and remodel structures to utilize fire-resistant building materials and designs, and, if feasible, to be sited to minimize fire hazards.

S Implementation Measure 12: Provide South Coast Air Quality Management District regional wind patterns maps to homeowners, architects and contractors to help them plan development siting and design that minimizes fire hazards.

S Implementation Measure 13: Work with the Los Angeles County Fire Department to provide on-site fire safety inspections of individual homes, when requested by resident or owner, and advise homeowners on ways to minimize fire hazards while maintaining slope stability and appropriate vegetation.

S Implementation Measure 14: Encourage and support arson and neighborhood watch programs.

S Implementation Measure 15: Require that all camping be in designated fire-safe camping areas.

S Implementation Measure 16: Develop a permanent, ongoing homeowner watershed area management plan to reduce fire hazards while maintaining appropriate vegetation that will stabilize the watershed and control the flow of water from it. Application of such plan in Resource Protection Areas shall be subject to review and approval for compliance with resource protection requirements.

S Implementation Measure 17: Work with water service providers to identify neighborhoods with inadequate flow from fire hydrants, and to upgrade deteriorated and undersized water-distribution systems.

S Implementation Measure 18: Provide guidelines and incentives for use of nonCity of Malibu, CA

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toxic building materials in new and remodel construction.

S Implementation Measure 19: Regulate the transport, storage and use of toxic and hazardous materials.

S Implementation Measure 20: Work with trash haulers and Los Angeles County Fire Department to provide for the proper collection and disposal of hazardous wastes.

S Implementation Measure 21: Work with Los Angeles County Fire Department to ensure compliance with the Hazardous Materials Disclosure Law.

S Implementation Measure 22: Establish a household hazardous waste disposal program which enables residents to bring material to a centralized collection facility for proper disposal.

S Implementation Measure 23: Inform residents about the safe handling, storage, use, disposal, and alternatives to use of hazardous materials.

S Implementation Measure 24: Seek federal, state and county cooperation and funding to identify potential historic hazardous waste disposal sites and the availability of funds for the removal of any wastes discovered.

S Implementation Measure 25: Initiate and work with other agencies to assess trends in water quality and establish water cleanliness standards including a program of enforcement.

S Implementation Measure 26: Participate in efforts to identify and eliminate sources of contamination when unhealthful conditions are discovered in creeks, lagoons, intertidal zones, estuaries and wetlands.

S Implementation Measure 27: Require that all above ground discharges and reuse of wastewater for small volume treatment plants meet tertiary treatment standards.

S Implementation Measure 28: Work with other agencies to monitor and adopt receiving water quality standards, and update the City's receiving water quality standards as more accurate information becomes available.

S Implementation Measure 29: Encourage the use of new wastewater management technologies to achieve maximum feasible reduction of pathogens from wastewater prior to release into the environment.

S Implementation Measure 30: Work with regional agencies to implement the provisions of the South Coast Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP).

S Implementation Measure 31: Promote public education and awareness of air quality.

S Implementation Measure 32: Work with other agencies to reduce local sources of air pollution such as dust, smoke, and vehicle emissions.

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S Implementation Measure 33: Evaluate impacts on air quality in connection with development proposals.

S Implementation Measure 34: Encourage residents and visitors to reduce the number of vehicle miles traveled while in the City.

S Implementation Measure 35: Provide information about the benefits of native oxygen-producing plants, consistent with fire safety, in order to discourage removal.

S Implementation Measure 36: As funding becomes available, study effects of excessive ground water on surface erosion, earth movement, and groundwater "daylighting."
S Implementation Measure 37: Work with the residents of neighborhoods affected by landslides and debris flows to develop appropriate risk abatement programs.

S Implementation Measure 38: Develop a program of water budget determinations by monitoring and recording the contributions of groundwater to local areas from uphill septic tank effluent and water reuse installations.

S OBJECTIVE 1.2: RISKS TO RESIDENTS AND BUSINESSES FROM DEVELOPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ARE MINIMIZED.

S Policy 1.2.1: The City shall require development to
provide for analyses of site safety
related to potential hazards of fault
rupture, earthquake ground shaking,
liquefaction, and rockfalls.

S Policy 1.2.2: The City shall require development to
provide site safety analyses related to
landsliding, debris flows, expansive
soils, collapsible soils, erosion/
sedimentation, and groundwater effects.

S Policy 1.2.3: The City shall require development to
provide for safety from coastal storm
flooding, coastal erosion, surfacing
septic effluent, and tsunami.

S Policy 1.2.4: The City shall require development to
be consistent with minimum Federal
Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) guidelines for flood plain
management.

To implement these policies the City shall:

S Implementation Measure 39: Develop and maintain a development geo-hazard City of Malibu, CA

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database to incorporate findings from site specific and area hazard-related studies.

S Implementation Measure 40: Adopt and update as appropriate maps of extreme fire danger areas, 100-year flood plains, landslide and debris flow danger, active and potentially active faults, tsunami, and any other hazard areas; and inform residents of those areas of risks and possible mitigation measures.

S Implementation Measure 41: Require that all new construction be designed to be earthquake resistant to maximum probable earthquakes.

S Implementation Measure 42: Apply all restrictions and investigation requirements mandated by the State under the Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Zones Act for faults classified as "active" to development on properties crossed by or adjacent to the Malibu Coast Fault.

S Implementation Measure 43: Encourage area residents to participate in National Flood Insurance Program.

S Implementation Measure 44: Design coastal development, except supporting structure, to be above the wave uprush level for storms within the past 100 years, and above the 100-year flood plain.

S Implementation Measure 45: Require that all critical use facilities (hospitals, police and fire stations) be earthquake resistant designed for the effects of a maximum credible earthquake.

S Implementation Measure 46: As soon as feasible, complete coastal morphology studies and establish shoreline construction standards.

S Implementation Measure 47: To protect slope stability, restrict grading or development related vegetation clearance where the slope exceeds 2:1, except as required for fire safety, driveways and utilities and where there is no reasonable alternative.

S Implementation Measure 48: As soon as feasible, complete a study on the effects of seawalls, groins and revetments on beach erosion.

S Implementation Measure 49: Require a coastal engineering report for all proposed revetments, seawalls, cliff retaining walls and other such construction proposed to protect existing structures to ensure that the structure is constructed utilizing the least environmentally damaging method.

S Implementation Measure 50: Require that soils, geologic and structural evaluation reports with appropriate mitigation measures be prepared by registered soils engineers, engineering geologists, and/or structural engineers and that all recommended mitigation measures be implemented.

S Implementation Measure 51: Evaluate proposed development for its impact on, and from, geologic hazards, flood and mud flow hazard, and fire hazard.

S Implementation Measure 52: Require water efficient landscaping and irrigation City of Malibu, CA

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in identified landslide sites to minimize deep percolation in all areas uphill from identified landslides.

S Implementation Measure 53: Require that proposed coastal development exposed to ocean waters, including but not limited to potentially heavy tidal or wave action, be sited landward of state-owned tidelands and be further sited so as not to cause a potential nuisance, hazard to navigation, public safety problem, or interference with the public's right in the navigable waters.

S OBJECTIVE 1.3: AN ONGOING, PERMANENT PROGRAM FOR

COOPERATING WITH OTHER JURISDICTIONS, AGENCIES, AND PUBLIC

AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATION TO HELP MEET THE GOALS OF THE
SAFETY AND HEALTH ELEMENT.

S Policy 1.3.1: The City shall strive to ensure uses
within Malibu's Planning Area are
consistent with the safety, health and
welfare of the Malibu community.

To implement this policy the City shall:

S Implementation Measure 54: Coordinate and work with other governmental entities to develop appropriate regulations to set minimum flight levels for all aircraft, to include a prescribed distance from the shoreline, S Implementation Measure 55: Seek cooperation and approval of the FAA to ensure that only safety and emergency uses of aircraft are allowed at altitudes below 600 feet above local ground level, except by City permit.

S Implementation Measure 56: Work with jurisdictions within the Planning Area to ensure that all public water storage facilities have an emergency power supply for their pumps, or gravity-driven water distribution systems.

S Implementation Measure 57: Work with utility providers to minimize exposure to electromagnetic fields in publicly accessible areas.

S Implementation Measure 58: Work with neighboring jurisdictions and the State to develop and expand emergency medical services.

S Implementation Measure 59: Work with the appropriate jurisdictions to ensure that highways, roads, bike paths, foot paths, and trails are free of avoidable hazards.

S Implementation Measure 60: Work with appropriate agencies to ensure that the quantity of harmful bacteria, viruses and toxic substances in all Malibu shoreline, lagoon, and stream waters are at or below safe levels established by the City, State or Federal government, whichever are more stringent.

S Implementation Measure 61: Work with other jurisdictions and agencies to ensure that risks of flooding caused by upstream development are minimized.

S Implementation Measure 62: Work with the responsible jurisdictions to ensure City of Malibu, CA

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5.3.2. S GOAL 2. A Community Prepared for Effective Response to Emergencies, and Recovery when they Occur.
that all dams in the Malibu watershed areas have regular safety inspections.

S Implementation Measure 63: Notify all jurisdictions within the Planning Area and all appropriate agencies at the State level of the City's request to review all plans and programs relating to issues that may concern the health and safety of Malibu residents.

S Implementation Measure.64: Respond to all proposed development actions in the Planning Area which may endanger the health and safety of the City's residents.

S Implementation Measure 65: Work with jurisdictions within the Planning Area to ensure that all public recreational areas have adequate toilet facilities.

S OBJECTIVE 2.1: A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR RESPONSE TO ALL LEVELS OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS.

S Policy 2.1.1: The City shall cooperate to achieve
efficient and prompt response by local
agencies to those emergencies which
require no outside help.

S Policy 2.1.2: The City shall coordinate efficient
utilization of emergency assistance
provided by neighboring communities
and county agencies under mutual-aid
response.

S Policy 2.1.3: The City shall develop a plan to ensure that in situations of extreme emergency
the community is prepared to survive
until outside assistance arrives.

To implement these policies the City shall:

S Implementation Measure 66: Develop an Emergency Response Plan and update as needed.

S Implementation Measure 67: Support and encourage sufficient local staffing and equipment levels for police, fire fighting, lifeguard, paramedic and other medical, public works and utility organizations to assure timely and well coordinated response to alarm calls and to meet most emergencies.

S Implementation Measure 68: Develop response time criteria and monitor law enforcement programs.

S Implementation Measure 69: Work with other agencies to assure access to specialized trauma care within 20 minutes of notification.

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S Implementation Measure 70: Create a procedure for promptly initiating an Emergency Operations Center to coordinate all emergency-response actions from the onset of any emergency which requires mutual aid from neighboring communities.

S Implementation Measure 71: Create a procedure for promptly establishing effective intelligence-gathering and command, control and communications functions in all emergencies requiring aid from outside the community.

S Implementation Measure 72: Establish a core of trained and organized volunteers from the community capable of providing intelligence, communications, medical and logistic support to the professional health and safety organizations in emergency situations.

S Implementation Measure 73: Work with other agencies to close public beaches to recreational use in the event of a pollution emergency.

S Implementation Measure 74: Work with other agencies to close public recreation areas to recreational use in the event of wildfire in the Planning Area.

S Implementation Measure 75: Continue to improve the area-wide, volunteermanned emergency communication system.

S Implementation Measure 76: Organize an area-wide, volunteer-manned emergency medical care system including medical-center locations, patient transport vehicles and drivers, and triage policies and training.

S Implementation Measure 77: Organize and equip neighborhood, volunteermanned emergency response organizations, including trained first-aid volunteers, and locally stockpiled supplies.

S Implementation Measure 78: Develop and maintain an inventory of heavy equipment and trained operators which would be available in major emergency situations.

S Implementation Measure 79: Conduct emergency-response drills on a regular basis.

S Implementation Measure 80: Identify emergency helicopter landing sites at strategic points throughout the City in the City's Emergency Response Plan.

Provide data on these sites to be included in the Los Angeles County Emergency Response Plan.

S Implementation Measure 81: Participate in a tsunami warning system.

S Implementation Measure 82: Work with the Red Cross, other private agencies, and local, state and federal government agencies on disaster-preparedness education and training.

S Implementation Measure 83: Map all existing and planned safety and health related facilities in Malibu.

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5.3.3. S GOAL 3. A Community that is Exceptionally Safe and Healthy.

S OBJECTIVE 2.2: A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR RECOVERY FROM ALL

LEVELS OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IS DEVELOPED AND UPDATED AS NEEDED.

S Policy 2.2.1: The City shall facilitate timely recovery from all disasters.

To implement this policy the City shall:

S Implementation Measure 84: Create a disaster-recovery team to develop recovery plans and establish/maintain liaison with all agencies involved in recovery from a disaster in Malibu.

S Implementation Measure 85: Maintain an inventory of potential Government and private sources of aid to recovery from major disasters, and assist the community in obtaining this aid.

S Implementation Measure 86: Facilitate short term recovery aid provided by local charitable and other groups and individuals, during recovery from major disasters.

S Implementation Measure 87: Support and encourage residents and local businesses to carry adequate insurance or maintain adequate resources to meet most emergencies.

S Implementation Measure 88: Work with law enforcement agencies to develop techniques to improve local access during times of emergency.

S OBJECTIVE 3.1: ACTIVELY PROMOTE HEALTH AND SAFETY SO THAT

RESIDENTS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY SAFE AND HEALTHY BY NATIONAL STANDARDS.

S Policy 3.1.1: The City shall facilitate programs so that people feel safe, and crime and violence
are minimized.

S Policy 3.1.2: The City shall facilitate and/or
encourage programs which will improve
access to health-enhancement and
health-care facilities for people of all
ages.

S Policy 3.1.3: The City shall assess risks to the health and safety of citizens and visitors, and
inform the public about those risks and
ways to avoid them.

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S Policy 3.1.4: The City shall encourage efforts by
private organizations to enhance
community health and safety.

S Policy 3.1.5: The City shall encourage volunteer
efforts to assist in providing safety to
businesses, residents and visitors.

S Policy 3.1.6: The City shall provide effective and
efficient law enforcement protection
services.

S Policy 3.1.7: The City shall discourage the hiring of day workers from sites which might
endanger the public health and safety.

To implement these policies the City shall:

S Implementation Measure 89: Maintain a comprehensive program for strong police presence to deter criminal activity.

S Implementation Measure 90: Maintain a comprehensive program to protect the Community from substance abuse.

S Implementation Measure 91: Provide law-enforcement personnel to aggressively patrol streets and recreational areas to prevent driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

S Implementation Measure 92: Periodically evaluate Los Angeles County Sheriff's services and service criteria to ensure that the City continues to receive adequate law enforcement services.

S Implementation Measure 93: Work with private charitable groups to continue to provide safe and healthy locations for the hiring of day-workers in Malibu.

S Implementation Measure 94: Prohibit smoking in government public buildings and require at a minimum that non-smoking areas be provided in all indoor privately owned facilities used by the public.

S Implementation Measure 95: Require that employers provide toilet facilities for all temporary and permanent workers.

S Implementation Measure 96: Encourage all service stations and public buildings to provide toilet facilities to the public.

S Implementation Measure 97: Support development of paratransit services offered by public and/or private agencies and service providers to improve access to health care facilities.

S Implementation Measure 98: Work with health care providers to assure timely access to medical care for all segments in the community.

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S Implementation Measure 99: Encourage efforts to provide in-home health care for the elderly and handicapped residents of Malibu.

S Implementation Measure 100: Encourage and promote facilities for hospice care and long term in-patient medical treatment and care for the community's elderly and seriously ill.

S Implementation Measure 101: Establish community health-education and safety-education programs, to include the need to prepare well ahead of time for emergency response and recovery.

S Implementation Measure 102: Work with health care providers to promote, encourage, and facilitate provision of urgent care at a reasonable cost to residents and visitors.

S Implementation Measure 103: Establish an education and awareness program to enhance household, water, and highway safety, and fire prevention.

S Implementation Measure 104: Educate the community about risks to swimmers and surfers from ocean pollution.

S Implementation Measure 105: Facilitate regular testing of water at suitable locations along the Malibu shoreline to assure that toxic substances, bacteria, and/ or virus do not put ocean recreation participants at risk.

S Implementation Measure 106: Review data on water quality collected and analyzed by other agencies and document inadequacies and inaccuracies that might impact the health of residents. Coordinate with the monitoring agencies to improve the monitoring program.

S Implementation Measure 107: Work with local physicians and environmental groups to assess risks to swimmers and surfers from ocean pollution due to storm drainage.

S Implementation Measure 108: Enact ordinances prohibiting the placing of graffiti within the City.

S Implementation Measure 109: Take swift action to cause removal of any graffiti that appears within the City including properties under the jurisdiction of other governmental agencies.

S Implementation Measure 110: Work with Sheriff's station to encourage employment of volunteer litter law enforcement offers and posting of violation warning signs.

S Implementation Measure 111: Establish a volunteer program for cleanup of litter trouble spots on Pacific Coast Highway.

S Implementation Measure 112: Develop a program to provide conveniently located trash collection receptacles and provide regularly scheduled special litter cleanup for neighborhoods suffering particularly heavy litter accumulation.

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S Implementation Measure 113: Work with other agencies to develop literature to educate the public about the negative impacts of litter.

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5.4 Appendix—Safety Element Maps and Figures
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Malibu Safety Element Update SB 99
Evacuation Discussion
DATE: 6/3/2025
TO: City of Malibu
FROM: Aaron Pfannenstiel, Principal
Atlas Planning Solutions
As a key component of the Malibu Safety Element update, the City is required to address evacuation hazards and constraints. Since evacuation involves many City Departments and resources to ensure residents and businesses can get to safe locations, it is essential to understand evacuation issues. Compliance with recently adopted state requirements (Senate Bill 99, Assembly Bills 747 and 1409) is intended to assist jurisdictions with understanding constraints and opportunities associated with evacuation routes. This memo provides an overview of the updated requirements for evacuation hazards, current information in the existing element, and the results of the analysis prepared by Atlas Planning Solutions (APS).

The scope of this memo is to ensure compliance with SB99 requirements; however, some portions can contribute to AB 747/1409 compliance which will be completed under a separate study.

Why evacuation is being addressed within the Safety
Element
Evacuation legislation signed by the Governor in the past six years requires an update to the general plan safety element, to address the following:

GC 65302.15 adopted through AB 747 (2019) and AB 1409 (2021): Upon the next revision of the LHMP on or after January 1, 2022, or if a local jurisdiction has not adopted an LHMP, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, this section requires the Safety Element to be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify evacuation routes and their capacity, safety, and viability and evacuation locations under a range of emergency scenarios. 65302 (g) (5) adopted through SB 99 (2019): Upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the safety element shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify residential developments in any hazard area identified in the safety element that does not have at least two emergency evacuation routes.

Identifying residential developments that may be constrained during an evacuation will be important for the City. It is also important to understand the current review practices to ensure new subdivision requirements prevent the creation of developments with limited ingress/egress access conditions that could impact evacuation.

Current Evacuation Routes Identified
For the purposes of this analysis, we have listed the primary potential evacuation routes as identified by the City which are recommended for use during an evacuation, depending on incident circumstances. These routes are chosen for their location (generally bisecting the city), capacity, and connectivity to locations outside of the city. The City and Los Angeles County use Genasys evacuation zones to inform residents and identify evacuation routes for use during Exhibit D
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emergencies. The City adopted the current mapping in 2020, and created a dedicated page identifying evacuation zones(located here). The evacuation zones mapping organizes the City into four evacuation zones, MAL-C111 through MAL-C114. Each of these zones includes specific mapping to help guide residents towards primary evacuation routes and safely evacuate during an emergency. Malibu recommends that residents understand which of these evacuation routes should be used to evacuate out of their neighborhood and have emergency supplies ready should evacuation become necessary. Table 1 identifies primary potential evacuation routes, which are depicted in Figures 1A – 1D.

Table 1: Primary Potential Evacuation Routes by Zone
Zone Potential Evacuation Routes
MAL-C111
• Pacific Coast Highway – SR 1
• Carbon Canyon Rd.
• Rambla Pacifico St.
• Big Rock Dr.
• Tuna Canyon Rd.

MAL-C112
• Pacific Coast Highway - SR 1
• Puerco Canyon Rd.
• Malibu Canyon Rd.
• Civic Center Way
• Webb Way
• Cross Creek Rd.
• Carbon Beach Ter.

MAL-C113
• Pacific Coast Highway – SR 1
• Phillip Ave.
• Morning View Dr.
• Busch Dr.
• Kanan Dume Rd.
• Latigo Canyon Rd.

MAL-C114
• Pacific Coast Highway – SR 1
• Decker Rd.
• Encinal Canyon Rd.
• Trancas Canyon Rd.
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Figure 1A: Genasys Evacuation Routes for Malibu: MAL-C111 147
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Figure 1B: Genasys Evacuation Routes for Malibu: MAL-C112 148
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Figure 1C: Genasys Evacuation Routes for Malibu: MAL-C113 149
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Figure 1D: Genasys Evacuation Routes for Malibu: MAL-C114 150
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Existing Non-Conforming Developments
To perform the SB 99 analysis, GIS mapping of the following conditions was conducted and illustrated in Figure 2. Due to the scale and orientation of the city Figures 2A-2B were created which roughly bisect the city allowing for greater detail and illustration of the following conditions:

Single Ingress/Egress Roadways – identified as red linework on the following map, these roadways include cul-de-sacs, roadways with a single connection to the roadway network, and roadways that may have secondary connections that are not publicly accessible due to a gate or other constraint.

Single Ingress/Egress SB 99 Parcels – these parcels are identified in orange and include areas where at least 30 parcels are located along a single ingress/egress condition. These areas will be referred to as constrained access parcel (CAP) locations.

Single Ingress/Egress Parcels of Concern – these parcels are identified in green and include areas where 20 - 29 parcels are located along a single ingress/egress condition. As development in the City intensifies (accessory dwelling units, lot splits, etc.), these locations have been identified because they represent areas where evacuation can potentially become a concern in the future. These areas will be referred to as parcels of concern (POC) locations.

While there is no formal guidance, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal FIRE) and Public Resources Code Section 4290.5 identify a threshold of 30 dwellings per single access roadway within the very high fire hazard severity zone (VHFHSZ). For this analysis we applied this threshold across the entire city regardless of location. A total of 21 CAP locations have been identified within the City that have limited ingress/egress conditions. It should be noted that Paradise Cove, which includes several large parcels, is identified as a CAP location, since approximately 276 homes are located within the development and only one ingress/egress location is not fenced off and/or locked.

In total there are approximately 1,950 single family residences located on 1,676 parcels, all of which have constrained access for emergency ingress/egress. In addition, there are 12 additional locations identified as POC locations, totaling approximately 281 parcels. . It also also noted that throughout the City there are many other locations that have limited ingress/egress. Many of these locations are single parcels or subdivisions of less than 19 parcels. While these do not meet the threshold used for this analysis, cumulatively there are many more home sites in Malibu that experience limited ingress/egress conditions. These smaller parcel groupings should also be considered when planning for emergency evacuations throughout the city.

As depicted in Figures 1A-1D and Figures 2, 2A, and 2B, the city's current roadway network, recommended evacuation routes, constrained roadways, and SB 99 CAP and POC locations suggest that many areas may find evacuation challenging due to a lack of capacity or connectivity to the roadway network.
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Figure 2: SB 99 CAP and POC Locations, Single Ingress/Egress Roadways 152
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Figure 2A: SB 99 CAP and POC Locations, Single Ingress/Egress Roadways 153
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Figure 2B: SB 99 CAP and POC Locations, Single Ingress/Egress Roadways 154
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Evacuation Concerns/Data
Based on the analysis conducted above, the following summarizes evacuation concerns within the City:

Mapped Evacuation Routes
Figures 1A-1D identify the evacuation zones and potential evacuation routes for the City. The major routes identified are recommended due to their location and connectivity within and outside of the city. Upon approval of the Safety Element, these routes should be incorporated into the Emergency Operations Plan, preferably within an updated Evacuation Annex that can be used for trainings and exercises. This coupled with evacuation scenarios that meet AB 747 requirements can help test and refine the City’s emergency management and preparedness capabilities.

Past Evacuations
Malibu is located within a portion of the region susceptible to various hazards. Wildfires are especially concerning and recent events have required the issuance of evacuation orders.

Special Areas of Concern Within the City
Fire Hazard Severity Zones
One of the primary concerns, specifically addressed in SB 99 requirements, is the city's development patterns that rely on single ingress/egress roadway conditions. Due to the topography of the city (many canyons and bluffs along the ocean),vegetation and fuels throughout the community, and the development regulations in place when many homes were constructed, fire risk is a significant issue for residents and businesses. Based on the latest mapping prepared by Cal Fire, the entire City is located in a VHFHSZ. This condition requires new development to adhere to the State’s Fire Safe Regulations as well as promote retrofitting of existing properties that are susceptible to fire risk.

All 21 CAP and 12 POC locations are located in an identified VHFHSZ. Within those 33 identified locations, 1,957 parcels and approximately 2,231 residences are located along constrained access roadways.

FEMA 100-Year and 500-Year Flood Zones, Dam Inundation Zones, and Tsunami Zones Flood zones within the City are generally confined to the eastern border and along several canyons (Zuma Canyon, Ramirez Canyon, Las Flores Canyon and Malibu Canyon). Flooding can affect some parts of the city but is generally not a major hazard of concern. There are only sixty parcels located in two CAP locations within identified flood zones. While normal rainfall events do not typically cause significant flooding, major storms can if stormwater cannot be absorbed or transported effectively. During these conditions, excessive stormflow can cause ponding, overwhelm storm drains, and erode natural drainage channels, which can exacerbate other hazards (landslide/mudslides). Depending on the location of flooding, roadways can become inundated and/or damaged, affecting transportation access.

There are several dams and reservoirs that could potentially affect the city in the event of failure.

These include Lake Sherwood (Potrero Dam), the Westlake Reservoir (Main Dam and Saddle Dam), Malibu Lake Club Dam, Lake Lindero, and Century Lake. Due to the topography of the City and the region, all of these inundation zones are funneled along Malibu Creek Canyon into the Malibu Lagoon State Beach area. These inundation zones spread east and west once they hit this relatively flat area, where they have the potential to threaten approximately 78 parcels 155
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located in one CAP location along the coast. The Pacific Coast Highway (SR-1) could become inundated in this area creating a barrier affecting access to this major evacuation route.

As a coastal city, the potential for tsunami inundation is always present, especially along beaches and any low-lying areas. Fortunately, the risk for the City is low according to the 2022 tsunami hazard mapping prepared by the California Geological Survey.

Seismic Hazards/Alquist Priolo Special Study Zones
Located within a seismically active region of southern California, the potential for seismic shaking exists throughout the city, so all CAP and POC locations are vulnerable during a significant seismic event.

The Malibu Coast Fault, considered potentially active, is located near Malibu and has active segments mapped within Alquist-Priolo Special Study zones. This type of zone delineates area of additional study required by California along active fault lines. Their purpose is to protect structures intended for human occupancy from the hazard of surface fault rupture during earthquakes. No CAP or POC locations are sited within an identified Alquist Priolo Special Study zone.

Liquefaction/Landslide
Liquefaction - Areas of liquefaction potential in the City exist along stream beds and in some of the canyon areas. Malibu's coastline, particularly areas near Malibu Creek and the Malibu Coastal Fault Zone, have been identified as having liquefaction potential during earthquakes.

Liquefaction occurs when water-saturated sediments lose strength when vibrated, behaving like a liquid. While not all areas in Malibu are susceptible, those with shallow groundwater and unconsolidated sediments are at higher risk.
9 CAP locations containing 337 parcels and 2 POC locations containing 29 parcels are located within or immediately adjacent to mapped liquefaction zones.

Landslide - A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. According to the analysis, there are 18 CAP locations containing 913 parcels within earthquake induced landslide hazard zones. In addition, 9 POC locations containing 154 parcels are also located within these zones. According to USGS mapping, the vast majority of Malibu, including all 21 CAP and 12 POC locations, are located within or immediately adjacent to areas of medium to high deep seated landslide susceptibility.

New Evacuation Policies/Implementation Programs
To better support evacuations in the future, new policies and implementation programs should prioritize the following initiatives:
• Improved mapping of constrained roadways
• Sub-area evacuation plans for key CAP locations
• Thresholds for additional evacuation analysis
• Retrofitting strategies to increase roadways capacities and connectivity For additional detail, please refer to the Policy Framework Memo for key policy and implementation action recommendations
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1 Transportation Study
for Malibu Safety
Element Update
Prepared for:

Atlas Planning Solutions
October 2025
LA 3622
157
2 Table of Contents

1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 3

2. Existing Document Review Summary.................................................................................... 4

2.1 Evacuation Map Overview ....................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Evacuation Scenarios ................................................................................................................................ 5

2.3 Recommended Evacuation Strategies................................................................................................. 6

3. Experienced Evacuation Conditions.......................................................................................7

3.1 Traffic and Roadway Challenges............................................................................................................ 7

3.2 Coordination and Communication........................................................................................................ 9

3.3 Evacuation Zones and Public Education ............................................................................................. 9

3.4 Vulnerable Populations Support............................................................................................................10

4. Study Recommendations........................................................................................................11

4.1 Demand-Side Recommendations .........................................................................................................11

4.2 Supply-Side Recommendations.............................................................................................................11

4.3 Information-Side Recommendations ..................................................................................................12 List of Figures
Figure 1: City of Malibu Evacuation Plan .................................................................................................................... 5 158
3 1. Introduction
This report provides a qualitative assessment of transportation conditions and evacuation planning in Malibu, based on a review of an existing plan Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation Study and input from City of Malibu (“City”) and public safety agencies. Fehr & Peers reviewed the Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation Study prepared for the City of Malibu by Minagar & Associates (2020) (the “2020 Transportation Study”), gathered feedback from City staff as well as the Los Angeles County Fire Department and Sheriff’s Department, and developed additional policy recommendations to supplement and complement the City’s ongoing efforts as part of the Safety Element Update process.

This report is divided into four chapters, including this introduction. Chapter 2 summarizes key findings and recommendations from the 2020 Transportation Study. Chapter 3 describes experiences and challenges that first responders faced related to transportation and mobility in the previous wildfire evacuation conditions. Chapter 4 presents policy recommendations for improving emergency access evacuation for residents, workers, and visitors, based on the findings from the previous chapters.
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4 2. Existing Document Review Summary
In 2020, Minagar & Associates, Inc. prepared the Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation (the “2020 Transportation Study”) for the City. Initiated by the Public Safety Department, this effort aimed to address gaps identified during the Woolsey Fire evacuation in November 2018 by focusing on the primary transportation needs of evacuating residents and the services required to support them. The study analyzed seven key intersections along the City’s primary evacuation routes, evaluated transportation operations under seven different evacuation scenarios, and provided a range of short-, mid-, and long-term strategies. This section summarizes the key findings and recommendations from the 2020 Transportation Study.

2.1 Evacuation Map Overview
The 2020 Transportation Study developed a “Master Map” that presents key locations and traffic flow in the event of an emergency (Figure 1). The study identified seven study intersections marked with a large black asterisk in the Master Map:
• Decker Road (State Route 23, maintained by Caltrans)
• Encinal Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Kanan Dume Road (city maintained)
• Latigo Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Malibu Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Las Flores Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Topanga Canyon Road (State Route 27, maintained by Caltrans) On the Master Map, large red arrows indicate the primary direction of traffic flow along evacuation routes and the Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) during a wildfire event. At intersections along evacuation routes, permitted movements are shown with smaller red arrows. For tsunami scenarios, large blue arrows represent the main direction of traffic, while smaller blue arrows indicate permitted intersection movements.
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5 Figure 1: City of Malibu Evacuation Plan

2.2 Evacuation Scenarios
The 2020 Transportation Study analyzed traffic operations under seven scenarios, including five wildfire events and one tsunami scenario.

1. Existing Maximized Conditions1

2. Wildfire within Western & Central Malibu (Fire Zones 14, 12 & 13)

3. Wildfire within Western Malibu (Fire Zone 14) Excluding Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13)

4. Wildfire within Eastern (Fire Zone 11) Including Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13)

5. Wildfire within Eastern (Fire Zone 11) Excluding Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13)

6. Wildfire Citywide (Fire Zones 11, 12, 13, & 14)

7. Tsunami Citywide (Within Los Angeles County & CGS Tsunami Inundation Areas 2-24 and Fire Zones 11, 12, 13 & 14)
The study evaluated intersection Level of Service (LOS) and delay for key evacuation routes. Results showed that LOS at intersections along Malibu Canyon Road, Kanan Dume Road, and Topanga Canyon Boulevard frequently reached unacceptable levels (LOS D or worse) under various wildfire 1 Existing Maximized Conditions assume existing conditions of no wildfire or tsunami where traffic proceeds as per usual. There would be no restrictions placed on intersection turning movements and vehicles would be travelling in all possible directions. This scenario assumes maximized existing hourly traffic volumes for each possible movement at each intersection.
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6 scenarios. In the tsunami scenario, most intersections experienced LOS D or worse, with average delays exceeding seven minutes. Detailed LOS findings are summarized in Appendix A.

2.3 Recommended Evacuation Strategies
The following are the strategies recommended by the 2020 Transportation Plan:

Short-Term Strategies
• Depending upon the location of wildfire or tsunami, utilize the recommended Transportation Plan Evacuation Scenarios #2 through #6 or Scenario #7 respectively. • Utilize the 2019 14th Edition of the Work Area Traffic Control Handbook (WATCHBOOK) and 2016 Field Guide for Temporary Traffic Control.
• Purchase Additional Changeable/Dynamic Message Signs (CMS/DMS), Trailblazers and Traffic Incident Management Area Signs
Mid-Range Strategies
• Depending upon the location of wildfire or tsunami, utilize the recommended Transportation Plan Evacuation Scenarios #2 through #6 or Scenario #7 respectively. • Harden or Implement Protection Systems for the Critical Infrastructure to prevent Roadway Debris.
• Re-analyze and re-optimize the Traffic Signals along Pacific Coast Highway.

Long-Term Strategies
• Widen Pacific Coast Highway via more reversible directional lanes with overhead changeable directional signals
• Widen Evacuation Route Approach to Pacific Coast Highway, such as temporarily converting one of the left-turn lanes to a right-turn lane at Kanan Dume Road and/or Malibu Canyon Road under certain scenarios.
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7 3. Experienced Evacuation Conditions
Fehr & Peers participated in an outreach meeting with the project team, including City of Malibu Community Development Department (Planning), Public Safety Department, and Atlas Planning Solutions, along with the Los Angeles County Fire Department and Sheriff’s Departments in City Hall on August 31, 2025. During this meeting, Fehr & Peers presented key findings and recommendations from the 2020 Transportation Study and facilitated a discussion about first responders’ experiences during previous evacuations, including the Franklin Fire (December 2024) and Palisades Fire (January 2025). The meeting provided valuable insights into the challenges faced by first responders in areas such as traffic control, evacuation management, cross-jurisdictional coordination, and public awareness, as well as their perspectives on the feasibility of implementing specific features and evacuation strategies. This section summarizes the experiences and challenges related to transportation and mobility that first responders encountered during past evacuation events.

3.1 Traffic and Roadway Challenges
Evacuation Route Blockages and Congestion
The primary evacuation route through Malibu consists of the Caltrans-maintained Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) and several north-south routes that originate at PCH and connect to the US 101 Highway corridor to the north. During previous wildfire evacuations in Malibu, PCH was essential as both an evacuation route and for emergency vehicle access. The two-way center turn lane, where available, provided critical flexibility and served as a contraflow lane for emergency vehicles.

Before the Franklin Fire (December 2024) and Palisades Fire (January 2025) occurred, Caltrans developed the PCH Master Plan Feasibility Study (Feasibility Study)2. The purpose of the Feasibility Study was to identify potential transportation improvements to improve safety and connectivity for all PCH users. The Study proposed strategies specifically to address evacuation and emergency access needs, such as the emergency access medians. These strategies included options for mountable rubber curbing and ramps that would allow emergency vehicles to traverse concrete-curbed medians. However, some proposed improvements, such as reducing the number of travel lanes or converting two-way left turn lanes into landscaped medians, could limit emergency response flexibility during future incidents. Following the recent fires, Caltrans has acknowledged that the Feasibility Study’s recommendations may need to be revisited or modified as the community recovers. This process creates an opportunity for the City to coordinate closely with Caltrans and provide feedback to ensure that evacuation and emergency access needs are fully addressed in future planning.

During the previous fire evacuations, traffic congestion became a significant issue, particularly due to vehicles breaking down or being abandoned by drivers during evacuation. This resulted in major road blockages that slowed down or completely halted the movement of evacuees and emergency responders. Many of Malibu’s evacuation routes, such as Big Rock Drive, Corral Canyon Road, and Las Flores Canyon Road, are narrow, private, and situated on steep terrain, making them particularly vulnerable to gridlock during emergencies. Additionally, falling debris, such as rocks dislodged by fire 2 Caltrans District 7, Pacific Coast Highway Master Plan Feasibility Study, April 2025 163
8 and weather conditions, further impeded evacuation routes, as was also seen during the Woolsey Fire. These road hazards highlighted the need for better road maintenance and pre-disaster preparation.

Traffic Control and Limitations
Several traffic management tools have been effective during previous evacuation incidents. The use of traffic cones in high-risk areas, such as Topanga Canyon, proved effective in controlling access and ensuring smoother traffic flow. By pre-positioning cones during Red Flag conditions and restricting roads to residents only, early traffic control helped prevent worse congestion. This effort was supported by pre-evacuation coordination with Caltrans, which successfully delivered cones in advance on PCH.

Contraflow strategies also present a valuable tool for enhancing evacuation flow when roadway capacity and staffing levels permit. This involves temporarily reversing lanes to direct all traffic in one direction and transporting evacuees out of the evacuation zone. For example, Topanga Canyon Road implements a well-established contraflow procedure in which two southbound lanes are used for outbound traffic during evacuations. This strategy is effective largely because residents are familiar with their evacuation zones and the traffic management procedures in place. However, contraflow requires at least three total lanes and sufficient personnel to safely manage intersections and transitions. Roads like Malibu Canyon Road, which serve fewer residents and have limited lane capacity, may not benefit as significantly from this approach.

Limited personnel availability to manage traffic was a challenge during large-scale evacuations.

Malibu relies primarily on Sheriff's deputies, who must be stationed at each intersection to provide traffic direction. This approach is labor-intensive and not always feasible given staffing constraints.

Compounding the issue, PCH is a Caltrans-maintained facility, so the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department does not have direct control over traffic signals. Although they can activate flashing modes using signal keys, this solution is not practical for widespread use during citywide evacuations.

The 2020 Transportation Study recommended the City purchase additional Changeable or Dynamic Message Signs (CMS/DMS), which were confirmed as a useful tool by the Sheriff’s representatives.

These signs can provide real-time evacuation instructions, route changes, and hazard alerts to drivers, thereby reducing confusion and improving evacuation efficiency.

Power Outages and PSPS Impacts
Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS), initiated to reduce wildfire risk, caused widespread power outages that had cascading effects on evacuation efforts. Without power, traffic signals and communication systems were disrupted, leading to confusion and panic among residents. This sometimes triggered gridlock on key evacuation routes. These power outages also raised important questions about accountability, with uncertainty around whether Caltrans, Southern California Edison, or the City of Malibu is responsible for ensuring traffic and infrastructure stability during PSPS events.

Utility and Roadside Hazards
Another critical issue was the presence of utility infrastructure vulnerable to fire damage. If they are not secured, power poles and electrical lines can become a fire hazard and can cause interrupted 164
9 service during emergencies if they fail. Furthermore, the buildup of debris can become hazardous when dislodged during wildfires. These environmental factors pose significant threats to both evacuating residents and first responders and require targeted infrastructure improvements.

3.2 Coordination and Communication
Cross-Jurisdictional Coordination
Mass evacuations cause a surge of evacuees to cross jurisdictional boundaries, during which a coordinated/regional response can be impeded by unexpected traffic congestion and evacuees’ confusion. This occurred during the Palisades Fire evacuation between City of Malibu and other adjacent jurisdictions. Uncoordinated cross-jurisdictional movements place undue pressure on Malibu’s limited infrastructure and emergency personnel and highlight the need for improved communication and joint evacuation planning across jurisdiction boundaries.

Public Communication
Although the City has developed a Mass Evacuation Plan3, evacuation decisions depend on a complex and changing set of factors, including risk levels, road conditions, radar coverage, and required travel distances. Therefore, it was challenging for Sheriff and Fire staff to provide answers when they were asked what the evacuation plan was during the Palisades Fire evacuation. This dynamic nature makes it difficult to establish a one-size-fits-all evacuation plan and underscores the importance of adaptive planning and real-time communication. In addition, real-time communication can be even more effective when supported by pre-established and well-publicized expectations on where the public can find real-time information during an emergency.

3.3 Evacuation Zones and Public Education
Evacuation Zone Awareness
The City’s Public Safety Department has launched several public education initiatives and workshops to increase public awareness of City’s evacuation zone system. While these efforts succeeded in neighborhoods near Topanga Canyon Road, participation in the workshops has been limited elsewhere, resulting in many residents either being unaware of their designated evacuation zone or unable to recall it during high-stress situations. This highlights the need for more innovative and accessible education tools. Furthermore, the absence of wildfire-specific signage in public rights-ofway may contribute to this lack of awareness. For example, while tsunami evacuation signage exists throughout Malibu, no equivalent signage is available for wildfire evacuation since the areas most at risk can change rapidly depending on weather and ignition conditions, which can lead to confusion and uncertainty during emergencies.

Evacuation Orders and Shelter-in-Place Strategy
Pepperdine University’s decision to shelter in place during Palisades Fire was considered the appropriate response given the circumstances. The campus was sufficiently prepared to house its 3 City of Malibu, Mass Evacuation Plan, August 2020. Accessed in September 2025 on https://www.malibucity.org/DocumentCenter/View/26832/FINAL-Evacuation-Plan-8192020 165
10 community safely and effectively. However, outside the university, some residents who were not subject to shelter-in-place directives chose to disregard official evacuation orders and remain at home to protect their property. This behavior is often rooted in a false sense of security, reinforced by favorable outcomes from previous wildfires despite risky decision-making. This normalization of risky behavior makes it hard to shift public attitudes toward safe and proactive evacuation practices.

Overall, this persistent gap in effective public education and behavioral change continues to undermine the City’s evacuation preparedness.

In addition, limited evacuation resources may also influence individual’s decision to shelter in place.

Factors include a lack of awareness of designated evacuation zone, insufficient understanding of the information channels through which evacuation orders are communicated and mobility constraints (described in the subsequent section).

3.4 Vulnerable Populations Support
Vulnerable groups - including individuals with mobility limitations, those with large animals, residents in group living quarters, and individuals without access to personal transportation – require targeted support during evacuations. While City and County staff noted that relatively few residents in Malibu own large animals, there are notable populations lacking personal transportation, such as individuals in rehabilitation centers and those who rely on buses for commuting.

Discussions have explored the creation of a community-led “neighborhood help” program to provide localized support during emergencies. Such program would enhance community resilience and ensure that no individuals are left behind during evacuations. 166
11 4. Study Recommendations
Based on the review of the 2020 Transportation Plan, and feedback from the discussion with Los Angeles County Fire Department and Sheriff’s Departments, this section outlines additional strategies that the City can implement to improve the preparedness and efficiency of evacuation operations.

These strategies can be organized into three categories:

Demand-side: when, how, and where people evacuate in an emergency.

Supply-side: the physical and operational infrastructure that facilitate an emergency evacuation.

Information-side: how information is shared and received before and during an emergency.

4.1 Demand-Side Recommendations
Encourage households (including those who must evacuate livestock) to evacuate using the fewest number of vehicles possible. Public messaging should emphasize the importance of planning ahead and carpooling within households to minimize traffic volume during emergencies.

Promote early evacuation on Red Flag days. Alerts should notify residents of high-risk fire conditions and encourage proactive departure to reduce last-minute congestion, especially if evacuating with livestock/large animals.

Consider the needs of vulnerable populations, such as individuals with mobility limitations, those in group living quarters, K-12 students, and others without access to a personal vehicle in City evacuation plans. Explore community-led “neighborhood help” programs to offer localized support.

To the extent possible, use high-capacity public transit vehicles to reduce the use of single occupancy vehicles and increase the number of evacuees while reducing congestion. Publicize this option, including pick-up points, anticipated operations, and expectations around returning as part of ongoing education and communication campaigns.

4.2 Supply-Side Recommendations
Continue coordination with Caltrans on the PCH Master Feasibility Study and all other PCH planning efforts to make sure evacuation and emergency considerations are integrated into all planning, design, and review processes for PCH improvements.
• Establish a standing working group between the City and Caltrans to review all transportation improvement projects on PCH for emergency and evacuation implications, and to provide regular feedback during recovery and planning phases.
• Require all PCH modification proposals to include a formal assessment of their impact on evacuation routes and emergency response times, with input from local fire, law enforcement, and emergency management agencies.
• Require that all decisions regarding lane reductions, median conversions, or other major changes be documented with clear justifications for how emergency access will be preserved or improved.
167
12 • Explore “win-win” design options that can preserve capacity for emergency vehicles during emergencies while meeting the day-to-day goals of serving all users of PCH with safer, more comfortable multi-modal facilities.

Invest in additional CMS units to enable real-time traffic and evacuation messaging across key corridors.

Expand investment in resilient communication infrastructure that operates independently of commercial power utilities (e.g., Southern California Edison) and traditional telecommunication networks, such as satellite-based systems (e.g., Starlink), radio-based alerting platforms (e.g., AlertFM), to ensure uninterrupted emergency communications during power outages or Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events.

Establish formal protocols for pre-positioning traffic management tools in CONEX or similar storage units, such as cones, signage, and CMS units, in high-risk areas ahead of wildfire events.

Establish joint evacuation protocols and responsibilities with neighboring cities, counties, and agencies on traffic signal timing control on PCH during wildfire evacuations to ensure smooth operations.

Explore the feasibility of a curbside management system to help enforce parking restrictions on Red Flag Warning days. A curbside management system would provide a coordinated or technologyassisted method to monitor and enforce temporary parking restrictions, ensuring curb areas remain clear for emergency access and evacuation during Red Flag Warning days.

Coordinate with owners of private/unmapped roads (including gated communities) to maintain them as viable egress routes and allow for their use during an evacuation. Identify locations with fewer than two egress points and develop specific evacuation strategies for those areas.

Provide City staff with officially marked vehicles or temporary signage/stickers to ensure access to critical areas during emergencies.

4.3 Information-Side Recommendations
Implement a multi-channel, recipient-specific education and training program to enhance wildfire evacuation preparedness across Malibu’s diverse community sectors. • Launch a citywide campaign while the memory of the Palisades Fire remains fresh. Include community workshops, door-to-door outreach, and school-based programs with take-home materials to engage entire households.
• Offer emergency preparedness training to businesses, potentially linking it to the permitting process.
• Provide targeted training to Homeowners Associations (HOAs), Chamber of Commerce, and other community and stakeholder groups to strengthen neighborhood-level coordination. • Continue to support the formation of Firewise communities throughout the City.

Initiate a pilot project to install wildfire-specific signage at City-maintained facilities located at key entry points to fire-prone areas. Signage should include clear messaging such as “You Are Entering a High Fire Risk / Evacuation Zone” to raise public awareness and promote preparedness. 168
13 As part of this pilot project, display evacuation zone numbers on streetlight poles at major intersections and neighborhood entry points, as well as street name signs within each zone. This numbering system will help residents easily identify the zone they live in and understand when to evacuate quickly during emergencies.
• Coordinate with the Public Works Department to identify appropriate pilot locations and oversee installation logistics.
• Launch a concurrent public education campaign to explain the purpose, design, and importance of the signage and numbering system, emphasizing the need for residents to know their evacuation zone.
• Explore and evaluate the trade-offs between static signage (durable but limited in adaptability) and CMS which offer dynamic messaging capabilities but are dependent on battery life and maintenance.
• Collect community feedback during the pilot phase through surveys, public meetings, or digital platforms to assess effectiveness and public support. • Based on community input and operational review, refine the signage system and consider permanent citywide implementation if broadly supported.

Evaluate whether emergency alert platforms can be integrated into the evacuation planning process with the goal of improving real-time, user-friendly communication and addressing existing gaps in public awareness.
169
14 Appendix A: Review of Transportation
Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami
Evacuation
170
Review of
Transportation Plan
for Wildfire and
Tsunami Evacuation
City of Malibu
July 2025
171
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Agenda 01
02 03
04 05
Background
Evacuation Map Overview
Study Intersections
Evacuation Scenarios
Strategies & Implementation
172
Background
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Project initiated by Malibu Public Safety Department to develop citywide comprehensive mass evacuation plan for disasters, emergencies, and significant events.

Project limits: City of Malibu
• 27 miles along south facing shore
• Approximately 13,000 residents
Prepared by Minagar & Associates, Inc. April 2020.

SECTION 01
173
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Evacuation
Map
Overview
SECTION 02
174
Study Intersections
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Primary evacuation routes: (via Pacific Coast Highway):
• Decker Road (SR 23, maintained by Caltrans)
• Encinal Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Kanan Dume Road (city maintained)
• Latigo Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Malibu Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Las Flores Canyon Road (city maintained)
• Topanga Canyon Road (SR 27, maintained
by Caltrans)
SECTION 03
175
SECTION 04
Evacuation Scenarios
176
Evacuation Scenarios
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Scenario # Scenario
0 Existing Normal Conditions
1 Existing Maximized Conditions
2 Wildfire within Western & Central Malibu (Fire Zones 14, 12 & 13) 3 Wildfire within Western Malibu (Fire Zone 14) Excluding Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13) 4 Wildfire within Eastern (Fire Zone 11) including Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13) 5 Wildfire within Eastern (Fire Zone 11) Excluding Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13) 6 Wildfire Citywide (Fire Zones 11, 12, 13, & 14)
7 Tsunami Citywide (Within Los Angeles County & CGS Tsunami Inundation Areas 2-24 and Fire Zones 11, 12, 13 & 14) 177
Methodology:

LOS and Delay (Synchro)
Presentation Name or Project Title
For the City of Malibu, an unacceptable LOS is
considered LOS D or worse, however this would
only apply to the analysis of existing conditions.
178
Scenario 0: Existing Normal Conditions
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary for Existing Normal AM Peak Hour at Each Evacuation Route Intersection Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
STOP Controlled
Approach LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd A 6.6 N/A* N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd D 43.2 N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 0.7 D 33.5
Kanan Dume Rd C 23.2 N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A A 0.9 B 11.3
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.1 B 11.1
Topanga Canyon Blvd E 74.2 N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 179
Scenario 0: Existing Normal Conditions
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary for Existing Normal MD Peak Hour at Each Evacuation Route Intersection Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
STOP Controlled
Approach LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd A 9.9 N/A* N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd C 27.2 N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 2.4 F 94
Kanan Dume Rd C 25.1 N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A A 1.1 B 14.3
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.3 B 13.1
Topanga Canyon Blvd C 27.3 N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 180
Scenario 0: Existing Normal Conditions
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary for Existing Normal PM Peak Hour at Each Evacuation Route Intersection Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
STOP Controlled
Approach LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd B 11.8 N/A* N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd C 31 N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 1.8 F 104.8
Kanan Dume Rd D 39.5 N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A A 1 C 17.6
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.3 C 18.9
Topanga Canyon Blvd D 39.2 N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 181
Scenario 1: Existing
Maximized Conditions
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Based on existing counts,
maximized Hourly Traffic Volume at
each turning movement.
182
Scenario 1: Existing Maximized Conditions
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary for Existing Maximized Conditions at Each Evacuation Route Intersection Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
STOP Controlled
Approach LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd B 12.4 N/A* N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd D 45.1 N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 4.4 F 196.9
Kanan Dume Rd D 36.8 N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A A 1.1 C 20.1
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.4 B 11.9
Topanga Canyon Blvd F 140.1 N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 183
Scenario 2:

Wildfire within Western
& Central Malibu
(Fire Zones 14, 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu Red arrow - Permitted movement:
4 intersections right turn only;
3 left turn only.
184
Scenario 2: Wildfire within Western & Central Malibu
(Fire Zones 14, 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary at Each Evacuation Route Intersection (& compared with Scenario 1) Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
STOP
Controlled
Approach
LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd A 6.1 -6.3 N/A* N/A N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd F 94.7 +49.6 N/A N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 0.4 -4 C 17.7 -179.2
Kanan Dume Rd E 59.6 +22.8 N/A N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A 0.7 +0.4 B 13.6 -6.5
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.2 -0.2 A 9.5 -2.4
Topanga Canyon Blvd F 603.9 +463.8 N/A N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 185
Scenario 3:

Wildfire within Western
Malibu (Fire Zone 14)
Excluding Central Malibu
(Fire Zones 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 186
Scenario 3: Wildfire within Western Malibu (Fire Zone 14) Excluding Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary at Each Evacuation Route Intersection (& compared with Scenario 1) Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
STOP
Controlled
Approach
LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd N/A* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Kanan Dume Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A 0.7 -0.4 B 13.6 -6.5
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.2 -0.2 A 9.5 -2.4
Topanga Canyon Blvd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 187
Scenario 4:

Wildfire within Eastern
(Fire Zone 11) including
Central Malibu (Fire
Zones 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 188
Scenario 4: Wildfire within Eastern (Fire Zone 11)
including Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary at Each Evacuation Route Intersection (& compared with Scenario 1) Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
STOP
Controlled
Approach
LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd A 6.1 -6.3 N/A* N/A N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd F 94.7 +49.6 N/A N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 0.4 -4 C 17.7 -179.2
Kanan Dume Rd F 95.8 +59 N/A N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A 0.7 -0.4 B 13.6 -6.5
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.2 -0.2 A 9.5 -2.4
Topanga Canyon Blvd F 603.9 +463.8 N/A N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 189
Scenario 5:

Wildfire within Eastern
(Fire Zone 11) Excluding
Central Malibu (Fire
Zones 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 190
Scenario 5: Wildfire within Eastern (Fire Zone 11)
Excluding Central Malibu (Fire Zones 12 & 13)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary at Each Evacuation Route Intersection (& compared with Scenario 1) Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
STOP
Controlled
Approach
LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd B 12.4 0 N/A* N/A N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd F 94.7 +49.6 N/A N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Kanan Dume Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Decker Canyon Rd N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Topanga Canyon Blvd F 603.9 +493.8 N/A N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 191
Scenario 6:

Wildfire Citywide
(Fire Zones 11, 12,
13, & 14)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 192
Scenario 6: Wildfire Citywide (Fire Zones 11, 12, 13, & 14) Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary at Each Evacuation Route Intersection
Street Name Intersecting
PCH
Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
STOP
Controlled
Approach
LOS
STOP Controlled
Approach Delay
Value (sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd A 6.1 -6.3 N/A* N/A N/A
Malibu Canyon Rd F 94.7 +49.6 N/A N/A N/A
Latigo Canyon Rd A 0.4 -4 C 17.7 -179.2
Kanan Dume Rd F 95.8 +59 N/A N/A N/A
Encinal Canyon Rd A 0.7 -0.4 B 13.6 -6.5
Decker Canyon Rd A 0.2 -0.2 A 9.5 -2.4
Topanga Canyon Blvd F 603.9 +463.8 N/A N/A N/A
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 193
Scenario 7:

Tsunami Citywide
(Within Los Angeles
County & CGS
Tsunami Inundation
Areas 2-24 and Fire
Zones 11, 12, 13 & 14)
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 194
Scenario 7: Tsunami Citywide (Within Los Angeles County & CGS Tsunami Inundation Areas 2-24 and Fire Zones 11, 12, 13 & 14) Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu LOS Summary at Each Evacuation Route Intersection
Street Name Intersecting PCH Intersection
LOS
Delay
Value
(sec/veh)
Delay
Value
Change
(sec/veh)
Las Flores Canyon Rd F 754.2 +741.8
Malibu Canyon Rd F 684.7 +639.6
Latigo Canyon Rd F 431.1 +426.7
Kanan Dume Rd F 698.7 +661.9
Encinal Canyon Rd D 45.9 +44.8
Decker Canyon Rd A 8.9 +8.5
Topanga Canyon Blvd F 1932.0 +1791.9
Signalized Intersection Stop Controlled Approach/Intersection *N/A: Not Applicable 195
SECTION 05
Strategies & Implementation
196
Short Term Recommendations
• Depending upon the location of wildfire or tsunami,
utilize the recommended Transportation Plan Evacuation
Scenarios #2 thru #6 or Scenario #7 respectively.
• Utilize the 2019 14th Edition of the Work Area Traffic Control Handbook (WATCHBOOK) and 2016 Field Guide
for Temporary Traffic Control.
• Purchase Additional Changeable/Dynamic Message Signs
(CMS/DMS), Trailblazers and Traffic Incident
Management Area Signs
Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 197
Mid-Range Recommendations
• Depending upon the location of wildfire or tsunami, utilize the recommended Transportation Plan Evacuation Scenarios #2 thru #6 or Scenario #7 respectively. • Harden or Implement Protection Systems for the Critical Infrastructure to prevent Roadway Debris.
• Re-analyze and Re-optimize the Traffic Signals along Pacific Coast Highway.

Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 198
Long Term Recommendations
• Widen Pacific Coast Highway via more reversible directional lanes with overhead changeable directional signals
• Expand Approach Capacity of Key Intersections.
• Under EX conditions, two exclusive left turn lanes and one exclusive right turn lanes on Malibu Canyon Road and Kannan Dume Road.
• Scenario #2, 4, 5, and 6 require either Kanan Dume Road and/or Malibu Canyon Road (#5 only) or to be restricted to right turns only, where one of the left turn lanes can be changed to a temporary right turn lane to increase volume flow.

Transportation Plan for Wildfire and Tsunami Evacuation | City of Malibu 199

CITY OF MALIBU

CLIMATE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Prepared for
City of Malibu

Prepared by
Atlas Planning Solutions

September 24, 2025
200

1 This document includes the following chapters:

Chapter 1 – Introduction
This chapter describes climate adaptation planning and the applicable State requirements as they relate to this Vulnerability Assessment.

Chapter 2 – Community Profile
This chapter provides a description of the City of Malibu’s general environment and demographics.

Special emphasis is made to discuss climate vulnerable populations.

Chapter 3 – Vulnerability Assessment
This chapter includes forecasts of each of the five climate-related hazards. It also shows where those hazards are most likely to affect the City of Malibu, and which areas are most vulnerable to these changes.

This chapter also evaluates the City’s current capacity to address the five climate-related hazards. This includes an assessment of the City’s current policies and programs and how they address the ability to respond to hazard events.

Chapter 4 – Vulnerability Evaluation
This chapter evaluates the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of each hazard to identify the level of vulnerability.

The City of Malibu Climate Vulnerability Assessment is intended to inform the community about climate hazard exposure, sensitivity, and capacity to adapt to projected changes to the climate. The data collected and analyzed within this assessment represent a snapshot in time as of the date of this document and should be used as a guide, not a final determinant. Data collected from external, publicly available sources will have varying degrees of uncertainty and may contain some nonconformities, defects, inaccuracies, or errors that existed from the primary source. Although reasonable effort is made to present accurate information, the City of Malibu makes no guarantee or warranty with respect to the information provided. The City, its employees, officers, content providers, affiliates, or other representatives are not liable for damages of any kind (including, without limitation, lost profits, direct, indirect, compensatory, consequential, exemplary, special, incidental, or punitive damages) arising out of your use of, your inability to use, or the content of this document, whether or not we have been advised of the possibility of such damages.
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2 CONTENTS
Executive Summary..................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2. Community Profile .................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Vulnerable Populations............................................................................................................. 9

2.2 Major Community Elements................................................................................................... 13

2.3 City of malibu preparedness programs................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3. Vulnerability Assessment........................................................................................................ 17

3.1 Existing Hazards...................................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Analyzing Climate Change ...................................................................................................... 18

3.3 Impacts of Climate Change ..................................................................................................... 19

3.3.1 Temperature and Precipitation .......................................................................................... 19

3.3.2 Extreme Heat Events .......................................................................................................... 20

3.3.3 Drought ............................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.4 Wildfire and Smoke............................................................................................................. 36

3.3.5 Flooding............................................................................................................................... 50

3.3.6 Geologic and Seismic Hazards............................................................................................ 57 Chapter 4. Malibu Hazard Vulnerability Evaluation ................................................................................. 64

4.1 Evaluation framework..................................................................................................................... 64

4.2 Hazard Vulnerability Outcome........................................................................................................ 64 202

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The City of Malibu (City) recognizes that climate conditions are changing and will have profound effects on the community, ecosystem, and economy. Climate change may be a global phenomenon, but the impacts are felt locally. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at current levels globally, the City’s average annual minimum temperatures are expected to warm by 4-5° F by the end of the century, potentially leading to extreme heat events and drought and exacerbating wildfire conditions.

The City’s climate vulnerabilities were evaluated as part of the 2023 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2021 Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan, the 2021 Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, and the 2023 Malibu Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment. As the Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment was not complete when performing this Vulnerability Assessment, only the Hazard Mitigation Plan, Wildfire Protection Plan and LA County Climate Vulnerability Assessment data and analyses are incorporated herein.

Collectively, the three documents evaluate climate focused and natural hazards that inform the overall vulnerability and adaptative capacity of the City. The City recognizes that the hazards influenced by climate change will not affect all residents and assets equally, as vulnerability depends on existing stressors, potential climate impacts, and existing adaptive capacity. In creating this assessment and adaptation framework, the existing exposure and adaptive capacity were considered in evaluating climate vulnerability.

This Vulnerability Assessment addresses relevant natural hazards for the City influenced by a changing climate and includes extreme heat events, drought, wildfire and smoke, flooding, landslides and liquefaction.

The vulnerability assessment revealed the following hazards have, and will continue, to impact the region:
• Wildfire risk affecting wildlife, natural areas, recreation, and public health • Flooding that exacerbates landslides potentially displacing residents, damaging critical infrastructure, and disrupting the economy
• Intermittent drought that limits water supply and can exacerbate wildfire and landslide conditions
Additionally, all climate-induced hazards have the potential to:
• Risk lives, property, and homes
• Increase mental health impacts and associated trauma
• Overburden emergency services
• Overburdened infrastructure (e.g., electrical blackouts and damage to electrical infrastructure) • Increase utility and insurance costs
• Overburdened non-profit organizations from the increasing demand for services • Limit outdoor recreation, potentially lowering revenue from tourism • Damage trails, forests, wetlands, and meadows
Preparing for the impacts of climate change requires significant investment in time and resources across the region, including emergency services, infrastructure improvements, and expanded social and environmental programs. New, bold, and adaptable approaches to how people live, move, and manage vital resources are needed. Assessing climate vulnerabilities and developing an adaptation framework is the first step towards greater climate resilience for the City of Malibu. 203

4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
According to the State of California’s Legislative Analyst’s Office:
“Addressing the widespread impacts of climate change represents a significant challenge for the State.

A changing climate presents California with five key climate hazards: (1) higher temperatures and extreme heat events, (2) more severe wildfires, (3) more frequent and intense droughts, (4) flooding due to extreme precipitation events, and (5) coastal flooding and erosion from sea-level rise.

These hazards will threaten public health, safety, and well-being—including from life-threatening events, damage to public and private property and infrastructure, and impaired natural resources.”1 To address the potential impacts from these hazardous events on the community, the City of Malibu is expanding upon its climate action and hazard mitigation planning efforts to: 1) focus on climate change adaptation by understanding the City’s vulnerabilities to climate hazards; and 2) explore strategies to reduce the vulnerability to projected climate change effects, increase the local capacity to adapt, and build resilience.

Note the data, policies, guidance, and regulations discussed herein may become out of date over time as climate change and hazard data is updated and new policies, guidance, and regulations pertaining to climate change hazards are released.

Regulatory Drivers and Guidance for Climate Adaptation Planning The report includes a Climate Vulnerability Assessment, which will be incorporated into the City’s General Plan Safety Element, in compliance with SB 379, Government Code section 65302(g)(4)2 and the California Governor’s Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation General Plan Guidelines.

According to SB 379, General Plan Safety Elements must address climate change vulnerability, adaptation strategies, and emergency response strategies. SB 379 states:
“This bill would, upon the next revision of a local hazard mitigation plan on or after January 1, 2017, or, if the local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, require the Safety Element to be reviewed and updated as necessary to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to that County or county. The bill would require the update to include a set of goals, policies, and objectives based on a Vulnerability Assessment, identifying the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, and specified information from federal, State, regional, and local agencies.”
As specified in Government Code section 65302(g)(4)(A) Vulnerability Assessments must identify the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts, utilizing federal, state, regional, and local climate vulnerability documentation such as the California Adaptation Planning Guide and the Cal-Adapt climate tool created by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and University of California, Berkeley Geospatial Innovation Facility. Other sources of information include data from local agencies regarding their adaptive capacity and historical data on natural events and hazards. Per Government Code section 65302(g)(4)(B), adaptation policies, 1 Legislative Analyst’s Office (LAO). 2022. Budget and Policy Post. Climate Change Impacts Across California Crosscutting Issues. April 5, 2022. https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4575. Accessed April 11, 2022. 2 SB 379 was enacted to integrate climate change adaptation into California’s general plan process. 204

5 goals, and objectives are to be developed based on findings from the Vulnerability Assessment.

Additionally, Government Code section 65302(g)(4)(C) requires jurisdictions to create a set of feasible implementation measures to reduce climate change impacts on new or proposed land uses.

AB 162 (2007) Gov Code 65302(g)(2)
AB 162 requires that, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2009, cities and counties address flood hazards and safety in the land use, conservation, safety, and housing elements of their general plans.

SB 1241 (2012) Gov Code 65302(g)(3)
SB 1241 revised the Safety Element requirements to require all cities and counties whose planning area is within the State responsibility area (SRA) or very high fire hazard severity zones (VHFHSZs), as defined by California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), to address and incorporate specific information regarding wildfire hazards and risk, and policies and programs to address and reduce unreasonable risks associated with wildfire. Upon the next revision of the Housing Element on or after January 1, 2014, the bill requires those cities and counties to review and update the Safety Element to consider the advice in the Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation’s most recent publication of “Fire Hazard Planning, General Plan Technical Advice Series” as well as:
information regarding fire hazards, a set of goals, policies, and objectives based on identified fire hazards, and a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out those goals, policies, and objectives.

SB 1000 (2016) Gov Code 65302(h)
SB 1000 stipulates those cities and counties with Disadvantaged Communities, as defined by SB 1000 in Government Code Section 65302(h), incorporate environmental justice policies in their general plans through either a stand-alone element, or by integrating relevant goals, policies, and objectives throughout other elements. The bill requires cities and counties to identify Disadvantaged Communities (as defined in SB 1000), include policies and objectives to reduce unique or compounded health risks in Disadvantaged Communities, promote civic engagement in the public decision-making process, and address the needs of Disadvantaged Communities. Compliance with SB 1000 is triggered when two or more elements in a general plan are revised after January 1, 2018.

SB 1035 (2018) Gov Code 65302(g)(5)
SB 1035 requires regular updates to the Safety Element chapter of the General Plan. The latest information regarding flood and fire hazards must be included and climate change adaptation and resilience must be addressed as part of the update. After 2022, Safety Elements must be updated upon each revision of the housing element or local hazard mitigation plan, but no less often than once every 8 years. Housing element revisions are typically on 4–8-year cycles and LHMP revisions are on 5- year cycles.

SB 99 (2019) Gov Code 65302(g)(5)
SB 99 requires that, upon the next revision of the housing element on or after January 1, 2020, the Safety Element must be updated to include information identifying residential developments in hazard areas that do not have at least two emergency evacuation routes (i.e., points of ingress and egress). 205

6 AB 747 (2019) Gov Code 65302.15
AB 747 requires that, upon the next revision of a LHMP on or after January 1, 2022, or beginning on or before January 1, 2022, if a local jurisdiction has not adopted a LHMP, the Safety Element must be reviewed and updated as necessary to identify evacuation routes and their Capacity, safety, and viability under a range of emergency scenarios. If an LHMP, emergency operations plan, or other document that fulfills commensurate goals and objectives, a local agency may use that information in the Safety Element to comply with this requirement by summarizing and incorporating by reference such a plan or other document into the Safety Element.

Consistent with Government Code 65302(g)(4)(A), the following Vulnerability Assessment and adaptation framework also takes guidance from:

California’s Fourth Climate Assessment (2018)
California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA), OPR, and CEC prepared California’s Fourth Climate Assessment in 2018. The Climate Assessment was designed to present findings in the context of existing climate science, including strategies to adapt to climate impacts and key research gaps needed to spur additional progress on safeguarding California from climate change.

Safeguarding California Plan (2018)
CNRA released an update to the Safeguarding California Plan in 2018, providing a roadmap for State government action to build climate resiliency. The Safeguarding California Plan presents overarching strategies and outlines ongoing actions and cost-effective and achievable next steps to make California more resilient to climate change.

Ocean Protection Council State Sea Level Rise Guidance (2024) Between 2017 and 2024, the Ocean Protection Council (OPC) released three reports that update their understanding of sea level rise science and best practices for planning and addressing anticipated impacts. The reports synthesize recent evolving research on sea level rise science and provide higher level recommendations for how to plan for and address sea level rise impacts, notably including a set of projections recommended for use in planning, permitting, investment, and other decisions. 3 California Coastal Commission Sea Level Rise Policy Guidance (2024) The Coastal Commission’s Sea Level Rise Policy Guidance provides an overview of the best available science on sea level rise for California (i.e., extracted from the OPC State Sea Level Rise Guidance 2024) and recommended methodology for addressing sea level rise in Coastal Commission planning and regulatory actions. It is intended to serve as a multi-purpose resource for a variety of audiences and includes a high level of detail on many subjects. Since the document is not specific to a particular geographic location or development intensity, readers should view the content as a menu of options to use only if relevant, rather than a checklist of required actions.

California Adaptation Planning Guide (2020)
The California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) released the second version of the Adaptation Planning Guide in 2020 - APG 2.0 - which includes updated guidance, an increased focus on equity and outreach, and best practices. The APG is designed to help local government, regional entities, and 3 Ocean Protection Council (OPC). 2024. State of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance: 2024 Update. 206

7 climate organizations incorporate best practices and current science and research into their adaptation plans.4
California Office of Planning and Research Fire Hazard Planning Technical Advisory (2022) The goal of the technical advisory is to provide a robust planning framework for addressing fire hazards, reducing risk, and increasing resilience across California’s diverse communities and landscapes.

Local and Regional Climate Planning
Historical climate or climate-related assessments evaluated under this effort include:
• Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (2023)
• 2021 Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan
• 2023 Malibu Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment
• 2021 Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment Methodology and Planning Process
The APG 2.0 provides a four-step process that communities can use to plan for climate change. The APG is designed to be flexible and guide communities in adaptation planning.

Source: California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, 2020.

Phases of the Adaptation Planning Process include:
• Phase 1, Explore, Define, and Initiate: This phase includes scoping the process and project, such as identifying the potential climate change effects and important physical, social, and natural assets in the community.
• Phase 2, Assess Vulnerability: This phase includes analysis of exposure to, sensitivity of, and adaptive Capacity to respond to climate effect to determine physical and social vulnerability. • Phase 3, Define Adaptation Framework and Strategies: This phase focuses on creating an adaptation framework and developing adaptation strategies based on the results of the 4 California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES). California Adaptation Planning Guide. June 2020. 207

8 Vulnerability Assessment. The adaptation strategies are the community’s potential response to the Vulnerability Assessment.
• Phase 4, Implement, Monitor, Evaluate, and Adjust: In this phase, the adaptation framework is implemented, consistently monitored and evaluated, and adjusted based on continual learning, feedback, and triggers.

The purpose of this report is to document Step 1 through Step 2. The Vulnerability Assessment follows the approach recommended by APG 2.0. Phase 3 and 4 may occur through two possible pathways: 1) Adoption of policies (e.g., Safety Element) to address climate adaptation strategies and monitoring, and 2) The development of a climate adaptation plan.

The Vulnerability Assessment identifies projected climate change exposures for the City at mid- to late-century timeframes. In addition to identifying the City’s exposure to the effects of climate change, the Vulnerability Assessment evaluates the sensitivity of key population groups and major community elements to climate change and associated hazards.
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9 CHAPTER 2. COMMUNITY PROFILE
The City of Malibu is located along the Pacific Ocean northwest of the City of Los Angeles. Malibu is generally bounded on the north by the Santa Monica Mountains, on the east by Topanga Canyon, on the west by Ventura County and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. Malibu was incorporated on March 28, 1991. The City has 21 miles of coastline along the Pacific Ocean and has a population of 10,915 (2021 U.S. American Community Survey 5-Year Estimate).

The City of Malibu is a dynamic, internationally recognized community in Northern Los Angeles County that offers a high quality of life for its residents. Celebrated for its natural beauty and unique coastal resources, the City is also renowned for its leadership in environmental stewardship, excellent schools and political activism. Malibu has seven miles of public beaches, canyons and watershed along its 21 miles of coastline and provides numerous opportunities for recreation and outdoor activities.

The geography of Malibu includes a wide variety of terrain changes including mesas, canyons and rugged cliffs facing sandy beaches. The landscape ranges from lush greenery with exotic plants to natural habitats consisting of endemic chaparral, scrub grasses, riparian woodlands, and wetlands.

Malibu lies on the fringe of the Santa Monica Mountains, which is an extensive chaparral wilderness area. The City has three large deep gorges and canyons with extensive vegetation growth due to its many streams and creeks.

2.1 VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
Climate change disproportionately affects those with existing disadvantages. Low-income communities and communities of color often live in areas with conditions that expose them to more severe hazards, such as higher temperatures and worse air quality. These communities also have fewer financial resources to adapt to these hazards. For instance, low-income populations are already disproportionately burdened by energy bills and may reduce air conditioning usage out of concerns about cost. People with chronic medical conditions are often more physiologically susceptible to negative health impacts from extreme heat and poor air quality, and those with mobility issues are particularly at risk. These risk factors are often present in older adults, who are more likely to have a limited income, chronic health conditions, and mobility limitations, and are more likely to experience social isolation.5
Factors such as age, physical and mental condition, socioeconomic status, access to key services (e.g., public or private transportation), and other factors affect the ability of people to prepare for and protect themselves and their property from climate-related events. Even though hazard events may impact all parts of the City with equal severity, individuals may experience the effects differently. The impacts from climate change such as fires and floods can have acute mental health impacts. As reported in the State’s 4th Climate Change Assessment, there are potential links between extreme weather events and anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide.6 5 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. 6 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. 209

10 Social Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability is broadly defined as the susceptibility of social groups to the adverse impacts of natural hazards, including disproportionate death, injury, loss, or disruption of livelihood. Social Vulnerability considers the social, economic, demographic, and housing characteristics of a community that influence its ability to prepare for, respond to, cope with, recover from, and adapt to environmental hazards.

FEMA’s National Risk Index provides Social Vulnerability scores and ratings that represent the relative level of a community’s social vulnerability compared to all other communities at the same level. A community’s Social Vulnerability score measures its national rank or percentile. A higher Social Vulnerability score results in a higher Risk Index score as shown in Figure 2-1: National Risk Index: Social Vulnerability.7
Compared to all census tracts in the State, tracts in Malibu along the Highway 1 corridor have a lower social vulnerability rating, meaning the population have lower vulnerability – with a higher ability to adapt and respond to natural hazards.

Even if an area is identified as having low social vulnerability, specific individuals in any population may be more vulnerable to climate hazard events for the following reasons:
• Disability status: Persons with disabilities may often have reduced mobility and experience difficulties living independently. As a result, they may have little or no ability to prepare for and mitigate hazard conditions without assistance from others. • Seniors (individuals at least 65 years of age): Seniors are more likely to have reduced mobility, physical and/or mental disabilities, and lower income levels, all of which may decrease their ability to prepare for and mitigate a hazard event.
• People with underlying health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, kidney disease, diabetes / obesity, and mental health issues (psychiatric disorders, depression).
• Outdoor workers: People who work outdoors are more likely to become dehydrated and become affected by heat-related illness.
• As of 2024, Malibu, California, is a coastal city with an estimated population of approximately 10,366 residents. The City's median age is 51 years, indicating an older demographic compared to national averages. Economically, Malibu is affluent, with a median household income of over $200,000 and a median property value of $2 million.8

Children and seniors are identified as being highly susceptible to climate-induced hazards. With 13.7 percent of the population under the age of 14 and 28.9 percent of the population is aged 65 years and older, a large proportion of Malibu’s community is vulnerable to climate change (see Table 2-1: Age Distribution Comparison: City of Malibu)
7 Federal Emergency Management Administration. 2023. National Risk Index. https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/socialvulnerability. Accessed April 25, 2023. 8 United States Bureau of Census, American Community Survey 2018 - 20221, ESRI Forecasts 2024 210

11 Figure 2-1: National Risk Index: Social Vulnerability •
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12 Table 2-1: Age Distribution Comparison: City of Malibu City of Malibu Under 5 2.5%
5 - 14 11.2%
15 - 24 10.0%
25 - 34 9.6%
35 - 44 10.0%
45 - 54 12.3%
55 - 64 15.5%
Over 65 28.9%
Source: US Census Bureau American Community Survey 2021, Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 MultiJurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan • In California, the percentage of people of retirement age (i.e., 65 years and older) are expected to grow more than twice as fast as the total population, and this growth will vary by region. This means that people are living longer, and the aging population is increasing. This trend is also evident in Malibu where the population aged 65 years and older grew by 35 percent from 2010 to 2024, while the overall City population dropped by over 18 percent in the same period.9
• Table 2-2: Race and Ethnicity: City of Malibu illustrates that the ethnic distribution of Malibu’s population is predominantly people identifying as White Alone with the cohort representing three-quarters of the total City population.

Table 2-2: Race and Ethnicity: City of Malibu City of Malibu White Alone 72.85%
Black Alone 0.64%
American Indian Alone 0.0%
Asian Alone 3.80%
Pacific Islander Alone 0.25%
Some Other Race Alone 2.07%
Two or More Races 6.44%
Hispanic Origin (Any Race) 13.94%
Source: US Census Bureau American Community Survey 2021, Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 MultiJurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan • One aspect of climate hazard planning is the need to address the cultural and language (communications) needs of local populations. This includes the ability to distribute information and provide notification in the event of a regional emergency. For Malibu, an estimated 18.1 percent of the population speaks languages other than English (including English and another language or non-English only) with nearly 0.69 percent speaking English “less than well or not at all”.10 There are potential ramifications to vulnerability if emergency preparedness and climate resiliency programs do not provide information or services in languages besides English.
9 ESRI Forecasts 2024 based on US Census Bureau 2020 Summary File 1 10 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 212

13 Unhoused Population
People experiencing homelessness are highly susceptible to impacts from direct and indirect climate effects including extreme heat events, air pollution from wildfires, and precipitation-driven or coastal flooding. Factors contributing to the rise in people experiencing homelessness include the general lack of housing affordable to lower-income people, increases in the number of people whose incomes fall below the poverty level, reductions in public subsidies, the de-institutionalization of those with mental illness, and increasing substance abuse issues. According to the 2025 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count, in 2025 there were 33 people experiencing sheltered or unsheltered homelessness. This was a decline of over 50 percent from 2024.

To address the issue of homelessness in Malibu, the City has maintained a proactive, service driven approach that strategically bridges outreach and enforcement while considering its impact on the community. Some of those measures include the development of a strategic plan, increased collaboration with stakeholders throughout Los Angeles County, establishing a Homelessness Task Force, securing interim shelter bed opportunities for people experiencing homelessness in Malibu, and the formation of a working group to strengthen cooperation between the various agencies and organizations providing assistance within the community.

The City adopted a Homelessness Strategic Plan in 2018 and currently provides funding for an Outreach Team and a Housing Navigator who work with landlords and shelter facilities throughout Los Angeles County to help people experiencing homelessness get off the streets and into housing. The City also has access to five interim shelter beds in Santa Monica that are dedicated for the City's use and funded by Los Angeles County Measure A through the Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments. City staff conduct routine field checks to prevent the formation of new encampments, address public safety concerns related to homeless encampments in partnership with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and properly assist those who are experiencing homelessness in the City.11

2.2 MAJOR COMMUNITY ELEMENTS
The identification of assets potentially affected by climate change related events are as follows:

Economy
Malibu is a residential community that is also a popular tourist destination. The City has 21 miles of coastline and its beaches are a main attraction. There are also parks owned and operated by the City, National Park Service, State of California, and the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy / Mountains Recreation Conservation Authority in the Santa Monica Mountains.

Economic activity is one indicator of the potential losses that may be incurred in the event of a disaster. In addition to tourism and recreation, there are numerous retail locations along Pacific Coast Highway including the Malibu Civic Center area. Other service industries in Malibu include real estate, financial, health and beauty, medical, and construction.12 11 City of Malibu. Homelessness. 2025. https://www.malibucity.org/865/Homelessness. Accessed May 26, 2025. 12 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 213

14 Fire and Emergency Services
The Las Virgenes-Malibu COG region is part of Los Angeles County. The City contracts for essential services such as law enforcement with the Los Angeles County Sheriff and fire resources through the Consolidated Fire Protection District of Los Angeles County (LASD).

The Las Virgenes-Malibu COG is located in Division VII – Central Region of the Los Angeles County Fire Department’s Regional Plan Divisions. Battalions 1 and 5 of the Los Angeles County Fire Department are assigned to directly serve the Las Virgenes- Malibu region. Battalion 5 is the main division since its stations are located within the region itself. The Local LA County Fire Department Division Headquarters are located at 3970 Carbon Canyon Rd., Malibu 90265. Four additional fire stations are located in the City at:
• Fire Station #71 - 28722 W Pacific Coast Hwy, Malibu, 90265 • Fire Station #72 - 1832 Decker Canyon Rd, Malibu, 90265 • Fire Station #88 - 23720 W Malibu Rd, Malibu, 90265
• Fire Station #99 - 32550 Pacific Coast Hwy, Malibu, 9026513 Sheriff Services
The Malibu/Lost Hills Station provides immediate access and is located at 27050 Agoura Road, Calabasas, CA 91301. This station serves the western portion of Los Angeles County, which is a blend of semi-urban, residential, and rural areas, encompassing both mountain and beach topographies.

LASD personnel that serve the Malibu region are stationed at the Malibu Substation located at 23555 Civic Center Way, Malibu, CA 90265. While the substation is equipped with an EOC, in most emergency situations, emergency operations will operate out of the Lost Hills Station.14 In addition, the City sponsors the Malibu Volunteer Patrol (MVP), a group of residents trained to assist law enforcement personnel. The volunteers work various assignments including patrolling the community, assisting with dissemination of information to the community and providing community services. The involvement of members of the community working alongside Sheriff’s Department personnel improves the communication and understanding between the two groups.

Transportation Systems
The City’s Public Works Department operates and maintains 45 lane miles of City streets, curb and gutters, paths and parking lots. Responsibilities include the maintenance, repair, and improvements of the public infrastructure, including streets, traffic signals, City trees, storm drains, stormwater treatment facilities, wastewater and recycled water treatment facilities, and sidewalk and pathways within the public right-of-way.15
Lifeline Utility Systems
Infrastructure plays a vital role in mitigating the effects of hazard events. When infrastructure fails, it can exacerbate the extent of certain hazards or create complications for rescue workers trying to reach victims. For example, fallen utility poles due to high winds or seismic activity, can obstruct 13 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 14 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 15 City of Malibu Public Works. 2025. https://www.malibucity.org/407/Public-Works. Accessed May 23, 2025. 214

15 roadways and prevent emergency vehicles from reaching affected areas. Brief descriptions of major infrastructure in the City that may be affected by climate-related hazards are as follows:

The City obtains its electricity supply Southern California Edison. The City obtains gas from Southern California Gas Company.16
The City obtains its water from Los Angeles County Waterworks District 29 and the West Basin Municipal Water District.17 This water service area encompasses the City of Malibu and the unincorporated community of Topanga. The system consists of approximately 220 miles of potable water pipelines, including a 35- mile-long transmission water main, and 52 potable water tank reservoirs. There are no pump stations or storage tanks.18

2.3 CITY OF MALIBU PREPAREDNESS PROGRAMS
The City has implemented programs or partnered with external agencies to prepare for, respond to, and help the community recover from human-caused and natural hazards, including those that are climate related. The following programs improve the overall adaptive capacity of the City:

Alert LA County
The system sends shelter-in-place instructions, evacuation, and other emergency messages. It has accessibility features for people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs as well as preferred language for notifications.
19 AB 38 Gov Code 1102.19
As of July 1, 2021, a seller of a property that is in a high or very high fire hazard severity zone as identified by the State Director of Forestry and Fire Protection must provide the buyer documentation stating that the property is in compliance with local vegetation management ordinances.20 Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Program
In the event of an area wide disaster, critical infrastructure and emergency services will be impacted.

The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) academy trains residents to prepare for and respond to life-threatening events in their community. CERT members can mobilize neighborhood resources, deliver immediate assistance to victims, organize emergency communications and provide support to first responders. Malibu makes available the Community Emergency Response Training (CERT) program to their residents.
21 The City participates in the Community Emergency Response Team Program (CERT). Under the CERT Program, volunteers are provided with a FEMA-approved 20-hour program. The City holds CERT training courses three times per year. Approximately 30 CERT graduates have taken additional training to become part of the Malibu CERT Team and are registered as Disaster Service Workers. 16 City of Malibu Public Works. 2025. https://www.malibucity.org/463/Utilities. Accessed May 23, 2025. 17 City of Malibu Public Works. 2025. https://www.malibucity.org/463/Utilities. Accessed May 23, 2025. 18 County of Los Angeles Public Works Waterworks Division. 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan for Los Angeles County Waterworks District No. 29: Malibu, and the Marina del Rey Water System 19 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 20 State of California. 2019. AB38, Wood. Fire safety: low-cost retrofits: regional Capacity review: wildfire mitigation. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB38. Accessed May 26, 2025. 21 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 215

16 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (2023) The 2023 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) includes mitigation actions to decrease the risks associated with the hazards addressed within this Vulnerability Assessment. The cities within the Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments (LVMCOG) experience similar hazards and have combined their efforts in order to produce a more thorough Hazard Mitigation Plan. Combining efforts, identifying common threats, and establishing regional mitigation strategies was a collaborative task that allowed mutual participation and more effective use of resources. The LVMCOG also provides a point of coordination and collaboration between its member cities as well as other cities and public agencies. The MJHMP includes four categories of goals as follows:
• To Protect Life, Property, Environment
• Public Awareness
• Partnerships and Implementation
• Emergency Management
Emergency Preparedness Program
In response to numerous floods, fires, and storms that have occurred since incorporation, the City created a robust emergency preparedness program to train City personnel and the community in emergency preparedness and response procedures.

The City’s emergency preparedness program includes quarterly training and exercises to familiarize staff with the functions of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and their individual roles under various potential disaster scenarios. The City also provides Community Emergency Response Team training, an annual Public Safety Expo and many other emergency preparedness public education events.

Malibu Search & Rescue Team
The Malibu Search & Rescue Team (SAR) was founded in 1977 and is an all-volunteer organization comprised of Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Reserve Deputy Sheriffs and a select group of Civilian Volunteer Specialists and Incident Support Personnel. The Malibu SAR Team is a unit of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department and a member of the California region of the Mountain Rescue Association.

The Malibu SAR jurisdiction covers 187 square miles of the Santa Monica Mountains from the Los Angeles/Ventura County line to Pacific Palisades, the east face of the Santa Susana Mountains and the contract cities of Westlake Village, Agoura Hills, Malibu, Calabasas, and Hidden Hills. The Malibu SAR will also travel anywhere in Los Angeles County to assist other LASD teams. Furthermore, the team will respond to other states or other countries if requested to do so through the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES). The Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department provides the team with rescue vehicles and rescue operations are conducted under the guidance of the Los Angeles County Sheriff.

Beacon Box
The City of Malibu has strategically placed 47 fire-resistant Beacon Boxes around the City which display critical information for public safety personnel such as water resources, road networks, egress areas, safe refuge areas, and high burn risk areas.
216

17 CHAPTER 3. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Addressing the widespread impacts of climate change represents a significant challenge for the State.

A changing climate presents California with five key climate hazards: (1) higher temperatures and extreme heat events, (2) more severe wildfires, (3) more frequent and intense droughts, (4) flooding due to extreme precipitation events and coastal flooding and erosion from sea‑level rise, and (5) increased potential for geologic (landslides) and seismic (earthquake-induced liquefaction) hazards.

These hazards will threaten public health, safety, and well‑being—including from life‑threatening events, damage to public and private property and infrastructure, and impair natural resources.22 Following State guidance, this report provides an assessment of the City’s vulnerabilities to climate change. It identifies and describes the climate hazards and other climate effects that may affect the City in the future. The Vulnerability Assessment follows the process outlined in Phase 2 of APG 2.0 and is composed of the following three steps:
• Exposure: The purpose of this step is to characterize the City’s exposure to current and projected climate hazards. Existing hazards that can be worsened by the effects of climate change are identified and described, based on historical data, including the City’s 2023 Local Mitigation Plan (LHMP). Climate data are used to develop projections for how existing hazards are expected to change by mid- and late century from future climate change. • Sensitivity: This step will characterize potential future climate impacts to community populations and assets. Using historical data and research from regional and State reports on climate impacts, this step explores how sensitive vulnerable populations and assets may be affected by the projected impacts of climate change hazards. • Adaptive Capacity: The City has already taken steps to build resilience and protect sensitive populations and assets from hazards. Thus, the purpose of this step is to characterize the City’s current capability to cope with the projected impacts from climate hazards to vulnerable populations and assets. The capacity of the City to adapt to each of the identified climate impacts is determined through a review of existing plans and programs.

3.1 EXISTING HAZARDS
The City has a history of major hazard events. Presidential disaster declarations are typically issued for hazard events that cause more damage than State and local governments can handle without assistance from the federal government, although no specific dollar loss threshold has been established for these declarations. The following table illustrates examples of past hazard events:
22 California Legislative Analyst’s Office (LAO). 2022. Budget and Policy Post. Climate Change Impacts Across California Crosscutting Issues. April 5, 2022. https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4575. Accessed November 1, 2022. 217

18 Table 3-1: FEMA-Declared Disasters in Malibu
Name of Event FEMA Disaster Number* Date
Palisades Fire DR-4856-DR January 7, 2025
Franklin Fire FMAG December 9-18, 2024
California Covid-19 Pandemic DR-4482-CA March 22, 2020
California Covid-19 Emergency EM-3428-CA March 13, 2020 Woolsey Fire DR-4407-CA November 8-25, 2018
* DR = Disaster Declaration; EM = Emergency Declaration; FM = Fire Management; FS = Fire Suppression Source: FEMA, 2025

3.2 ANALYZING CLIMATE CHANGE
The effects of projected climate change include changes in temperature and precipitation contributing to hazards such as extreme heat events, drought, wildfires (and associated decreases in air quality), flooding associated with large precipitation events, landslides, and coastal flooding and inundation resulting from sea level rise. It is important to note that hazardous events may result from isolated changes, or a combination of changes, in temperature and precipitation.

To assess the potential direct and indirect effects from climate change, APG 2.0 recommends using Cal-Adapt, a global climate simulation model data. Cal-Adapt addresses uncertainty surrounding potential GHG emissions with the use of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The RCPs in this Vulnerability Assessment rely upon two future emissions scenarios: RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. RCP 4.5 and 8.5 are used for these analyses because they provide a plausible range of future greenhouse gas emission scenarios. RCP 4.5 assumes global mitigation efforts are moderately successful, leading to a stabilization of emissions mid-century and a radiative forcing of ~4.5 W/m² by 2100. RCP 8.5 is the "high emissions" or “business-as-usual” pathway, assuming continued heavy reliance on fossil fuels with minimal climate policies, resulting in ~8.5 W/m² by 2100. Using both captures lower- to higherrisk futures to assist with addressing uncertainty. 23 Cal-Adapt also includes ten global climate models, downscaled to local and regional resolution using the Localized Constructed Analogs statistical technique. Four of these models were selected by California’s Climate Action Team Research Working Group as priority models for research contributing to California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Projected future climate from these four models can be described as producing:
• A warm/dry simulation (HadGEM2-ES),
• A cooler/wetter simulation (CNRM-CM5),
• A simulation with higher sensitivity to warming (CanESM2), and 23 Bedsworth et al. 2018. Statewide Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number:

SUMCCCA4-2018-013.
218

19 • A dynamic simulation with greater variability of precipitation for use in modeling water resources (MIROC5).

California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment and Cal-Adapt often rely on these four models:
together, they span the range from high-sensitivity/hot-dry to moderate/low-sensitivity futures and capture different key processes.

3.3 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
The projected outcomes of climate change include increases or decreases in temperature and precipitation as they relate to the frequency, duration, and intensity of changes. Combined, these changes in the historical patterns of temperature and precipitation contribute to changes in the frequency, duration, and intensity of climate hazard events such as extreme heat events, drought, wildfires (and associated decreases in air quality), flooding associated with large precipitation events, landslides, and coastal flooding and inundation resulting from sea level rise.

3.3.1 TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION
Changes in Temperature
Observations over the past century indicate that temperature has increased across southern California and based on 1896-2015 temperature records for the California South Coast NOAA Climate Division, which encompasses the LA region. Significant trends in annual average, maximum, and minimum temperature have been around 0.16°C per decade. Every month has experienced significant positive trends in monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperature. Monthly average and minimum temperatures have increased the most in September and monthly maximum temperatures have increased the most in January, with each trend exceeding 0.2°C per decade.24 According to Cal-Adapt, the historic, observed annual average maximum temperature (1961-1990) for Malibu was 72.2°F.
25 As shown in Table 3-2: Projected Change in Annual Average Temperature: City of Malibu, Malibu is projected to increase by mid-century and further increase by the end of the century.

Modeled scenarios illustrate an increase in temperatures of 4.4°F to 7.4°F by the end of the 21st century, corresponding to the medium or high emissions scenario.

The increase in minimum temperatures over time should also be considered as it can have a substantial impact on the community and the economy. Higher minimum temperatures equate to warmer nights that may impact those susceptible to heat effects. 24 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. 25 California Energy Commission. 2025. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Annual Average Maximum and Minimum Temperature. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed May 26, 2025. 219

20 Table 3-2: Projected Change in Annual Average Temperature: City of Malibu Annual
Average
Temperature
Historic Annual
Average Temperature
(1961 - 1990)
Medium Emissions (RCP 4.5) High Emissions (RCP 8.5)
Mid-Century End-Century Mid-Century End-Century
Maximum 72.2°F 77.3°F 78.8°F 77.6°F 82.2°F
Minimum 71.4°F 73.2°F 74.4°F 73.9°F 76.5°F
°F = degrees Fahrenheit
California Energy Commission. 2025. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Annual Average Maximum and Minimum Temperature. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed May 26, 2025.

Changes in Precipitation
Malibu experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Average high temperatures range from approximately 61°F (16°C) in December to about 80°F (27°C) in August. Nighttime lows vary from around 50°F (10°C) in winter to 64°F (18°C) in summer . Rainfall is concentrated in the cooler months, with December being the wettest, averaging

3.3 inches (83 mm), while the summer months, particularly July and August, are nearly rainless . The coastal location moderates temperature extremes, and marine influences like morning fog, especially during May and June, are common . Overall, Malibu enjoys a temperate climate with modest seasonal variation.
26 Annual Average Precipitation Levels
According to Cal-Adapt, annual projected precipitation levels in Malibu are expected to experience little to no change by the end of the century. Table 3-3: Projected Change in Annual Average Precipitation: City of Malibu identifies estimated annual average precipitation levels.

Table 3-3: Projected Change in Annual Average Precipitation: City of Malibu Average
Annual
Precipitation
Historic Annual
Average Precipitation
(1961 - 1990)
Medium Emissions (RCP 4.5) High Emissions (RCP 8.5)
Mid-Century End-Century Mid-Century End-Century

16.1 Inches 16.9 Inches 16.0 Inches 16.5 Inches 18.5 Inches CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Annual Average Precipitation. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/localclimate-change-snapshot. Accessed May 26, 2025.

3.3.2 EXTREME HEAT EVENTS
Extreme heat events are a period when temperatures are abnormally high relative to a designated location’s normal temperature range. Extreme heat events are one of the leading weather-related causes of death in the United States from 1999 through 2009, extreme heat exposure caused more than 7,800 deaths.27 There are generally three types of extreme heat events:
26 Copernicus Climate Change Service. https://climate.copernicus.eu/. Accessed June 2, 2025. 27 United States Global Change Research Program, 2016: The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. A. Crimmins, J. Balbus, J. L. Gamble, C. B. Beard, J. E. Bell, D. Dodgen, R. J. Eisen, N. Fann, M.

D. Hawkins, S. C. Herring, L. Jantarasami, D. M. Mills, S. Saha, M. C. Sarofim, J. Trtanj, and L. Ziska, Eds. 220

21 • Extreme Heat Days: a day during which the maximum temperature surpasses 98 percent of all historic high temperatures for the area, using the time between April and October from 1961 to 1990 as the baseline.
• Warm Nights: any night between April and October when the minimum temperature exceeds 98 percent of all historical minimum daily temperatures observed between 1961 and 1990 for that location.
• Extreme Heatwaves: a successive series of extreme heat days and warm nights where extreme temperatures do not abate. While no universally accepted minimum length of time for a heatwave event exists, Cal-Adapt considers 4 successive extreme heat days and warm nights to be the minimum threshold for an extreme heatwave.

Extreme heat events will feel different from region to region since different areas have different historic high temperatures. For example, an extreme heat day on the coast will feel different than an extreme heat day in the high desert. This is because humidity plays a factor in the perceived heat that people feel. Humid conditions will make a day feel hotter than non-humid conditions, even though the temperature may be the same. The difference between the perceived temperature and the actual temperature is known as the “heat index.” To illustrate the effect of the heat index, a 90°F day with 50 percent humidity feels like 95°F, whereas a 90°F day with 90 percent humidity feels like 122°F. Figure 3-1: National Weather Service Heat Index shows the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Weather Service (NWS) Heat Index.28
Figure 3-1: National Weather Service Heat Index
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service Heat Index.

Historical Extreme Heat Events
Malibu has experienced several significant extreme heat events over the years. Significant historic extreme heat events include:
28 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Weather Service Heat Index. https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-index. Accessed May 26, 2025. 221

22 • July 6, 2018. A major heatwave affected Southern California, with nearby areas like Woodland Hills recording temperatures of 117°F. While specific temperatures for Malibu were not detailed, the region experienced significant heat during this period. 29 • October 24, 2017. Reports indicated that Malibu set an unofficial record for the hottest day and night in its modern history. The extreme temperatures led to early school dismissals and increased fire readiness in the surrounding mountains.30 While the exact temperature was not provided, the closest weather station at Santa Monica Municipal Airport reached 101 degrees on that day31.

Unusually hot days and multi-day heatwaves are a natural part of day-to-day variation in weather. As the Earth’s climate warms, however, hotter-than-usual days and nights are becoming more common, and heatwaves are expected to become more frequent and intense. Increases in these extreme heat events can lead to more heat-related illnesses and deaths, especially if people and communities do not take steps to adapt.32

3.3.2.1 Exposure to Extreme Heat Events
The intensity and frequency of extreme heat are also projected to increase over the LA region. The average hottest day of the year is expected to increase roughly 4-7°F under RCP4.5 and 7-10°F under RCP8.5 by the late-21st century. While the number of extremely hot days is expected to increase in the future, regions along the coast such as Malibu may only see increases of a few days.33 Annual mean maximum temperature could increase by 7.4°F by 2100 (see Table 3-2: Projected Change in Annual Average Temperature: City of Malibu.
34 As illustrated in Table 3-4: Projected Change in
Number of Extreme Heat Days: City of Malibu (90.1°F) the annual number of extreme heat days (over

90.1°F, the 98th percentile) in the City could increase up to 33 days by 2100 under the high emissions scenario.
35 29 KCAL News. 2018. Heat Wave Shatters Records Across Southern California. https://www.weather.gov/mtr/Stormsummaries. https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/heat-wave-malibu-woodlandhills. Accessed June 2, 2025. 30 The Malibu Times. 2017. Yesterday Could Have Been Hottest Day In Modern Malibu History. 31 National Centers for Environmental Information. Global Surface Summary of the Day. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ncdc%3AC00516&utm.

Accessed September 16, 2025.
32 Sarofim, M.C., S. Saha, M.D. Hawkins, D.M. Mills, J. Hess, R. Horton, P. Kinney, J. Schwartz, and A. St. Juliana. 2016. Chapter 2: Temperature-related death and illness. In: The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program.
33 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. 34California Energy Commission. 2025. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Annual Average Maximum Temperature. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed May 26, 2025. 35California Energy Commission. 2022. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Extreme Heat Days. https://caladapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed May 26, 2025. 222

23 Table 3-4: Projected Change in Number of Extreme Heat Days: City of Malibu (90.1°F) Number of
Extreme Heat
Days*
Historic Annual Average
Extreme Heat Days
(1961 - 1990)
Medium Emissions (RCP 4.5) High Emissions (RCP 8.5)
Mid-Century End-Century Mid-Century End-Century
4 12 19 18 37
*Number of days in a year when daily maximum temperature is above a threshold temperature of 90.1 °F.

Note: Threshold temperature used in this tool is location specific. It is defined as the 98th percentile value of historical daily maximum/minimum temperatures (from 1961–1990, between April and October) observed at a location.

Warm Nights
Warm night temperatures affect the ability of a community and its residents to effectively cool down from extreme heat days. If temperatures remain higher than normal during the night, the compounding impacts from high daytime temperatures can be highly detrimental to public health.

According to Cal-Adapt, a warm night event in Malibu is a night when the evening temperature exceeds 64.7°F. Table 3-5: Projected Change in Number of Warm Nights: City of Malibu identifies the projected average number of warm nights that would occur each year under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Based on these projections, the City can anticipate increased demand towards the end of the century - for overnight cooling centers and calls for service from vulnerable populations, which are expected to be disproportionately impacted by extreme heat conditions.

Table 3-5: Projected Change in Number of Warm Nights: City of Malibu Average
Annual
Number of
Warm
Nights*
Historic Annual
Average Warm Nights
(1961 - 1990)
Medium Emissions (RCP 4.5) High Emissions (RCP 8.5)
Mid-Century End-Century Mid-Century
EndCentury
4 22 37 34 80
*Number of days in a year when daily minimum temperature is above a threshold temperature of 64.7 °F. Note: Threshold temperature used in this tool is location specific. It is defined as the 98th percentile value of historical daily maximum/minimum temperatures (from 1961–1990, between April and October) observed at a location.

Source: California Energy Commission. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Warm Nights. https://caladapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed May 26, 2025.

3.3.2.2 Sensitivity to Extreme Heat Events
The impacts of extreme heat events will be most severely felt in highly developed areas of the City that are intensely paved and surrounded by buildings constructed of dark (heat absorbing) materials without the cooling benefits of tree shade. Compared with rural communities, urbanized areas can experience higher temperatures, greater pollution, and more negative health effects, especially during summer months. This phenomenon is known as the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE). Urban heat islands are created by a combination of heat-absorptive surfaces (e.g., dark pavement and roofing), heat-generating activities (e.g., automobile engines and industrial generators), and the absence of “green spaces” (vegetative surfaces that provide evaporative cooling). During extreme heat days and 223

24 heatwaves, asphalt and darker surfaces reduce nighttime cooling as these surface types retain more heat to be released at night. The UHIE is known to intensify extreme heat days and heatwaves.

Transportation Systems
High temperatures increase the risk of pavement deterioration, depending on the paving materials and the traffic load of a given road.36,37 Extreme heat may also cause pavement heave and damage to transportation infrastructure and functioning.38 Extreme heat is also problematic for rail systems, as railroad tracks exposed to high temperatures are at risk of warping or buckling.39 Lifeline Utility Systems
Extreme heat interacts with the electricity system in a number of ways on both the supply reliability and demand side. Transmission and distribution lines experience reduced capacity under high temperatures while wooden poles, substations/large transformers and distribution transformers also experience a reduced lifespan as high temperature stress the infrastructure.37 At the same time, demand for electricity peaks during high heat events and residents, businesses, and industry all use power for cooling. As air conditioning penetration increases in an effort to mitigate the health impacts described above, energy demand continues to increase.40 Transmission facilities face increasing climate change-related risks because of increased frequency of wildfires, severe wind, and extreme heat. Extreme heat and drought can add stress to transmission systems, resulting in system failure. Electrical infrastructure may fail due to increased electrical loads and stress from longer periods of increased operation. A 2011 study found that just one extra day with temperatures above 90°F increases annual household energy use by 0.4 percent.41 Higher temperatures can reduce the water supply in California from reduced precipitation and snowpack and earlier snowmelt.42 Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration both increase under greenhouse gas warming and rising air temperatures.43,44 Renewable energy and electricity storage technologies can add flexibility to the electricity grid.

Together with microgrids, renewables can support increased grid resilience and reliability in the face of extreme weather. Electricity storage also has the potential to replace fossil fuel-fired "peaking" 36 Daniel, J.S., J.M. Jacobs, E. Douglas, R.B. Mallick, and K. Hayhoe. 2014. Impact of climate change on pavement performance:

Preliminary lessons learned through the Infrastructure and Climate Network (IC Net). dot:10.1061/9780784413326.001. 37 Rowan, E., C. Evans, M. Riley-Gilbert, R. Hyman, R. Kafalenos, B. Beucler, B. Rodehorst, A. Choate, and P. Schultz. 2013.

Assessing the sensitivity of transportation assets to extreme weather events and climate change. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2326(1):16—23. doi:10.3141/2326-03. 38 Guo Y, Gasparrini A, Li S, Sera F, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho M, et al. (2018) Quantifying excess deaths related to heatwaves under climate change scenarios: A multicountry time series modelling study. PLoS Med 15(7):
e1002629.
39Magill, B. 2014. “Sun kinks” in railways join the list of climate change’s toll. Scientific American, June 2. www.scientificamerican.com/article/sun-links-in-railways-Join-the-list-of-climate-change-s-toll. Accessed May 26, 2025. 40 California Department of Insurance. 2024. Impacts of extreme heat to California’s people, infrastructure, and economy. 41 Deschênes, Olivier and Michael Greenstone. 2011. Climate Change, Mortality, and Adaptation: Evidence from Annual Fluctuations in Weather in the US. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics Vol. 3 No. 4 October 2011 42 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. What Climate Change Means for California. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf 43 Jacob Scheff and Dargan M. W. Frierson. 2014. Scaling Potential Evapotranspiration with Greenhouse Warming DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00233.1. Journal of Climate. 44 Thibault Lemaitre-Basset, Ludovic Oudin, Guillaume Thirel, and Lila Collet. 2022. Unraveling the contribution of potential evaporation formulation to uncertainty under climate change. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 224

25 power plants, which are called upon in times of high demand for electricity such as during extreme heat events.45
Economic Elements
Extreme heat events have the potential to reduce economic output across a broad range of sectors with exposure to high temperatures and humidity. The California Department of Insurance estimates negative economic impacts to dairy and crop agriculture due to industry productivity losses (e.g., extreme heat events reduce diary milk production) and dairy cow mortality and reduction in crop yields and degradation of crop quality; manufacturing productivity losses due to indoor places of work lacking air conditioning; reductions in time spent working in weather-exposed industries (monetized using lost wages); and business revenue losses due to consumers altering their behavior to avoid extreme heat conditions.46
Laborers in weather-exposed industries such as construction and agriculture are the most prone to extreme heat impacts, even if they work fewer hours when it is hotter. Workers are less productive when it is hotter out.47 Exposure to high temperatures may affect worker safety by increasing rates of workplace injuries48 and it may also affect the performance and productivity of workers.49 Higher temperatures tend to reduce growth in many industries that involve substantial indoor work, including retail, services, and finance. A 1°F increase in the average summer temperature is associated with a reduction in the annual growth rate of state-level economic output of 0.15 to 0.25 percentage points, and rising temperatures could reduce U.S. economic growth by up to one-third over the next century.50
The increase in electricity usage on hot days stresses electric grids right when people depend on them most, as seen in California during recent heatwaves. Blackouts can be quite costly for the economy, as inventories of food and other goods can be spoiled, and many businesses either must run generators or shut down. For instance, the 2019 California blackouts cost an estimated $10 billion due to business closures.
51 Natural Resource Areas
Extreme temperatures — as opposed to warmer average temperatures — are the catalyst for a growing number of extinctions. In 2002, researchers looked at 538 plant and animal species at 581 sites around the world that had been previously surveyed. The goal was to understand what aspects of climate change were the most serious threat to biodiversity. They found that 44 percent of the species 45 Abel, D.W., T. Holloway, M. Harkey, P. Meter, D. Ahl, V.S. Limaye, and J.A. Patz. 2018. Air-quality-related health impacts from climate change and from adaptation of cooling demand for buildings in the eastern United States: An interdisciplinary modeling study. PLOS Medicine 15(7):1—27. dot:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002599. 46 California Department of Insurance. 2024. Impacts of extreme heat to California’s people, infrastructure, and economy. 47 Lemione, Derek. 2021. 4 ways extreme heat hurts the economy. Cornell University Alliance for Science. August 3. https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2021/08/4-ways-extreme-heat-hurts-the-economy. Accessed May 23, 2025. 48 Park, J., Pankratz, N., & Behrer, A. (2021). Temperature, Workplace Safety, and Labor Market Inequality. IZA Discussion Paper No. 14560
49 Cui, W., Cao, G., Park, J. H., Ouyang, Q., & Zhu, Y. 2013. Influence of indoor air temperature on human thermal comfort, motivation and performance. Building and environment, 68, 114-122. 50 Colacito, Riccardo; Bridget Hoffmann, Toan Phan. 2018. Temperature and Growth: A Panel Analysis of the United States.

Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. December 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12574. Accessed May 26, 2025. 51 Wara, Michael. 2019. Impacts of Wildfire on Electric Grid Reliability. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Testimony. December 19.
225

26 at the sites had gone locally extinct, and that the culprit was an increase in the temperature of the hottest days of the year.52
Birds suffer more than other animals as they are diurnal (active in the day) and exposed to the hottest part of the day. Small mammals live underground and are generally nocturnal (active at night). A recent study found that the number of areas that native bumblebees occupy has plummeted 46 percent in North America and 17 percent in Europe compared to surveys taken from 1901 to 1974.

Those bee-less areas were also places with a high degree of climate variation, especially higher temperatures. The study concluded that climate change--specifically hotter and more frequent extremes in temperatures--is related to the growing risk of extinction that animals are facing around the world.53
Water stress induced mortality processes such as hydraulic failure or carbon starvation (when a plant cannot make or access enough sugars to meet its basic energy needs for maintenance and survival) are caused by extreme heat (and drought). Many trees operate at or near their tolerance limit for water stress and may not be able to acclimate to keep pace with the changing climate.54 Climatic changes alter the range, biogeography, and growth of microbes and the vectors of food, water, and vector-borne illnesses. This includes the changes in aquatic environments that could increase harmful algal blooms and lead to increases in foodborne and waterborne illnesses.55 Vulnerable Populations
Increased temperatures manifested as heatwaves and sustained high-heat days directly harm human health through heat-related illnesses (mild heat stress to fatal heat stroke) and the exacerbation of pre-existing conditions in the medically fragile, chronically ill, and vulnerable. Increased heat also intensifies the photochemical reactions that produce smog and ground level ozone and fine particulates (PM2.5), which contribute to and exacerbate respiratory disease in children and adults.

Increased heat and carbon dioxide enhance the growth of plants that produce pollen, which are associated with allergies.56
Higher temperatures and extreme heat can lead to heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, respiratory illness, and increase the risk of heat-related mortality and expansion of vector-borne disease.
57 Whereas a heat event can be relatively harmless for those with a reliable means of staying hydrated and cool, it can be deadly for others. Young children, the elderly, or people suffering from serious medical conditions are physiologically more vulnerable to heatstroke. Some senior citizens also take medicines that can make it harder for their bodies to maintain a safe internal temperature, creating an 52 Roman-Palacios, Cristian and John J Wiens. 2020. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. February 10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913007117
53 Soroye, Peter. Tim Newbold, Jeremy Kerr. 2020. Climate change contributes to widespread declines among bumble bees across continents. Science. February 7. Pp. 685-688. DOI: 10.1126/science.aax8591. 54 Williams I N, Torn M S, Riley W J and Wehner M F 2014 Impacts of climate extremes on gross primary production under global warming Environ. Res. Lett 55 California Department of Public Health. 2017. Climate Change and Health Profile Report Santa Clara County.
56 Maizlish N, English D, Chan J, Dervin K, English P. Climate Change and Health Profile Report: Santa Clara County.

Sacramento, CA: Office of Health Equity, California Department of Public Health; 2017. 57 Southern California Association of Governments. 2020. Extreme Heat & Public Health Report. September. 226

27 additional threat from extreme heat events. Young children may not be aware of the signs of dehydration or ways of protecting themselves from heatstroke.

Extreme heat can cause urban surface areas to become 50 to 90°F Fahrenheit warmer than the air temperature. Extreme heat is present at all hours of the day and the night but is most intense during the day and in the summer. Due to changes in the sun’s intensity, its magnitude varies with seasons.

Surface heat contributes to human discomfort during the day and an increase in energy demand for air conditioning.58
Sudden spikes in heat can catch people by surprise. Stores can rapidly sell out of fans, air-conditioning units, or drinking water during a heatwave. Lower-income households or those with limited mobility may be unable to acquire enough insulation or cooling devices without significant advance preparations. This can be further compounded by the threat of Public Safety Power Shutoff events.

During these events, extreme heat impacts may affect larger portions of the City and populations that would not be considered as vulnerable under normal circumstances.

While the general population may be less vulnerable to extreme heat events, people have unique and individual thresholds. Extreme heat events including heatwaves can lead to illness and death, particularly among older adults, the very young, and other vulnerable populations. People experiencing homelessness are at a high risk of health complications during heatwaves, especially if they are unsheltered.

3.3.2.3 Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat Events
Current research indicates that most people can adapt biologically and physically to incremental increases in average normal temperatures. Children, pregnant women, and older adults are more susceptible to adverse effects because they are less able to regulate their body temperatures. Other at-risk groups include individuals working outdoors, the socially isolated, and those with incomes below the federal poverty level, as well as communities of color. Continuous exposure to increased heat over time will impact how individuals are able to work and play both now and in the future.59 Regulation and Planning
The City of Malibu has implemented several measures to address extreme heat and enhance community resilience60:

1. Cooling Centers: During heatwaves, Malibu designates facilities such as the Michael Landon Community Center at Malibu Bluffs Park and the Malibu Library as cooling centers. These centers provide residents with air-conditioned spaces and access to cold water to mitigate heat-related health risks.

2. Emergency Alerts and Preparedness: The City's Public Safety Department coordinates emergency responses, including issuing Red Flag Warnings during periods of high heat, low humidity, and strong winds. Residents are encouraged to prepare for potential fires, evacuations, and power outages during such events.
58 Southern California Association of Governments. 2020. Extreme Heat & Public Health Report. September. 59 National Institute of Heath, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 2022. Temperature-related Death and Illness. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/climatechange/health_impacts/heat/index.cfm#footnote1 Accessed June 7, 2025. 60 City of Malibu. 2025. News Flash. https://www.malibucity.org/CivicAlerts.aspx. Accessed June 2, 2025. 227

28 3. Public Safety Events: Malibu hosts annual Safety and Preparedness Fairs in collaboration with the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT). These events educate residents on preparing for various disasters, including extreme heat, by offering trainings and resources.

4. Community Engagement: The City actively communicates with residents through platforms like Nextdoor, providing timely updates on heat advisories and safety recommendations during extreme temperature events.

3.3.3 DROUGHT
Increasing temperatures and changes in precipitation may lead to intensified drought conditions.61 Warmer temperatures contribute to more frequent and intense droughts by leading to a decline in and faster melting of winter snowpack, greater rates of evaporation, and drier soils. These conditions decrease the amount of spring and early summer snowmelt runoff upon which the State historically has depended on its annual water supply, while they increase the demand for irrigation water in both agricultural and urban settings.

Drought may lead to water-related problems. When rainfall is less than normal for weeks, months, or years, the flow of streams and rivers declines, water levels in lakes and reservoirs fall, and the depth of water in wells increases. If dry weather persists and water-supply problems develop, the dry period can become a drought.62
As a result, droughts have widespread impacts across the State, including mandatory water use restrictions, reductions in agricultural crop production, and over-pumping of groundwater, which damages infrastructure from land sinking and dries up and degrades domestic well habitats. 63 Historical Drought Events
• The 2007–2011 California drought marked the beginning of increased restrictions on State Water Project (SWP) pumping from the Bay-Delta due to environmental considerations. In April 2007, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) notified its member agencies that it expected challenges in meeting demands due to insufficient imported water supplies from the SWP and the Colorado River. To meet demands, MWD announced that it would implement shortage-related actions consistent with its Water Surplus and Drought Management Plan (WSDMP).
• In January 2014, Governor Brown proclaimed a state of emergency throughout California, calling for increased conservation across the State. In response to the Governor’s drought declaration and call for conservation, the Water Authority activated its WSDMP for the second time since its adoption in 2006, declaring in February 2014 a regional drought response Stage I, Voluntary Supply Management. On April 2, 2017, Governor Brown lifted the drought emergency. This five-year drought (2012 – 2016), which is the most recent, has welldocumented agricultural (e.g., reduced water allocations), physical (e.g., groundwater 61 Maizlish N, English D, Chan J, Dervin K, English P. Climate Change and Health Profile Report: Santa Clara County.

Sacramento, CA: Office of Health Equity, California Department of Public Health; 2017. 62 United States Geological Survey. 2022. California Water Sciences Center. California Drought. https://ca.water.usgs.gov/california-drought/what-is-drought.html. Accessed November 12, 2022. 63 State of California, Legislative Analyst’s Office. 2022. Budget and Policy Post. Climate Change Impacts Across California Crosscutting Issues. April 5, 2022. https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4575. Accessed November 11, 2022. 228

29 depletion-related subsidence) and environmental impacts (e.g., fish mortality). Surface and groundwater withdrawals were used to mitigate water supply impacts. Water transfers were a primary tool to move water to areas of need, such as permanent crops.64 • On April 21, May 10, and July 8, 2021, Governor Newsom issued proclamations that a state of emergency exists in a total of 50 counties due to severe drought conditions and directed State agencies to take immediate action to preserve critical water supplies, mitigate the effects of drought, and ensure the protection of health, safety, and the environment. On October 19, 2021, Governor Newsom signed a proclamation extending the drought emergency Statewide and further urging Californians to reduce their water use. • On January 4, 2022, the State Water Resources Board passed Resolution No. 2022-0002 adopting an emergency regulation to supplement voluntary water conservation.65 • In 2022, California faced one of its most severe droughts on record. By October, 99.77 percent of the state was experiencing Moderate (D1) to Exceptional (D4) drought conditions, with 23.34 percent in Extreme (D3) and 16.57 percent in Exceptional (D4) drought. This period marked the driest three-year span since 1896, leading to widespread water shortages and significant impacts on agriculture and ecosystems.
• The 2023 water year (October 2022 to September 2023) was characterized by extreme weather variability. A series of atmospheric rivers brought substantial rainfall and snowpack, replenishing reservoirs and alleviating drought conditions. By March, all areas previously classified under Exceptional and Extreme drought had improved, and the state concluded the water year with reservoirs at 128 percent of historical averages.
• 2024 saw a return to drier conditions. By October, approximately 67 percent of California was not under drought, but regions in Southern California, including San Bernardino, Riverside, and Imperial counties, experienced Moderate to Extreme drought levels. Statewide precipitation was near average, but certain areas, particularly in the south, remained below average. • As of June 2025, drought conditions have intensified. Approximately 38 percent of California is under drought, with an additional 21 percent classified as Abnormally Dry. Central and Southern California have been particularly affected, with below-normal precipitation and snowpack leading to concerns about water availability and increased wildfire risks.66 Monitoring Drought
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has developed several indices to measure drought impacts and severity and to map their extent and locations. The Palmer Drought Index measures the duration and intensity of long-term drought-inducing circulation patterns. Longterm drought is cumulative, so the intensity of drought during a given month depends on current weather plus the cumulative weather of previous months. The Palmer Drought Index responds rapidly as weather patterns change quickly. Figure 3-2: Palmer Hydrological Drought Index Long-Term Hydrologic Conditions For April 2025 shows this index for April 2025. 64 United States Geological Survey. 2022. California Water Sciences Center. California Drought. Comparisons. 2012-2016 California Drought: Historical Perspectives. https://ca.water.usgs.gov/california-drought/california-droughtcomparisons.html. Accessed November 13, 2022. 65 California Department of Water Resources. 2022. Resolution no. 2022-0002 to adopt an emergency regulation to supplement voluntary water conservation. January 4.
66 California Department of Water Resources Water Use Efficiency Branch. 2024. A Report to the State Water Resources Control Board pursuant to California Water Code Section 10644(c)(1)(B). September 2024. 229

30 As the climate continues to change, many historically dry areas like ours are likely to experience less precipitation and increased risk of prolonged droughts, erratic and unseasonal rainfall patterns, flash floods and surface runoff, topsoil erosion, decline in forest canopy, depletion of groundwater supplies, land subsidence, increased dependence on expensive imported water supplies, and subsequent impacts on human health, economy and more. Droughts are among the most expensive weatherrelated disasters in the world, affecting ecosystems, agriculture, and human society.

Figure 3-2: Palmer Hydrological Drought Index Long-Term Hydrologic Conditions For April 2025 Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Palmer Drought Severity Index. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/historical-palmers/. Accessed May 26, 2025.

The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) uses monthly temperature and precipitation data to calculate a simple soil water balance. The index is a relative measure that typically ranges from -4 (extremely dry) to +4 (extremely wet) and represents how soil moisture availability differs from that expected for a given place and time of year. The PDSI includes a "memory" component that considers past conditions and persistence of soil moisture surplus or deficit.67 67 Carolinas Precipitation Patterns & Probabilities. 2023. https://www.cisa.sc.edu/atlas/glossary.html. Accessed January 20, 2023.
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31 The June 3, 2025, Drought Monitor map for California (Figure 3-3. Drought Monitor) shows that localized drought conditions as “Severe Drought” in Malibu.

Figure 3-3. Drought Monitor
The Drought Monitor is a joint effort of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. A map is released each week with drought conditions across the country, indexing everything from groundwater storage to river levels.

Source: National Drought Mitigation Center — University of Nebraska-Lincoln. https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA. Accessed June 6, 2025.

3.3.3.1 Exposure to Drought
As shown Table 3-3: Change in Annual Average Precipitation: City of Malibu under both the medium and high emissions scenarios, Malibu is not expected to experience significant changes in average precipitation. However, Malibu’s water security is tied to regional hydrology in the Sierra Nevada and Colorado River Basin. Drought in those source regions can tighten supplies, raise costs, and trigger restrictions in Malibu—even if Malibu’s future rainfall is not reduced. California, and by extension the City, has been experiencing prolonged periods of drought. Recent research suggests that extended drought occurrence (a “mega-drought”) could become more pervasive in future decades. An extended drought scenario is predicted for all of California from 2025 to 2075 under the HadGEM2-ES simulation 231

32 and high emissions scenario. The extended drought scenario is based on the average annual precipitation between 1961 and 1990 of 10.9 inches. As shown in Figure 3-4: Projected Drought Conditions: Inches of Precipitation, under the projected drought scenario between 2051 and 2070, the City’s precipitation is not expected to vary from the 1961-1990 baseline of 17.1 inches per year. 68 The Relationship of Drought to Flooding
According to climate forecasters at NASA, the future of fresh water will be full of extremes in the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts. Droughts will pose serious challenges to the safety, health, and food and water supplies of plants, and animals and humans in the City if imported water supplies are reduced. Forecasts must now focus on predicting where it rains or does not, but also how much, and how frequently heavy rain falls versus light rain. Rainfall amounts impact soils saturation and how high streams and rivers rise, which then changes their capacity to hold more in the event of another storm. Drier conditions from extended drought can exacerbate flooding conditions.69 Figure 3-4: Projected Drought Conditions: Inches of Precipitation Source: California Energy Commission. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Extended Drought Scenarios. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed June 6, 2025.

3.3.3.2 Sensitivity to Drought
Drought will continue to be a foreseeable event in the future of California, including the City of Malibu because of its reliance on imported water. Since most droughts are almost entirely contingent on 68 California Energy Commission. Cal-Adapt. 2025. Extended Drought Scenarios, Precipitation by Year for City of Malibu. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed June 6, 2025. 69 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2019. Earth's Freshwater Future: Extremes of Flood and Drought. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2881/earths-freshwater-future-extremes-of-flood-and-drought/. Accessed January 23, 2023. 232

33 global weather phenomena, which vary from year to year, it is impossible to predict either the frequency or severity of future drought events.

Two key challenges to the water supply that would be associated with climate change and drought (not including operating in a complex regulatory environment, aging infrastructure and invasive species impacts). The first key challenge is the reliance on imported water if Los Angeles County's water supply availability and reliability are undermined (due to, e.g., threats to the Delta, reduced snowpack, sea level rise, and levee failures) could undermine water supply availability and reliability thereby increasing demand for water across the region (e.g., due to shifts in land use, groundwater pumping, and new development).

As vegetation changes because of drought conditions, the animal species that depend on certain plant communities for food supply and habitat may be affected. The projected increase in the duration of droughts through the end of the century may threaten ecosystems as species become weak due to limited access to water and become susceptible to disease, pest, and decay.70 An indirect hazard most commonly associated with drought is wildfire. A prolonged lack of precipitation dries out vegetation, which becomes increasingly susceptible to ignition as the duration of the drought extends. Millions of board feet of timber have been lost, and in many cases, erosion has occurred, has caused serious damage to aquatic life, irrigation, and power production due to heavy silting of streams, reservoirs, and rivers.

Drought is also often accompanied by extreme heat, exposing people to the risk of sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion. Pets and farmed animals are also vulnerable to heat-related injuries.

Crops, already susceptible to drier conditions, can become even more vulnerable to extreme heat events as well.

Lifeline Utility Systems
Climate change is also expected to increase the average temperature and cause more frequent and prolonged heatwaves in California and the City. During these events, water supplies may be diverted for cooling functions throughout Los Angeles County. Hotter temperatures may also lead to increased surface water evaporation which could lead to greater water consumption. If a drought were to occur during a future heatwave, it could place the water supply under strain due to increased consumption potentially in combination with reduced supply.

From a statewide perspective, snowpack has fluctuated widely depending weather conditions. Much of California’s water comes from melted snow in the high sierra. In April 2022, the Sierra snowpack was in decline, at 38 percent of the Statewide average. The snowpack was the lowest it had been since 2015 and registered the sixth lowest April measurement in State history. In January 2023, storms in the Sierra Nevada more than doubled the snowpack for a normal January and surpassed the April annual average.71 In April 2025, snowpack was 90 percent of the average.72 70 California Natural Resources agency, Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, and California Energy Commission. 2019.

California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment; San Diego Region Report. Available:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Reg_Report-SUM-CCCA4-2018-009_SanDiego_ADA.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2022. 71 California Department of Water Resources. 2023. Snow Water Equivalents. January 20. 72 California Department of Water Resources. 2025. March Delivers: Statewide Snowpack Near Average As California Approaches End of Wet Season. Accessed June 6, 2025.
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34 Economic Elements
Drought causes the most significant economic impacts on industries that use or depend on water for their business — most notably agriculture and related sectors (forestry, fisheries, and waterborne activities). In addition to losses in crop yields and livestock production, drought is associated with increased insect infestations, plant diseases, and wind erosion. As the general drying of the landscape occurs in a drought, there can be a dramatic shift from high moisture to low moisture, prompting nuisance pests to migrate earlier in the year and in a more concentrated manner.73 And for certain insects that thrive in warm, dry weather, like grasshoppers, populations increase dramatically. Left unaddressed, grasshoppers could cause agricultural damage so severe that beef and crop prices would go up.74 Drought can lead to reduced income for farmers and reduced business for retailers and others who provide goods and services to farmers. This can lead to unemployment, increased credit risk for financial institutions, capital shortfalls, and loss of tax revenue. Prices for food, energy, and other products may also increase as supplies decrease. Additionally, removal of dead trees can be costly and challenging, which can add to the financial impacts of drought.

No structures will be directly affected by drought conditions, though some structures may become vulnerable to wildfires, which are more likely to follow years of drought. Droughts can also have significant impacts on landscapes, which could cause a financial burden to property owners in the form of increased water bills. However, these impacts are not considered critical in planning for impacts from the drought hazard.

The water sector is central to public health and the economy. Water utilities ensure a reliable supply of clean water to communities and ecosystems and contribute significantly to the resilience of many other sectors, including agriculture, energy, and manufacturing. Drought can result in impacts on water utility operations, including:
• Loss of water pressure and water supply
• Poor water quality that may require additional treatment to meet drinking water standards.

Poor water quality from drought is due to a number of interconnected variables including, but not limited to, the increased concentration of contaminants, low-oxygen reservoirs, increased salinity and bromide, and increased microbial growth.
• Inability to access alternative and supplementary water sources because of high demand and competition from other users
• Increased customer demand
• Increased costs and reduced revenues related to drought impacts.

Natural Resource Areas
Climate change threatens biodiversity, as urban development has left species with limited room to migrate. Drier soils may impact the ability of plant species to survive in their native habitats, and riverine ecosystems may experience decreasing populations of aquatic species. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the spread of invasive species and plant diseases that threaten ecosystem health.

Aquatic ecosystems may see a decrease in surface water quality, which would place stress on aquatic life and could result in the spread of invasive species. Climate related ecosystem vulnerabilities may 73 Schellman, Anne. 2015. California drought may be causing shifts in pest invasion behavior. UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=19008. Accessed January 21, 2023. 74 Brown, Matthew. 2021. Forget cicadas. Drought-stricken West is getting plagued by voracious grasshoppers. Los Angeles Times. June 24.
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35 lead to habitat fragmentation, which would impede species migration and threaten the connectivity of regional ecosystems.75
When a drought occurs, the existing pressures on the ecosystem’s natural water supplies are amplified. If the ecosystem’s water needs are not considered in water allocation decisions, then this already vulnerable ecosystem may be pushed beyond the threshold at which it can recover. The ecosystem will begin to function differently, leading to a loss in the critical services it once provided humans—such as purifying water and air, preventing erosion, and providing recreation opportunities.76 An exceptionally severe drought could dramatically reduce the amount of water available for landscaping in the City and deprive trees of the irrigation they require for their survival.

Lack of moisture, already at a severe level in California due to a current multi-year drought and decades of fuel accumulation from historical forestry and fire suppression practices, increases the risk of wildfires. Devastating wildfires like the Palisades Fire of 2025 impact watersheds and increase the risk of landslides or mudslides, which increase sediment in runoff that reduces water quality.

Tree mortality is a key secondary impact of drought. Drought can affect a tree’s ability to generate pitch, which it uses to defend itself against infestation by insects such as the bark beetle. Prolonged periods of drought, such as the one just experienced by the State of California, can cause extensive damage to trees. Since May 2016, the U.S. Forest Service has identified 36 million new dead trees, bringing the total estimate of dead trees in California to 62 million. These impacts are not instantaneous and sometimes are not felt by communities for many years following a drought. Any tree has the potential to be infested by pests that could result in the tree’s death. This means all areas of the City that are landscaped with trees could experience tree mortality. These areas include parks, landscaped parkways and street medians, schools, as well as private homes.

Vulnerable Populations
The entire population of Malibu is vulnerable to drought. Drought can affect people’s health and safety, including health problems related to low water flows, poor water quality, or dust. Droughts can also lead to loss of human life. In addition to fire-related injuries, local and regional transport of smoke, ash, and fine particles increases respiratory and cardiovascular risks. Drought may increase exposure to health hazards including wildfires, dust storms, extreme heat events, flash flooding, degraded water quality, and reduced water quantity. Other possible impacts include recreational risks; effects on air quality; diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and hygiene; compromised food and nutrition; and increased incidence of illness and disease.

3.3.3.3 Adaptive Capacity to Drought
Los Angeles County
• The LA County Water Plan: Focuses on achieving regional water resilience through collaborative Strategies. Over 200 agencies in Los Angeles County manage a complex network of water systems to meet the needs of our communities and environment. To achieve sustainability, resilience, and equity, cross-sector teamwork and a holistic approach to best 75 Valley Water. Climate Change Action Plan. 2021. 76 National Integrated Drought Information Systems. Ecosystems. https://www.drought.gov/sectors/ecosystems. Accessed November 5, 2022.
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36 leverage natural systems and infrastructure are essential. This plan is a living document. The targets, strategies, and actions are a starting point in this effort. There are four key focal areas:

1. Regional Water Supply Reliability: Improving regional water supply reliability by better leveraging our collective local and imported water resources and infrastructure.

2. Groundwater Management And Quality: Realizing our shared groundwater management opportunities by sharing expertise and resources to overcome challenges.

3. Small, At-Risk System Resilience And Drinking Water Equity: Ensuring a consistently high standard of water service for everyone in Los Angeles County by providing regional support for small systems, with focused attention to under-resourced communities because many small systems lack revenue and staffing, have only one source, and serve communities that bear higher risk of service interruptions or quality problems; and regional support fills those gaps.
77 4. Watershed Sediment Management: Mitigating the impacts of wildfire on our water supplies through coordinated efforts between land and water managers. Essentially, Plan calls for shared planning, pre-cleared permits, joint investments, and synchronized operations—so post-fire ash/sediment and runoff do not overwhelm flood control, recharge, or treatment systems.78
Local Water Conservation Efforts
• Malibu Smart Program: The City partners with LA County Waterworks District 29 and West Basin on the Malibu Smart campaign, a comprehensive water conservation program aiming to save 28 million gallons of water annually through rebates, audits, and educational workshops.79

3.3.4 WILDFIRE AND SMOKE
According to the State’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, by 2100, the frequency of extreme wildfires burning over 25,000 acres could increase by nearly 50 percent.80 As with other climate hazards, the State is already beginning to experience an increase in severe wildfires. Most of California’s largest and most destructive wildfires have occurred in recent decades. This pattern has been particularly notable in the last decade, which has seen some of the worst wildfires in the State’s recorded history.81
Wildland fire is a recurrent feature of ecosystems in semi-arid climates throughout the world, including the American West and California. The Mediterranean-type climate of California (and climatically similar regions in other parts of the world) is especially fire prone, as the winter rains support vigorous plant growth and the summer dry season dries out the vegetation, making it exceedingly flammable. Hot and dry conditions, combined with offshore winds in autumn create high 77 An example of a small system is the Small community water system (SCWS): a community water system serving ≤3,300 service connections or ≤10,000 people. California Code, Health and Safety Code - HSC § 116275 78 Los Angeles County 2023. Los Angeles County Water Plan. 2023 Edition. Water Supply Resilience. 79 Institute for Local Government. 2019. City of Malibu Sustainability Best Practices Activities. 80 State of California Climate Adaptation Strategy. 2023. https://climateresilience.ca.gov/overview/impacts.html. Accessed March 7, 2023.
81 State of California, Legislative Analyst’s Office. 2022. Budget and Policy Post. Climate Change Impacts Across California Crosscutting Issues. April 5, 2022. https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4575. Accessed April 11, 2022. 236

37 risk conditions that rapidly spread fires. Fire ignitions in California are primarily due to Increased development in Fire-Prone Areas, utility infrastructure management, and unhealthy forests and climate contribute to higher risk of rapid-fire spread.82 Not only do high-severity wildfires take lives and level homes, public facilities, and community infrastructure, but they also destroy fish and wildlife habitats. Moreover, intense wildfires can also impair air quality throughout the State.

Historical Wildfire Events
Malibu has experienced large and destructive fires. These include:
• 1993 — Old Topanga fire, which burned approximately 350 homes, burned approximately 17,500 acres, caused 3 deaths.
• 2018 — Woolsey fire consumed approximately 96,949 acres across both Los Angeles and Ventura counties destroying or damaging almost 2,000 structures and was responsible for three deaths.
• 2024 — Franklin fire burned over 4,000 acres and destroyed 20 structures. • 2025 — The Palisades Fire burned over 23,ooo acres, destroyed over 1,000 structures, and was responsible for twelve deaths.

3.3.4.1 Exposure to Wildfire
Climate change will result in changes in precipitation patterns, increased temperature, and drought conditions. Wetter months may lead to increased vegetative growth, while following periods of drought will allow for the vegetative growth to dry up, creating greater amounts of fuel for fires.

Climate change will also worsen existing severe wind events, which fuel the spread and intensity of wildfires.

The City’s highest priority is human life-safety. Historically, large wildfires in Malibu and Los Angeles County have resulted in an unfortunate number of casualties and injuries to both firefighters and residents, with the recent 2025 Palisades Fire and the 2018 Woolsey Fire causing some of the most devastating impacts on public safety and property in and around Malibu.

The Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan Planning Area83 presents numerous life safety challenges including:
• Emergency evacuation and management
• Difficult and potentially congested travel routes for use during evacuations • Poor egress and access for citizens, firefighters, and law enforcement • Limited and/or deficient defensible space in certain neighborhoods 82 California Legislative Analyst Office. 2025. Frequently Asked Questions About Wildfires in California. https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4952. Accessed June 16, 2025. 83 The City’s Planning Area as defined in the 2021 Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan, is approximately

19.3 square miles (12,352 acres) of predominantly rural residential and recreational land-use designations, with limited commercial development near the Civic Center and Point Dume areas. 237

38 • High percentage of existing building stock with deficient structural hardening The City of Malibu’s topography and past development practices impedes access and egress for emergency services and efficient evacuation of residents, tourists and other visitors. These impediments include narrow winding roads, steep roads, vegetation encroachment into roadways, gates, bridges, addresses not clearly visible from the road systems, and other speed limiting factors such unlit roads and intersections, unlit street signage, and limited turnaround capabilities. The recent and fast-moving 2025 Palisades Fire and 2018 Woolsey Fire, underscores the need for residents to be prepared to evacuate with clear plans on how they can rapidly access Highway 1/ PCH, the safest primary east-west evacuation route, as well as local city and County transportation boards in managing downstream transit capacities and controls (or the receiving road network’s ability and rules to handle Malibu evacuees once they leave the City).84
Wildland Fire vs. Wildland-Urban Interface Fires
Fire science distinguishes between two types of wildfires: “wildland” fires, which burn predominately in undeveloped areas, and “wildland-urban Interface” (WUI) fires. This distinction is important because mitigation, damage, and actions related to the two types may differ significantly.

Wildland fires that burn in natural settings with little or no development are part of a natural ecological cycle and may be beneficial to the landscape if they burn within the historic range of variability for fire size and intensity. Many species are adapted to California's natural fire regimes and flourish after a low or mixed severity burn. These fires also enhance ecosystem function by creating landscapes that have more variation, are more resilient to other disturbances, and are better able to withstand extremes in precipitation. The wildland fire may result in secondary negative impacts in the form of air pollution, soil erosion (resulting in siltation of streams and lakes), or mudslides, though these impacts tend to be far less than would occur following high severity fires in areas of historic fire suppression. However, unless these fires or their related secondary impacts occur in or near developed areas they are rarely classified as disasters because they do not affect people or the built environment.

The WUI is characterized by the intersection of the natural and the built environments and has been defined as “the area or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels” (Society of American Foresters). The WUI can be configured in many ways including a classic “interface” (e.g., a community that abuts a National Forest at a distinct boundary), an “intermix” (e.g., vegetative fuels distributed between buildings throughout a subdivision between buildings), or an “occlusion” (e.g., a community that completely surrounds a designated open space area).

WUI fires represent an increasingly significant concern for the State of California. California has a chronic and destructive WUI fire history with significant losses of life, structures, infrastructure, agriculture, and businesses. Even relatively small-acreage WUI fires may result in disastrous damage.

Most local governments that have submitted Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (LHMPs) have identified wildfire and WUI fires as specific hazards.85
84 City of Malibu. 2021. Community Wildfire Protection Plan. 85 California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. 2023 State Hazard Mitigation Plan. 238

39 Fire Hazard Severity Zones
CAL FIRE has mapped wildfire hazard zones using a model that designates moderate, high, or very high Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZ), based on how a fire would behave in an area and the probability of flames and embers threatening buildings. For wildland areas, the FHSZ model uses burn probability and fire behavior based on weather, fuel, and terrain. For urban areas, hazard levels are based on vegetation density, distance from wildlands, and the levels assigned to surrounding zones. Each area gets a score for flame length, embers, and the likelihood of burning. Scores of smaller areas are averaged over larger zones that encompass them.

FHSZ ratings are derived from a combination of fire frequency (how often an area burns) and expected fire behavior under severe weather conditions. CAL FIRE’s model derives fire frequency from 50 years of fire history data. It also is based on frequency of fire weather, ignition patterns, and expected rateof spread. It accounts for flying ember production, which is the principal driver of the wildfire hazard in densely developed areas. A related concern in built-out areas is the relative density of vegetative fuels that can start new fires and spread to adjacent structures. The model refines the zones to account for fire exposure mechanisms that cause ignitions to structures.86 While FHSZs do not predict when or where a wildfire may occur, they do identify areas where wildfire hazards could be more severe and of greater concern. As such, the zones identify locations where increased wildfire safety provisions for various building and site components (e.g., fire resistant materials, vents, decks, windows, defensible space wildland-urban-interface safety requirements) would be required for all new construction per California Building Code Chapter 7A. The zone designations must also be included in real estate disclosures and are used by local governments to support wildfire risk analysis and hazard mitigation planning.87 The entire City is located in a classified Local Responsibility Area (LRA) Very High Fire Severity Zone (VHFSZ), while also surrounded by the State Responsibility Area (SRA) Very High Fire Severity Zone. (See Figure 3-5: Fire Hazard Severity Zones).

Climate models have difficulty projecting exactly where and how fires burn as the frequency, severity and impacts of wildfire are sensitive to climate change as well as other factors, such as development patterns and pest infestations. Instead, climate models estimate increased risk from wildfires. As shown in Table 3-6: Modeled Annual Area Burned – City of Malibu, The amount of area within the City at risk of wildfire is projected to increase substantially by the end of the century (depending on scenario) compared with the historic baseline as a result of various interconnected factors including climate conditions, fuel and vegetation characteristics, increases in population density and fire history.

Of important note is that with an increase in the area that may burn is an increase in the frequency and of the fire duration. However, the severity of fire will depend on local conditions, including but not limited to, land use development patterns, weather patterns, other fires occurring at the same time, and availability of emergency resources.
86 California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. 2023 State Hazard Mitigation Plan. 87 City of Malibu. 2021 Community Wildfire Protection Plan. 239

40 Figure 3-5: Fire Hazard Severity Zones
Source: Office of the State Fire Marshall. 2025. Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZ).

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41 Table 3-6: Modeled Annual Area Burned: City of Malibu Baseline (acres) (1961 -
1990)
Medium Emissions (RCP 4.5) High Emissions (RCP 8.5)
Mid-Century End-Century Mid-Century End-Century
379.6 acres 494.8 acres 494 acres 508.6 acres 493.1 acres Source: California Energy Commission. CalAdapt. Local Climate Change Snapshot for Malibu: Wildfire: Modeled Annual Area Burned. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot. Accessed June 9, 2025.

The Annual Average Area Burned can help inform the City if wildfire activity is likely to increase in the study area. Much of California can expect an increased risk of wildfire, with a wildfire season that starts earlier, runs longer, and features more extreme fire events.

Based on the RCP 8.5 scenario, the annual average of area burned could increase by over 126 acres by the end of the century. Increases in fuel loading (the amount of burnable vegetation (fuel) present per unit area),could cause wildfires to move faster and increase the threat to the City. Increased fuel loading increases the potential for higher flame lengths (intensity) and higher heat output (burn severity) but not necessarily rate of spread. Fuel type (think grass vs timber) rather than loading influences rate of spread and the speed/direction at which a wildfire moves is most influenced by wind and slope.

According to Table 3-7: Fire Hazard Severity Zone: Vulnerable Populations, residents living in the VHFHSZ have demographic characteristics similar to the entire City as the VHFSZ covers a vast majority of the City. There are unique challenges for the City, as almost 50 percent of households in the Fire Hazard Severity Zone have at least one individual aged 65 years and older. Additionally, almost 15 percent of households have at least one person living with a disability. Challenges that these populations face include potential inability to access emergency supplies, evacuate, or receive and understand emergency information. The effects of climate change hazards can result in infrastructure disruptions including power outages. Such events could result in additional health hazards for the elderly or people with disabilities who rely on power to sustain medical equipment or assistive technology.

Table 3-7: Fire Hazard Severity Zone: Vulnerable Populations VHFHSZ City of Malibu Total Population1 10,003 10,366
Percent of residents who are children (less than 10 years old)2 6.0% 6.0% Percent of households that have people 65+ years old1 49.3% 49.3% Percentage of households with at least one person living with a disability1 14.6% 14.6% Median age2 51.0 51.0
Total households1 4,364 4,498
Median household income2 $200,001 $200,001
Percent of rental households2 29.3% 29.1%
Percent of household income below poverty level1 8.0% 7.7% Source: US Census Bureau, ACS 2018 - 20221, ESRI Forecasts 20242 Wildland Urban Interface
This Vulnerability Assessment evaluates housing density and wildfire hazard attributes (FHSZ) in an effort to capture Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). Figure 3-6: Wildland Urban Interface displays the overall pattern of WUI development in the City and adjacent unincorporated areas. 241

42 Figure 3-6: Wildland Urban Interface

Note: The WUI dataset is not refined through a field review process; it is not suited for WUI designations for individual houses or neighborhoods.
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43 Table 3-8: Wildland Urban Interface: Vulnerable Populations WUI City of Malibu Total Population1 8,788 10,366
Percent of residents that are children (less than 10 years)2 5.9% 6.0% Percent of households that have people 65+ years1 50.0% 49.3% Percentage of households with at least one person living with a disability1 14.9% 14.6% Median age2 51.3 51.0
Total households1 3,885 4,498
Median household income2 $200,001 $200,001
Percent of rental households2 29.4% 29.1%
Percent of household income below poverty level1 8.0% 7.7% Source: US Census Bureau, ACS 2018 - 20221, ESRI Forecasts 20242 According to Table 3-8: Wildland Urban Interface: Vulnerable Populations, residents living in the Wildland Urban Interface have demographic characteristics similar to the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones as shown in Table 3-7: Fire Hazard Severity Zone: Vulnerable Populations, and therefore the City’s concern would also be similar.

The 2021 Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan performs a hazard and risk assessment to measure the potential impact of a WUI fire and what impact current and possible mitigations may have on the resultant risk. Malibu is considered by CAL FIRE as being “At-risk” due to Federal, State or Local designations.

3.3.4.2 Sensitivity to Wildfire
Wildfire can cause significant damage to critical infrastructure, leading to a potential long-term disruption of public services.

Electrical services, water facilities, wastewater treatment, transportation and police/fire stations comprise just part of the overall critical infrastructure. These major facilities and infrastructure are priority locations for hazard reduction and wildfire hardening projects. Wildfire mitigation actions to protect critical infrastructure are often the responsibility of the entity operating these facilities or services.

Critical Infrastructure
The following is a brief description of critical infrastructure identified in the Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) Planning Area.
• Transportation Systems: Wildfire could damage roads in several ways. Unsafe conditions and damage could lead to road closures. Difficulties may arise with simultaneous evacuation and fire response due to roads that are narrow, steep, or have a dead end. Typical asphalt mixtures could ignite or melt/excessively soften. Debris from fires and subsequent landslides 243

44 could block roads.88,89 Most major roads have sidewalks that create a small defensible space.

Roads can be damaged by increased traffic of heavy vehicles, and vehicles that exceed weight limits, used during emergency response or recovery efforts. Costs associated with transportation infrastructure losses include repair costs, clean-up costs, and costs related to service disruptions.90
Transportation and the movement of individuals to safety ahead of wildfire is a great challenge for City, County and State governments. State Route 1 (PCH) is the principal evacuation route for residents of Malibu and provides east/west egress in the event of a wildfire. Unfortunately, eastbound travel on PCH into West Los Angeles has limited capacity and resulted in significant congestion during evacuations in previous fires. Coordination with the Cities of Los Angeles and Santa Monica and the multiple jurisdictional law enforcement agencies is necessary to better execute future evacuations.

Several north/south travel routes through the Santa Monica Mountains, including Malibu Canyon Road, Kanan Dume Road and Decker Road provide travel routes out of Malibu.

Unfortunately, most major wildfires in the area have approached Malibu through one or several of these canyon roads, making them unsafe and/or unpassable during a wildfire.

The City is also challenged with a series of narrow canyon roads with poor inter-connectivity.

Several neighborhoods have only a single primary egress route, which has historically been congested and/or blocked with traffic for those attempting to access PCH.

Protecting the viability of road systems in the Planning Area is critical to the safety of the public and emergency responders. The maintenance of roadside rights-of-way and prevention of neighborhood landscape vegetation from encroaching onto the road networks will be imperative for the resiliency of not only protecting the physical transportation network, but also the capacity to provide access and egress for the first responders and the public during a major wildfire event.
• Electrical services: Southern California Edison (SCE) is the service provider for the Malibu Community Wildlife Protection Plan Planning Area and maintains two substations, one located in Latigo and the other in Tapia. While no high voltage transmission lines exist within the Planning Area, major transmission corridors pass through the Santa Monica Mountains north of the City. The two City substations are connected to SCE defined “sub-transmission line” identified as 66kV lines. SCE may use Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) as preemptive outages to implement during extreme fire weather (e.g., high winds, low humidity, and dry fuels) to reduce the risk of power lines igniting a wildfire. • Water delivery: Domestic water for City residents is supplied by County Waterworks District No. 29 from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. During recent wildfires, 88 Carvel, R., & Torero, J. (2006). The Contribution of Asphalt Road Surfaces to Fire Risk in Tunnel Fires:

Preliminary Findings. Proceedings of the International Conference on Risk and Fire Engineering for Tunnels, Stations, and Linked Underground Spaces (pp. 83-87). Hong Kong: Tunnel Management International.
89 Cannon, S., & DeGraff, J. (2009). The Increasing Wildfire and Post-Fire Debris-Flow Threat in Western USA, and Implications for Consequences of Climate Change. In K. Sassa, & P. Canuti, Landslides - Disaster Risk Reduction (pp. 177-190). Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 90 Feo, Teresa J., Amber J. Mace, Sarah E. Brady, and Brie Lindsey. 2020. The Costs of Wildfire in California An Independent Review of Scientific and Technical Information. California Council on Science and Technology. ISBN Number: 978-1-930117- 66-2.
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45 the water distribution system has become unserviceable in portions of the City. This has driven local neighborhoods to invest in portable generators to help provide a more resilient power source to help sustain water systems for fire suppression operations. The Los Angeles County Fire Department has water supply requirements for the issuance of final approval of development projects. New construction projects will not receive final approval unless they can show adequate fire flow capacity. Additionally, the Fire Department will no longer accept onsite water tanks to be used as a primary source of water for fire-fighting purposes. • Wastewater treatment: There are no municipal sewer service or wastewater treatment facilities in the City of Malibu. All properties in the City are currently served by individual onsite wastewater treatment systems, with the exception of those served by five small package treatment plants within the City – Latigo Bay Shores, Point Dume, Trancas Canyon, Malibu Mesa, and Maison de Ville.
• Pipelines: Two natural gas distribution pipelines pass north of the City through the Santa Monica Mountains. Both pipelines are subsurface and are not considered at risk from wildfire. • Cellular service: Cellular communication is limited throughout the City of Malibu and surrounding communities in the Santa Monica Mountains. Several cellular towers exist in the Santa Monica Mountains, with several repeaters within the City Planning Area. However, due to the steep topography and numerous canyons throughout the area, cell communication is currently considered unreliable as a primary method for first responders to alert and inform the public concerning wildfire threats. Alternative methods of communication. 91 Cell service is also likely to be interrupted with the frequent power outages.

Economic Elements
Wildfire can lead to the loss of buildings and infrastructure that may need to be repaired from damage or replaced if destroyed. Additional economic losses include the value of private property or inventory that is damaged along with a home, costs associated with temporary accommodation or service disruptions, and costs related to toxic material and debris cleanup. When infrastructure losses cause service disruptions, the costs can be borne by customers and communities far from the perimeter of the wildfire as local infrastructure can be funded through regional measures. 92 Natural Resource Areas
Because of historical forest management trends over the past century, increased temperatures, and more frequent drought, California wildfires are characteristically hotter and more intense as compared to naturally occurring fire regimes. As such, soil structure and moisture retention are damaged, leading to increased susceptibility to erosion or landscapes. If Malibu’s foothills become covered with dry, overgrown vegetation because of drought conditions, extreme heat events and high winds will increase the threat of wildfires.

Beyond direct damage to physical property and harmful effects on public safety, wildfires also result in secondary impacts: a major consequence of wildfires is post-fire flooding and debris flow. Wildfires can burn ground cover and vegetation across the landscape, leaving soil exposed and easily erodible by precipitation. In other cases, fires can cause soil surfaces to harden. Instead of the rain soaking into 91 City of Malibu. 2021 Community Wildfire Protection Plan. 92 Feo, Teresa J., Amber J. Mace, Sarah E. Brady, and Brie Lindsey. 2020. The Costs of Wildfire in California An Independent Review of Scientific and Technical Information. California Council on Science and Technology. ISBN Number: 978-1-930117- 66-2.
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46 the soil, rainwater and melted snow can rush across these hardened surfaces, gaining enough power to erode loose sediments.93
Wildfires could alter hydrology by changing vegetation, increasing runoff, and resulting in more sediment that could block drainage and damage structures.94 The wildfires are unlikely to directly burn and/or damage outfalls themselves due to construction materials and placement near bodies of water.

Conservation areas and open space in the City provide crucial ecosystem services such as the provisioning of clean air and water and climate regulation. If conservation areas are damaged, endangered species could be at increased risk to species survival. If habitats of sensitive species are subject to frequent disturbance or destruction, resources may be needed to conserve these species.

Vulnerable Populations
Wildfires are a major public health concern as they can cause immediate health impacts through burns, injuries, and heat stress. However, wildfire can influence the health outcomes of an area larger than the burn area because the associated smoke can travel long distances and worsen the air quality for extended periods. Wildfires can be a significant contributor to air pollution in both urban and rural areas and have the potential to significantly impact public health through particulates and volatile organic compounds in smoke plumes. Wildfires are a major source of particulate matter, which is an air pollutant that increases one’s risk for respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, negative birth outcomes, and premature death.95 Wildfire smoke contains numerous primary and secondary pollutants, including particulates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, organic compounds, gases, and inorganic materials with toxicological hazard potentials.96 Wildfire smoke also increases exposure to ground level ozone and toxic chemicals (e.g., pesticides, plastics, and paints) released from burned buildings and other man-made materials. Individuals sheltering in place are also at risk of exposure to hazardous air quality because wildfire smoke penetrates homes, particularly older homes.97 Beyond these immediate health impacts, the stress, displacement, and loss of home and community from wildfires can cause significant mental health impacts, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.98
Outside of the property owners directly impacted by a wildfire event, wildfires can also impact seniors and people with disabilities. During hazard events such as wildfires, flooding, or extreme storms, the elderly and other vulnerable populations, such as persons with disabilities, may require additional 93 United States Geological Survey. 2017. Increases in Wildfire-Caused Erosion Could Impact Water in the West. https://www.usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/increases-wildfire-caused-erosion-could-impact-water-supply-and-2.

September 17. Accessed June 6, 2025. 94 U.S. DOT. 2018. Transportation Climate Change Sensitivity Matrix. U.S. Department of Transportation.

Retrieved from https://toolkit.climate.gov/tool/transportation-climate-change-sensitivity-matrix 95 Bell, J.E., S.C. Herring, L. Jantarasami, C. Adrianopoli, K. Benedict, K. Conlon, V. Escobar, J. Hess, J. Luvall, C.P. Garcia-Pando, D. Quattrochi, J. Runkle, and C.J. Schreck, III, 2016: Ch. 4: Impacts of Extreme Events on Human Health. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 99–128. 96 Künzli, N. et al. 2006. Health effects of the 2003 Southern California wildfires on children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 174:1221-8.
97 Rudolph, L., Harrison, C., Buckley, L. & North, S. (2018). Climate Change, Health, and Equity: A Guide for Local Health Departments. Oakland, CA and Washington D.C., Public Health Institute and American Public Health Association.
98 Hanigan, Ivan C., Colin D. Butler, Philip N. Kokic, and Michael F. Hutchinson. 2012. “Suicide and Drought in New South Wales, Australia, 1970–2007.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (35): 13950–55.
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47 assistance to adequately respond. These groups may have limited mobility, be immuno-compromised, and/or not receive notifications regarding current conditions and evacuation requirements. For example, a senior who lives alone may not be aware that a wildfire is burning close to their residence and that they have been ordered to evacuate if those notifications were sent in manner that does not reach them. People with disabilities may require special mobility devices or caregiver assistance to go outside, which may not arrive as quickly as needed. As previously mentioned in the exposure analysis, the City should consider focusing a specific effort as it relates to an aging population. A proportionally larger percentage of the population resides in or near the VHFHSZ and the WUI.

Vulnerable populations with an increased threat level to wildfire and smoke include lower-income, renters, and the unhoused. These groups may not possess enough financial resources to purchase and operate air purifiers or rebuild their homes or search for new homes in the aftermath of a fire. The unhoused and seasonal agricultural workers have an additional risk as they are less likely to receive notification of this or other disasters because of a lack of access to information or technology or emergency notifications are not provided in a language they understand.

3.3.4.3 Adaptive Capacity to Wildfire
The City has addressed wildfire in planning documents such as the City of Malibu’s 2021 Community Wildfire Protection Plan and the Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. The City also has regulations and programs in place that are beneficial during wildfires by limiting further potential public health impacts as further described below:

State of California
In similar acknowledgement of the escalating risk of wildfire, the State of California also issued several documents to assist in wildfire planning and preparation, detailed in the following sections. • Statewide Hazard Mitigation Plan: The State of California Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, revised in 2023, considers wildfire along with floods and earthquakes to be the three primary hazards faced by California. Chapter 9 describes wildfire hazards, vulnerabilities, and risk assessment.

The document notes the importance of cities complying with State LHMP requirements under AB 2140, SB 379 (2015) and SB 1241 (2012).99
Los Angeles County
• Genasys Protect (Zonehaven) Aware Program: The Genasys Protect (Zonehaven) AWARE is a mapping tool used by all LVMCOG cities and is designed to work in combination with public alert and warning systems such as ALERT LA County and local City emergency alert systems.

This tool ensures that both first responders and residents have access to the same Zone maps for efficient evacuation planning. Currently implemented in the Santa Monica Mountain region, residents can easily identify their specific "Zone" and access vital information about emergency services, real-time zone status updates, available shelters, and more. In the event of significant incidents requiring evacuations, the Zone map is continuously updated in real time.
• Los Angeles County Fire Department: First Responders: The Las Virgenes-Malibu Region is located at the Central Operations Bureau, Division of the Los Angeles County Department 99 California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. 2023 State Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2023 247

48 (LACoFD). Battalion 23 of the LACoFD serves the Las Virgenes- Malibu Region with a total of 12 stations assigned to serve five cities and over 68,000 residents. The cities include Agoura Hills, Calabasas, Hidden Hills, Malibu, and Westlake Village. Battalion 5 headquarters are located at 29575 Canwood St. Agoura Hills CA 91301.

Operating 9 divisions and 22 battalions, LACoFD answers approximately 400,000 emergency calls annually. The Department currently has 177 fire stations, 75 paramedic squads, 9 wildland fire suppression camps, 10 bulldozers, 10 helicopters, 23 Prevention Offices, 12 Forestry Units and numerous other response vehicles and facilities. It serves 58 incorporated cities, as well as the unincorporated areas of the County. Additionally, the Department has Planning, Information Management, Lifeguard, and Health Hazardous Materials Divisions which provide valuable services to the more than 4.0 million people who reside in the 1.2 million housing units located throughout the Department’s 2,311 square mile area. The LACoFD is one of six Contract Counties that maintain a contractual relationship with California Department of Forestry and utilizes the California Fire Plan within Los Angeles County as the primary wildland fire protection plan.100
• Fire Prevention Programs: The Los Angeles County Fire Department makes an active effort in order to prevent the possibility of a wildfire occurring within the Las Virgenes-Malibu Region.

The following list provides a sample of the programs, activities and practices. • Prescribed Burning: The health and condition of brush will determine the magnitude of wildfire. The LACoFD does practice prescribed burning. If fuels (slash, dry or dead vegetation, fallen limbs and branches) are allowed to accumulate over long periods of time without being methodically cleared, fire can move more quickly and destroy everything in its path. The results are more catastrophic than if the fuels are periodically eliminated. Prescribed burning is the most efficient method to remove these fuels. • Pre-Fire Management Plan: As a preventative measure, the LACoFD also implements a Pre-Fire Management Plan whose overall goal is to reduce the total cost and losses from wildland fires in California by protecting assets at risk through focused pre-fire management prescriptions and increased initial attacks. • Fuel Modification Plan: The Fuel Modification Plan is part of the Forestry Division of the LACoFD. This publication was prepared to establish a set of guidelines and landscape criteria for all new construction relating to fuel modification planning that will reduce the threat of fire in high hazard areas.
• Vegetation Management Program: The Vegetation Management Program (VMP) is a costsharing program that focuses on the use of prescribed fire, mechanical, biological and chemical means for addressing wildland fire fuel hazards and other resource management issues on State Responsibility Area (SRA) and Local Responsibility Area (LRA) lands. The use of prescribed fire mimics natural processes, restores fire to its historic role in wildland ecosystems, and provides significant fire hazard reduction benefits that enhance public and firefighter safety.
• Brush Clearance Inspection Program: Mandated by the LA County Fire Code, all property owners in the region are presently required to maintain a firebreak around and adjacent to all buildings and structures by removing all flammable vegetation or other combustible 100 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2023 248

49 growth for a minimum distance of 200 feet from the structure or to the property line, whichever is closer.101
• Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Program: The Los Angeles County Wildland Interface Program focuses on reducing wildfire risk in areas where human development meets wildland vegetation. This program encompasses various strategies, including community planning, building codes, defensible space requirements, and public education, to protect lives, property, and natural resources.
• CAL FIRE – Ready, Set, Go Program: The Los Angeles County’s Fire Department participates in the CAL FIRE “Ready, Set, Go!” program to help property owners properly prepare well in advance of a wildfire to increase safety and protect property. This program provides comprehensive information on how to improve structure resistance to wildfires and prepare people to be ready to leave early in a safe manner.102
City of Malibu
• Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP): This Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) provides a science and engineering-based assessment of the wildfire threat in the wildland urban interface (WUI) of the City of Malibu in Los Angeles County, California. This CWPP was developed through a collaborative process involving city officials, Los Angeles County Fire Department, surrounding fire agencies, county officials, county-, state-, and federal-land management agencies, HOAs and other community members. It meets the CWPP requirements set forth in the federal Healthy Forests Restoration Act which include:

Identifying and prioritizing areas for fuel reduction activities; Stakeholder collaboration and addressing structural ignitability.
103
• Firewise Communities: As of 2025, there were numerous Firewise Communities in Malibu and one in the process of being certified. The City fully supports residents spearheading the certification process under this program. The Firewise USA® recognition program is administered by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and provides a collaborative framework to help neighbors in a geographic area get organized, find direction, and take action to increase ignition resistance of their homes and community and to reduce wildfire risks at the local level. In 2023, the City launched a program to assist more neighborhoods to become recognized as Firewise Communities.
• Home Ignition Zone Assessments: Since 2019, the City has conducted over 500 home ignition zone assessments to assist residents with recommendations for hardening their homes against flying embers. The assessments are done according to the National Fire Protection Association’s Assessing Structure Ignition Potential from Wildfire training that covers wildfire behavior, structure exposure, and the concepts of the Home Ignition Zone and Structure Ignition Potential. A survey of 322 participants of the program indicated that a majority had implemented most, all or more of the recommendations.
• Hazard Tree Removal Program: The City has recently removed more than 500 hazard trees.

These included trees that were dead or dying that posed a threat of falling and injuring individuals, damaging property, blocking exit routes or providing additional fuel in a fire. 101 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2023 102 City of Malibu. 2025. Ready, Set, Go. https://www.malibucity.org/1054/Wildfire-Preparedness. Accessed June 6, 2025. 103 City of Malibu Community Wildfire Protection Plan 2021 249

50 • City of Malibu Building Code: The City of Malibu Building Code includes wildfire mitigation standards for residential construction. Specifically, Section 17.40.040 Residential Development Standards require:

1. Every residence shall have a roof constructed with roofing material in compliance with a rating as specified by Section 1603 (Fire Zone 4) of Title 26 (Los Angeles Building Code) of this code (see Chapter 15.04).
8c. Ridgetop development is particularly susceptible to wildfire hazard. In addition to the criteria to reduce visual impact, the planning director shall evaluate all ridgeline development on slopes of at least 3:1 to incorporate adequate setbacks to address potential fire hazard concerns.
• Local Coastal Program Local Implementation Program (LIP) requirements for fuel modification. • Additionally, all applicable development projects are required to obtain County Fire approval for fire access and fuel modification by the Community Development Department (Planning). • Beacon Boxes: The City of Malibu has strategically placed 47 fire-resistant Beacon Boxes around the city which display critical information for public safety personnel such as water resources, road networks, egress areas, safe refuge areas, and high burn risk areas. • Everbridge Alert System: The City of Malibu utilizes Everbridge for their disaster notification system which includes both landline and cell phone contacts.104 Everbridge is the City’s official mass-notification system for imminent threats (e.g., wildfire, evacuations, earthquakes, major road closures). Messages can go out simultaneously by voice call (cell & landline), text/SMS, email, and Everbridge app push, and can be geo-targeted to specific neighborhoods/evacuation zones.
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3.3.5 FLOODING
A flood occurs when land that does not normally have bodies of water becomes suddenly inundated with water. Flooding can occur after periods of heavy rainfall, whether it occurs as a single extreme episode or as a series of storms. When heavy rainfall hits an area where the ground is already saturated, the risk of flooding is high. In developed areas, the presence of pavement and other impervious surfaces means that the ground is less able to absorb water. As a result, rainwater must be carried away in storm channels or waterways. Drainages and stream courses may flood their banks and shores if their capacity is exceeded by rainwater.

Floods pose several threats to communities and public safety. Flooding can cause property damage, destroy homes, and carry away vehicles or other large debris. Topsoil and vegetation can be swept away by floodwater, leading to erosion. Floodwater may impede the movement of victims fleeing a flood or of first responders attempting to reach people in need of help.

Climate models predict that California will experience less frequent but more intense storm patterns in the coming decades. The State's precipitation is expected to fall more frequently as rain rather than snow, compared to historical trends. Additionally, earlier and faster spring snowmelt--caused by 104 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2023 105 City of Malibu. 2025. Alerts & Emergency Notifications. https://www.malibucity.org/566/Alerts-EmergencyNotifications?utm_source=chatgpt.com 250

51 higher temperatures--will cause the State's streams and rivers to swell more in some years. Scientists suggest the combination of these factors could lead to a 50 percent increase in runoff in future years, challenging the capacity of the State’s existing reservoirs, canals, levees, and other flood control systems, and increasing the risk of inland flooding. Floods cause significant risks to human life, and damage roads, buildings, and other infrastructure.106
Annual Rainfall in Malibu Region
Rainfall in the LVMCOG region averages nearly 18 inches per year. However, the term “average rainfall” is misleading because over the recorded history of rainfall in the region, rainfall amounts have ranged from no rain at all in some years to well over normal averages in very wet years. Furthermore, actual rainfall in Southern California tends to fall in large amounts during sporadic and often heavy storms rather than in consistent amounts throughout the year. For example, the years 2022 and 2023 experienced greater than average rainfall including Tropical Storm Hilary in August 2023 which was the first severe storm of this type to reach Southern California since the 1930’s.107 Types of Flooding
Increases in temperature and precipitation can lead to extreme precipitation events that could lead to flooding in the City. In the context of climate change for the City, this Vulnerability Assessment evaluated two types of climate-related floods: riverine and surface flooding caused by precipitationdriven events, and coastal flooding. The following describes the types of floods within each category.

1. Riverine and Surface Flooding from Precipitation-Driven Events • Inland flooding occurs when moderate precipitation accumulates over several days, intense precipitation falls over a brief period, or river overflows because of an ice or debris jam or dam or levee failure.
• A flash flood is caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a brief period, generally less than six hours. Flash floods are usually characterized by raging torrents after heavy rains that rip through riverbeds, urban streets, or mountain canyons. They can occur within minutes or a few hours of excessive rainfall.

2. Coastal Flooding
• A coastal flood, or chronic inundation of land areas along the coast, is caused by higherthan-average high tide and worsened by heavy rainfall and onshore winds (i.e., wind blowing landward from the ocean).
• Storm surge is an abnormal rise in water level in coastal areas, over and above the regular astronomical tide, caused by forces generated from a severe storm's wind, waves, and low atmospheric pressure.108
The following analyses describe riverine and surface flooding and coastal flooding vulnerabilities resulting from projected climate change for the City.
106 State of California, Legislative Analyst’s Office. 2022. Budget and Policy Post. Climate Change Impacts Across California Crosscutting Issues. April 5, 2022. https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4575. Accessed June 2, 2025. 107 Las Virgenes-Malibu Council of Governments Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2023 108 NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory. Severe Weather 101. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/floods/types. Accessed December 6, 2022. 251

52 Historical Riverine and Surface Flooding Events
• February 1992 – Las Flores Canyon Flooding. Torrential storms led to severe flooding and mudslides in Las Flores Canyon, causing significant damage to homes and infrastructure. • January 1994 – Post-Wildfire Mudslides. Following the 1993 wildfires, heavy rains triggered massive mudslides near Las Flores Canyon, closing the Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) for months and causing extensive property damage.
• January 2005 – Los Angeles County Flood. Malibu was affected by widespread flooding due to excessive rainfall, leading to infrastructure damage and road closures. • February 2024 – Atmospheric River Storms. Intense atmospheric river events brought heavy rainfall, resulting in flooding and mudslides that impacted Malibu's transportation routes and communities.
• February 14, 2025 – Severe Flooding and Mudslides. A significant storm system caused severe flooding and mudslides in Malibu, leading to the shutdown of PCH and raising concerns over infrastructure resilience.

3.3.5.1 Exposure to Flooding
Flood zones are geographic areas that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has defined according to varying levels of flood risk. Figure 3-7: Flood Hazard Zones shows the mapped flood hazard zones for 100-year and 500-year flood (the 500-year floodplain is land that is covered in water during a flood event that has a 0.2 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year).

Approximately 9.3 percent of the City is within the 100-year flood plain (1.83 square miles).

3.3.5.2 Sensitivity to Flooding
If enough precipitation were to fall exceeding the storm drain infrastructure design capacity in the City, physical assets located can expect to be inundated. Electronic or mechanical equipment on the ground could become waterlogged and nonfunctional. Emergency services may also be impacted.

Lifeline Utility Systems
Disruptions to communications (including fiber optic cables, data centers, and communications towers) impact all aspects of residents’ lives, from simple services to the complex and interdependent regional economy. Water damaged fiber optic lines can lead to disruptions in communications, which can be catastrophic during a disaster when communication is most essential. Flooded data centers could cause widespread damage to equipment, loss of data, and/or disruption of web-based services that use local data centers for hosting. Flood water can damage equipment at the base of communication towers and can even topple the towers if the water flow is fast enough, causing further damage to nearby homes and businesses.

Economic Elements
Renovations of commercial buildings may be necessary in areas of significant flooding, disrupting associated services. The tourism industry may also be affected by major flood events, as popular vacation areas tend to overlap with flood hazard zones.

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53 Figure 3-7: Flood Hazard Zones
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54 Health Materials
Reentering and cleaning homes and buildings also presents hazards. Flooded buildings can pose significant health hazards to people entering them. Electrical power systems can become hazardous.

Gas leaks can trigger fire and explosions. Flood debris—such as broken bottles, wood, stones, and walls—may cause injuries to those cleaning damaged buildings. Containers of hazardous chemicals may be buried under flood debris. Hazardous dust and mold can circulate through a building and be inhaled by those engaged in cleanup and restoration

Natural Resource Areas
Flooding events are projected to become more frequent and severe and can create significant ecosystem damage, compromising wildlife habitat from impacts such as erosion or sedimentation.

Vulnerable Populations
Age and disability can affect the ability of individuals to prepare for a flood and to move safely before, during, or after a flood. Individuals 65 years and older are more likely to experience difficulties during flooding, as well as with preparing and responding to rapidly changing environments. As little as 6 inches of floodwater can make sidewalks, streets, and pathways difficult to navigate; the elderly may find withstanding such circumstances especially challenging. When public health infrastructure or services are affected by flooding or erosion, the elderly are more likely to be affected by a lack of services than other age groups and may be more physically compromised in seeking services. Floods and their aftermath present numerous threats to public health and safety:
• Unsafe food—Floodwaters contain disease-causing bacteria, dirt, oil, human and animal waste, and farm and industrial chemicals which can contaminate agricultural fields. • Contaminated drinking and washing water and poor sanitation—Flooding impairs clean water sources with pollutants. The pollutants also saturate into the groundwater which may put people at risk by drinking contaminated water. Flooded wastewater treatment plants can be overloaded, resulting in backflows of raw sewage. Private wells can be contaminated by floodwater. Private sewage systems can become a cause of bacteria spread if they overflow. • Floods provide new breeding grounds for mosquitoes in wet areas and stagnant pools. • Mold and mildew — Flooding can cause the growth of mold and mildew in structures.

Excessive exposure to mold and mildew can cause flood victims—especially those with allergies and asthma—to contract upper respiratory diseases. • Carbon monoxide poisoning—In the event of power outages following floods, built-up carbon monoxide from natural gas appliances can poison people and animals. • Mental stress – Experiencing a devastating flood can cause a long-term mental impact. 254

55 Table 3-9: Vulnerable Populations: Flood Zones 100 Year Flood Zone City of Malibu Total Population1 935 10,366
Percent of residents that are children (less than 10 years old)2 5.2% 6.0% Percent of households that have people 65+ years old1 49.0% 49.3% Percentage of households with at least one person living with a disability1 12.8% 14.6%
Median age2 52.9 51.0
Total households1 468 4,498
Median household income2 $200,001 $200,001
Percent of rental households2 37.4% 29.1%
Percent of household income below poverty level1 10.2% 7.7% Source: US Census Bureau, ACS 2018 - 20221, ESRI Forecasts 20242 Coastal Flooding and Inundation from Sea Level Rise
This analysis relies on data from the 2023 Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment. The assessment analyzes coastal hazards including tidal inundation, shoreline and bluff erosion, and extreme coastal storm flooding. The assessment projects the potential impacts and vulnerabilities of sea-level rise (SLR) by mid-century (2050-2060) and late century (2080-2100) in the City of Malibu.

The study area includes Malibu’s shoreline that stretches approximately 22.6- miles from Nicholas Canyon County Beach to Topanga Beach and includes the lower Trancas and Zuma canyons and lowlying areas around Malibu Lagoon. The Malibu coastline consists of a series of bluffs backed by the Santa Monica Mountains that are interspersed with streams and river canyons that transition to coastal floodplain areas and sandy beaches, including the lower Trancas and Zuma canyons and low-lying areas around Malibu Lagoon.109
Malibu has experienced impacts from numerous coastal storm events over the past few decades that included flooding and erosion damage. The Malibu coastline is most vulnerable to swells coming from southern hemisphere storms that typically arrive outside of the winter storm season. These swells can be very damaging because they typically are long crested and powerful, and the south facing coastline has direct exposure. Typical winter storm swells that come from the northwest are blocked by the Channel Islands. Past years of the biggest swells (southern swells in bold) include: August 19, 1969, December 1969, May 1975, January 1993, April 2004, March 2005, July 2009, September 2011, September 2014, August 2020, August 2021, July 2022, January 2023 (L. Doyel, pers. com. February 2023). In the late fall and winter of 1982/83, California experienced an El Niño that produced significant precipitation, strong winds, and high surf along the southern California coast.

The storms damaged a Paradise Cove Pier, eroded beaches and coastal cliffs, destroyed homes above the beach, and caused flooding in creek and river systems. Other notable El Niño seasons occurred in 1988, 1998, and 2010. Most recently, the Adamson House property was damaged in 2019. Malibu 109 City of Malibu Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment. 2023 255

56 oceanfront properties are also subject to tidal inundation during high tides that occur monthly (spring tides) to yearly (king tides).

Exposure and Sensitivity to Coastal Flooding
With projected sea-level rise, Malibu’s vulnerabilities to coastal flooding and erosion are projected to increase. There are many assets shown as currently exposed to flooding and erosion hazards in the coastal zone that are protected to experience greater hazard impacts without action. There are also many assets that are shown as not being currently subject to coastal hazards but may become exposed under projected future conditions. The sections that follow summarize key vulnerabilities in Malibu.
• Critical Facilities and Infrastructure: Critical infrastructure in Malibu includes Lifeguard Towers and the Station at Zuma Beach, which may need modification/relocation to avoid erosion and flooding impacts with sea-level rise. Several stretches of Highway 1 are vulnerable to late century hazards including bluff erosion or coastal storm flooding and wave run-up (along Zuma Beach, Dan Blocker County Beach, Puerco Beach and Carbon Beach). Several fire hydrants may be exposed to coastal flooding and erosion with sea-level rise. Other important infrastructure includes a sewer pump station at the east end of Subarea A that may be exposed to coastal erosion with sea-level rise. In addition, beachfront parcels may also experience issues with onsite septic systems due to rising groundwater levels with sea-level rise. Failure of septic systems may result in discharge of untreated wastewater, poor local water quality and adverse impacts to human health and the environment. • Development: Vulnerable development in Malibu includes beachfront and blufftop homes and businesses, much of which are currently armored and/or elevated. With sea level rise, development on the beaches or lower bluffs may be subjected to coastal erosion and flooding more frequently, leading to property damage and degradation of existing coastal armoring structures. Some oceanfront property and buildings may become impacted by tidal inundation depending on floor elevation and configuration of utilities beneath structures. Shore and bluff erosion may impact upland property and structures. By late century, much of the commercial area west of Malibu Creek and lagoon is vulnerable to coastal storm flooding and regular inundation by spring tides. Access roads to beachfront development may become exposed to erosion with sea-level rise, while Malibu Colony Road may also be subject to tidal inundation and coastal storm flooding.
• Beaches: Many of the narrow beaches along the Malibu coast may disappear with sea level rise, impacting shore ecology and recreation. Beaches in Malibu mostly exist as narrow stretches along beachfront homes, coastal bluffs and Hwy 1, with wider beaches exist at Zuma/Westward Beach, Point Dume State Beach, and Malibu Surfrider Beach. Today, approximately one quarter of beaches in Malibu may disappear annually from seasonal fluctuations alone; nearly two thirds may disappear annually by mid-century. In addition, beaches may cease to recover along coastal armoring and other hardened shorelines without action. The disappearance of beaches in Malibu would adversely impact ecological functions along the coastline as well as recreation opportunities for Malibu residents and visitors.

Malibu City CouncilApril 13, 2026

Malibu City Council
April 13, 2026