Agenda packet, first session — San Dimas City Council, December 10, 2024 (part 7 of 12)

Locate
Withi
Specie
Distribu
and/o
Scientific
Name
(=Synonym)
Common Name
(=Synonym)
Status General Habitat Descriptions in
California
Elevati
Range
known
Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) Listing Codes: the ESA is administered by the USFWS and NMFS. The USFWS has primary responsibility for terrestrial and freshwater organisms, while the responsibilities of NMFS are mainly marine wildlife such as whales and anadromous fish such as salmon. For the purposes of the ESA, Congress defined species to include subspecies, varieties, and, for vertebrates, distinct population segments. The official federal listing of Endangered and Threatened animals is published in 50 CFR § 17.11. •ꢀFE = federally listed as endangered: any species of plant or animal that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range. •ꢀFT = federally listed as threatened: any species of plant or animal that is considered likely to become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the foreseeable future. •ꢀFC = federal candidate for listing: candidate species are plants and animals for which the USFWS has sufficient information on their biological status and threats to propose them for listing as endangered or threatened under the ESA, but for which development of a proposed listing regulation is precluded by higher priority listing actions to address species in greater need. A proposed regulation has not yet been published in the Federal Register for these species.

California Endangered Species Act (CESA) Listing Codes: the CESA is administered by CDFW. The official listing of Animals of California Declared To Be Endangered or Threatened is contained in the California Code of Regulations, Title 14, § 670.5. Species and subspecies of California native animals are declared to be endangered or threatened as defined by §§ 2062 and 2067 of the Fish and Game Code.
•ꢀSE = state-listed as endangered: "endangered species" means a native species or subspecies of a bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, reptile, or plant which is in serious danger of becoming extinct throughout all, or a significant portion, of its range due to one or more causes, including loss of habitat, change in habitat, overexploitation, predation, competition, or disease (Fish and Game Code § 2062).
•ꢀST = state-listed as threatened: "threatened species" means a native species or subspecies of a bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, reptile, or plant that, although not presently threatened with extinction, is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future in the absence of the special protection and management efforts (Fish and Game Code § 2067).

California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)
Designations: For some wildlife species, the CNDDB is only concerned with specific portions of the life history, such as roosts, rookeries, or nesting colonies. For many species of birds, the primary emphasis is on the breeding population in California. For some species which do not breed in California but winter here, emphasis is on wintering range. The SSC designation thus may include a comment regarding the specific protection provided such as nesting or wintering •ꢀSSC = species of special concern: a species of special concern is a species, subspecies, or distinct population of an animal (fish, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal) native to California that currently satisfies one or more of the following (not necessarily mutually exclusive) criteria: is extirpated from the state or, in the case of birds, in its primary seasonal or breeding role; is listed as federally-, but not state-, threatened or endangered; meets the state definition of threatened or endangered, but has not formally been listed; is experiencing, or formerly experienced, serious (noncyclical) population declines or range retractions (not reversed) that, if continued or resumed, could qualify it for state threatened or endangered status; has naturally small populations exhibiting high susceptibility to risk from any factor(s), that if realized, could lead to declines that would qualify it for state threatened or endangered status. •ꢀFully protected: fully protected animal species may not be taken or possessed at any time and no licenses or permits may be issued for their take except for collecting these species for necessary scientific research and relocation of the bird species for the protection of livestock. Lists were created for fish (Fish and Game Code § 5515), amphibians and reptiles (Fish and Game Code § 5050), birds (Fish and Game Code § 3511) and mammals (Fish and Game Code § 4700). •ꢀWL = watch list: this list includes birds identified in the California Bird Species of Special Concern (Shuford and Gardali, 2008) report and are not on the current CDFW species of special concern list, but were on previous lists and they have not been state-listed under CESA; were previously state or federally listed and now are on neither list; or are on the list of fully protected species.
•ꢀSpecial Animals List: The Special Animals List contains taxa that are actively inventoried, tracked, and mapped by the CNDDB, as well as taxa for which mapped data may not yet be incorporated into CNDDB user products
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
Designations: •ꢀFSC = federal species of concern: federal species of concern is an informal term. It is not defined in the ESA. The term commonly refers to species that are declining or appear to be in need of conservation. •ꢀBCC = bird of conservation concern: a bird of conservation concern is listed in the USFWS’ 2008 Birds of Conservation Concern report. The report identifies species, subspecies, and populations of all migratory and non-migratory bird species (beyond those already designated as federally threatened or endangered) that, without additional conservation actions, are likely to become candidates for listing under the ESA. While all of the bird species included in the report is priorities for conservation action, the list makes no finding with regard to whether they warrant consideration for ESA listing.

Western Bat Working Group (WBWG)
Designations: The WBWG is composed of agencies, organizations, and individuals interested in bat research, management, and conservation from 13 western states and provinces. Species are ranked as High, Medium, or Low Priority in each of 10 regions in western North America. •ꢀH = High Priority: These species are considered the highest priority for funding, planning, and conservation actions, Information about status and hreats to most species could result in effective conservation actions being implemented should a commitment to management exist. These species are imperiled or are at high risk of imperilment. •ꢀM = Medium Priority: These species warrant closer evaluation, more research, and conservation actions of both the species and possible threats. A lack of meaningful information is a major obstacle in adequately assessing these species' status and should be considered a threat. Resource
s•ꢀCheck-ListꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmericanꢀBirds,ꢀ7thꢀeditionꢀ(AOU,ꢀ1998); •ꢀ(AOUꢀwebsiteꢀ);
• Amphibian species accounts (Amphibiaweb website );
•ꢀTerrestrialꢀMammalꢀSpeciesꢀofꢀSpecialꢀConcernꢀinꢀCaliforniaꢀ(Bolster,ꢀ1998); •ꢀMammalsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmericaꢀ(Bowersꢀetꢀal.,ꢀ2004);
• Special Status Animals in California, Including BLM Designated Sensitive Species (BLM, 2010); •ꢀLifeꢀHistoryꢀAccountsꢀandꢀRangeꢀMapsꢀ(CDFG,ꢀ1988aꢀandꢀupdates;ꢀCDFG,ꢀ1988bꢀandꢀupdates;ꢀCD FG,ꢀ1988cꢀandꢀupdates);
•ꢀTheꢀStatusꢀofꢀRare,ꢀThreatened,ꢀandꢀEndangeredꢀPlantsꢀandꢀAnimalsꢀofꢀCalifornia,ꢀ2000– 2004ꢀ(CDFG,ꢀ2005);
• Atlas of the Biodiversity of California (CDFG, 2003); •ꢀRareFind,ꢀCDFW,ꢀCaliforniaꢀNaturalꢀDiversityꢀDatabaseꢀ(CNDDBꢀ); •ꢀStateꢀ&ꢀFederallyꢀListedꢀEndangeredꢀ&ꢀThreatenedꢀAnimalsꢀofꢀCaliforniaꢀ(CDFW,ꢀ2016);ꢀ •ꢀSpecialꢀAnimalsꢀListꢀ(CDFG,ꢀ2016);
• CDFW’s California Wildlife Habitat Relationships: Online Life History Accounts and Range Maps ;
• California Herps website ;
• California Partners in Flight website ;
•ꢀCNAHꢀwebsiteꢀ;
•ꢀAOUꢀsupplementꢀ(Chesserꢀetꢀal.,ꢀ2015);
•ꢀAꢀFieldꢀGuideꢀtoꢀHawksꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmerica,ꢀSecondꢀEditionꢀ(Clarkꢀandꢀ Wheeler,ꢀ2001);
•ꢀMammalsꢀofꢀCaliforniaꢀ(Eder,ꢀ2005); • Fairy Shrimps of California’s Puddles, Pools, and Playas (Eriksen and Belk, 1999);
•ꢀAtlasꢀofꢀBreedingꢀBirds,ꢀOrangeꢀCounty,ꢀCaliforniaꢀ(Gallagher,ꢀ19 97);

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Locate
Withi
Specie
Distribu
and/o
Scientific
Name
(=Synonym)
Common Name
(=Synonym)
Status General Habitat Descriptions in
California
Elevati
Range
known
• Amphibian and Reptile Species of Special Concern in California (Jennings and Hayes, 1994);
•ꢀMammalsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmericaꢀ(KaysꢀandꢀWilson,ꢀ2002);
• Inland Fish Species FishesofofSpecial Calfornica Concern (Moyle, in California, 2002); Third Edition (Moyle et al., 2015); •ꢀReferenceꢀAtlasꢀtoꢀtheꢀBirdsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmericaꢀ(NationalꢀGeographicꢀSociety,ꢀ2003); •ꢀCompleteꢀBirdsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmericaꢀ(NationalꢀGeographicꢀSociety,ꢀ2006); •ꢀFieldꢀGuideꢀtoꢀtheꢀBirdsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmerica,ꢀ4thꢀEdꢀ(NationalꢀGeographicꢀSociety,ꢀ2002); • (NatureServe Explorer website );
•ꢀShorebirdsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmerica.ꢀꢀTheꢀPhotographicꢀGuideꢀ(Paulson,ꢀ2005); •ꢀAꢀFieldꢀGuideꢀtoꢀMammalsꢀofꢀNorthꢀAmericaꢀNorthꢀofꢀMexico.ꢀFourthꢀEditionꢀ(Reid,ꢀ2006); •ꢀAꢀNaturalꢀHistoryꢀofꢀCaliforniaꢀ(Schoenherr,ꢀ1992);
• California Bird Species of Special Concern: A ranked assessment of species, subspecies, and distinct populations of birds of immediate conservation concern i n California (Shuford and Gardali, 2008);
•ꢀNationalꢀAudubonꢀSociety,ꢀTheꢀSibleyꢀGuideꢀtoꢀBirdsꢀ(Sibley,ꢀ2000); •ꢀAꢀFieldꢀGuideꢀtoꢀWesternꢀReptilesꢀandꢀAmphibians,ꢀThirdꢀEditionꢀ(Stebbins,ꢀ2003); • (The Birds of North America Online website );
• Life on the Edge: A Guide to California’s Endangered Natural Resources. Wildlife (Thelander et al., 1994); •ꢀ(CaliforniaꢀFishꢀWebsiteꢀ);
•ꢀUnitedꢀStatesꢀDepartmentꢀofꢀAgricultureꢀ(USDA)ꢀForestꢀService,ꢀPacificꢀSouthwestꢀRegion,ꢀSensitiveꢀAnimalꢀSpeciesꢀbyꢀForestꢀ(USFS,ꢀ2013); • Mammalian Species of Special Concern in California (Williams, 1986); •ꢀMammalꢀSpeciesꢀofꢀtheꢀWorldꢀ(WilsonꢀandꢀReeder,ꢀ2005); ••ꢀTheꢀFinalꢀEnvironmentalꢀImpactꢀReportꢀandꢀStatementꢀ(FinalꢀEIR/S)ꢀforꢀtheꢀWestꢀMojav The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals (Wilson and Ruff, 1999); eꢀPlanꢀ(BLM,ꢀ2005);
• Proposed Northern & Eastern Colorado Desert Coordinated Management Plan (NECO) ( BLM and CDFG, 2002);
• UltraSystems in-house records.

Notes:
•Yes
= the BSA is located within the wildlife species’ known distribution, elevation range, and/or the BSA contains suitable habitats or conditions to support the species. The wildlife species has a potential to occur within the BSA. F urther evaluation is needed.
•No
= the BSA is located outside the wildlife species’ known distribution, elevation range, and/or the BSA lacks suitable habitats or conditions to support the species.ꢀꢀIt is highly unlikely for the wildlife species to have a potential t o occur within the BSA. No further evaluation is needed. •Present = observed within the BSA during surveys.
•Elevation = The BSA contains elevations ranging from 680 to 960 feet above mean sea level.

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❖ APPENDICES
❖

APPENDIX
C
SOILS
REPORT

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Custom Soil
Resource
Report for
Los Angeles
County,
California,
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
A product of the
National
Cooperative Soil
Survey,
a joint effort of the
United
States Department of
Agriculture and other
Federal agencies,
State
agencies including
the
Agricultural
Experiment
Stations, and local
Natural
Resources
Conservatio
n
Service
Southeastern
Part participant
s
Expanded and Updated
July 8,
2022
July 8,
2022

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Prefac
e
Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas.

They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information
about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for
many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban
planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers.

Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste
disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand,
protect, or enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose
special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil
properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions.

The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of
soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for
identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area
planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some
cases. Examples include soil quality assessments
(http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/
portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering
applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center
(https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist
(http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/? cid=nrcs142p2_053951).

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are
seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a
foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to
basements or underground installations.

The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States
Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey.

Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available
through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its
programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a
part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
2

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alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice
and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or
call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
3

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Conten
tsPreface............................................................................................. ....................... 2
How Soil Surveys Are
Made..................................................................................5 Soil
Map.................................................................................................. ................ 8
Soil
Map................................................................................................ ................9
Legend........................................................................................... .....................10
Map Unit
Legend........................................................................................... ..... 12
Map Unit
Descriptions................................................................................... ..... 12
Los Angeles County, California, Southeastern
Part........................................14
1007—Urban land-Biscailuz-Pico complex, 0 to 2 percent
slopes..............14
1141—Zaca-Apollo, warm complex, 20 to 55 percent
slopes..................... 16
1232—Counterfeit-Urban land complex, 10 to 35 percent
slopes,
terraced............................................................................... ..................18
Soil Information for All
Uses...............................................................................21 Soil Properties and
Qualities.............................................................................. 21 Soil Chemical
Properties.................................................................................2 1 pH (1 to 1
Water)...................................................................................... ...21
Soil Erosion
Factors........................................................................................ 26 K Factor, Whole
Soil....................................................................................26 T
Factor....................................................................................... ................32
Wind Erodibility
Group.................................................................................37 Soil Physical
Properties.................................................................................. 42 Percent
Clay.......................................................................................... ......42
Percent
Sand......................................................................................... ......47
Percent
Silt............................................................................................ ......52
Plasticity
Index........................................................................................ .... 57
References...................................................................................... ......................64
Glossary.......................................................................................... ......................66
4

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How Soil Surveys Are
Made
Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous
areas in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous
areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and
limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length,
and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and
native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil
profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The
profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the
soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The
unconsolidated material is
devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other
biological activity.

Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource
areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that
share common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water
resources, soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey
areas typically consist of parts of one or more MLRA.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that
is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the
area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind
of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and
miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific
segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they
were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict
with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a
specific location on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their
characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil
scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only
a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented
by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to
verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They
noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock
fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them
to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their
properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).

Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil
characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for
comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic
classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character
of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile.

After the soil
5

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the
individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that
they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and
research.

The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the
objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that
have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a
unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable
proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components
of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way
diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such
landforms and landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite
investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map.

The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of
mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape,
and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the
soil-landscape model and predictions and to verify the
classification of the soils at
specific locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller
number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded.

These measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color,
depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for
content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil
typically vary from one point to another across the landscape.

Observations for map unit components are aggregated to
develop ranges of
characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct
measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit
component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other
properties.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally
are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists
interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed
characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the
soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through
observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management.

Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new
interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other
sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of
specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management
are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same
kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on
such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over
long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year.

For example,
soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will
have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict
that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the
survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and
6

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings,
fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.
7

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Soil
Map The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of
soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols
displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit. 8

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
Soil Map
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 9

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
Spoil Area The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
Stony Spot 1:24,000.

Soils Very Stony
Spot
Wet Spot
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale. Soil Map Unit
Polygons
Soil Map Unit
Lines
Soil Map Unit
Points
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.

Other
Special Line
Special Point Features
Features Water Features
Streams and
Canals
Blowout
Borrow Pit
Transportatio
n
Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.

Clay Spot Rails
Closed
Depression
Gravel Pit
Interstate
Highways
US Routes
Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL: Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
Gravelly
Spot
Landfill
Major
Roads
Local Roads
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.

Lava Flow Backgroun
Marsh or swamp d
Mine or Quarry
Miscellaneous
Water
Perennial Water
Rock Outcrop
Saline Spot
Aerial
Photography
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.

Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County, California,
Southeastern
Part
Sandy Spot Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep 13, 2021
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
1:50,000 or larger.

Severely Eroded
Spot
Sinkhole Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5, 2020—Feb 6,
2021
Slide or
Slip
Sodic Spot The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
10

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
11

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map Unit
Legend
Map Unit
Symbol
Map Unit
Name
Acres in
AOI
Percent of
AOI
1007 Urban land-BiscailuzPico
complex, 0 to 2
percent
slopes

16.9 6.8%
1141
1232
Zaca-Apollo, warm
complex, 20
to 55 percent slopes
180.0

52.4 72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban land 21.0%
complex, 10 to 35
percent
slopes, terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Map Unit
Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils.

Within a taxonomic
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.

Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and
miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the
usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate
12

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management
requirements. The
delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous
areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.

Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil
properties and qualities. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for
differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major
horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,
salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases.

Most of the areas
shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha
silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.

These map units are complexes, associations, or
undifferentiated groups. A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate
pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar
in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.

An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or
miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps.

Because of present
or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The
pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat
similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas
that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar
interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion
of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made
up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.

Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas
have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.
13

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Custom Soil Resource
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Los Angeles County, California,
Southeastern Part
1007—Urban land-Biscailuz-Pico complex, 0 to 2
percent slopes
Map Unit
Setting National map unit symbol: 2qds9
Elevation: 60 to 1,140 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 13 to 20
inches
Mean annual air temperature: 64 to 67
degrees F
Frost-free period: 350 to 365 days
Farmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated
and drained
Map Unit
Composition Urban land: 45 percent
Biscailuz and similar soils: 30 percent
Pico and similar soils: 15 percent
Minor components: 10 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and
transects of the mapunit.

Description of Urban
Land Setting
Landform: Alluvial
fans Properties and
qualities Slope: 0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 0 inches to
manufactured layer
Runoff class: Frequency of flooding: Very high
RareNone Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
8 Ecological site: R019XG911CA - Loamy Fan
Description of Hydric soil rating: No
Biscailuz Setting
Landform: Alluvial fans
Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Discontinuous human-transported material over mixed alluvium
derived from granite and/or sedimentary rock Typical
profileAp - 0 to 13 inches: loam
Bk1 - 13 to 28 inches: loam
Bk2 - 28 to 37 inches: loam
Bkg - 37 to 49 inches: sandy
clay loam
C1 - 49 to 57 inches: sandy
loam Properties and C2 - 57 to 79 inches: sand qualities Slope: 0 to 2 percent
14

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Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):

Moderately high to high
(0.60 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: RareNone
Frequency of ponding: Calcium carbonate, maximum content: None 15 percent Maximum salinity: Very slightly saline to slightly saline (2.0 to

4.0 mmhos/cm)
Sodium adsorption ratio, maximum: Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: 25.0High (about

10.0 inches) Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
3w
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Ecological site: R019XG911CA - Loamy Fan
Description of Pico Hydric soil rating: No
Setting
Landform: Flood plains,
alluvial fans Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Discontinuous human-transported material over mixed alluvium
derived from granite and/or sedimentary rock Typical
profileA - 0 to 16 inches:
loam Bk1 - 16 to 28 inches: loam
Bk2 - 28 to 55 inches: sandy
loam
C2 - 55 to 79 inches: sandy Properties and loam qualities Slope: 0 to 2 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):

Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: RareNone
Frequency of ponding: None
Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 10 percent
Maximum salinity: Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm)
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Moderate (about 7.8 inches)
Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Ecological site: R019XG907CA - Loamy
Bottom
Hydric soil rating: No
15

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Minor
Components
MetzPercent of map unit: 5
percent Landform: Alluvial fans, flood plains
Landform position (threedimensional): Tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No Pachic
calcixerolls Percent of map unit: 3 percent
Landform: Alluvial fans
Landform position (threedimensional): Tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No Cropley
Percent of map unit: 2 percent
Landform: Alluvial fans
Landform position (threedimensional): Tread
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Hydric soil rating: No
1141—Zaca-Apollo, warm complex, 20 to 55
percent slopes
Map Unit
Setting National map unit symbol: 2pt45
Elevation: 220 to 1,630 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 21
inches
Mean annual air temperature: 64 to 66
degrees F
Frost-free period: 355 to 365 days
Farmland classification: Not prime
farmland
Map Unit
Composition Zaca and similar soils: 50 percent
Apollo, warm, and similar soils: 35
percent
Minor components: Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and 15 percent transects of the mapunit.

Description of
Zaca Setting
Landform: Hillslopes
Landform position (two-dimensional):

Backslope
16

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Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Colluvium and/or residuum weathered from sandstone and
siltstone Typical
profileA - 0 to 8 inches:
clay Bkss1 - 8 to 21 inches:
clay
Bkss2 - 21 to 37 inches:
clay
Bk - 37 to 53 inches:
clay
Cr - 53 to 63 inches:
bedrock
Properties and
qualities Slope: 20 to 55 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 37 to 69 inches to paralithic bedrock Drainage class: Well drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to moderately
low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent
Maximum salinity: Nonsaline (0.0 to 1.0 mmhos/cm)
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Moderate (about 8.2 inches) Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating:

No
Description of Apollo,
WarmSetting
Landform:

Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Parent material: Colluvium and/or residuum weathered from sandstone and
siltstone Typical
profileA - 0 to 4 inches: clay loam
Btk1 - 4 to 11 inches: clay
loam
Btk2 - 11 to 26 inches: clay
loam
Bk - 26 to 45 inches: clay
loam
Cr - 45 to 55 inches:
bedrock
Properties and
qualities Slope: 20 to 55 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 31 to 55 inches to
paralithic bedrock
Drainage class: Runoff class: Very Well drained
high
17

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Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to moderately
low (0.00 to 0.06 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent
Maximum salinity: Nonsaline (0.0 to 1.0 mmhos/cm)
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Moderate (about 7.7 inches) Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating:

No
Minor Components
Boades
Percent of map unit: 8
percent Landform:

Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder, backslope, summit
Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Hydric soil rating: No Balcom
Percent of map unit: 7 percent
Landform: Hillslopes
Landform position (two-dimensional):

Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):

Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape:

Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
1232—Counterfeit-Urban land complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced
Map Unit
Setting National map unit symbol: 2pt4f
Elevation: 160 to 1,330 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 19
inches
Mean annual air temperature: 64 to 66
degrees F
Frost-free period: 320 to 365 days
Farmland classification: Not prime
farmland
Map Unit
Composition Counterfeit and similar soils: 45
percent
Urban land: 40 percent
18

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Custom Soil Resource
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Minor components: 15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and
transects of the mapunit.

Description of
Counterfeit Setting
Landform:

Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope, riser, tread Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Human-transported material consisting mostly of colluvium and/or
residuum weathered from sedimentary rock Typical
profile^Au - 0 to 5 inches: clay
loam
^Cu1 - 5 to 18 inches: clay
^Cu2 - 18 to 37 inches: clay
^Cu3 - 37 to 57 inches: clay
loam
^C - 57 to 79 inches: sandy
loam
Properties and
qualities Slope: 10 to 35
percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):

Moderately low to
moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: Calcium carbonate, maximum content: None 12 percent Maximum salinity: Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to

2.0 mmhos/cm)
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: High (about 10.4 inches) Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating:

No
Description of Urban
Land Setting
Landform:

Hillslopes Properties and
qualities Slope: 0 to 10 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: 0 inches to
manufactured layer
Runoff class: Very high Interpretive
groups Land capability classification (irrigated):

None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated):
8 Hydric soil rating: No
19

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
Minor
Components
Apollo, warm Percent of map unit: 6 percent
Landform: Hillslopes
Landform position (two-dimensional):

Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):

Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape:

Convex
Hydric soil rating: No Zaca
Percent of map unit: 6 percent
Landform: Hillslopes
Landform position (two-dimensional):

Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):

Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape:

Convex
Hydric soil rating: No Balcom
Percent of map unit: 3
Landform: percent
Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional):

Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):

Side slope
Down-slope shape: Convex
Across-slope shape: Convex
Hydric soil rating: No
20

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Soil Information for All
Uses
Soil Properties and
Qualities
The Soil Properties and Qualities section includes various soil properties and
qualities displayed as thematic maps with a summary table for the soil map units in
the selected area of interest. A single value or rating for each map unit is generated
by aggregating the interpretive ratings of individual map unit components. This
aggregation process is defined for each property or quality. Soil Chemical Properties
Soil Chemical Properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the
field or laboratory. Examples of soil chemical properties include pH, cation
exchange capacity, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and electrical conductivity. pH (1 to 1
Water)
Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is important in selecting crops
and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in
determining the risk of corrosion. In general, soils that are either highly alkaline or
highly acid are likely to be very corrosive to steel. The most common soil laboratory
measurement of pH is the 1:1 water method. A crushed soil sample is mixed with an
equal amount of water, and a measurement is made of the suspension.

For each soil layer, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the
database. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the
soil component. A "representative" value indicates the expected value of this
attribute for the component. For this soil property, only the representative value is
used.
21

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Map—pH (1 to 1
Water)
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 22

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
Area of Interest (AOI) LEGEND
Area of Interest
(AOI)
Ultra acid (ph <

3.5)
Very strongly acid (pH 4.5
Background - 5.0) Aerial
Photography Extremely acid (pH

3.5 -

4.4)
Strongly acid (pH

5.1 -

5.5)
Soils
Soil Rating Polygons
Ultra acid (ph <

3.5)
Very strongly acid (pH

4.5 - 5.0)
Moderately acid (pH

5.6 -
Strongly acid (pH 6.0)

5.1 -

5.5)
Slightly acid (pH 6.1 - Extremely acid (pH 6.5) 3.5 -

4.4) Moderately acid (pH

5.6 -

6.0)
Neutral (pH 6.6 -
Very strongly acid (pH 7.3)

4.5 - 5.0)
Slightly alkaline (pH

7.4 -

7.8)
Slightly acid (pH 6.1 -
Strongly acid (pH 6.5)

5.1 -

5.5)
Neutral (pH 6.6 -

7.3)
Moderately alkaline
(pH Moderately acid (pH 7.9 - 8.4) 5.6 -

6.0)
Slightly alkaline (pH

7.4 -

7.8)
Strongly alkaline (pH

8.5 - Slightly acid (pH 6.1 - 9.0) 6.5) Moderately alkaline (pH

7.9 - 8.4)
Very strongly alkaline
(pH
> 9.0) Neutral (pH 6.6 -

7.3) Strongly alkaline (pH

8.5 -

9.0)
Not rated or not Slightly alkaline (pH available 7.4 -

7.8) Very strongly alkaline (pH Water
Moderately alkaline Features
(pH

7.9 - 8.4)
> 9.0) Streams and
Not rated or not Canals
available Transportation
Rails
Strongly alkaline (pH

8.5 -

9.0)
Soil Rating
Points Ultra acid (ph <

3.5) Very strongly alkaline
(pH
> 9.0)
Interstate
Highways
US Routes
Extremely acid (pH

3.5 -

4.4)
Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating
Lines
Major
Roads
Local Roads
23

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP

INFORMATION
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
1:24,000.

Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale.

Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.

Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.

Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857) Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.

This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.

Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County, California,
Southeastern
Part
Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep 13, 2021
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
1:50,000 or larger.

Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5,
2020—Feb 6,
2021
The orthophoto or other base map on which the
soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
24

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
25

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Report
Table—pH (1 to 1
Water)
Map unit
symbol
1007
Map unit
name
Rating Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
Urban land- 6.8%
BiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes

7.9 7.9

7.8 16.9
180.0

52.4 1141
1232
Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—pH (1 to 1
Water)
Aggregation Method: Weighted
Average
Component Percent Cutoff: None
Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher Interpret Nulls as
Zero: No Layer Options (Horizon Aggregation Method): All Layers (Weighted Average)
Soil Erosion
Factors
Soil Erosion Factors are soil properties and interpretations used in evaluating the
soil for potential erosion. Example soil erosion factors can include K factor for the
whole soil or on a rock free basis, T factor, wind erodibility group and wind erodibility
index. K Factor, Whole
Soil
Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by
water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the
average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year.

The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter
and on soil structure and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat).

Values of K range
from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the more
susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. "Erosion factor Kw (whole soil)" indicates the erodibility of the whole soil. The
estimates are modified by the presence of rock fragments. 26

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Factor K does not apply to organic horizons and is not reported for those layers.
27

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Map—K Factor, Whole
Soil
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 28

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Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
.24
.28
.32
.37
.43
.49
.55
.64
Streams and
Canals
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
Transportatio 1:24,000.
n Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
Rails
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale. Interstate
Highways
US Routes
.02
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.
.05
Major
Roads
Local Roads
.10
.15
Backgroun
.17 d Aerial
Photography Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.

Not rated or not
available .20
Soil Rating
Points .24
.02 Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
.28
.05
.10
.15
.17
.20
.24
.28
.32
.37
.43
.49
.55
.64
Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
.32
.37 Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.
.43
.49
.55
.64 This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data
as of the version date(s) listed below. Not rated or not available
Soil Rating
Lines Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County,
California,
Southeastern Part
Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep 13,
2021
.02
.05
.10
.15
.17
.20
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
1:50,000 or larger.

Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5,
2020—Feb
6, 2021
Not rated or not
available
Water Features The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
29

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Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
30

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Report
Table—K Factor, Whole
Soil
Map unit
symbol
1007
Map unit
name
Rating Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
Urban land- 6.8%
BiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes

16.9 180.0

52.4 1141
1232
Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes
.32
.37

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—K Factor,
Whole Soil
Aggregation Method: Dominant
Condition Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced
to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole.

A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is
either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop.

For the attribute
being aggregated, the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute
value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes,
the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the
map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic
map for soil map units can be rendered. Aggregation must be done because, on
any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not.

For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is
recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component
typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. Percent composition is a
critical factor in some, but not all, aggregation methods.

The aggregation method "Dominant Condition" first groups like attribute values for
the components in a map unit. For each group, percent
composition is set to the
sum of the percent composition of all components participating in that group. These
groups now represent "conditions" rather than components. The attribute value
associated with the group with the highest cumulative percent composition is
returned. If more than one group shares the highest cumulative percent
composition, the corresponding "tie-break" rule determines which value should be
returned. The "tie-break" rule indicates whether the lower or higher group value
should be returned in the case of a percent composition tie. The result returned by
this aggregation method represents the dominant condition throughout the map unit
only when no tie has occurred.

Component Percent Cutoff: None
Specified
31

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Components whose percent composition is below the cutoff value will not be
considered. If no cutoff value is specified, all components in the database will be
considered. The data for some contrasting soils of minor extent may not be in the
database, and therefore are not considered.

Tie-break Rule:

Higher The tie-break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple
candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent
composition tie. Layer Options (Horizon Aggregation Method): All Layers (Weighted Average) For an attribute of a soil horizon, a depth qualification must be specified. In most
cases it is probably most appropriate to specify a fixed depth range, either in
centimeters or inches. The Bottom Depth must be greater than the Top Depth, and
the Top Depth can be greater than zero. The choice of "inches" or "centimeters"
only applies to the depth of soil to be evaluated. It has no influence on the units of
measure the data are presented in.

When "Surface Layer" is specified as the depth qualifier, only the surface layer or
horizon is considered when deriving a value for a component, but keep in mind that
the thickness of the surface layer varies from component to component. When "All Layers" is specified as the depth qualifier, all layers recorded for a
component are considered when deriving the value for that component. Whenever more than one layer or horizon is considered when deriving a value for a
component, and the attribute being aggregated is a numeric attribute, a weighted
average value is returned, where the weighting factor is the layer or horizon
thickness. T
Factor
The T factor is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by
wind and/or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained
period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.
32

Page 1437 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map—T Factor
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 33

Page 1438 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
Transportation
Rails
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
1:24,000.

Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
Interstate
Highways
US Routes
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale. 1
2 3
4 5
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.

Major
Roads
Local Roads
Backgroun
d Aerial
Photography
Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.

Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating Lines Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
1 2
3 Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.
4 5
Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating
Points This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
1 2
Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County, California,
Southeastern
Part
3 4 Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep
13, 2021 5
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
1:50,000 or larger.

Not rated or not
available
Water Features
Streams and
Canals
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5,
2020—Feb 6,
2021
The orthophoto or other base map on which the
soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
34

Page 1439 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
35

Page 1440 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Table—T
Factor
Map unit
symbol
Map unit
name
Rating (tons per
acre
per year)
Acres in
AOI
Percent of
AOI
1007 Urban landBiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes
4 16.9
180.0

52.4 6.8%
1141
1232
Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes
4 5

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—T
Factor
Units of Measure: tons per acre
per year
Aggregation Method: Weighted
Average Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced
to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole.

A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is
either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop.

The aggregation method "Weighted Average" computes a
weighted average value
for all components in the map unit. Percent composition is the weighting factor. The
result returned by this aggregation method represents a weighted average value of
the corresponding attribute throughout the map unit.

Component Percent Cutoff: None
Specified Components whose percent composition is below the cutoff value will not be
considered. If no cutoff value is specified, all components in the database will be
considered. The data for some contrasting soils of minor extent may not be in the
database, and therefore are not considered.

Tie-break Rule:

Lower
36

Page 1441 ends

Wind Erodibility
Group
A wind erodibility group (WEG) consists of soils that have similar properties
affecting their susceptibility to wind erosion in cultivated areas.

The soils assigned
to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind erosion, and those assigned to group 8
are the least susceptible.
37

Page 1442 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map—Wind Erodibility
Group
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 38

Page 1443 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
1 The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
2 1:24,000.

Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
3 Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
4 this scale. 1
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.
4L
5 2
3 6 4
7 4L
5 Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.
8 Not rated or not
available 6
Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
Water Features
Streams and
Canals
7 8
Transportatio
Not rated or not n
available
Soil Rating Lines
Rails Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.

Interstate
Highways
US Routes
1 2
Major
Roads
Local Roads
3 This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
4 Backgroun
4L d Aerial
Photography Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County, California, 5 Southeastern Part
Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep
13, 2021 6
7 Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
1:50,000 or larger. 8
Not rated or not
available Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5, 2020—Feb 6,
2021 Soil Rating
Points
The orthophoto or other base map on which the
soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
39

Page 1444 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
40

Page 1445 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Table—Wind Erodibility
Group
Map unit
symbol
1007
Map unit
name
Rating Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
Urban land- 6.8%
BiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes
6 4
6 16.9
180.0

52.4 1141
1232
Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—Wind
Erodibility Group
Aggregation Method: Dominant
Condition Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced
to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole.

A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is
either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop.

Component Percent Cutoff: None
Specified
41

Page 1446 ends

Tie-break Rule:

Lower The tie-break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple
candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent
composition tie.

Soil Physical
Properties
Soil Physical Properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the
field or laboratory. Examples of soil physical properties include percent clay, organic
matter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, and bulk density. Percent
Clay
Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002
millimeter in diameter. The estimated clay content of each soil layer is given as a
percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil and
the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrinkswell potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), plasticity, the ease of soil
dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also
affect tillage and earth-moving operations.

Most of the material is in one of three groups of clay minerals or a mixture of these
clay minerals. The groups are kaolinite, smectite, and hydrous mica, the best known
member of which is illite. For each soil layer, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the
database. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the
soil component. A "representative" value indicates the expected value of this
attribute for the component. For this soil property, only the representative value is
used.
42

Page 1447 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map—Percent Clay
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 43

Page 1448 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
1:24,000.

Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale. <= 33.7
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.
> 33.7 and <= 48.8
Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating
Lines <= 33.7
Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.
> 33.7 and <= 48.8
Not rated or not
available Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
Soil Rating
Points <= 33.7
> 33.7 and <= 48.8
Not rated or not
available
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.

Water Features
Streams and
Canals
Transportation
Rails This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.

Interstate
Highways
US Routes Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County, California, Major Southeastern Part
Roads
Local Roads
Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep
13, 2021
Backgroun
d
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
1:50,000 or larger. Aerial
Photography
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5,
2020—Feb 6,
2021
The orthophoto or other base map on which the
soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
44

Page 1449 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
45

Page 1450 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Table—Percent
Clay
Map unit
symbol
Map unit
name
Rating
(percent)
Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
1007 6.8%
1141
1232
Urban landBiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes

16.9 180.0

52.4 Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes

48.8 33.7

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—Percent
Clay
Units of Measure:
percent Aggregation Method: Dominant
Component Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced
to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole.

A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is
either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop.

The aggregation method "Dominant Component" returns the attribute value
associated with the component with the highest percent
composition in the map
unit. If more than one component shares the highest percent composition, the
corresponding "tie-break" rule determines which value should be returned. The "tiebreak" rule indicates whether the lower or higher attribute value should be returned
in the case of a percent composition tie. The result returned by this aggregation
method may or may not represent the dominant condition
throughout the map unit.

Page 1451 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Tie-break Rule:

Higher The tie-break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple
candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent
composition tie. Interpret Nulls as
Zero: No This option indicates if a null value for a component should be converted to zero
before aggregation occurs. This will be done only if a map unit has at least one
component where this value is not null. Layer Options (Horizon Aggregation Method): Depth Range (Weighted Average) For an attribute of a soil horizon, a depth qualification must be specified. In most
cases it is probably most appropriate to specify a fixed depth range, either in
centimeters or inches. The Bottom Depth must be greater than the Top Depth, and
the Top Depth can be greater than zero. The choice of "inches" or "centimeters"
only applies to the depth of soil to be evaluated. It has no influence on the units of
measure the data are presented in.

Top Depth:
1 Bottom Depth: 120
Units of Measure:

Inches
Percent
Sand
Sand as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are

0.05 millimeter to 2
millimeters in diameter. In the database, the estimated sand content of each soil
layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2
millimeters in diameter. The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical
behavior of a soil. Particle size is important for engineering and agronomic
interpretations, for determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil
classification.

Page 1452 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map—Percent Sand
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 48

Page 1453 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
1:24,000.

Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale. <= 14.9
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.
> 14.9 and <= 34.0
Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating
Lines <= 14.9
Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.
> 14.9 and <= 34.0
Not rated or not
available Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
Soil Rating
Points <= 14.9
> 14.9 and <= 34.0
Not rated or not
available
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.

Water Features
Streams and
Canals
Transportation
Rails This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.

Page 1454 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
50

Page 1455 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Table—Percent
Sand
Map unit
symbol
Map unit
name
Rating
(percent)
Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
1007 6.8%
1141
1232
Urban landBiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes

16.9 180.0

52.4 Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes

14.9 34.0

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—Percent
Sand
Units of Measure:
percent Aggregation Method: Dominant
Component Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced
to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole.

A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is
either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop.

Page 1456 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Tie-break Rule:

Higher The tie-break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple
candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent
composition tie. Interpret Nulls as
Zero: No This option indicates if a null value for a component should be converted to zero
before aggregation occurs. This will be done only if a map unit has at least one
component where this value is not null. Layer Options (Horizon Aggregation Method): Depth Range (Weighted Average) For an attribute of a soil horizon, a depth qualification must be specified. In most
cases it is probably most appropriate to specify a fixed depth range, either in
centimeters or inches. The Bottom Depth must be greater than the Top Depth, and
the Top Depth can be greater than zero. The choice of "inches" or "centimeters"
only applies to the depth of soil to be evaluated. It has no influence on the units of
measure the data are presented in.

Top Depth:
1 Bottom Depth: 120
Units of Measure:

Inches
Percent
Silt
Silt as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are

0.002 to 0.05
millimeter in diameter. In the database, the estimated silt content of each soil layer
is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2
millimeters in diameter. The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical behavior of a soil. Particle
size is important for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for determination of
soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil classification For each soil layer, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the
database. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the
soil component. A "representative" value indicates the expected value of this
52

Page 1457 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
attribute for the component. For this soil property, only the representative value is
used.
53

Page 1458 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map—Percent Silt
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 54

Page 1459 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
1:24,000.

Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale. <= 32.3
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping
can cause
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and
accuracy of soil
line placement. The maps do not show the small
areas of
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a
more detailed
scale.
> 32.3 and <= 36.4
Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating
Lines <= 32.3
Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.
> 32.3 and <= 36.4
Not rated or not
available Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857)
Soil Rating
Points <= 32.3
> 32.3 and <= 36.4
Not rated or not
available
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.

Water Features
Streams and
Canals
Transportation
Rails This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.

Page 1460 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
56

Page 1461 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Table—Percent
Silt
Map unit
symbol
Map unit
name
Rating
(percent)
Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
1007 6.8%
1141
1232
Urban landBiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes

16.9 180.0

52.4 Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes

36.4 32.3

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—
Percent Silt
Units of Measure:
percent Aggregation Method: Dominant
Component
Component Percent Cutoff: None
Specified
Tie-break Rule: Higher Interpret Nulls as
Zero: No Layer Options (Horizon Aggregation Method): Depth Range (Weighted Average) Top Depth:
1 Bottom Depth: 120
Units of Measure:

Inches
Plasticity
Index
Plasticity index (PI) is one of the standard Atterberg limits used to indicate the
plasticity characteristics of a soil. It is defined as the numerical difference between
the liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil. It is the range of water content in which a
soil exhibits the characteristics of a plastic solid. The plastic limit is the water content that corresponds to an arbitrary limit between
the plastic and semisolid states of a soil. The liquid limit is the water content, on a
percent by weight basis, of the soil (passing #40 sieve) at which the soil changes
from a plastic to a liquid state. Soils that have a high plasticity index have a wide range of moisture content in
which the soil performs as a plastic material. Highly and moderately plastic clays
have large PI values. Plasticity index is used in classifying soils in the Unified and
AASHTO classification systems.
57

Page 1462 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
For each soil layer, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the
database. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the
soil component. A "representative" value indicates the expected value of this
attribute for the component. For this soil property, only the representative value is
used.
58

Page 1463 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
Map—Plasticity Index
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 34° 5' 7'' N 34° 5' 7'' N
Soil Map may not be valid at this
scale.
34° 4' 2'' N 34° 4' 2'' N
421500 421700 421900 422100 422300 422500 422700 422900 Map Scale: 1:9,870 if printed on A portrait (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters N 0 600
0 100 200 400
Feet
450 900 1800 2700
Map projection: Web Mercator Cornercoordinates:WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 11N WGS84 59

Page 1464 ends

Custom Soil Resource
Report
MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest
(AOI)
Backgroun
d
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were
mapped at
1:24,000. Aerial
Photography
Soils
Soil Rating
Polygons
<= 11.1
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at
this scale.

24.0 > 24.0 and <=

27.0 Not rated or not
available
Soil Rating
Lines Please rely on the bar scale on each map
sheet for map
measurements.
<= 11.1
> 11.1 and <= 24.0
> 24.0 and <= 27.0
Not rated or not
available
Source of Map: Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:

Coordinate System: Web Mercator
(EPSG:3857) Soil Rating
Points Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the
Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but
distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area,
such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if
more
accurate calculations of distance or area are
required.
<= 11.1
> 11.1 and <= 24.0
> 24.0 and <= 27.0
Not rated or not
available This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS
certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.

Water Features
Streams and
Canals
Transportatio
n
Soil Survey Area: Los Angeles County, California,
Rails Southeastern Part
Survey Area Data: Version 8, Sep
Interstate 13, 2021 Highways
US Routes
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for
map scales
Major 1:50,000 or larger. Roads
Local Roads
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 5,
2020—Feb 6,
2021
The orthophoto or other base map on which the
soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the
background
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MAP
LEGEND
MAP

INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result,
some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
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Table—Plasticity
Index
Map unit
symbol
1007
Map unit
name
Rating
(percent)

11.1 Acres in
AOI
Percent of AOI
Urban land- 6.8%
BiscailuzPico complex, 0 to
2 percent slopes

16.9 180.0

52.4 1141
1232
Zaca-Apollo,
warm
complex, 20 to
55 percent slopes

27.0 24.0

72.2%
Counterfeit-Urban 21.0%
land
complex, 10 to 35
percent slopes,
terraced Totals for Area of
Interest
249.3 100.0%
Rating Options—Plasticity
Index
Units of Measure:
percent Aggregation Method: Weighted
Average Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced
to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole.

A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is
either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop.

Tie-break Rule:

Higher
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The tie-break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple
candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent
composition tie. Interpret Nulls as
Zero: No This option indicates if a null value for a component should be converted to zero
before aggregation occurs. This will be done only if a map unit has at least one
component where this value is not null. Layer Options (Horizon Aggregation Method): All Layers (Weighted Average) For an attribute of a soil horizon, a depth qualification must be specified. In most
cases it is probably most appropriate to specify a fixed depth range, either in
centimeters or inches. The Bottom Depth must be greater than the Top Depth, and
the Top Depth can be greater than zero. The choice of "inches" or "centimeters"
only applies to the depth of soil to be evaluated. It has no influence on the units of
measure the data are presented in.

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Referenc
es
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling
and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005.

Standard classification of
soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979.

Classification of
wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife
Service FWS/OBS-79/31. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.

Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric
soils in the United States. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262 Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for
making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrc s142p2_053577 Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S.

Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrc s142p2_053580 Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands
Section. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of
Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical
Report United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Y-87-1. Conservation Service.

National forestry manual.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/
home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

National range and pasture handbook.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/
detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084 64

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United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States,
the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook
296.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/? cid=nrcs142p2_053624
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land
capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_05
2290.pdf
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Glossar
yMany of the terms relating to landforms, geology, and
geomorphology are defined in
more detail in the following National Soil Survey Handbook link:
“National Soil
Survey Handbook. ABC soil ”
A soil having an A, a B, and a C
horizon.

Ablation
till Loose, relatively permeable earthy material deposited during the downwasting
of nearly static glacial ice, either contained within or accumulated on the surface
AC soil of the glacier.

A soil having only an A and a C horizon. Commonly, such soil formed in recent
alluvium or on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration,
soilThe exchange of air in soil with air from the atmosphere. The air in a well
aerated soil is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly aerated soil is
Aggregate, considerably higher in carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. soilMany fine particles held in a single mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates,
such as granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods are aggregates
Alkali (sodic) produced by tillage or logging.
soilA soil having so high a degree of alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a
percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more
of the total
exchangeable bases), or both, that plant growth is
restricted.

Alluvial
coneA semiconical type of alluvial fan having very steep slopes. It is higher,
narrower, and steeper than a fan and is composed of coarser and thicker layers
of material deposited by a combination of alluvial episodes and (to a much
lesser degree) landslides (debris flow). The coarsest materials tend to be
concentrated at the apex of the cone.
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Alluvial
fanA low, outspread mass of loose materials and/or rock material, commonly with
gentle slopes. It is shaped like an open fan or a segment of a cone. The
material was deposited by a stream at the place where it issues from a narrow
mountain valley or upland valley or where a tributary stream is near or at its
junction with the main stream. The fan is steepest near its apex, which points
upstream, and slopes gently and convexly outward
(downstream) with a gradual
decrease in gradient.

Alluvium
Unconsolidated material, such as gravel, sand, silt, clay, and various mixtures of
these, deposited on land by running water.

Alpha,alphadipyridyl A compound that when dissolved in ammonium acetate is used to detect the
presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A positive reaction implies reducing
Animal unit month conditions and the likely presence of redoximorphic features. (AUM) The amount of forage required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000
pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month.

Aquic
conditions Current soil wetness characterized by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic
features.

Argillic
horizon A subsoil horizon characterized by an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Arroyo
The flat-floored channel of an ephemeral stream, commonly with very steep to
vertical banks cut in unconsolidated material. It is usually dry but can be
transformed into a temporary watercourse or short-lived torrent after heavy rain
within the watershed.

Aspect
The direction toward which a slope faces. Also called
slope aspect.

Association,
soilA group of soils or miscellaneous areas geographically associated in a
characteristic repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a single map
Available water capacity (available unit.
moisture capacity) The capacity of soils to hold water available for use by most plants. It is
commonly defined as the difference between the amount of soil water at field
moisture capacity and the amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed as
inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in inches, in a 60- inch profile or to
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Very low: 0 to
3 Low: Moderate: 3 to 66 to
9 High: Very high: 9 to 12More than
12 Backslop
e
The position that forms the steepest and generally linear, middle portion of a
hillslope. In profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a convex shoulder
Backswam above and a concave footslope below.
p
A flood-plain landform. Extensive, marshy or swampy,
depressed areas of flood
plains between natural levees and valley sides or terraces.

Badland
A landscape that is intricately dissected and characterized by a very fine
drainage network with high drainage densities and short, steep slopes and
narrow interfluves. Badlands develop on surfaces that have little or no
vegetative cover overlying unconsolidated or poorly cemented materials (clays,
silts, or sandstones) with, in some cases, soluble minerals, such as gypsum or
halite.

Bajada
A broad, gently inclined alluvial piedmont slope extending from the base of a
mountain range out into a basin and formed by the lateral coalescence of a
series of alluvial fans. Typically, it has a broadly undulating transverse profile,
parallel to the mountain front, resulting from the convexities of component fans.

The term is generally restricted to constructional slopes of intermontane basins.

Basal
areaThe area of a cross section of a tree, generally referring to the section at breast
height and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of stand density,
Base commonly expressed in square feet.
saturation The degree to which material having cation-exchange properties is saturated
with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),
expressed as a
Base slope percentage of the total cation-exchange capacity. (geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of the concave to linear
(perpendicular to the contour) slope that, regardless of the lateral shape, forms
an apron or wedge at the bottom of a hillside dominated by colluvium and
slope-wash sediments (for example, slope alluvium).

Bedding
planeA planar or nearly planar bedding surface that visibly separates each
successive layer of stratified sediment or rock (of the same or different lithology)
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from the preceding or following layer; a plane of deposition. It commonly marks
a change in the circumstances of deposition and may show a parting, a color
difference, a change in particle size, or various combinations of these. The term
is commonly applied to any bedding surface, even one that is conspicuously
bent or deformed by folding.

Bedding
system A drainage system made by plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface
of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges separated by shallow, parallel
Bedrock dead furrows.

The solid rock that underlies the soil and other unconsolidated material or that
is exposed at the surface.

Bedrock-controlled
topography A landscape where the configuration and relief of the landforms are determined
or strongly influenced by the underlying bedrock.

Bench
terrace A raised, level or nearly level strip of earth constructed on or nearly on a
contour, supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, and designed to
make the soil suitable for tillage and to prevent accelerated erosion.

Bisequu
m Two sequences of soil horizons, each of which consists of an illuvial horizon
and the overlying eluvial horizons.

Blowout (map
symbol) A saucer-, cup-, or trough-shaped depression formed by wind erosion on a
preexisting dune or other sand deposit, especially in an area of shifting sand or
loose soil or where protective vegetation is disturbed or destroyed. The
adjoining accumulation of sand derived from the depression, where
recognizable, is commonly included. Blowouts are commonly small.

Borrow pit (map
symbol) An open excavation from which soil and underlying material have been
removed, usually for construction purposes.

Bottom
landAn informal term loosely applied to various portions of a flood plain.

Boulder
s Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 centimeters)
in diameter.

Breaks
A landscape or tract of steep, rough or broken land dissected by ravines and
gullies and marking a sudden change in topography.
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Breast
height An average height of 4.5 feet above the ground surface; the point on a tree
where diameter measurements are ordinarily taken.

Brush
management Use of mechanical, chemical, or biological methods to make conditions
favorable for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate
competition from woody
vegetation and thus allow understory grasses and forbs to recover. Brush
management increases forage production and thus
reduces the hazard of
erosion. It can improve the habitat for some species of wildlife.

Butte
An isolated, generally flat-topped hill or mountain with relatively steep slopes
and talus or precipitous cliffs and characterized by summit width that is less
than the height of bounding escarpments; commonly topped by a caprock of
resistant material and representing an erosion remnant
carved from flat-lying
rocks.

Cable
yarding A method of moving felled trees to a nearby central area for transport to a
processing facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of a drum, a pole,
and wire cables in an arrangement similar to that of a rod and reel used for
fishing. To reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees generally are reeled
in while one end is lifted or the entire log is suspended.

Calcareous
soilA soil containing enough calcium carbonate (commonly combined with
magnesium carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with cold, dilute
Caliche hydrochloric acid.

A general term for a prominent zone of secondary carbonate accumulation in
surficial materials in warm, subhumid to arid areas. Caliche is formed by both
geologic and pedologic processes. Finely crystalline calcium carbonate forms a
nearly continuous surface-coating and void-filling medium in geologic (parent)
materials. Cementation ranges from weak in nonindurated forms to very strong
in indurated forms. Other minerals (e.g., carbonates, silicate, and sulfate) may
occur as accessory cements. Most petrocalcic horizons and some calcic
horizons are caliche.

California bearing ratio
(CBR) The load-supporting capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard crushed
limestone, expressed as a ratio. First standardized in California.

A soil having a
CBR of 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be supported by standard
crushed limestone, per unit area, with the same degree of distortion.

Canopy
The leafy crown of trees or shrubs.
(See Crown.)
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Canyon
A long, deep, narrow valley with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local
relief.

Capillary
water Water held as a film around soil particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds capillary water Catena in the soil.

A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape that formed in similar kinds of
parent material and under similar climatic conditions but that have different
Cation characteristics as a result of differences in relief and drainage.

An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. The common soil cations are
calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange
capacity The total amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,
expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH

7.0) or at some other stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is
synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is more
precise in meaning.

Catsteps
See
Terracettes.

Cement
rockShaly limestone used in the manufacture
of cement.

Channery soil
material Soil material that has, by volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of
sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches (15
centimeters) along the longest axis. A single piece is
called a channer.

Chemical
treatment Control of unwanted vegetation through the use of chemicals.

Chiselin
g
Tillage with an implement having one or more soil-penetrating points that
shatter or loosen hard, compacted layers to a depth below Cirque normal plow depth.

A steep-walled, semicircular or crescent-shaped, half-bowl-like recess or
hollow, commonly situated at the head of a glaciated mountain valley or high on
the side of a mountain. It was produced by the erosive activity of a mountain
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Clay
As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than 0.002 millimeter in
diameter. As a soil textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,
Clay less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt. depletions See Redoximorphic
features.

Clay film
A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores
or root channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Clay spot (map
symbol) A spot where the surface texture is silty clay or clay in areas where the surface
layer of the soils in the surrounding map unit is sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or
Claypan coarser.

A dense, compact subsoil layer that contains much more clay than the overlying
materials, from which it is separated by a sharply defined boundary. The layer
restricts the downward movement of water through the soil. A claypan is
commonly hard when dry and plastic and sticky when wet.

Climax plant
community The stabilized plant community on a particular site. The plant cover reproduces
itself and does not change so long as the environment remains Coarse textured the same.
soilSand or loamy
sand.

Cobble (or
cobblestone) A rounded or partly rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25
centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil
material Material that has 15 to 35 percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock
fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in diameter.

Very cobbly soil
material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and extremely cobbly
soil material has more than 60 percent.

COLE (coefficient of linear
extensibility) See Linear
extensibility.

Colluviu
m Unconsolidated, unsorted earth material being transported or deposited on side
slopes and/or at the base of slopes by mass movement (e.g., direct
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Complex
slopeIrregular or variable slope. Planning or establishing terraces, diversions, and
other water-control structures on a complex slope is difficult.

Complex,
soilA map unit of two or more kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas in such an
intricate pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to map them
separately at the selected scale of mapping. The pattern and proportion of the
soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas.

Concretions
See Redoximorphic
features.

Conglomerat
e
A coarse grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of
rounded or subangular
rock fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It commonly has a matrix of
sand and finer textured material. Conglomerate is the
consolidated equivalent
of gravel.

Conservation cropping
system Growing crops in combination with needed cultural and management practices.

In a good conservation cropping system, the soil-improving crops and practices
more than offset the effects of the soil-depleting crops and practices. Cropping
systems are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving practices in a conservation
cropping system include the use of rotations that contain grasses and legumes
and the return of crop residue to the soil. Other practices include the use of
green manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper tillage, adequate
fertilization, and weed and pest control.

Conservation
tillage A tillage system that does not invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount
of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence,
soilRefers to the degree of cohesion and adhesion of soil material and its
resistance to deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes resistance of
soil material to rupture and to penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness
of puddled soil material; and the manner in which the soil material behaves
when subject to compression. Terms describing consistence are defined in the
“Soil Survey Manual.”
Contour
stripcropping Growing crops in strips that follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing
crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops or summer Control fallow.
section The part of the soil on which classification is based. The thickness varies
among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that part of the soil profile
between depths of 10 inches and 40 or 80 inches.
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Coprogenous earth
(sedimentary peat) A type of limnic layer composed predominantly of fecal material derived from
aquatic animals.

Corrosion
(geomorphology) A process of erosion whereby rocks and soil are removed or worn away by
natural chemical processes, especially by the solvent action of running water,
but also by other reactions, such as hydrolysis, hydration, carbonation, and
oxidation.

Corrosion (soil survey
interpretations) Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or weakens
concrete or uncoated steel.

Cover
cropA close-growing crop grown primarily to improve and protect the soil between
periods of regular crop production, or a crop grown between trees and vines in
Crop residue orchards and vineyards.
management Returning crop residue to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,
organic matter content, and fertility and helps to control Cropping erosion.
system Growing crops according to a planned system of rotation and management
practices.

Cross-slope
farming Deliberately conducting farming operations on sloping farmland in such a way
that tillage is across the general slope.

Crown
The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the living branches and their foliage.

Cryoturbat
e
A mass of soil or other unconsolidated earthy material moved or disturbed by
frost action. It is typically coarser than the underlying material.

Cuesta
An asymmetric ridge capped by resistant rock layers of slight or moderate dip
(commonly less than 15 percent slopes); a type of homocline produced by
differential erosion of interbedded resistant and weak rocks. A cuesta has a
long, gentle slope on one side (dip slope) that roughly parallels the inclined
beds; on the other side, it has a relatively short and steep or clifflike slope
(scarp) that cuts through the tilted rocks.
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Culmination of the mean annual
increment (CMAI) The average annual increase per acre in the volume of a stand. Computed by
dividing the total volume of the stand by its age. As the stand increases in age,
the mean annual increment continues to increase until mortality begins to
reduce the rate of increase. The point where the stand reaches its maximum
annual rate of growth is called the culmination of the mean annual increment.

Cutbanks
caveThe walls of excavations tend to cave in
or slough.

Decreaser
s
The most heavily grazed climax range plants. Because
they are the most
palatable, they are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.

Deferred
grazing Postponing grazing or resting grazing land for a prescribed period.

Delta
A body of alluvium having a surface that is fan shaped and nearly flat;
deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a body of
Dense relatively quiet water, generally a sea or lake.
layerA very firm, massive layer that has a bulk density of more than

1.8 grams per
cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of digging and can affect filling
Depression, closed (map and compacting.
symbol) A shallow, saucer-shaped area that is slightly lower on the landscape than the
surrounding area and that does not have a natural outlet for Depth, surface drainage.
soilGenerally, the thickness of the soil over bedrock. Very deep soils are more than
60 inches deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; moderately deep, 20
to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Desert
pavement A natural, residual concentration or layer of wind-polished, closely packed
gravel, boulders, and other rock fragments mantling a desert surface. It forms
where wind action and sheetwash have removed all smaller particles or where
rock fragments have migrated upward through sediments to the surface. It
typically protects the finer grained underlying material from further erosion.

Diatomaceous
earthA geologic deposit of fine, grayish siliceous material composed chiefly or
entirely of the remains of diatoms.
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Dip
slopeA slope of the land surface, roughly determined by and approximately
conforming to the dip of the underlying bedrock.

Diversion (or diversion
terrace) A ridge of earth, generally a terrace, built to protect downslope areas by
diverting runoff from its natural course.

Divided-slope
farming A form of field stripcropping in which crops are grown in a systematic
arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the slope to reduce the hazard of
water erosion. One strip is in a close-growing crop that provides protection from
erosion, and the other strip is in a crop that provides less protection from
erosion. This practice is used where slopes are not long enough to permit a full
stripcropping pattern to be used.

Drainage class
(natural) Refers to the frequency and duration of wet periods under conditions similar to
those under which the soil formed. Alterations of the water regime by human
activities, either through drainage or irrigation, are not a consideration unless
they have significantly changed the morphology of the soil.

Seven classes of
natural soil drainage are recognized—excessively drained, somewhat
excessively drained, well drained, moderately well drained, somewhat poorly
drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained. These classes are defined in
the “Soil Survey Manual.”
Drainage,
surface Runoff, or surface flow of water, from
an area.

Drainagewa
y
A general term for a course or channel along which water moves in draining an
area. A term restricted to relatively small, linear depressions that at some time
move concentrated water and either do not have a defined channel or have only
a small defined channel.

Draw
A small stream valley that generally is shallower and more open than a ravine
or gulch and that has a broader bottom. The present stream channel may
appear inadequate to have cut the drainageway that it
occupies.

Drift
A general term applied to all mineral material (clay, silt, sand, gravel, and
boulders) transported by a glacier and deposited directly by or from the ice or
transported by running water emanating from a glacier. Drift includes
unstratified material (till) that forms moraines and stratified deposits that form
outwash plains, eskers, kames, varves, and glaciofluvial sediments. The term is
generally applied to Pleistocene glacial deposits in areas that no longer contain
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Drumlin
A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or ridge of compact till that has a
core of bedrock or drift. It commonly has a blunt nose facing the direction from
which the ice approached and a gentler slope tapering in the other direction.

The longer axis is parallel to the general direction of glacier flow. Drumlins are
products of streamline (laminar) flow of glaciers, which molded the subglacial
floor through a combination of erosion and deposition.

Duff
A generally firm organic layer on the surface of mineral soils. It consists of fallen
plant material that is in the process of decomposition and includes everything
Dunefrom the litter on the surface to underlying pure humus.

A low mound, ridge, bank, or hill of loose, windblown granular material
(generally sand), either barren and capable of movement from place to place or
covered and stabilized with vegetation but retaining its characteristic shape.

Earthy
fill See Mine
spoil.

Ecological
siteAn area where climate, soil, and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a
distinct natural plant community. An ecological site is the product of all the
environmental factors responsible for its development. It is typified by an
association of species that differ from those on other
ecological sites in kind
and/or proportion of species or in total production.

Eluviatio
n
The movement of material in true solution or colloidal
suspension from one
place to another within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material through
eluviation are eluvial; those that have received material are illuvial.

Endosaturati
on A type of saturation of the soil in which all horizons between the upper
boundary of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are
Eolian saturated.
deposit Sand-, silt-, or clay-sized clastic material transported and deposited primarily by
wind, commonly in the form of a dune or a sheet of sand or Ephemeral loess.
streamA stream, or reach of a stream, that flows only in direct response to
precipitation. It receives no long-continued supply from melting snow or other
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Episaturatio
n
A type of saturation indicating a perched water table in a soil in which saturated
layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated layers within 2 meters of the
Erosion surface.

The wearing away of the land surface by water, wind, ice, or other geologic
agents and by such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion
(accelerated) Erosion much more rapid than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or
animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, such as a fire, that exposes the
Erosion surface.
(geologic) Erosion caused by geologic processes acting over long geologic periods and
resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the building up of such
landscape features as flood plains and coastal plains.

Synonym: natural
erosion.

Erosion
pavement A surficial lag concentration or layer of gravel and other rock fragments that
remains on the soil surface after sheet or rill erosion or wind has removed the
finer soil particles and that tends to protect the underlying soil from further
erosion.

Erosion
surface A land surface shaped by the action of erosion, especially by running water.

Escarpmen
t
A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff breaking the general continuity of
more gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from erosion or faulting. Most
commonly applied to cliffs produced by differential erosion.

Synonym: scarp.

Escarpment, bedrock (map
symbol) A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff, produced by erosion or faulting,
that breaks the general continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces.

Escarpment, nonbedrock (map Exposed material is hard or soft bedrock. symbol) A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff, generally produced by erosion
but in some places produced by faulting, that breaks the continuity of more
gently sloping land surfaces. Exposed earthy material is nonsoil or very shallow
soil.

Esker
A long, narrow, sinuous, steep-sided ridge of stratified sand and gravel
deposited as the bed of a stream flowing in an ice tunnel within or below the ice
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behind as high ground when the ice melted. Eskers range in length from less
than a kilometer to more than 160 kilometers and in height from Extrusive 3 to 30 meters.
rockIgneous rock derived from deep-seated molten matter (magma) deposited and
cooled on the earth’s surface.

Fallow
Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity through accumulation of
moisture. Summer fallow is common in regions of limited rainfall where cereal
grain is grown. The soil is tilled for at least one growing season for weed control
and decomposition of plant residue.

Fan
remnant A general term for landforms that are the remaining parts of older fan
landforms, such as alluvial fans, that have been either dissected or partially
Fertility, buried.
soilThe quality that enables a soil to provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts
and in proper balance, for the growth of specified plants when light, moisture,
Fibric soil material temperature, tilth, and other growth factors are favorable. (peat) The least decomposed of all organic soil material. Peat contains a large amount
of well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable according to botanical origin.

Peat has the lowest bulk density and the highest water content at saturation of
all organic soil material.

Field moisture
capacity The moisture content of a soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry
weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has drained away; the field
moisture content 2 or 3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal field
capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary capacity.

Fill
slopeA sloping surface consisting of excavated soil material from a road cut. It
commonly is on the downhill side of the road.

Fine textured
soilSandy clay, silty clay, or
clay.

Firebrea
k
An area cleared of flammable material to stop or help control creeping or
running fires. It also serves as a line from which to work and to facilitate the
movement of firefighters and equipment. Designated roads also serve as
firebreaks.
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First
bottom An obsolete, informal term loosely applied to the lowest floodplain steps that are subject to regular flooding.

Flaggy soil
material Material that has, by volume, 15 to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil
material has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely flaggy soil material has
Flagston more than 60 percent flagstones.
e
A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15
inches (15 to 38 centimeters) long.

Flood
plainThe nearly level plain that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless
protected artificially.

Flood-plain
landforms A variety of constructional and erosional features produced by stream channel
migration and flooding. Examples include backswamps, floodplain splays, meanders, meander belts, meander scrolls, oxbow lakes, and natural levees.

Flood-plain
splayA fan-shaped deposit or other outspread deposit formed where an overloaded
stream breaks through a levee (natural or artificial) and deposits its material
Flood-plain (commonly coarse grained) on the flood plain. stepAn essentially flat, terrace-like alluvial surface within a valley that is frequently
covered by floodwater from the present stream; any
approximately horizontal
surface still actively modified by fluvial scour and/or deposition. May occur
individually or as a series of steps.

Fluvial
Of or pertaining to rivers or streams; produced by stream or river action.

Foothills
A region of steeply sloping hills that fringes a mountain range or high-plateau
escarpment. The hills have relief of as much as 1,000 feet Footslop (300 meters).
e
The concave surface at the base of a hillslope. A footslope is a transition zone
between upslope sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and backslopes) and
Forbdownslope sites of deposition (toeslopes).

Any herbaceous plant not a grass or
a sedge.
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Forest cover
All trees and other woody plants (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest
typeA stand of trees similar in composition and development because of given
physical and biological factors by which it may be
differentiated from other
Fragipan stands.

A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in porosity and content of organic matter
and low or moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. A fragipan appears
cemented and restricts roots. When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher
bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. When moist, it tends to rupture
suddenly under pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Genesis,
soilThe mode of origin of the soil. Refers especially to the processes or soil-forming
factors responsible for the formation of the solum, or true soil, from the
Gilgai unconsolidated parent material.

Commonly, a succession of microbasins and microknolls in nearly level areas or
of microvalleys and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, the microrelief
of clayey soils that shrink and swell considerably with changes in moisture
content.

Glaciofluvial
deposits Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by streams
flowing from the melting ice. The deposits are stratified and occur in the form of
outwash plains, valley trains, deltas, kames, eskers, and kame terraces.

Glaciolacustrine
deposits Material ranging from fine clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited in
glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many deposits are bedded or
Gleyed laminated.
soilSoil that formed under poor drainage, resulting in the reduction of iron and other
elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Graded
stripcropping Growing crops in strips that grade toward a protected waterway.

Grassed
waterway A natural or constructed waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass
as protection against erosion. Conducts surface water away from cropland.
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Gravel
Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6
centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravel pit (map
symbol) An open excavation from which soil and underlying material have been
removed and used, without crushing, as a source of sand Gravelly soil or gravel.
material Material that has 15 to 35 percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock
fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in
Gravelly spot (map diameter.
symbol) A spot where the surface layer has more than 35 percent, by volume, rock
fragments that are mostly less than 3 inches in diameter in an area that has
Green manure crop less than 15 percent rock fragments.
(agronomy) A soil-improving crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage of maturity or
soon after maturity.

Ground
water Water filling all the unblocked pores of the material below the water table.

Gully (map
symbol) A small, steep-sided channel caused by erosion and cut in unconsolidated
materials by concentrated but intermittent flow of water. The distinction between
a gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is an obstacle to farm
machinery and is too deep to be obliterated by ordinary tillage whereas a rill is
of lesser depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary tillage.

Hard
bedrock Bedrock that cannot be excavated except by blasting or by the use of special
equipment that is not commonly used in construction.

Hard to
reclaim Reclamation is difficult after the removal of soil for construction and other uses.

Revegetation and erosion control are extremely difficult.

Hardpan
A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy,
or clayey and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium carbonate, or other
substance.
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Head slope
(geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of a laterally concave area of a
hillside, especially at the head of a drainageway. The
overland waterflow is
Hemic soil material (mucky converging.
peat) Organic soil material intermediate in degree of decomposition between the less
decomposed fibric material and the more decomposed sapric High-residue material.
crops Such crops as small grain and corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue
from these crops can be used to control erosion until the next crop in the
rotation is established. These crops return large amounts of organic matter to
the soil.

Hill
A generic term for an elevated area of the land surface, rising as much as 1,000
feet above surrounding lowlands, commonly of limited summit area and having
a well defined outline. Slopes are generally more than 15 percent. The
distinction between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and may depend on local
usage.

Hillslope
A generic term for the steeper part of a hill between its summit and the drainage
line, valley flat, or depression floor at the base of a hill.

Horizon,
soilA layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, having distinct
characteristics produced by soil-forming processes. In the identification of soil
horizons, an uppercase letter represents the major horizons.

Numbers or
lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions of the major horizons. An
explanation of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.” The major
horizons of mineral soil are as follows:
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O horizon: An organic layer of fresh and decaying
plant residue. L horizon: A layer of organic and mineral limnic materials, including
coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat), diatomaceous
earth, and marl. A horizon: The mineral horizon at or near the surface in which an accumulation
of humified organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed
surface horizon, most of which was originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon: The mineral horizon in which the main feature is loss of silicate clay,
iron, aluminum, or some combination of these. B horizon: The mineral horizon below an A horizon. The B horizon is in part a
layer of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C horizon. The B
horizon also has distinctive characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,
sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky
structure; (3) redder or browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a
combination of these.

C horizon: The mineral horizon or layer, excluding indurated bedrock, that is
little affected by soil-forming processes and does not have the properties typical
of the overlying soil material. The material of a C horizon may be either like or
unlike that in which the solum formed. If the material is known to differ from that
in the solum, an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.

Cr horizon: Soft, consolidated bedrock
beneath the soil. R layer: Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. The bedrock commonly
underlies a C horizon, but it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. M layer: A root-limiting subsoil layer consisting of nearly continuous, horizontally
oriented, human-manufactured materials. W layer: A layer of water within or beneath the soil.

Humus
The well decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter in mineral
soils.

Hydrologic soil
groups Refers to soils grouped according to their runoff potential. The soil properties
that influence this potential are those that affect the minimum rate of water
infiltration on a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting when the soil is
not frozen. These properties include depth to a seasonal high water table, the
infiltration rate, and depth to a layer that significantly restricts the downward
movement of water. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not considered
but are separate factors in predicting runoff.

Igneous
rockRock that was formed by cooling and solidification of magma and that has not
been changed appreciably by weathering since its formation.

Major varieties
include plutonic and volcanic rock (e.g., andesite, basalt, and granite).

Illuviatio
n
The movement of soil material from one horizon to another in the soil profile.

Generally, material is removed from an upper horizon and deposited in a lower
horizon.
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Impervious
soilA soil through which water, air, or roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is
absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Increaser
s
Species in the climax vegetation that increase in amount as the more desirable
plants are reduced by close grazing. Increasers commonly are the shorter
Infiltratio plants and the less palatable to livestock. n
The downward entry of water into the immediate surface of soil or other
material, as contrasted with percolation, which is movement of water through
Infiltration soil layers or material.
capacity The maximum rate at which water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of
conditions.

Infiltration
rateThe rate at which water penetrates the surface of the soil at any given instant,
usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be limited by the infiltration
capacity of the soil or the rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake
rateThe average rate of water entering the soil under irrigation.

Most soils have a
fast initial rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate
for design purposes is not a constant but is a variable depending on the net
irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in inches per hour, is expressed
as follows:

Very low: Less than

0.2 Low: Moderately low: 0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to

0.75 Moderate: 0.75 to 1.25
Moderately high: 1.25 to

1.75 High: 1.75 to 2.5 Very high: More than

2.5 Interfluv
e
A landform composed of the relatively undissected upland or ridge between two
adjacent valleys containing streams flowing in the same general direction. An
elevated area between two drainageways that sheds water to those
drainageways.

Interfluve
(geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of the uppermost, comparatively
level or gently sloping area of a hill; shoulders of backwearing hillslopes can
narrow the upland or can merge, resulting in a strongly convex shape.
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Intermittent
streamA stream, or reach of a stream, that does not flow year-round but that is
commonly dry for 3 or more months out of 12 and whose
channel is generally
below the local water table. It flows only during wet periods or when it receives
ground-water discharge or long, continued contributions from melting snow or
other surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Invaders
On range, plants that encroach into an area and grow after the climax
vegetation has been reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade following
Iron depletions disturbance of the surface.

See Redoximorphic
features.

Irrigatio
n
Application of water to soils to assist in production of crops. Methods of
irrigation are: Basin: Water is applied rapidly to nearly level plains surrounded by levees or
dikes. Border: Water is applied at the upper end of a strip in which the lateral flow of
water is controlled by small earth ridges called border dikes, or borders. Controlled flooding: Water is released at intervals from closely spaced field
ditches and distributed uniformly over the field. Corrugation: Water is applied to small, closely spaced furrows or ditches in
fields of close-growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one direction. Drip (or trickle): Water is applied slowly and under low pressure to the surface
of the soil or into the soil through such applicators as emitters, porous tubing, or
perforated pipe. Furrow: Water is applied in small ditches made by cultivation implements.

Furrows are used for tree and row crops. Sprinkler: Water is sprayed over the soil surface through pipes or nozzles from
a pressure system. Subirrigation: Water is applied in open ditches or tile lines until the water table is
raised enough to wet the soil. Wild flooding: Water, released at high points, is allowed to flow onto an area
without controlled distribution.

Kame
A low mound, knob, hummock, or short irregular ridge
composed of stratified
sand and gravel deposited by a subglacial stream as a fan or delta at the
margin of a melting glacier; by a supraglacial stream in a low place or hole on
the surface of the glacier; or as a ponded deposit on the surface or at the
margin of stagnant ice.
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Karst
(topography) A kind of topography that formed in limestone, gypsum, or other soluble rocks
by dissolution and that is characterized by closed depressions, sinkholes,
Knoll caves, and underground drainage.

A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent
landforms.

Ksat
See Saturated hydraulic
conductivity.

Lacustrine
deposit Material deposited in lake water and exposed when the water level is lowered
or the elevation of the land is raised.

Lake
plainA nearly level surface marking the floor of an extinct lake filled by well sorted,
generally fine textured, stratified deposits, commonly
Lake containing varves.
terrace A narrow shelf, partly cut and partly built, produced along a lakeshore in front of
a scarp line of low cliffs and later exposed when the water level Landfill (map falls.
symbol) An area of accumulated waste products of human habitation, either above or
below natural ground level.

Landslid
e
A general, encompassing term for most types of mass
movement landforms
and processes involving the downslope transport and outward deposition of soil
and rock materials caused by gravitational forces; the
movement may or may
not involve saturated materials. The speed and distance of movement, as well
as the amount of soil and rock material, vary greatly.

Large
stones Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones
adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Lava flow (map
symbol) A solidified, commonly lobate body of rock formed through lateral, surface
outpouring of molten lava from a vent or fissure.

Leachin
g
The removal of soluble material from soil or other material by percolating water.
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Levee (map
symbol) An embankment that confines or controls water, especially one built along the
banks of a river to prevent overflow onto lowlands.

Linear
extensibility Refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is
decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear extensibility is used to determine
the shrink-swell potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume change
between the water content of the clod at / - or / -bar 1 1 tension (33kPa or
10 3
10kPa tension) and oven dryness. Volume change is
influenced by the amount
and type of clay minerals in the soil. The volume change is the percent change
for the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the resulting value is COLE,
coefficient of linear extensibility.

Liquid limit
The moisture content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam
Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles,
and less than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess
Material transported and deposited by wind and consisting dominantly of siltsized particles.

Low
strength The soil is not strong enough to
support loads.

Low-residue
crops Such crops as corn used for silage, peas, beans, and potatoes.

Residue from
these crops is not adequate to control erosion until the next crop in the rotation
is established. These crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Marl
An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed
with clay in approximately equal proportions; formed primarily under freshwater
lacustrine conditions but also formed in more saline
environments.

Marsh or swamp (map
symbol) A water-saturated, very poorly drained area that is intermittently or permanently
covered by water. Sedges, cattails, and rushes are the
dominant vegetation in
marshes, and trees or shrubs are the dominant vegetation in swamps. Not used
in map units where the named soils are poorly drained or very poorly drained.

Mass
movement A generic term for the dislodgment and downslope transport of soil and rock
material as a unit under direct gravitational stress.
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Masses
See Redoximorphic
features.

Meander
beltThe zone within which migration of a meandering channel occurs; the floodplain area included between two imaginary lines drawn tangential to the outer
Meander bends of active channel loops.
scarA crescent-shaped, concave or linear mark on the face of a bluff or valley wall,
produced by the lateral erosion of a meandering stream that impinged upon and
Meander undercut the bluff.
scroll One of a series of long, parallel, close-fitting, crescentshaped ridges and troughs formed along the inner bank of a stream meander as the channel
Mechanical migrated laterally down-valley and toward the outer bank. treatment Use of mechanical equipment for seeding, brush management, and other
management practices.

Medium textured
soilVery fine sandy loam, loam, silt
loam, or silt.

Mesa
A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly isolated landmass bounded by steep
slopes or precipitous cliffs and capped by layers of resistant, nearly horizontal
rocky material. The summit width is characteristically greater than the height of
the bounding escarpments.

Metamorphic
rockRock of any origin altered in mineralogical composition, chemical composition,
or structure by heat, pressure, and movement at depth in the earth’s crust.

Mine or quarry (map Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. symbol) An open excavation from which soil and underlying material have been
removed and in which bedrock is exposed. Also denotes
surface openings to
Mine underground mines.
spoil An accumulation of displaced earthy material, rock, or other waste material
removed during mining or excavation. Also called earthy fill.

Mineral
soilSoil that is mainly mineral material and low in organic material.

Its bulk density
is more than that of organic soil.
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Minimum
tillage Only the tillage essential to crop production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous
areaA kind of map unit that has little or no natural soil and supports little or no
vegetation.

Miscellaneous water (map
symbol) Small, constructed bodies of water that are used for industrial, sanitary, or
mining applications and that contain water most of the year.

Moderately coarse
textured soil Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine
sandy loam.

Moderately fine
textured soil Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty
clay loam.

Mollic
epipedon A thick, dark, humus-rich surface horizon (or horizons) that has high base
saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the upper part of the
Moraine subsoil.

In terms of glacial geology, a mound, ridge, or other
topographically distinct
accumulation of unsorted, unstratified drift, predominantly till, deposited
primarily by the direct action of glacial ice in a variety of landforms. Also, a
general term for a landform composed mainly of till (except for kame moraines,
which are composed mainly of stratified outwash) that has been deposited by a
glacier. Some types of moraines are disintegration, end, ground, kame, lateral,
recessional, and terminal.

Morphology,
soilThe physical makeup of the soil, including the texture, structure, porosity,
consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and biological properties of the
various horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of those horizons in the
soil profile.

Mottling,
soilIrregular spots of different colors that vary in number and size.

Descriptive
terms are as follows: abundance—few, common, and many;
size—fine,
medium, and coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and
prominent. The size
measurements are of the diameter along the greatest
dimension. Fine indicates
less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about

0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mountai
n
A generic term for an elevated area of the land surface, rising more than 1,000
feet (300 meters) above surrounding lowlands, commonly of restricted summit
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occur as a single, isolated mass or in a group forming a chain or range.

Mountains are formed primarily by tectonic activity and/or volcanic action but
Muckcan also be formed by differential erosion.

Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic soil material. (See Sapric soil
material.)
Mucky peat
See Hemic soil
material.

Mudston
e
A blocky or massive, fine grained sedimentary rock in which the proportions of
clay and silt are approximately equal. Also, a general term for such material as
clay, silt, claystone, siltstone, shale, and argillite and that should be used only
when the amounts of clay and silt are not known or cannot be precisely
identified.

Munsell
notation A designation of color by degrees of three simple variables— hue, value, and
chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with hue of 10YR, value
Natric of 6, and chroma of 4.
horizon A special kind of argillic horizon that contains enough exchangeable sodium to
have an adverse effect on the physical condition of the subsoil.

Neutral
soilA soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. (See
Reaction, soil.)
Nodules
See Redoximorphic
features.

Nose slope
(geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of the projecting end (laterally
convex area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is
predominantly divergent.

Nose slopes consist dominantly of colluvium and slope-wash sediments (for
example, slope alluvium).

Nutrient,
plant Any element taken in by a plant essential to its growth.

Plant nutrients are
mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulfur, iron,
manganese, copper, boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and water.

Organic
matter Plant and animal residue in the soil in various stages of decomposition. The
content of organic matter in the surface layer is described as follows:
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Very low: Less than 0.5
percent Low: 0.5 to 1.0
percent Moderately low: 1.0 to 2.0
percent
Moderate: 2.0 to 4.0 percent
High: Very high: 4.0 to 8.0 percent More than 8.0
percent
Outwash
Stratified and sorted sediments (chiefly sand and gravel) removed or “washed
out” from a glacier by meltwater streams and deposited in front of or beyond the
end moraine or the margin of a glacier. The coarser material is deposited nearer
to the ice.

Outwash
plainAn extensive lowland area of coarse textured glaciofluvial material. An outwash
plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, it generally is low in Paleoterrac relief.
e
An erosional remnant of a terrace that retains the surface form and alluvial
deposits of its origin but was not emplaced by, and commonly does not grade
Panto, a present-day stream or drainage network.

A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the movement of water and the
growth of roots. For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and traffic
Parent pan.
material The unconsolidated organic and mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat
Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed organic
matter, that has
accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric soil
Pedmaterial.)
An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedisedime
nt A layer of sediment, eroded from the shoulder and backslope of an erosional
slope, that lies on and is being (or was) transported across a gently sloping
erosional surface at the foot of a receding hill or mountain slope.

Pedon
The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” A pedon is three dimensional
and large enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from about 10
to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 square meters), depending on the
variability of the soil.
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Percolation
The movement of water through
the soil.

Perennial water (map
symbol) Small, natural or constructed lakes, ponds, or pits that contain water most of the
year.

Permafros
t Ground, soil, or rock that remains at or below 0 degrees C for at least 2 years. It
is defined on the basis of temperature and is not necessarily pH value frozen.

A numerical designation of acidity and alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)
Phase,
soilA subdivision of a soil series based on features that affect its use and
management, such as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

Piping
Formation of subsurface tunnels or pipelike cavities by water moving through
the soil.

Pitting
Pits caused by melting around ice. They form on the soil after plant cover is
removed.

Plastic
limitThe moisture content at which a soil changes from
semisolid to plastic.

Plasticity
indexThe numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range
of moisture content within which the soil remains plastic.

Plateau
(geomorphology) A comparatively flat area of great extent and elevation; specifically, an extensive
land region that is considerably elevated (more than 100 meters) above the
adjacent lower lying terrain, is commonly limited on at least one side by an
abrupt descent, and has a flat or nearly level surface. A comparatively large
part of a plateau surface is near summit level.

Playa
The generally dry and nearly level lake plain that occupies the lowest parts of
closed depressions, such as those on intermontane basin floors. Temporary
flooding occurs primarily in response to precipitation and runoff.

Playa deposits
are fine grained and may or may not have a high water table and saline
conditions.
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Plinthite
The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly weathered mixture of clay with quartz
and other diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, usually in platy,
polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone
hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated wetting and drying, especially if
it is exposed also to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can be cut with a
spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan
A compacted layer formed in the soil directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding
Standing water on soils in closed depressions. Unless the soils are artificially
drained, the water can be removed only by percolation or Poorly evapotranspiration.
graded Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil material consisting mainly of particles of
nearly the same size. Because there is little difference in size of the particles,
Pore density can be increased only slightly by compaction. linings See Redoximorphic
features.

Potential native plant
community See Climax plant
community.

Potential rooting depth (effective
rooting depth) Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content of moisture in the soil were
adequate. The soil has no properties restricting the penetration of roots to this
Prescribed depth.
burning Deliberately burning an area for specific management purposes, under the
appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture and at the proper time of
Productivity, day.
soilThe capability of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants
under specific management.

Profile,
soilA vertical section of the soil extending through all its horizons and into the
parent material.

Proper grazing
useGrazing at an intensity that maintains enough cover to protect the soil and
maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the desirable vegetation. This
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promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch necessary to conserve soil and
water.

Rangelan
d
Land on which the potential natural vegetation is
predominantly grasses,
grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or browsing. It includes
natural grasslands, savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, and
areas that support certain forb and shrub communities.

Reaction,
soilA measure of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, expressed as pH values. A soil that
tests to pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction because it is neither
acid nor alkaline. The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values,
are:

Ultra acid: Less than 3.5
Extremely acid: 3.5 to

4.4 Very strongly acid: 4.5
to 5.0
Strongly acid: 5.1 to 5.5 Moderately acid: 5.6 to

6.0 Slightly acid: Neutral: 6.6 to 6.1 to 6.5

7.3 Slightly alkaline: 7.4 to 7.8
Moderately alkaline: 7.9 to 8.4
Strongly alkaline: 8.5 to 9.0
Very strongly alkaline: 9.1 and
higher
Red
bedsSedimentary strata that are mainly red and are made up largely of sandstone
and shale.

Redoximorphic
concentrations See Redoximorphic
features.

Redoximorphic
depletions See Redoximorphic
features.

Redoximorphic
features Redoximorphic features are associated with wetness and result from alternating
periods of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese compounds in the
soil. Reduction occurs during saturation with water, and oxidation occurs when
the soil is not saturated. Characteristic color patterns are created by these
processes. The reduced iron and manganese ions may be
removed from a soil
if vertical or lateral fluxes of water occur, in which case there is no iron or
manganese precipitation in that soil. Wherever the iron and manganese are
oxidized and precipitated, they form either soft masses or hard concretions or
nodules. Movement of iron and manganese as a result of
redoximorphic
processes in a soil may result in redoximorphic features that are defined as
follows:
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1. Redoximorphic concentrations.—These are
zones of apparent
accumulation of iron-manganese oxides,
including: A. Nodules and concretions, which are cemented bodies that can be
removed from the soil intact. Concretions are
distinguished from
nodules on the basis of internal organization. A
concretion typically
has concentric layers that are visible to the naked eye.

Nodules do not
have visible organized internal structure; and
B. Masses, which are noncemented concentrations of
substances within the soil matrix;
and C. Pore linings, i.e., zones of accumulation along pores that may be
either coatings on pore surfaces or impregnations
from the matrix
adjacent to the pores. 2. Redoximorphic depletions.—These are zones of low chroma (chromas less
than those in the matrix) where either iron-manganese
oxides alone or both
iron-manganese oxides and clay have been stripped out,
including:

A. Iron depletions, i.e., zones that contain low
amounts of iron and
manganese oxides but have a clay content similar
to that of the
adjacent matrix; and B. Clay depletions, i.e., zones that contain low amounts of iron,
manganese, and clay (often referred to as silt coatings or skeletans). 3. Reduced matrix.—This is a soil matrix that has low chroma in situ but
undergoes a change in hue or chroma within 30
minutes after the soil
Reduced matrix material has been exposed to air.

See Redoximorphic
features.

Regolith
All unconsolidated earth materials above the solid bedrock. It includes material
weathered in place from all kinds of bedrock and alluvial, glacial, eolian,
Relief lacustrine, and pyroclastic deposits.

The relative difference in elevation between the upland summits and the
lowlands or valleys of a given region.

Residuum (residual soil
material) Unconsolidated, weathered or partly weathered mineral material that
accumulated as bedrock disintegrated in place.

Rill
A very small, steep-sided channel resulting from erosion and cut in
unconsolidated materials by concentrated but intermittent flow of water. A rill
generally is not an obstacle to wheeled vehicles and is shallow enough to be
smoothed over by ordinary tillage.
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Riser
The vertical or steep side slope (e.g., escarpment) of terraces, flood-plain steps,
or other stepped landforms; commonly a recurring part of a series of natural,
Road steplike landforms, such as successive stream terraces. cutA sloping surface produced by mechanical means during road construction. It is
commonly on the uphill side of the road.

Rock
fragments Rock or mineral fragments having a diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for
example, pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rock outcrop (map
symbol) An exposure of bedrock at the surface of the earth. Not used where the named
soils of the surrounding map unit are shallow over bedrock or where “Rock
Root outcrop” is a named component of the map unit.
zoneThe part of the soil that can be penetrated by
plant roots.

Runoff
The precipitation discharged into stream channels from an area. The water that
flows off the surface of the land without sinking into the soil is called surface
runoff. Water that enters the soil before reaching surface streams is called
ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Saline
soilA soil containing soluble salts in an amount that impairs growth of plants. A
saline soil does not contain excess exchangeable sodium.

Saline spot (map
symbol) An area where the surface layer has an electrical conductivity of 8 mmhos/cm
more than the surface layer of the named soils in the
surrounding map unit. The
surface layer of the surrounding soils has an electrical conductivity of 2
mmhos/cm or less.

Sand
As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments from

0.05 millimeter to

2.0 millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz.

As a soil textural
class, a soil that is 85 percent or more sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandston
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Sandy spot (map
symbol) A spot where the surface layer is loamy fine sand or coarser in areas where the
surface layer of the named soils in the surrounding map unit is very fine sandy
Sapric soil material loam or finer.
(muck) The most highly decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has the least
amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk density, and the lowest water content at
Saturated hydraulic saturation of all organic soil material. conductivity (Ksat) The ease with which pores of a saturated soil transmit water.

Formally, the
proportionality coefficient that expresses the relationship of the rate of water
movement to hydraulic gradient in Darcy’s Law, a law that describes the rate of
water movement through porous media. Commonly
abbreviated as “Ksat.”
Terms describing saturated hydraulic conductivity are:

Very high: 100 or more micrometers per second (14.17 or more inches per
hour) High: 10 to 100 micrometers per second (1.417 to 14.17 inches per hour) Moderately high: 1 to 10 micrometers per second (0.1417 inch to 1.417 inches
per hour) Moderately low: 0.1 to 1 micrometer per second (0.01417 to

0.1417 inch per
hour) Low: 0.01 to 0.1 micrometer per second (0.001417 to

0.01417 inch per hour) Very low: Less than 0.01 micrometer per second (less than

0.001417 inch per
hour). To convert inches per hour to micrometers per second, multiply inches per hour
by 7.0572. To convert micrometers per second to inches per hour, multiply
Saturatio micrometers per second by 0.1417.
n Wetness characterized by zero or positive pressure of the soil water. Under
conditions of saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix into an unlined
Scarificatio auger hole.
n
The act of abrading, scratching, loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to
increase water absorption or to provide a more tillable soil.

Sedimentary
rockA consolidated deposit of clastic particles, chemical precipitates, or organic
remains accumulated at or near the surface of the earth under normal low
temperature and pressure conditions. Sedimentary rocks
include consolidated
equivalents of alluvium, colluvium, drift, and eolian, lacustrine, and marine
deposits. Examples are sandstone, siltstone, mudstone,
claystone, shale,
conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, and coal.
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Sequum
A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon and the overlying eluvial horizon.
(See Eluviation.)
Series,
soilA group of soils that have profiles that are almost alike, except for differences in
texture of the surface layer. All the soils of a series have horizons that are
Severely eroded spot (map similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. symbol) An area where, on the average, 75 percent or more of the original surface layer
has been lost because of accelerated erosion. Not used in map units in which
“severely eroded,” “very severely eroded,” or “gullied” is part of the map unit
name.

Shale
Sedimentary rock that formed by the hardening of a deposit of clay, silty clay, or
silty clay loam and that has a tendency to split into thin layers.

Sheet
erosion The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil material from the land surface by the
action of rainfall and surface runoff.

Short, steep slope (map
symbol) A narrow area of soil having slopes that are at least two slope classes steeper
than the slope class of the surrounding map unit.

Shoulde
r
The convex, erosional surface near the top of a hillslope.

A shoulder is a
transition from summit to backslope.

Shrinkswell The shrinking of soil when dry and the swelling when wet.

Shrinking and
swelling can damage roads, dams, building foundations, and other structures. It
Shrub-coppice can also damage plant roots.
duneA small, streamlined dune that forms around brush and clump vegetation.

Side slope
(geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of a laterally planar area of a
hillside. The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel.

Side slopes are
Silicadominantly colluvium and slope-wash sediments.

A combination of silicon and oxygen. The mineral form is called quartz.
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Silica-sesquioxide
ratioThe ratio of the number of molecules of silica to the number of molecules of
alumina and iron oxide. The more highly weathered soils or their clay fractions
in warm-temperate, humid regions, and especially those in the tropics, generally
have a low ratio.

Silt
As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that range in diameter from the
upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05
millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less
than 12 percent clay.

Siltstone
An indurated silt having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine
lamination or fissility; a massive mudstone in which silt Similar predominates over clay.
soilsSoils that share limits of diagnostic criteria, behave and perform in a similar
manner, and have similar conservation needs or management requirements for
Sinkhole (map the major land uses in the survey area.
symbol) A closed, circular or elliptical depression, commonly funnel shaped,
characterized by subsurface drainage and formed either by dissolution of the
surface of underlying bedrock (e.g., limestone, gypsum, or salt) or by collapse
of underlying caves within bedrock. Complexes of sinkholes in carbonate-rock
terrain are the main components of karst topography.

Site
indexA designation of the quality of a forest site based on the height of the dominant
stand at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average height attained
by dominant and codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50
years is 75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slickensides
(pedogenic) Grooved, striated, and/or glossy (shiny) slip faces on structural peds, such as
wedges; produced by shrink-swell processes, most commonly in soils that have
Slide or slip (map a high content of expansive clays.
symbol) A prominent landform scar or ridge caused by fairly recent mass movement or
descent of earthy material resulting from failure of earth or rock under shear
Slopestress along one or several surfaces.

The inclination of the land surface from the horizontal.

Percentage of slope is
the vertical distance divided by horizontal distance, then multiplied by 100.

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Slope
alluvium Sediment gradually transported down the slopes of mountains or hills primarily
by nonchannel alluvial processes (i.e., slope-wash processes) and
characterized by particle sorting. Lateral particle sorting is evident on long
slopes. In a profile sequence, sediments may be distinguished by differences in
size and/or specific gravity of rock fragments and may be separated by stone
lines. Burnished peds and sorting of rounded or subrounded pebbles or cobbles
distinguish these materials from unsorted colluvial deposits.

Slow
refillThe slow filling of ponds, resulting from restricted water transmission in the soil.

Slow water
movement Restricted downward movement of water through the soil.

See Saturated
hydraulic conductivity.

Sodic (alkali)
soilA soil having so high a degree of alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a
percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more
of the total
exchangeable bases), or both, that plant growth is
restricted.

Sodic spot (map
symbol) An area where the surface layer has a sodium adsorption ratio that is at least
10 more than that of the surface layer of the named soils in the surrounding
map unit. The surface layer of the surrounding soils has a sodium adsorption
ratio of 5 or less.

Sodicity
The degree to which a soil is affected by exchangeable
sodium. Sodicity is
expressed as a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a
saturation extract, or the
+ ++ ++ ratio of Na to Ca + Mg . The degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are:

Slight: Less than
13:1
Moderate: Strong: More than 13-30:1
30:1
Sodium adsorption ratio
(SAR) A measure of the amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) and
magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from saturated soil paste.

It is the ratio of
the Na concentration divided by the square root of one-half of the Ca + Mg
concentration.

Soft
bedrock Bedrock that can be excavated with trenching machines, backhoes, small
rippers, and other equipment commonly used in
construction.
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Soil
A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s surface. It is capable of
supporting plants and has properties resulting from the integrated effect of
climate and living matter acting on earthy parent material, as conditioned by
relief and by the passage of time.

Soil separates
Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters in equivalent between specified size limits. The names and sizes, in diameter and ranging millimeters, of separates
recognized in the United States are as follows: Very coarse sand: 2.0 to 1.0
Coarse sand: 1.0 to 0.5
Medium sand: 0.5 to

0.25 Fine sand: 0.25 to 0.10
Very fine sand: 0.10 to

0.05 Silt: 0.05 to 0.002
Clay: Less than

0.002
Solum
The upper part of a soil profile, above the C horizon, in which the processes of
soil formation are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, and B horizons.

Generally, the characteristics of the material in these horizons are unlike those
of the material below the solum. The living roots and plant and animal activities
are largely confined to the solum.

Spoil area (map
symbol) A pile of earthy materials, either smoothed or uneven, resulting from human
activity.

Stone
lineIn a vertical cross section, a line formed by scattered fragments or a discrete
layer of angular and subangular rock fragments (commonly a gravel- or cobblesized lag concentration) that formerly was draped across a topographic surface
and was later buried by additional sediments. A stone line generally caps
material that was subject to weathering, soil formation, and erosion before
burial. Many stone lines seem to be buried erosion pavements, originally
formed by sheet and rill erosion across the land surface.

Stones
Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 centimeters) in diameter if rounded or
15 to 24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony
Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers that interfere with or prevent
tillage.
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Stony spot (map
symbol) A spot where 0.01 to 0.1 percent of the soil surface is covered by rock
fragments that are more than 10 inches in diameter in
areas where the
Strath surrounding soil has no surface stones.
terrace A type of stream terrace; formed as an erosional surface cut on bedrock and
thinly mantled with stream deposits (alluvium).

Stream
terrace One of a series of platforms in a stream valley, flanking and more or less
parallel to the stream channel, originally formed near the level of the stream;
represents the remnants of an abandoned flood plain, stream bed, or valley
floor produced during a former state of fluvial erosion or deposition.

Stripcroppin
g Growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands that provide
vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water erosion.

Structure,
soilThe arrangement of primary soil particles into
compound particles or
aggregates. The principal forms of soil structure are: Platy: Flat and laminated Prismatic: Vertically elongated and
having flat tops Columnar: Vertically elongated and having rounded tops Angular blocky: Having faces that intersect at sharp angles (planes)
Subangular blocky: Having subrounded and planar faces
(no sharp angles)
Granular: Small structural units with curved or very irregular faces
Structureless soil horizons are defined
as follows: Single grained: Entirely noncoherent (each grain by itself), as in loose sand
Massive: Occurring as a coherent mass
Stubble
mulch Stubble or other crop residue left on the soil or partly worked into the soil. It
protects the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after harvest, during
preparation of a seedbed for the next crop, and during the early growing period
of the new crop.

Subsoil
Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the solum below plow depth.

Subsoilin
g
Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, ordinarily to
shatter a hardpan or
claypan.
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Substratum
The part of the soil below the
solum.

Subsurface layer
Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, or EB) below the
surface layer.

Summer
fallowThe tillage of uncropped land during the summer to control weeds and allow
storage of moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A practice common
in semiarid regions, where annual precipitation is not enough to produce a crop
every year. Summer fallow is frequently practiced before planting winter grain.

Summit
The topographically highest position of a hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar
or only slightly convex) surface.

Surface
layerThe soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging
in depth from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Frequently designated as
Surface the “plow layer,” or the “Ap horizon.”
soilThe A, E, AB, and EB horizons, considered collectively.

It includes all
subdivisions of these horizons.

Talus
Rock fragments of any size or shape (commonly coarse and angular) derived
from and lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rock slope.

The accumulated
mass of such loose broken rock formed chiefly by falling, rolling, or sliding.

Taxadjunct
s
Soils that cannot be classified in a series recognized in the classification
system. Such soils are named for a series they strongly resemble and are
designated as taxadjuncts to that series because they differ in ways too small to
be of consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. Soils are recognized
as taxadjuncts only when one or more of their characteristics are slightly
outside the range defined for the family of the series for which the soils are
named.

Terminal
moraine An end moraine that marks the farthest advance of a glacier. It typically has the
form of a massive arcuate or concentric ridge, or complex of ridges, and is
Terrace underlain by till and other types of drift.
(conservation) An embankment, or ridge, constructed across sloping soils on the contour or at
a slight angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff so that water
soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a field
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generally is built so that the field can be farmed. A terrace intended mainly for
drainage has a deep channel that is maintained in permanent Terrace sod.
(geomorphology) A steplike surface, bordering a valley floor or shoreline, that represents the
former position of a flood plain, lake, or seashore. The term is usually applied
both to the relatively flat summit surface (tread) that was cut or built by stream
or wave action and to the steeper descending slope (scarp or riser) that has
graded to a lower base level of erosion.

Terracette
s
Small, irregular steplike forms on steep hillslopes, especially in pasture, formed
by creep or erosion of surficial materials that may be induced or enhanced by
Texture, trampling of livestock, such as sheep or cattle. soilThe relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in a mass of soil. The
basic textural classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine particles, are
sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam,
silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, loamy sand, and
sandy loam classes may be further divided by specifying “coarse,” “fine,” or
“very fine.”
Thin
layerOtherwise suitable soil material that is too thin for the specified use.

Till
Dominantly unsorted and nonstratified drift, generally
unconsolidated and
deposited directly by a glacier without subsequent reworking by meltwater, and
consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, stones, and
boulders; rock fragments of various lithologies are embedded within a finer
matrix that can range from clay to sandy loam.

Till plain
An extensive area of level to gently undulating soils underlain predominantly by
till and bounded at the distal end by subordinate recessional or Tilth, end moraines.
soilThe physical condition of the soil as related to tillage, seedbed preparation,
seedling emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope
The gently inclined surface at the base of a hillslope.

Toeslopes in profile are
commonly gentle and linear and are constructional surfaces forming the lower
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Topsoil
The upper part of the soil, which is the most favorable material for plant growth.

It is ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to topdress roadbanks, lawns,
Trace and land affected by mining.
elements Chemical elements, for example, zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in
soils in extremely small amounts. They are essential to plant Treadgrowth.

The flat to gently sloping, topmost, laterally extensive slope of terraces, floodplain steps, or other stepped landforms; commonly a recurring part of a series
of natural steplike landforms, such as successive stream terraces.

Tuff
A generic term for any consolidated or cemented deposit that is 50 percent or
more volcanic ash.

Upland
An informal, general term for the higher ground of a region, in contrast with a
low-lying adjacent area, such as a valley or plain, or for land at a higher
elevation than the flood plain or low stream terrace; land above the footslope
zone of the hillslope continuum.

Valley fill
The unconsolidated sediment deposited by any agent (water, wind, ice, or mass
wasting) so as to fill or partly fill a valley.

Variegatio
n Refers to patterns of contrasting colors assumed to be inherited from the parent
material rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Varve
A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of laminae
deposited in a body of
still water within a year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded glaciolacustrine layers
seasonally deposited, usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or other
body of still water in front of a glacier.

Very stony spot (map
symbol) A spot where 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the soil surface is covered by rock fragments
that are more than 10 inches in diameter in areas where the surface of the
Water surrounding soil is covered by less than 0.01 percent stones. barsSmooth, shallow ditches or depressional areas that are excavated at an angle
across a sloping road. They are used to reduce the downward velocity of water
and divert it off and away from the road surface. Water bars can easily be
driven over if constructed properly.
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Weatherin
g
All physical disintegration, chemical decomposition, and biologically induced
changes in rocks or other deposits at or near the earth’s surface by atmospheric
or biologic agents or by circulating surface waters but involving essentially no
transport of the altered material.

Well
graded Refers to soil material consisting of coarse grained particles that are well
distributed over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil normally can be
easily increased in density and bearing properties by
compaction. Contrasts
with poorly graded soil.

Wet spot (map
symbol) A somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained area that is at least two
drainage classes wetter than the named soils in the
Wilting point (or permanent surrounding map unit.
wilting point) The moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at which a plant (specifically
a sunflower) wilts so much that it does not recover when placed in a humid,
Windthro dark chamber.
w The uprooting and tipping over of trees by
the wind.
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❖ APPENDICES
❖

APPENDIX

D PLANT AND WILDLIFE SPECIES

OBSERVED DURING

SURVEYS

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Table 1 contains the list of vascular plant taxa recorded during the biological field survey
conducted within the BSA. Plant nomenclature and taxonomic order is based on The Jepson
Manual: Vascular Plants of California, second Edition (Baldwin et al., 2012), and/or the
Calflora website (Calflora, 2022).Table
Plant Species Observed during the 1
Scientific Field Surveys
Name
Common
Name EUDICOTS
Muskroot
Family
Adoxacea
e
Status
Sambucus nigra ssp.
caerulea blue
elderberry
Amaranthace
ae
Amaranth
Amaranthus Family
albus*
pigweed
amaranth
Anacardiace
ae
Sumac or Cashew
Family Peruvian pepper tree
(=California
pepper tree)
Cal-IPC:
limited Schinus
molle* Toxicodendron
diversilobum
poison
oak
Apocynacea
e
Dogbane
Funastrum cynanchoides Family
ssp.
hartwegii
(=Sarcostemma
cynanchoides)
climbing
milkweed
Asparagaceae Asparagus
Hesperoyucc Family
a
Newberry's
yucca
Asteraceae
(=Compositae)
Erigeron canadensis*
(=Conyza
canadensis)
Sunflower Family
horseweed (=mare’s
tail)
coyote brush
Baccharis
pilularis Baccharis salicifolia ssp.
salicifolia
(=Baccharis salicifolia)
Carduus pycnocephalus ssp.
pycnocephalus
mule fat (=seep
willow)
Italian
thistle Gutierrezia
microcephala
threadleaf
Pseudognaphalium snakeweed
biolettii
(=Gnaphalium bicolor)
two-toned everlasting
(=bicolored
Malacothrix cudweed)
saxatilis
Silybum
marianum*
cirsium
occidentale
Centuarea
militensis
Artemisia
californica
cliff aster (=cliff
malacothrix)
milk thistle
Cal-IPC:
western limited
thistle maltese starthistle
California
sagebrush
1

Page 1514 ends

Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Boraginacea
e
Borage or Waterleaf
Family Cryptantha
sp.
cryptanth
a
Brassicacea
e
Mustard
Family
black mustard
Brassica
nigra*
Cal-IPC:
moderate short-pod
mustard Hirschfeldia
incana*
Cactacea
e
Cactus
Opuntia Family
littoralis
coastal prickly
pear mission prickly pear (=tuna
cactus,
=mission fig)
Opuntia ficusindica*
Caprifoliacea
e
Honeysuckle
Family Lonicera
japonica*
Japanese
honeysuckle
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium
album*
Salsola tragus*
Goosefoot
Family lamb’s quarters (=white
goosefoot)
Russian thistle
(=tumbleweed)
Australian saltbush
Cal-IPC:
limited Atriplex
semibaccata*
Cal-IPC:
moderate
Convolvulace
ae
Morning-Glory
Cuscuta Family
sp.
dodder
Cucurbitacea
e
Gourd
Cucurbita Family
foetidissima
stinking
Marah macrocarpa gourd
(=Marah
macrocarpus)
wild cucumber (=manroot)
Euphorbiace
ae
Spurge Family
rattlesnake
sandmat
castor bean
Euphorbia
albomarginata
Ricinus communis*
Cal-IPC:
limited
Fabaceae
(=Leguminosae)
Legume
Family Lupinus
succulentus
arroyo lupine (=foothill
lupine)
Fagaceae Oak
Quercus agrifolia Family var.
agrifolia
coast live
oak
Lamiaceae
(=Labiatae)
Mint
Trichostema Family
lanceolatum
vinegar
weed
2

Page 1515 ends

Scientific
Name
Marrubium vulgare*
Common
Name
horehound
Cal-IPC:
limited Salvia
mellifera
black
sage
Juglandacea
e
Walnut
Juglans californica Family
(=Juglans
californica var.
californica)
southern California black
walnut
Myrtacea
e
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus Family
spp.
eucalyptus
(ornamental)
Cal-IPC:
limited
Plantaginace
ae
Plantain
Penstemon Family
heterophyllus
foothill
penstemon
Rosacea
e
Rose
Family toyon (=Christmasberry,
=California holly)
Heteromeles
arbutifolia
Polygonacea
e
Buckwheat
Family
California
buckwheat
prostrate
knotweed
Eriogonum
fasciculatum
Polygonum
aviculare* Pinaceae Pine
Pinus Family spp. ornamental
pine(s)
Rhamnacea
e
Buckthorn
Rhamnus Family
ilicifolia
holly-leaf
redberry
Salicacea
e
Willow
Family Salix
lasiolepis
arroyo
willow
Simaroubace
ae
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus Family
altissima*
tree of
heaven
Cal-IPC:
moderate
Cal-IPC:
moderate
Solanacea
e
Nightshade
Nicotiana Family
glauca*
tree
tobacco desert thorn apple
(=desert
thornapple)
Datura
wrightii
Tamaricacea
e
Tamarisk
Tamarix Family
ramosissima*
saltcedar Cal-IPC:

MONOCOTS high
Grass
Family
Poaceae
3

Page 1516 ends

Scientific
Name
Bromus diandrus*
Common
Name
ripgut grass
Cal-IPC:
moderate
Cal-IPC: high
Avena
spp.*
wild oat
Bromus rubens*
Stipa coronata
*Non-native
species
red
brome crested needle
grass
4

Page 1517 ends

Table 2 contains the list of wildlife species observed and/or detected during the biological field surveys.

Wildlife nomenclature and taxonomic order is based on the following treatments according to class of
species:
•
•
•
Birds. Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh Edition and Supplements (Chesser et al., 2022)
Mammals. Complete List of Amphibian, Reptile, Bird and Mammal Species in California (CDFW, 2016).

Native Wildlife. California’s Life History Accounts and Range Maps (accessed, 9/30/2022), CDFW
2022) Table
Wildlife Species Observed/Detected during the 2
Field Surveys Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Status
Arthropod
s
Nymphalida
e
Brush-Footed Butterfly
Family Federal candidate
for
listing:
overwintering
population
Danaus
plexippus
monarch
butterfly
Birds
Accipitrida Accipiter Family
e
Buteo
lineatus
red-shouldered
hawk CDFW Watch
List,
season of
concern:
nesting
Accipiter
cooperii
Cooper's
hawk
Buteo
jamaicensis
Gallus
domesticus
red-tailed
hawk
domestic
rooster
Aegithalida
e
Bushtit
Family Psaltriparus
minimus
bushtit
Columbida
e
Dove/Pigeon
Family Streptopelia
decaocto*
Eurasian collareddove
Corvidae Crow
Family Aphelocoma
californica
Corvus
brachyrhynchos
California scrub
jay
American crow
Fringillidae
Spinus
psaltria
Spinus tristis
Finch
Family lesser goldfinch
American
goldfinch
5

Page 1518 ends

Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Status
Haemorhous
mexicanus
house
finch
Hirundinida
e
Swallow
Family Petrochelidon
pyrrhonota
cliff
swallow
Mimidae Mimid
Family Mimus
polyglottos
northern
mockingbird
Passerida
e
Old World Sparrow
Family Passer
domesticus
house
sparrow
Passerellida
e
New World Sparrow
Family
spotted towhee
Pipilo
maculatus
Melozone
crissalis
California
towhee
Picidae Woodpecker
Family
acorn woodpecker
Melanerpes
formicivorus
Dryobates nuttallii
Nuttall’s
woodpecker
BCC
Trochilida
e
Hummingbird
Family Calypte
anna
Anna's
hummingbird
Troglodytida
e
Wren
Family
Bewick's
wren
house wren
Thryomanes
bewickii
Troglodytes aedon
Tyrannida
e
Tyrant Flycatcher
Family
Cassin's kingbird
western kingbird
Mammals
Tyrannus
vociferans
Tyrannus
verticalis
Canidae Canine
Family
6

Page 1519 ends

Scientific
Name
Canis latrans
Common
Name
Status
coyote
Canis lupus
familiaris
domestic
dog
Cricetida
e
Woodrat
Family Neotoma
fuscipes
dusky-footed
woodrat
Geomyida
e
Pocket Gopher
Family Thomomys
bottae*
Botta’s pocket
gopher
Leporida
e
Rabbit/Hare
Family Sylvilagus
audubonii
cottontail
rabbit
Sciurida
e
Squirrel
Family Otospermophilus
beecheyi
Sciurus niger*
California ground
squirrel
eastern fox squirrel Sciurus
griseus
western gray
squirrel
Reptiles Phrynosomatid
ae
North American Spiny Lizard
Family
Great Basin fence lizard
western side-blotched lizard
Sceloporus occidentalis
longipes
Uta stansburiana elegans
7

Page 1520 ends

❖ APPENDICES
❖

APPENDIX E

REPRESENTATIVE SITE

PHOTOGRAPHS

Page 1521 ends

PHOTO 1: Areas 4a, 4g, and 4f from southwest
of Area 3c.

California buckwheat scrub, walnut woodland, and
coast live oak
woodland visible midground; water tank to the west
(8/5/2022).

PHOTO 2: Areas 3b and 3c from southwest. Ribbon
drain from
water tank visible in middle foreground. Also
shown: walnut
woodland, upland mustards/star thistle fields,
California buckwheat
scrub, and developed areas (8/5/2022).

PHOTO 3: Area 1c, coast prickly pear scrub
(7/1/2022).

PHOTO 4: Area 5f; coastal cactus scrub with
buckwheat in
foreground, and coast live oak woodland in left
background. View is
southwest (8/4/2022).

Page 1522 ends

PHOTO 5: Area 2c, coyote on ridge. View is north
(6/30/2022).

PHOTO 6: Area 5f, dust bath area
(8/4/2022).

PHOTO 7: Area 5f, small woodrat midden
(8/4/2022).

PHOTO 8: Area 5f, large woodrat midden
(8/4/2022).

Page 1523 ends

PHOTO 9: Area 5f, California sage brush
intergrading to walnut
PHOTO10: Area 5f, pepper tree grove and upland
woodlands. View is northwest mustard/star
(8/4/2022).
thistle in background. View is east to Area A1
(8/4/2022).

PHOTO 11: Pepper tree groves along East Covina
Hills Road.

PHOTO 12: Area 3, open space. View is south, with
View is to the east Areas 3c, 3b,
(2/7/2022).
3a, and 3 in the background
(8/5/2022).

Page 1524 ends

❖ APPENDICES
❖

APPENDIX
F

LOT-SPECIFIC

IMPACTS

Page 1525 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.80 0.80

0.07 0.07

0.71 0.12

0.83 0.11

0.15 0.44

0.58 0.31

0.03 0.25

0.34 0.92

0.20 0.11

1.72 0.55

2.28 0.42

0.03 0.25

1.57 2.27

0.40 0.11

0.44 0.61

1.56 0.11

0.00 0.09

0.43 0.76

1.40 0.16

0.01 0.40

0.79 1.36
1 1 Total
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Coast prickly pear scrub
Developed/Ornamental
2 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.79 0.79

0.12 0.09

0.09 0.01

0.36 0.47

0.07 2 Total
3 Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Coast prickly pear scrub
Developed/Ornamental

0.37 0.06

0.54 0.08

0.10 0.25
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.02 0.03

0.43 0.74

0.11 0.00

0.03 0.01

0.41 0.56

0.16 0.01
3 Total
California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)
4 0.03

0.33 0.13

0.49 0.00 0.02

0.10 0.15

0.27 0.06
4 Total 0.07
5 California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.30 0.18

0.47 0.10

0.19 0.29

0.06 0.06

0.35 5 Total 0.53

Page 1526 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.34 0.34

0.36 1.25

1.95 0.33

0.35 0.58

0.61 1.88

0.06 1.04

0.36 0.41

0.25 2.13

0.07 0.02

0.90 1.28

1.74 4.00

0.09 0.17

0.21 6 0.28

0.40 0.67

0.08 0.18

0.27 0.05

0.05 0.62

0.96 0.33

0.13 6 Total
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental

0.08 0.47

0.09 0.65

0.02 0.12

0.11 0.25

0.47 7
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.04 0.06

0.24 0.70

0.06 0.87

0.00 0.01

0.21 1.15

0.02 7 Total
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California walnut groves
California walnut groves
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.13 0.31

0.30 0.00

0.75 0.04

0.01 0.09

1.13 0.12

1.38 0.04

0.01 0.02

0.03 0.03

0.11 0.03

0.20 0.01

0.01 0.04

0.12 0.11

0.30 0.05
8 8 Total
9 Upland mustards or starthistle fields

0.00 0.03
California walnut
groves California walnut groves (disturbed)
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.77 0.03

0.06 0.09
Upland mustards or starthistle fields

1.45 9 Total 2.23
10 California buckwheat scrub
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California walnut groves

0.17 0.03 0.01 0.17

Page 1527 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields

0.27 0.05

0.60 0.02

0.02 0.13

0.40 0.00

1.03 0.68

0.07 0.04 1.80

0.04 10
Total 0.99

0.79 0.22

0.02 1.77 3.03

1.33 0.64

4.86 8.45

3.71 1.25

0.66 0.50
California buckwheat scrub
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California sagebrush - black sage
scrub
California walnut groves
Coast prickly pear scrub
Developed/Ornamental

0.53 0.64

3.27 7.25

3.38 0.01

0.66 0.49

0.98 0.83

0.00 1.08

0.61 0.36

0.33 0.16
11 Pepper tree groves
Upland mustards or starthistle fields

0.01 3.70 11
Total 1.48 16.22 21.40

1.20 0.88
California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal

0.00 0.69

0.01 0.06

0.07 0.14

1.11 0.00 12
12 Total 0.69 0.07 0.21 1.11

0.05 2.08

0.13 0.42

0.07 0.33
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.08 0.10

0.07 0.26

0.31 0.00 13 0.00

0.05 0.01

0.33 0.05

0.06 13
Total 0.51 0.95

Page 1528 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or starthistle fields

0.21 0.40

0.42 0.53 0.74

1.88 0.98
14 1.36

1.36 0.13

0.13 0.56

1.09 0.92
14 Total 1.02 3.60

0.98 0.44

0.49 0.29
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.03 0.34

0.02 0.09 15 0.49

0.21 0.05

0.58 0.03

0.14 15
Total 1.46

0.50 2.19

0.59 0.61

1.28 0.64
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.08 0.50

0.00 0.43

0.01 0.11

0.07 0.16
16 0.01

0.05 1.20

1.69 16
Total 1.01 0.06 0.35 3.11

0.56 0.19

0.65 0.16
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.05 0.01

0.48 0.04

0.00 0.02

0.47 0.17

0.14 0.16
17 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
17 (mowed)
Total 0.54 0.07 0.94 1.55

0.37 0.42
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)

0.12 0.02

0.04 0.03

0.21 0.38 18

Page 1529 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.24 0.38

0.06 0.00

0.31 0.00
18 Total
19 0.06

0.06 0.66 1.11

0.82 0.08

0.09 California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal
Pepper tree groves

0.23 0.04

0.08 0.54

0.04 0.01
19 Total 0.35

0.24 0.24

0.06 0.58 0.99

0.23 0.41

0.06 California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal
Pepper tree groves

0.00 0.05

0.00 0.22

0.11 0.06
20 20
Total 0.06 0.39 0.70

0.53 0.40
California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal

0.05 0.27

0.04 0.03

0.44 0.10 21
21 Total 0.32

0.01 0.07

0.00 0.53 0.93

0.31 0.10

0.64 0.00
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.30 0.10

0.23 0.00
22 0.36

0.37 0.05

0.05 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
22 (mowed)
Total
23 0.63

0.00 1.05
California buckwheat 0.00
scrub

Page 1530 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.22 0.27

0.07 0.00

0.37 0.00

0.11 0.38

0.67 0.00

0.39 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields 0.38
23 (mowed)
Total 0.50 0.07

0.02 0.88 1.44

0.02 2.83

0.46 0.52
California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.00 0.63

0.39 0.03

0.02 0.04

0.07 0.04

2.16 24
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.46 2.62 24
Total 1.05

0.66 0.17

0.14 3.83

1.86 0.13

0.23 1.39
California walnut
groves

1.05 California walnut groves (disturbed) 0.13
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)
25 0.19

0.30 0.04

0.06 0.07

0.08 0.96

2.14 0.94
25 Total 1.15 0.25 3.61

1.13 0.56

1.21 California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.05 0.45

0.52 0.01

0.02 0.07

0.13 0.09

0.23 26

0.40 1.34 26
Total 1.02 0.09

0.09 0.45 2.91

1.25 0.42
California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal

0.28 0.30

0.43 0.11

0.44 0.00 27

Page 1531 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
27 Total 0.59 0.09

0.06 0.55 0.44

0.68 1.67

0.02 1.37

0.81 0.22
California buckwheat
scrub
California walnut
groves
Developed/Ornamenta
l

0.02 0.45

0.15 0.18

0.66 28
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.22 0.90 28
Total 0.84 0.06

0.00 0.62 2.42

0.64 0.39

0.12 0.75

0.51 California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.43 0.14

0.07 0.13

0.15 0.22

0.25 29 0.06

0.59 0.25

0.02 0.04 0.06

0.58 29
Total 0.84 0.07 0.92 2.42

0.03 1.01
California walnut groves
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.03 0.56 30 0.37

0.37 0.08

0.08 30
Total 0.59 1.04

0.01 1.21

0.52 California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.01 31 0.19 0.94

0.40 0.03 0.04

0.11 31
Total
32 0.60

0.30 0.03

0.01 0.16

0.06 0.96

1.03 1.74
California walnut 1.40
groves

Page 1532 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.29 0.59

0.08 0.15

0.37 32
Total 0.01 1.03

0.71 1.77

0.91 0.08

0.65 California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.13 0.02

0.42 0.01

0.00 0.04

0.05 0.06

0.16 33

0.03 0.74 33
Total 0.58 0.05 0.28

0.00 1.65

0.47 0.05

0.92 0.02
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.47 0.05

0.02 0.02
34 0.51

0.51 0.05

0.05 0.34
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields 0.01
34 (mowed)
Total 0.34

0.10 0.56 1.46

0.27 0.17

0.81 California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.16 0.17

0.07 35

0.44 0.44

0.06 0.06

0.24 0.34 35
Total 0.40 1.24

0.19 0.01

1.20 California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.19 0.01

0.41 36

0.49 0.49

0.08 0.08

0.22 0.22 36
Total 0.60 1.40

Page 1533 ends

❖ APPENDICES
❖

APPENDIX
C-1 LOT-SPECIFIC

IMPACTS

Page 1534 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.80 0.80

0.07 0.07

0.71 0.12

0.83 0.11

0.15 0.44

0.58 0.31

0.03 0.25

0.34 0.92

0.20 0.11

1.72 0.55

2.28 0.42

0.03 0.25

1.57 2.27

0.40 0.11

0.44 0.61

1.56 0.11

0.00 0.09

0.43 0.76

1.40 0.16

0.01 0.40

0.79 1.36
1 1 Total
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Coast prickly pear scrub
Developed/Ornamental
2 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.79 0.79

0.12 0.09

0.09 0.01

0.36 0.47

0.07 2 Total
3 Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Coast prickly pear scrub
Developed/Ornamental

0.37 0.06

0.54 0.08

0.10 0.25
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.02 0.03

0.43 0.74

0.11 0.00

0.03 0.01

0.41 0.56

0.16 0.01
3 Total
California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)
4 0.03

0.33 0.13

0.49 0.00 0.02

0.10 0.15

0.27 0.06
4 Total 0.07
5 California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.30 0.18

0.47 0.10

0.19 0.29

0.06 0.06

0.35 5 Total 0.53

Page 1535 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

0.34 0.34

0.36 1.25

1.95 0.33

0.35 0.58

0.61 1.88

0.06 1.04

0.36 0.41

0.25 2.13

0.07 0.02

0.90 1.28

1.74 4.00

0.09 0.17

0.21 6 0.28

0.40 0.67

0.08 0.18

0.27 0.05

0.05 0.62

0.96 0.33

0.13 6 Total
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental

0.08 0.47

0.09 0.65

0.02 0.12

0.11 0.25

0.47 7
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.04 0.06

0.24 0.70

0.06 0.87

0.00 0.01

0.21 1.15

0.02 7 Total
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California walnut groves
California walnut groves
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.13 0.31

0.30 0.00

0.75 0.04

0.01 0.09

1.13 0.12

1.38 0.04

0.01 0.02

0.03 0.03

0.11 0.03

0.20 0.01

0.01 0.04

0.12 0.11

0.30 0.05
8 8 Total
9 Upland mustards or starthistle fields

0.00 0.03
California walnut
groves California walnut groves (disturbed)
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.77 0.03

0.06 0.09
Upland mustards or starthistle fields

1.45 9 Total 2.23
10 California buckwheat scrub
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California walnut groves

0.17 0.03 0.01 0.17

Page 1536 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

0.27 0.05

0.60 0.02

0.02 0.13

0.40 0.00

1.03 0.68

0.07 0.04 1.80

0.04 10
Total 0.99

0.79 0.22

0.02 1.77 3.03

1.33 0.64

4.86 8.45

3.71 1.25

0.66 0.50
California buckwheat scrub
California buckwheat scrub
(disturbed)
California sagebrush - black sage
scrub
California walnut groves
Coast prickly pear scrub
Developed/Ornamental

0.53 0.64

3.27 7.25

3.38 0.01

0.66 0.49

0.98 0.83

0.00 1.08

0.61 0.36

0.33 0.16
11 Pepper tree groves
Upland mustards or starthistle fields

0.01 3.70 11
Total 1.48 16.22 21.40

1.20 0.88
California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal

0.00 0.69

0.01 0.06

0.07 0.14

1.11 0.00 12
12 Total 0.69 0.07 0.21 1.11

0.05 2.08

0.13 0.42

0.07 0.33
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.08 0.10

0.07 0.26

0.31 0.00 13 0.00

0.05 0.01

0.33 0.05

0.06 13
Total 0.51 0.95

Page 1537 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

0.21 0.40

0.42 0.53 0.74

1.88 0.98
14 1.36

1.36 0.13

0.13 0.56

1.09 0.92
14 Total 1.02 3.60

0.98 0.44

0.49 0.29
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.03 0.34

0.02 0.09 15 0.49

0.21 0.05

0.58 0.03

0.14 15
Total 1.46

0.50 2.19

0.59 0.61

1.28 0.64
California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.08 0.50

0.00 0.43

0.01 0.11

0.07 0.16
16 0.01

0.05 1.20

1.69 16
Total 1.01 0.06 0.35 3.11

0.56 0.19

0.65 0.16
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.05 0.01

0.48 0.04

0.00 0.02

0.47 0.17

0.14 0.16
17 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
17 (mowed)
Total 0.54 0.07 0.94 1.55

0.37 0.42
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)

0.12 0.02

0.04 0.03

0.21 0.38 18

Page 1538 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.24 0.38

0.06 0.00

0.31 0.00
18 Total
19 0.06

0.06 0.66 1.11

0.82 0.08

0.09 California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal
Pepper tree groves

0.23 0.04

0.08 0.54

0.04 0.01
19 Total 0.35

0.24 0.24

0.06 0.58 0.99

0.23 0.41

0.06 California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal
Pepper tree groves

0.00 0.05

0.00 0.22

0.11 0.06
20 20
Total 0.06 0.39 0.70

0.53 0.40
California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal

0.05 0.27

0.04 0.03

0.44 0.10 21
21 Total 0.32

0.01 0.07

0.00 0.53 0.93

0.31 0.10

0.64 0.00
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.30 0.10

0.23 0.00
22 0.36

0.37 0.05

0.05 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
22 (mowed)
Total
23 0.63

0.00 1.05
California buckwheat 0.00
scrub

Page 1539 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

0.22 0.27

0.07 0.00

0.37 0.00

0.11 0.38

0.67 0.00

0.39 Upland mustards or star-thistle fields 0.38
23 (mowed)
Total 0.50 0.07

0.02 0.88 1.44

0.02 2.83

0.46 0.52
California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.00 0.63

0.39 0.03

0.02 0.04

0.07 0.04

2.16 24
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.46 2.62 24
Total 1.05

0.66 0.17

0.14 3.83

1.86 0.13

0.23 1.39
California walnut
groves

1.05 California walnut groves (disturbed) 0.13
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)
25 0.19

0.30 0.04

0.06 0.07

0.08 0.96

2.14 0.94
25 Total 1.15 0.25 3.61

1.13 0.56

1.21 California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.05 0.45

0.52 0.01

0.02 0.07

0.13 0.09

0.23 26

0.40 1.34 26
Total 1.02 0.09

0.09 0.45 2.91

1.25 0.42
California walnut
groves
Developed/Orname
ntal

0.28 0.30

0.43 0.11

0.44 0.00 27

Page 1540 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
27 Total 0.59 0.09

0.06 0.55 0.44

0.68 1.67

0.02 1.37

0.81 0.22
California buckwheat
scrub
California walnut
groves
Developed/Ornamenta
l

0.02 0.45

0.15 0.18

0.66 28
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.22 0.90 28
Total 0.84 0.06

0.00 0.62 2.42

0.64 0.39

0.12 0.75

0.51 California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.43 0.14

0.07 0.13

0.15 0.22

0.25 29 0.06

0.59 0.25

0.02 0.04 0.06

0.58 29
Total 0.84 0.07 0.92 2.42

0.03 1.01
California walnut groves
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.03 0.56 30 0.37

0.37 0.08

0.08 30
Total 0.59 1.04

0.01 1.21

0.52 California buckwheat scrub
California walnut groves
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.01 31 0.19 0.94

0.40 0.03 0.04

0.11 31
Total
32 0.60

0.30 0.03

0.01 0.16

0.06 0.96

1.03 1.74
California walnut 1.40
groves

Page 1541 ends

Conservation
Easement
Area
to end of
20ft.

Extention
MCTA
20 ft. to
Conservatio
n
Easement
(acres)
35%
(acres)
TOTAL
PARCEL Lot No. Land Cover
Types parcel
(acres) (acres)
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.29 0.59

0.08 0.15

0.37 32
Total 0.01 1.03

0.71 1.77

0.91 0.08

0.65 California walnut groves
Developed/Ornamental
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields
(mowed)

0.13 0.02

0.42 0.01

0.00 0.04

0.05 0.06

0.16 33

0.03 0.74 33
Total 0.58 0.05 0.28

0.00 1.65

0.47 0.05

0.92 0.02
California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.47 0.05

0.02 0.02
34 0.51

0.51 0.05

0.05 0.34
Upland mustards or star-thistle fields 0.01
34 (mowed)
Total 0.34

0.10 0.56 1.46

0.27 0.17

0.81 California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.16 0.17

0.07 35

0.44 0.44

0.06 0.06

0.24 0.34 35
Total 0.40 1.24

0.19 0.01

1.20 California walnut groves
Coast live oak woodland and forest
(disturbed)
Developed/Ornamental

0.19 0.01

0.41 36

0.49 0.49

0.08 0.08

0.22 0.22 36
Total 0.60 1.40

Page 1542 ends

❖ APPENDICES
❖

APPENDIX
D

CULTURAL PHASE I
REPORT

Page 1543 ends

PHASE I

CULTURAL RESOURCES

INVENTORY

SAN DIMAS MUNICIPAL CODE TEXT FOR THE

AMENDMENT
CITY OF SAN DIMAS 20-0005 PROJECT

LOS ANGELES COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA
Prepared
for:

Luis Torrico, Planning
Manager
Community
Development
City of San Dimas
Community Development
Department
245 East Bonita Avenue San Dimas, CA
91773
Prepared
by:

Stephen O’Neil, M.A.,
RPA
Megan Black Doukakis,
M.A.

UltraSystems Raquel Sperling, B.A.

Environmental Inc.
16431 Scientific Way
Irvine, CA 92618 (949) 788-
4900
August 18,
2022
Key Words: City of San Dimas; Los Angeles County; San Dimas, Calif.

USGS Quad.; Negative

Page 1544 ends

❖ CULTURAL
REPORT ❖
PHASE

CULTURAL RESOURCES I

INVENTORY
FOR
THE

SAN DIMAS MUNICIPAL CODE TEXT

AMENDMENT
CITY OF SAN DIMAS 20-0005 PROJECT

LOS ANGELES COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA
City of San Dimas Community
Development Division
Attention: Luis Torrico, Planning
Manager
2435 East Bonita
San Dimas, CA
91773
August 18,
2022
Reviewed
by:

Date: August 18,
Stephen O’Neil, M.A., 2022
RPA UltraSystems
Environmental Inc.
7145/San Dimas MCTA Project
Phase I Cultural Resources
Inventory
Page i
August
2022

Page 1545 ends

❖ TABLE OF
CONTENTS ❖

TABLE OF
CONTENTS 1.0

2.0 Introduction............................................................................................. ........................1-1 1.1 Overview..................................................................................................

1.2 .......................1-1 Methods.................................................................................................... .......................1-2
Settings
................................................................................................................... ..........2-1

2.1 2.2
Natural
Setting...................................................................................................... ..........2-1
Cultural
Setting...................................................................................................... .........2-1

2.2.1 Prehistoric Context
...........................................................................................2-1

2.2.2 Ethnohistoric Context
.......................................................................................2-2

2.2.3 Historic
Context.................................................................................................2- 4 3.0

4.0 Research
Methods..................................................................................................... .......3-1

3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4
Records Search
...............................................................................................................3- 1 Field Survey
.................................................................................................................. ..3-1
Native American Outreach
............................................................................................3-1 National Register of Historic
Places..............................................................................3-1 Findings.................................................................................................... ........................4-1 4.1 Records Search
...............................................................................................................4- 1 4.1.1 Recorded Archaeological
Sites.........................................................................4-1

4.1.1 Previous Cultural Resource Investigations
.....................................................4-1 Native American Outreach
............................................................................................4-5 Pedestrian Survey
Results.............................................................................................4-6 National Register of Historic
Places............................................................................4-12

4.2 4.3

4.4 5.0 Management Considerations
..........................................................................................5-1 5.1

5.2 Site Evaluation
Criteria..................................................................................................5 -1
Potential
Effects....................................................................................................... .......5-1

6.0 7.0
Conclusions and
Recommendations...............................................................................6-1 References................................................................................................ ........................7-1 TABLE
S
Table 4.1-1 - Known Cultural Resource Within a Half-Mile Radius of the Project Boundary...........4-1
Table 4.1-2 - Known Cultural Resource Studies Within a Half-Mile Radius of the Project Boundary...
...................................................................................................................................... .............................4-2
FIGURE
S
Figure 4.3-1 – Calle Cristina from North End; View to the Southwest ...............................................4-7
Figure 4.3-2 – Calle Cristina at Calle Francesca; View to the West.....................................................4-8 Figure 4.3-3 – Surveyed Slope on North Side of Calle Cristina; View to the East ..............................4-9
Figure 4.3-4 – Surveyed Slope on South Side of Calle Cristina; View to the Southeast...................4-10
Figure 4.3-5 – East Covina Hills Road; View to the East ....................................................................4-11 7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project
Page ii
Phase I Cultural Resources
Inventory
August
2022

Page 1546 ends

❖ TABLE OF
CONTENTS ❖

ATTACHMEN
TS Attachment
A
Attachment
B
Attachment
C
Attachment
D
Project Maps
Personnel Background
Native American Heritage Commission
Records Search
CHRIS Records Search
7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project
Page iii
Phase I Cultural Resources
Inventory
August
2022

Page 1547 ends

❖ INTRODUCTION
❖

1.0 1.1

INTRODUCTI
ON
Overview
This Phase I Cultural Resource Inventory report was prepared by UltraSystems Environmental (UEI)
at the request of the City of San Dimas’ (City) Planning Department. This study is for the San Dimas
Municipal Code Text Amendment (MCTA) 20-0005 Project. The project consists of amendments and
selected deletions within the Specific Plan-11 Planning Area 1 document. UEI conducted this cultural
resources study to evaluate the potential presence of prehistoric and historic resources within the
project boundary.

The proposed MCTA would allow for up to one thousand (1,000) cubic yards of grading, cut and fill,
beyond that grading necessary for the primary residence, driveway and garage for properties located
within Specific Plan (SP)-11 Planning Area 1 (36 residential lots), increasing from 35,000 cubic yards
(CY) to 36,000 CY. The current grading quantity permitted onsite is insufficient for grading
backyards, and owners must use decking the rear portions of their lots. The increase in allowable
grading it to permit owners to9 grade back yards. The increase in allowable grading does not include
what is necessary for the primary residence, driveway, and garage and would or expand the
allowable lot coverages of primary residences. Per the previous Development Plan Review Board
policy, a swimming pool and five (5) feet of decking surrounding the pool were exempted from the
additional grading calculations. The proposed MCTA also includes development standards for the
grading, landscaping and any retaining walls that the additional grading would require. Additional
clean-up items are proposed by removing sections which dealt with the initial development of the
area and codifying previous policies regarding Conditional Uses within the specific plan. The project
area occupies 92-acres.

The project is located in the southwest portion of the City of San Dimas (see Attachment A,
Figure 1 and Figure 3), and can be seen on the San Dimas, Calif., USGS topographical
quadrangle, Range 09 West, Township 01 South, in the S ½ of the SE ¼ of Section 17, and the
E ½ of the NW ¼ and the N ½ of the NE ¼ of Section 20 (see Attachment A, Figure 2). The
background research and archival study included a one-half mile buffer surrounding the
project site (see Attachment A, Figure 3).

Currently the project site is occupied by two residential streets (Paseo Lucinda and Calle
Cristina) with approximately 25 single family residences as well as undeveloped space in
adjacent canyons. The project site is surrounded by low-density single family residences on
all four sides. The site is bounded by East Covina Hills Road to the south; single-family
residential uses and vacant land in the city of Covina and unincorporated Los Angeles County
to the west; single-family residences opposite Puente Street to the north; and single-family
residences and vacant land to the east. The project site is situated on and near a hillcrest in
the San Jose Hills.

Area of Potential
Effect
The Area of Potential Effect (APE) for the undertaking encompasses the maximum extent of ground
disturbance required by the project design (see Attachment A, Figure 2).

The surface area of the
APE is approximately 92 acres. All of this area is subject to direct ground disturbances during
construction. 7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project

Page 1 ends

Phase I Cultural Resources
Inventory
August
2022

Page 1548 ends

❖ INTRODUCTION
❖

1.2 Method
s
A cultural resources records search was completed at the South Central Coastal Information Center
(SCCIC) at California State University, Fullerton, which is the local California Historic Resources
Information System (CHRIS) facility. The records search was conducted to identify previously
recorded cultural resources (prehistoric and historic archaeological sites/isolates, historic buildings,
structures, objects, or districts) within the project area and to also determine previous cultural
resource surveys. The project site and a one-half-mile buffer zone are included in the search radius
for archival studies. These records included a review of previously recorded prehistoric and historic
archaeological resources and a review of listed cultural resource survey reports within that same
geographical area. The cultural resources record search was conducted by SCCIC staff.

Stephen O’Neil, M.A., RPA, who qualifies as a Principal Prehistoric Archaeologist and Historic
Archaeologist per United States Secretary of the Interior Standards (see Attachment B) is the
Principal Investigator for this study. Archaeological Technician Megan B.

Doukakis contacted the
Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) requesting a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search and
assisted with the preparation of this report. Archaeological Technician Raquel Sperling, B.A., RPA
assisted on the historical background research.

A search of the Built Environmental Resource Directory provided by the Office of Historic
Preservation (2021) for potential historic properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP). was conducted for this project on August 12, 2022. Disposition of Data
This report will be filed with the SCCIC, California State University, Fullerton; the City of San Dimas
Planning Department; and UltraSystems Environmental, Inc., Irvine, California. All field notes and
other documentation related to the study will remain on file at the Irvine office of UltraSystems.
7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project

Page 1 ends

Phase I Cultural Resources
Inventory
August
2022

Page 1549 ends

❖ SETTINGS
❖

2.0 2.1

SETTING
S
Natural
Setting
The City of San Dimas is set in the eastern San Gabriel Valley, between the San Gabriel Mountains and
the La Puente Hills to the southwest. Prior to urbanization creeks flowed through the Valley from
the mountains west to the San Gabriel River and east to the Santa Ana River and on to the ocean. A
major tributary, San Dimas Creek, now channelized, runs just north of the Project site parallel to the
I-210 Freeway.

San Dimas is situated 30 miles northeast of the Pacific Ocean in the eastern San Gabriel Valley. This
is a portion of the Los Angeles Basin, a flat plain that extends in all directions, north and south from
the ocean to the San Gabriel Mountains east to the Chino Hills and west to the Santa Monica
Mountains. Prior to urbanization, creeks flowed across the Los Angeles Basin (a plain) from the San
Gabriel Mountains to the ocean with little hindrance. San Dimas lies between the San Gabriel River
to the west and the Pomona Creek to the east, though these water courses often meandered across
the plain to different physical locations over time with multiple exits to the ocean. The plain was
primarily grassland and costal scrub brush. The rivers and creeks contained riparian habitat as well
as estuaries at their ocean exits. The general climate is typical of southern California with mild, rainy
winters, and warm, dry summers. Summer temperatures can exceed 80° Fahrenheit in the afternoon,
though this is moderated by ocean breezes.

The Project site is located in the City of San Dimas, on the east-central edge of Los Angeles County,
and is fully within the San Jose Hills with Puente Road bordering the north side and East Covina Hills
Road bordering the south edge, with steep sided slopes throughout and elevations ranging from
approximately 750 feet in the southwest corner to a central peak of 1034 feet.

San Dimas is bordered
by the cities of Glendora to the northwest, Covina to the west, Walnut to the south, Pomona to the
southeast, Claremont to the east, unincorporated County of Los Angeles land to the southwest, La
Verne to the northeast, and the Angeles National Forest (San Gabriel Mountains) to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau (2022), the city of San Dimas had a population of
34,939 in 2020, and covers an area of 15.43 square miles (40 square kilometers). The city is served
by State Route 210/Foothill Freeway along its northern flank, which connects with State Route
57/Orange Freeway a half mile west of the project site, while Interstate 10/San Bernardino Freeway
runs a half mile south of the project boundary.

The project site is mostly underlain by the Monterey (Puente) Foundation La Vida Shale Member
(Tmlv) (Dibblee 2002). The soil is white in color, weathered; with thin bedded, platy, siliceous shale,
clay shale, and siltstone, and some strata of tan dolomite and sandstone. Small areas of the northern
and southern portion project site are underlaine by alluvial gravel and sand of valley areas (Qa)
dating to the Holocene (11,650 years before present [ybp]) (Dibblee 2002).

2.2 Cultural
Setting

2.2.1 Prehistoric
Context
In the history of the Americas, the term "prehistoric period" refers to the time prior to the arrival of
non-Indians, when native life ways and traditions remained intact and viable. In the case of Alta and
Baja California, it is widely acknowledged that human occupation began 12,000 or more years ago.

In order to describe and understand the cultural processes that occurred in the ensuing years,
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archaeologists have developed a number of chronological frameworks that endeavor to correlate
technological and cultural changes observable in the archaeological record to distinct archaeological
horizons, traditions, complexes, and phases. Unfortunately, none of these chronological frameworks has been widely accepted, and none has been
developed specifically for Los Angeles County, the nearest ones being for the Colorado Desert and
Peninsular Ranges region (Warren 1984), the Mojave Desert (Warren and Crabtree 1986), and
interior San Diego (Meighan 1954; True 1958, 1970). Since results from archaeological investigations
in this area have yet to be organized into a subregional chronological framework, most archaeologists
tend to follow the regional synthesis adapted from a scheme developed by William J. Wallace in 1955
and modified by others (Wallace 1978; Warren 1968; Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Moratto 1984).

Although the beginning and ending dates may vary, the general framework of prehistory in the area
consists of the following four periods:
▪ Early Hunting Stage (ca. 10000 B.C.-6000 B.C.), which was characterized by highly mobile
foraging strategies and a reliance on big game animals, as evidenced by large, archaic-style
projectile points, spear and atl-atl weapons systems, and the relative absence of artifacts
associated with plant-processing activities;
• Millingstone Horizon (ca. 6000 cal B.C. to cal A.D. 1000), during which time mobile
hunter-gatherers became more sedentary and plant foods and small game animals came into
more use. This prehistoric cultural expression is often characterized by a large number of
millingstones (especially well-made, deep basin metates) and formalized, portable
handstones (manos). Additionally, the cultural assemblage is dominated by an abundance of
scraping tools (including scraper planes and pounding/pulping implements), and only a
slight representation of dart-tipped projectile points (Pinto, Elko and Gypsum types).
•
•
Late Prehistoric Period (ca. cal A.D. 1000 to 1500), during which a more complex social
organization, more diversified subsistence base and an extensive use of the bow and arrow
is evidenced. Small, light arrow points, expedient millingstones and, later, pottery mark this
period along with the full development of regional Native cultures and tribal territories.

Protohistoric Period (ca. cal A.D. 1500 to 1700s) ushered in longdistance contacts with Europeans, and thereby led to the Historic Period (ca. cal A.D. 1700 to contemporary times).

Geospatial analyses of known prehistoric sites in inland Southern California Small arrow points are recognized as a hallmark of this time period. suggest that longer-term
residential settlements of the Native population were more likely to occur in sheltered areas. Such
locations were near the base of hills and/or on elevated terraces, hills, and finger ridges. Further,
these favored locations were near permanent or reliable sources of water.

These were areas that
were largely level encampments situated on the unprotected valley floor. The residential sites were
used for resource procurement and travel. The use of such geographical settings is supported by the
ethnographic literature. These reports identify the foothills as preferred areas for settlement (Bean
and Smith, 1978a; 1978b). The project area is situated at the base of the Jurupa Hills, an ideal location
for prehistoric seasonal habitation site.

2.2.2 Ethnohistoric
Context
The project lies within the territory of the Gabrielino (Tongva) ethnolinguistic group (Bean and
Smith, 1978a:538), who speak a language classified as a member of the UtoAztecan language family. 7145/San Dimas MCTA Project

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This language is further affiliated as an element of the Northern Takic Branch of that linguistic group
(Golla, 2011).

The Gabrielino, with the Chumash, were considered the most populous, wealthiest, and therefore
most powerful ethnic nationalities in aboriginal Southern California (Bean and Smith, 1978a:538).

Unfortunately, most Gabrielino cultural practices had declined before systematic ethnographic
studies were instituted. Today, the leading sources on Gabrielino culture are Bean and Smith (1978a),
Johnson (1962), and McCawley (1996).

According to recent research, Takic language groups were not the first inhabitants of the region.

Archeologists suggest that an in-migration of these peoples may have occurred as early as 2,000
years ago, replacing or intermarrying with a more ancient indigenous people represented by
speakers of a Hokan language (Howard and Raab, 1993; Porcasi, 1998). By the time of European
contact, the Gabrielino territory included the southern Channel Islands and the Los Angeles Basin.

Their territory reached east into the present-day San Bernardino-Riverside area and south to the
San Joaquin Hills in central Orange County.

Different groups of Gabrielino adopted several subsistence strategies, based on gathering, hunting,
and fishing. Because of the similarities to other Southern California tribes in economic activities,
inland Gabrielino groups' industrial arts, exemplified by basket weaving, exhibited an affinity with
those of their neighbors (Kroeber, 1925). Coastal Gabrielino material culture, on the other hand,
reflected an elaborately developed artisanship most recognized through the medium of steatite,
which was rivaled by few other groups in Southern California.

The intricacies of Gabrielino social organization are not well known. There appeared to have been at
least three hierarchically ordered social classes, topped with an elite consisting of the chiefs, their
immediate families, and other ceremonial specialists (Bean and Smith, 1978a).

Clans owned land, and
property boundaries were marked by the clan's personalized symbol.

Villages were politically
autonomous, composed of non-localized lineages, each with its own leader.

The dominant lineage's
leader was usually the village chief, whose office was generally hereditary through the male line.

Occasionally several villages were allied under the leadership of a single chief.

The villages frequently
engaged in warfare against one another, resulting in what some consider to be a state of constant
enmity between coastal and inland groups.

Tongva territory was situated generally within the Los Angeles Basin, and the San Dimas region is
situated within the eastern Tongva culture area. The Tongva’s neighbors were the Serrano on the
north in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. Here are the headwaters of Pomona Creek
and San Dimas Creek and the San Gabriel River. With the numerous streams flowing out of the San
Gabriel Mountains this area was well watered and so would have been a well populated region in the
prehistoric and early contact period, if not quite so densely populated as the coastal territory.

The village of Weniinga was somewhat west of San Dima, in the Covina area, and Ahwiinga was
farther to the southwest in the West Covina / La Puente area (McCawley, 1996:
42 [Map 6], 45). They
were located on the Rancho La Puente (McCawley, 1996:45), which also forms a part of the City of
San Dimas. Other Tongva place names, which may have been associated with habitations in the past,
are Momwahomomutnga to the north between San Dimas and Glendora, and Torojoatnga to the east
around Claremont (Chaffey College 2022).

The first Franciscan establishment in Gabrielino territory and the broader region was Mission
San Gabriel, founded in A.D. 1772. Priests from the mission proselytized the Tongva throughout the 7145/San Dimas MCTA
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Los Angeles Basin. As early as 1542, however, the Gabrielino were in peripheral contact with the
Spanish even during the historic expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo.

However, it was not until
1769 that the Spaniards took steps to colonize the territory of aboriginal Californians. Within a few
decades, most of the Gabrielino were incorporated into Mission San Gabriel and other missions in
Southern California (Engelhardt, 1931). Due to introduced diseases, dietary deficiencies, and forceful
reducción (removal of non-agrarian Native populations to the mission compound), Gabrielino
population dwindled rapidly from these impacts. By 1900, the Gabrielino community had almost
ceased to exist as a culturally identifiable group. In the late 20th century, however, a renaissance of
Native American activism and cultural revitalization of Gabrielino descendants took place. Among
the results of this movement has been a return to a traditional name for the tribe, the Tongva, which
is employed by several of the bands and organizations representing tribal members. Many of the
Tongva bands focus on maintaining and teaching traditional knowledge, with special focus on
language, place names and natural resources.

2.2.3 Historic
Context

2.2.3.1 Spanish/Mexican Era
Spanish occupation of California began in 1769, at San Diego. The first Europeans to explore the area
that would become the state of California were members of the A.D. 1542 expedition of Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo. Cabrillo sailed along the coast of California, but did not explore the interior.

Europeans did not attempt inland exploration until 1769, when Lieutenant Colonel Gaspar de Portolá
led an overland expedition from San Diego to Monterey. This expedition of 62 people passed north
of the current study area in August (Brown 2001), and may have encountered the Tongva village of
Weniinga in the Covina region (McCawley 1996:45). Mission San Gabriel was established in the Los
Angeles Basin in 1771, and the Los Angeles pueblo was established as a civilian settlement on
September 4, 1781 (Engelhardt 1931). The project site falls within the far western edge of the
communal lands granted to the Pueblo of Nuestra Señora de a Reina de Los Angeles de Porciuncula on
September 4, 1781 by the Spanish government.

Mexico rebelled against Spain in 1810, and by 1821, Mexico, including California, achieved
independence. The Mexican Republic began to grant private land to citizens to encourage emigration
to California. Huge land grant ranchos took up large sections of land in California. Ranchos
surrounding the mission lands in the San Gabriel Valley east of the Pueblo of Los Angeles included
the San Francisquito to the west, San Jose to the east, Paseo de Bartola to the southwest and Rincon
de Brea on the southern edge of Rancho La Puente. In 1833, Mexico also secularized the Franciscan
missions and opened lands previously held in trust for the Indian population to ownership by
ranchers (Engelhardt 1931).

In 1845, Governor Pio Pico granted the La Puente tract to John Rowland and William Workman, the
maximum allowable size of approximately 49,000 acres. This grant contains much of what are now
the cities of Covina and West Covina, as well as portions of nine other towns.

The name goes back to
the 1770s when the Portolá Expedition had to build a temporary “bridge” over wetlands at the edge
of the Puente hills immediately southwest of West Covina.

The Mexican-American War of 1846 saw the invasion of California from both land and sea. Following
several skirmishes in the San Diego and Los Angeles area, and the capture of the territorial capital in
Monterey, United States rule was established. Following the rapid influx of population to the north
because of the Gold Rush of 1849, California was made a state in 1850. The economic and social order
was slow to change in the southern portion of the state, however, and rancheros were left in control
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of their vast estates through the 1860s. Los Angeles was a part of the “Cow Counties” and had little
representation in the state legislature because of the sparse population. This allowed the
predominantly Anglo population of the north to pass laws aimed at breaking up the ranches for
settlement by Eastern farmers and, coupled with devastating droughts that crippled many livestock
raisers, their dismemberment soon came. This helped pave the way for the “Boom of the Eighties”
which saw an influx of people from the rest of the United States and the beginning of many of the
towns we see today (Dumke 1944). This was the first spurt of growth for Los Angeles, and satellite
communities started around the city to the east, south and west, and much the plains between came
to be filled with farms and orchards. The Rancho La Puente holdings, however, remained largely in
cattle.

2.2.3.2 The American Period to Founding of
San Dimas
Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County was formed in 1850 with the creation of the state of California. (Coy 1923:140).

The early version of the county included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, Inyo,
Tulare, Ventura, and Orange counties. Between 1851 and 1852, Los Angeles County stretched from
the Pacific Ocean coast to the state line of Nevada. As the population increased in areas of the county,
sections began to split off to form San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange
County in 1889.

Prior to the 1870s, Los Angeles County was divided into townships, many of which were
amalgamations of one or more of the ranchos. Those encompassing the project area include Azusa,
which encompassed the foothill communities east of the San Gabriel River, including present-day
Covina and Duarte, El Monte, encompassing communities in the Whittier Narrows area, as well as the
nearby present-day El Monte, La Puente and Monterey Park (Spitzzeri 2007).

Azusa and El Monte
Townships were merged for the 1870 census.

City of San
Dimas
The initial American Anglo settlers in the area of San Dimas was the Teague family in 1878. They
leased large acreage upon which they raised grain until the citrus era dawned, and San Dimas became
the “Queen of the citrus belt” in Southern California (San Dimas Chamber of Commerce 2007). The
arrival of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad in 1887, later purchased by the Santa Fe
Railroad, led to development of the La Cienega Mud Springs resort, the birthplace of San Dimas
(Guinn 1915; Hoyt 1951). In February of 1887, officials of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley
Railroad as well as many interested landowners met to grant rights-of-way for the railroad to run
through this area (Ogden 1862).

What was to become the new town of San Dimas was launched with much success by the San Jose
Land Company. The Company was run by I. L. Nicks, and forty other investors, among them a railway
official whose inside knowledge about the area was valuable. The lands offered for sale by the
company included not only the town of San Dimas, but all of the adjacent San Jose Addition. To get a
chance at purchasing one of the 20-acre lots, people stood in line throughout the night, and some paid
fifty dollars for a place in line (Hoyt 1951). With this land boom small businesses began to open, and
the community took on a new name: San Dimas. Growth was rapid, and San Dimas soon became an
agricultural community. Wheat and other Midwestern United States crops were planted first; then
orange and lemon groves covered the town and the surrounding San Gabriel Valley. At one time, four
citrus packing houses and a marmalade factory were located in San Dimas. The Sunkist name
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originated here, first spelled "Sunkissed" (San Dimas Chamber of Commerce 2007). Oranges were
the major crop and business in San Dimas until the mid-20th century.

San Dimas incorporated as a city in 1960, and is now known for its Western art, small-town feel, and
equestrian qualities (Glauthier 1997). Ten years later, in 1970 the population was reported as
15,692. As of the 2020 census, the total population of San Dimas was 34,924. 2.2.3.3 Project Site Land Use History
United State Geological Survey topographic maps of San Dimas are available from 1897 through
2018. The topographic map for 1897 does not indicate any structures within or near the project area
(USGS, 1897). No changes appear on the subsequent maps until the 1956 version. This map indicates
that Covina Hills Road on the southern boundary of the project site and the highway to the south of
the project area are present (USGS, 1956). The 1963 topographic map shows residential roads and
structures to the west and southwest of the project area (USGS, 1963). More buildings appear to the
distant south of the project area on the 1967 map (USGS, 1967), but within the project boundary itself
is a single dirt road that would later become Calle Cristina (see Figure 3).

Historic aerial photographs are available for San Dimas from 1946 through 2018 (NETR Online
2022). The 1946 photo shows natural landscape with open space and trees (NETR Online
2022:1946). There is a road on the southern border of the project is present.

The residential roads
to the southeast of the project boundary are present and residences appear on the 1964 image (NETR
Online 2022:1964). The 1965 image shows roads throughout the project area (NETR Online
2022:1965) and one dirt road through the project site running east-west. By the 1972 aerial image,
residential communities are present to the west of the project area (NETR Online 2022:1972).

Residences first appear to the northeast of the project boundary on the 1988 aerial image (NETR
Online 2022:1988). A single residence appears in the southern portion of the project boundary along
Calle Cristina Road. A total of eight residences appear on the 1992 image along Calle Cristina (NETR
Online 2022:1988). A total of 12 residences appear in the southern portion of the project boundary
along Calle Cristina on the 1995 image (NETR Online 2022:1995). The 2018 image shows a total of
23 single family residences located along Calle Cristina Road. 7145/San Dimas MCTA
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❖ RESEARCH
METHODS ❖

3.0 RESEARCH

METHODS
The cultural resources inventory and related archival research included a background cultural
resources records check (archival research) at the SCCIC, California State University, Fullerton.

Additionally, a SLF search was requested from the NAHC. 3.1 Records Search
A cultural resource records search was requested from the SCCIC on February 15, 2022. The SCCIC
is the local CHRIS facility for Los Angeles County. That research was completed to identify cultural
resources on or near the project site. The literature was reviewed to identify resources that have
been previously evaluated for historic significance, as well as to identify any previous completed
cultural resources survey reports.

Also searched and reviewed were the official records and maps for cultural resources and surveys in
San Dimas, National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); Listed Properties and Determined Eligible
Properties (2012), and the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) (2012).

For the current study, the scope of the records search included a half-mile buffer zone from the
project’s footprint (see Attachment A, Figure 3). The research effort was completed to assess the
sensitivity of the project site for both surface and subsurface cultural resources and to assist in
determining the potential to encounter such resources, especially prehistoric—i.e., Native
American—cultural remains, during earth-moving activities associated with construction of the
proposed project.

The results of the records search was received March 9, 2022, and was conducted by SCCIC Assistant
Coordinator Michelle Galaz Cornforth.

3.2 Field
Survey
On August 9, 2022 archaeologists Stephen O’Neil and Miguel Anguiano visited the project site to
conduct a pedestrian survey. During the survey, the project site was inspected for any indication of
human activities dating to the prehistoric or historic periods (i.e., 50 years or older).

3.3 Native American
Outreach
On February 28, 2022, Mr. O’Neil contacted the NAHC via email notifying them of the project
activities, requesting a search of their SLF and requesting a list of local tribal organizations and
individuals to contact for project outreach. The NAHC replied on April 15, 2022 with a letter dated
the same day reporting on the SLF search findings and a list of nine tribal organizations and
individuals to contact. Letters to local tribes were sent on April 17, 2022 to all nine of the tribal
organizations and their representatives listed in the NAHC April 15, 2022 letter (Attachment C).

3.4 National Register of Historic
Places
A search of the Built Environmental Resource Directory listing NRHP properties was reviewed to
determine if there are any buildings on the project site or in the immediate area had been evaluated
for the Register and listed. This was conducted by Megan Doukakis on August 12, 2022.
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❖

4.0 FINDING
S

4.1 Records
Search

4.1.1 Recorded Archaeological
Sites
Based on the cultural resources records search, it was determined that no cultural resources have
been previously recorded within the project site boundary. Within the onehalf-mile buffer zone, there is one recorded prehistoric cultural resource and no historic-era cultural resources.

Table 4.1-1 summarizes these resources.

The prehistoric site (CA-LAN-230, 19-000230), consisted of both surface and subsurface components
with a range and number of artifacts that suggested either a village or at least seasonal occupation
(Eberhardt 1961). Artifacts recovered from the site consisted of 11 metates, 20 manos, seven
scrappers, four hammerstones, one rubbing stone, four cores, six used flakes, one blade fragment –
40 artifacts recovered from the surface, and 14 from the excavation. The site’s area covered 250 feet
north/south and 350 feet east/west; and reached a depth of approximately 18 inches. The site was
located near the intersection of Cloverland Drive and Woodhurst Drive (Eberhardt 1961:1) in what
was then unincorporated Los Angeles County land, approximately 1,500 feet to the northwest of the
project boundary.

Table 4.1-
KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCE WITHIN A HALF-MILE RADIUS OF THE 1

PROJECT BOUNDARY
Site
Number
Author(s
)
Date Type Descriptio
n
Possible village or
seasonal occupation; primarily
surface
artifacts consisting of 11
metates,
20 manos, seven scrappers,
four
hammerstones, one rubbing
stone,
four cores, six used flakes,
one
blade fragment – 40 artifacts
from
surface, 14 from excavation.

Located in ridgeline.

P-19-
000230,
CA-LAN230
Eberhardt,
Hall
1961 Prehistori
c

4.1.1 Previous Cultural Resource
Investigations
The records at the SCCIC indicated there have been two previous cultural resource studies conducted
within the project boundary within portions of the one-half-mile buffer of the project (Table 4.1-2).

These are LA-00214, “An Archeological Survey in the San Jose Hills, Los Angeles County” by Glen Rice
(1976) consisted of a general review of the large region which included the project site and area.;
Also LA-01137, an assessment of a single tract in the adjacent city of Covina, and not actually within
the current project boundary (Dillon 1982). Neither of these surveys located cultural resources
within the project site.

There have been an additional 21 cultural resource studies conducted with portions of the one-half
mile buffer of the project (Table 4.1-2). These investigations consisted of seven related to
telecommunications stations and Edison power poles (KA-04147, 07854, 10653, 10807, 12253 and
12491); another three were surveys related to nearby freeway improvements (LA-03306, 04961 and
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10190). A further six surveys concerned development of parcels or additional structures (LA-00636,
03575, 12617 and 12620), including two at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park (LA-05648 and 10043).

The remining four investigations were either unidentifiable as to the nature of the work (LA-00298
and 00836), or deal with water resources and natural habitat/open space (LA-02665, 03508 and
11007). These surveys did not identify any sites within the half mile buffer zone of the project area
or within the project site boundary. (See Attachment D.) Table 4.1-2

KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES WITHIN A HALF-MILE

RADIUS OF THE PROJECT

BOUNDARY
Report
Number Author(s
)
Rice, Glen E.

Date Title Resource
s
An Archaeological Survey in the San
Jose
Hills, Los Angeles County
UltraSystems Project #4352:

Archaeological
Report
LA00214
LA00298
1976
1978
NA
Van Horn, David NA
M. Archaeological Element, Preliminary
EIR for
a Portion of the Pacific Coast Baptist
Bible
College--Voorhis Campus San Dimas,
Los
Angeles County, California
LA00636
LA00836
LA01137
Zahniser, Jack
L.

Cottrell, Marie
G.

Dillon, Brian D.
1979
1977
1982
NA
NA
NA
Letter Report to Ronald Martin &
Assoc. Inc. An Archaeological Resource
Survey and
Impact Assessment of Tract No.
40519 in
the City of Covina, Los Angeles
County,
California
19-000026,
19-000075,
19-000163,
19-000164,
19-000166,
19-000167,
19-000173,
19-000182,
19-000208,
19-000221,
19-000230,
19-000240,
19-000241,
19-000300,
19-000339,
19-000347,
19-000348,
19-000397,
19-000522,
19-000524,
19-000657,
19-000693,
19-000694,
19-000695,
19-000697,
19-000858,
19-001009,
19-001014,
19-001044,
19-001045,
19-001046,
19-001109
Cottrell, Marie G.,
James N. Hill,
Stephen
Van Wormer, and
John Cooper
Cultural Resource Overview and
Survey for
the Los Angeles County Drainage
Area
Review Study
LA026651985
Historic Property Survey Report
Interstate
10 Hov Widening Los Angeles
County,
California
WhitneyDesautels,
Nancy A.

LA033061993 NA
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Report
Number Author(s
)
Date Title Resource
s
Historical Resource Overview and
Survey
for the Los Angeles County
Drainage Area
Review Study
Van Wormer,
Stephen
R.

LA03508
LA03575
1985
1997
NA
NA
Cultural Resource Assessment for
the
Bridlewood Estates Development
Walnut
West Covina Area, Los Angeles
County
Cultural Resources Records Search
and
Literature Review Report for a
Pacific Bell
Mobile Services
Telecommunications
Facility: La 082-01 City of Covina,
California
Negative Archaeological Survey
Report:07-
la- 10-61.8/65.3-174-3n4301, Wheel
Chair
Ramps on Existing Sidewalks at
Three
Sidewalks Located Near Route 10 in
West
Covina
Results of a Cultural Resource
Survey of the
315 Acre Forest Lawn Memorial
Park,
Covina Hills, Los Angeles County,
California
Archaeological Survey Report for the
Southern California Edison Company
Replacement of Two Deteriorated
Poles on
the Maybell 12 Kv, Valley-nelson
115kv
Amd Valley-Mayberry-Moreno-Vista
115 Kv
Circuits, Los Angeles and Riverside
Counties, California
Anonymou
s
Mason, Roger D.
and
Brant A.

Brechbiel
LA041471998 NA
LA04961
LA05648
Sylvia,
Barbara
Strudwick,
Ivan
2001
2000
NA
NA
LA07854
LA10043
Jordan, Stacy
C.
2006
2000
NA
NA
Results of a Cultural Resource
Survey of the
315 Acre Forest Lawn Memorial
Park,
Covina Hills, Los Angeles County,
California
Strudwick, Ivan
H.
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19-188913,
19-188914,
19-188915,
19-188916,
19-188917,
19-188918,
19-188919,
19-188920,
19-188921,
19-188922,
19-188923,
19-188924,
19-188925,
19-188926,
19-188927,
19-188928,
19-188929,
19-188930,
19-188931,
19-188932,
19-188933,
19-188934,
19-188935,
19-188936,
19-188937,
19-188938,
19-188939,
19-188940,
19-188941,
19-188942,
19-188943,
19-188944,
19-188945,
19-188946,
19-188947,
19-188948,
19-188949,
19-188950,
19-188951,
19-188952,
19-188953,
19-188954,
19-188955,
19-188956,
19-188957,
19-188958,
19-188959,
19-188960,
19-188961,
19-188962,
19-188963,
19-188964,
19-188965,
19-188966,
19-188967,
19-188968,
19-188969,
19-188970,
19-188971,
19-188972,
19-188973,
19-188974,
19-188975,
19-188976,
19-188977,
19-188978,
19-188979,
19-188980,
Supplemental Historic Property
Survey
Report for the I-10 HOV Lane
Between I605 and the SR-57/SR-71/I-210
Interchange in the Cities of Los
Angeles,
Baldwin Park, West Covina, Covina,
San
Dimas, and Pomona in Los Angeles
County,
California
LA10190Harbert,
Claudia
2002
7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project

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Phase I Cultural Resources
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August
2022

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❖ FINDINGS
❖
Report
Number Author(s
)
Date Title Resource
s
19-188981,
19-188982
19-000230,
19-000329,
19-000399,
19-001014
Maybell 12 kV Deteriorated Pole
Replacement Project (WO 6026-
4800; K4805), near Covina, Los Angeles
County,
California
Archaeological Survey for the
Southern
California Edison Company:

Replacement of
Twenty-One Deteriorated Power
Poles on
Circuits Near Carpinteria (Santa
Barbara
County), Santa Paula (Ventura
County),
Covina and Lancaster (Los Angeles
County),
California.

LA10653
LA10807
Schmidt,
June
2010
2010
19-001793,
19-002082,
19-187595
Orfila,
Rebecca
19-000230,
19-000347,
19-000348,
19-001014,
19-001098,
19-001836
Phase I Cultural Resources
Assessment,
Opportunities and Constraints
Report,
Walnut Creek Habitat and Open
Space
Project, City of San Dimas and Los
Angeles
County, California
LA11007Maxon, Patrick
O.
2011
Proposed Collocation Project 3043
North
Roycove Drive, Covina, California.

Roycove
Water Tank/CA-LOS4760, EBI
Project
Number: 61107767
Cultural Resources Records Search
and Site
Visit Results for T-Mobile West, LLC
Candidate IE04082A (Via Verde)
3001
Roycove Drive, Covina, Los Angeles
County,
California
LA11235
LA12253
Weatherford,
Ginger
2011
2012
19-189475
Bonner, Wayne,
Sarah
Williams, and
Kathleen Crawford
19-189475
IE04082A (Via Verde) 3001-1/2
Roycove
Drive, Covina, California 91724
Archaeological Report: J.M. Peters
Co. Tract
23828 Via Verde and Puente
Streets, San
Dimas, California
LA12491
LA12617
Bonner,
Wayne
2012
1984
19-189475
Bissell, Ronald
M.

NA
19-000230,
19-000347,
19-000348,
19-001014,
19-001098
Archaeological, Historical,
and Paleontological Assessments of the
Hidden
Ridge Development, San Dimas, Los
Angeles
County, California
LA12620Bissell, Ronald
M.
1986

4.2 Native American
Outreach
On February 28, 2022, Mr. O’Neil contacted the NAHC via email notifying them of the project,
requesting a search of their SLF and asking for a list of local tribal organizations and individuals to
contact for project outreach. The results of the search request were received April 15, 2022, at the
UEI office from Mr. Andrew Green, Cultural Resources Analyst. The NAHC letter stated that “The
result of any Sacred Lands File (SLF) check conducted through the Native American Heritage
Commission was positive [emphasis in the original]. Please contact the Gabrieleno Band of Mission
Indians – Kizh Nation on the attached list for information.” (See Attachment C.) UEI prepared letters to each of the ten tribal contacts describing the project and included a map
showing the project's location, requesting a reply if they have knowledge of cultural resources in the
area, and asked if they had any questions or concerns regarding the project (see Attachment C). On
May 17, 2022, Mr. O’Neil mailed letters with accompanying maps to all nine tribal contacts, and also
emailed identical letters and maps to each of the tribal contacts for which email addresses were
known (nine). The letter to the Gabrielino-Kizh Nation noted that the NAHC reply stated to contact
this tribal organization concerning the SLF traditional site, but there was no response from them
7145/San Dimas MCTA
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❖ FINDINGS
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regarding this subject. An automatic delivery failure email was received on the same day from
Charles Alvarez, Councilmember of the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe.

Following up on the initial letter and email contacts, telephone calls were conducted by
Archaeological Technician Megan B. Doukakis on July 22, 2022, to complete the outreach process
following the 30-day period when replies could be made. These calls were to the nine tribal contacts
who had not already responded to UEI’s mailing and emails. Two telephone calls were placed with
no answer and messages were left describing the project and requesting a response. These were to
Andrew Salas, Chairperson of the Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians-Kizh Nation; and Sandonne
Goad, Chairperson of the Gabrielino /Tongva Nation. Two phone calls were made, not answered and
there was no ability to leave a message. These were to Charles Alvarez, Councilmember of the
Gabrielino Tongva Tribe; and to Lovina Redner, Tribal Chair of the Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla
Indians.

Chairperson Anthony Morales, of the Gabrieleno/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians
indicated by telephone on July 22, 2022 that the footprint of the SR-57 and I-10 Freeway are sensitive
to the tribe. There are sites at nearby Cal-Poly Pomona to the east and Bonelli Park. They recommend
tribal and archaeological monitoring using their tribe. Tribal Consultant and Administrator Christina
Conley, of the Gabrielino Tongva Indians of California Tribal Council indicated by telephone on July
22, 2022 that the tribe has no comment on the project and will leave any comments to their sister
tribes. Joseph Ontiveros, of the Cultural Resource Department for the Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians
indicated by telephone on July 22, 2022 that there are resources in the area that have place names,
including sites at Bonelli Park and Cal-Poly Pomona campus. The tribe would defer any comments to
Chairman Anthony Morales of the San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians. No further responses have
been received to date. (See Attachment C)

4.3 Pedestrian Survey
Results
A pedestrian survey was conducted on August 9, 2022 by Mr. Stephen O’Neil and Mr. Miguel
Anguiano. The survey consisted of walking over, visually inspecting, and photographing the
accessible and exposed ground surface of the project site using standard archaeological procedures
and techniques. Survey transects were conducted in an opportunistic manner due to the presence of
roads along the ridgelines that occupied the project area, and the steepness of the slopes running off
the ridgelines.

The project site consists of the single main ridgeline with Calle Cristina running along the to generally
running from the northwest to the southeast. Steep slopes trend off to the northeast and the
southwest with several secondary gentle slopes radiating out. The southern slope off the main
ridgeline reaches down to East Covina Road which is serves as the southern project boundary. At the
north end of the main ridgeline (where Calle Cristina ends) is a large secondary slope that reaches to
Puente Street and the northern project boundary. The long northern slope off the main ridgeline
reaches down to Avenida Monte Vista just beyond the project boundary. Calle Cristina is lined with
approximately 22 single family residences with several unbuilt lots scattered among them; Paseo
Lucina, a road off the northwest side of Calle Cristina that goes down-slope; it contains another seven
single family residences that also has several un-built lots among them.

The survey was conducted along both sides of Calle Cristina (Figure 4.3-1 and Figure 4.3-2)
observing the landscaped areas in the front of the residences and along the open spaces between
residences for any indication of cultural resources. All landscaped area had shrubbery and/or well
maintained lawns that covered the surface. Most of the opens spaces between residences consisted
7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project

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of narrow strips of land, approximately four feet wide that had been graded to an unknown depth
below the original natural surface. In one location along Paseo Lucinda and two locations along Calle
Cristina the slope allowed survey of the adjacent slope and these areas were surveyed (Figure 4.3-3
and Figure 4.3-4). Among the other six or so spaces between residences along the three roads these
spaces were observed and found to have extremely steep slope starting just four feet or so from the
road edge – the steepness of the slope precluded survey of the slope sides, The north side of East Covina Road was surveyed (Figure 4.3-5); the slope on the north side of the
road was too steep to survey. The gentler slope going from the north end of Calle Cristina northward
to Puente Road was accessed off of Puente Road and surveyed. The steep slope of the ridgelines within the project boundary, excepting the few gentler secondary
ridges, would not have been viable locations for Native Americans to make use of for use camps. Only
the main ridgeline may have been flat enough for any use in the past, and this has been graded for
roadways and residences. The several gentler slopes that could be accessed and surveyed were not
observed to contain prehistoric or historic cultural resources.

Figure 4.3-
CALLE CRISTINA FROM NOTH END; VIEW TO THE 1

SOUTHWEST
7145/San Dimas MCTA
Project

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❖ FINDINGS
❖
Figure 4.3-
CALLE CRISTINA AT CALLE FRANCESCA; VIEW 2

TO THE WEST
7145/San Dimas MCTA Project
Phase I Cultural Resources
Inventory

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San Dimas City CouncilDecember 10, 2024

San Dimas City Council
December 10, 2024