1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 1
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica, CA
Historic Assessment Report
Prepared for:
City of Santa Monica
Planning and Community Development Department
Prepared by:
Architectural Resources Group, Inc.
360 E. 2nd Street, Suite 225
Los Angeles, CA 90012
September 2, 2021
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Executive Summary............................................................................................................................ 2
1.2. Preparer Qualifications...................................................................................................................... 3
2. Architectural Description................................................................................................................. 4
2.1. General Setting .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2. Building Exterior................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3. Site and Landscape Features.............................................................................................................. 6
3. Development Chronology and Alterations..................................................................................... 11
3.1. History of the Subject Property ....................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Development Chronology ................................................................................................................ 12
3.3. Alterations........................................................................................................................................ 12
4. Historic Contexts............................................................................................................................ 14
4.1. Neighborhood Development: Seaside Terrace................................................................................ 14
4.2. Multi-Family Housing ....................................................................................................................... 16
5. Evaluation of Significance............................................................................................................... 18
5.1. Previous Surveys and Evaluations.................................................................................................... 18
5.3. Evaluation of Local Significance ....................................................................................................... 18
5.3. Evaluation of Integrity...................................................................................................................... 23
6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 26
7. Bibliogaphy .................................................................................................................................... 27 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 2
1. Introduction
1.1. Executive Summary
At the request of the City of Santa Monica’s Planning and Community Development Department (the City), Architectural Resources Group, Inc. (ARG) has prepared this Historic Assessment Report for the property located at 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica. The property contains a one-story, four-unit multi-family residential building that was constructed in 1914. 1 Designed in a vernacular style, the
building was constructed by building contractor F.N. Jones for original owner John S. Stotler.
The property is included in the City of Santa Monica’s Historic Resources Inventory (HRI). In the most recent update of the HRI, which was completed in 2018, the property was identified as individually eligible for local designation as a Santa Monica Landmark and was assigned the corresponding California Historical Resource Status Code of 5S3: “appears to be individually eligible for local listing or designation through survey evaluation.”
In March 2021, an application nominating the property as a Santa Monica Landmark was submitted to the City. ARG was asked to complete a Historic Assessment Report for the property to determine if it satisfies the City’s designation criteria for Landmark and/or Structure of Merit eligibility. Preparation of this report included the following tasks related to research, documentation, and analysis:
• Site visit in July 2021 to document existing conditions with digital photographs; • Review of pertinent federal and state technical bulletins, local ordinances, and other reference materials related to the evaluation of historical resources; • Review of applicable background materials including historical building permits and the State of California’s Built Environment Resource Directory (BERD) database; • Supplemental research about the property’s development history, design, occupancy, and potential historical significance;
• Identification of applicable historic contexts and themes; • Evaluation of the property against Santa Monica Landmark and Structure of Merit eligibility criteria; and
• Evaluation of the property’s integrity.
Research materials were obtained from the following sources:
• Online collections of the Los Angeles Public Library and the Santa Monica Public Library; • Archives of the Los Angeles Times, the Santa Monica Outlook, and other local periodicals; 1 Original construction date gleaned from the Los Angeles County Office of the Assessor. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 3
• Building permit records obtained from the City of Santa Monica Planning and Community Development Department;
• Technical assistance bulletins published by the National Park Service (NPS) and the California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP);
• Online repositories including Ancestry.com and Newspapers.com; and • ARG’s in-house collection of architectural books and reference materials.
To conform with public health directives and safety protocols associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, most research was conducted remotely using online repositories. A complete list of sources is included in Section 7: Bibliography of this report.
In summary, ARG concludes that the property at 1665-1671 Appian Way appears to satisfy one of the City’s Landmark Criteria (Criterion 1). In addition, ARG concludes that the property appears to satisfy two of the City’s Structure of Merit Criteria (Criteria A and B.1). The following sections provide a description of the property and its history, and a discussion of how the above-listed determinations of eligibility were made.
1.2. Preparer Qualifications
This report was prepared by a qualified team of ARG architectural historians and historic preservation planners who meet the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards, 36 CFR Part 61, in the discipline of Architectural History.
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 4
2. Architectural Description
2.1. General Setting
1665-1671 Appian Way is located in an interstitial zone between the Downtown and Ocean Park neighborhoods of Santa Monica. Located just south of the Santa Monica Pier and about a block west of Santa Monica City Hall, this neighborhood is adjacent to the ocean and exhibits a moderate downward slope as it approaches the water. Streets adhere to the skewed grid that is etched across most of Santa Monica and approximates the contour of the coastline. Circulation consists of both vehicular streets and pedestrian thoroughfares, most of which are oriented northeast-southwest. Two streets – Ocean Avenue and Appian Way – travel northwest-southeast and transect the neighborhood lengthwise.
The neighborhood contains an eclectic mix of property types dating to multiple periods between the early twentieth century and the present day. Key property types in the vicinity of the subject property include multi-family dwellings of various sizes and scales, and hotels that take advantage of the neighborhood’s adjacency to the ocean and nearby attractions. The neighborhood is anchored by the Santa Monica Pier on the north, and by the Casa del Mar – a historic hotel dating to 1926 – on the south.
Location map. The location of the subject property is marked in yellow (Google Maps) 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 5
The subject property is located on the east side of Appian Way, between Arcadia Terrace (northwest, a pedestrian street) and Pacific Terrace (southeast, an auto street). The parcel is rectangular, is wider than it is deep, and measures 4,430 square feet. The site is heavily graded. The lot lines abut Arcadia Terrace (northwest), Pacific Terrace (southeast), and Appian Way (southwest). The northeast lot line abuts an adjacent residential parcel that is presently under construction.
Parcel map. Boundaries of the subject property are marked in yellow (Google Maps)
2.2. Building Exterior
The parcel contains a 2,707-square-foot multi-family residential building that was built in 1914.2 The building is one story in height, though it reads as slightly taller when viewed from the primary (southwest) façade due to the grade of the site. The building sits on a concrete foundation and is constructed of wood frame. It consists of two volumes, each of which is roughly rectangular in plan and contains two dwelling units. The volumes are attached on the primary (southwest) façade by a continuous cornice and parapet. The building is vernacular and lacks characteristics of a particular style. 2 Parcel dimensions and date of construction obtained from the Los Angeles County Office of the Assessor. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 6
Each building volume capped by a flat roof. The roof was not visible at the time of ARG’s site visit, but from aerial imagery it appears to be sheathed in rolled asphalt. The roof is spanned by a parapet and a simple cornice. Squared attic vents are incorporated into the parapet. Exterior walls are clad in wood lap siding. The exterior siding is unpainted and consists of boards that are installed at alternating heights.
The primary façade is oriented southwest, toward Appian Way. Features on this façade are symmetrically composed. Fenestration consists of four tripartite window systems, each of which has a central fixed wood window and flanking jalousie windows and sliding vinyl windows. There are also two fixed wood windows spaced between the tripartite windows. Beneath each tripartite window, at street level, is a ledge comprising wood corbels, brackets, posts, and beams. The northernmost ledge has been removed, though its imprint is still visible.
Situated at the center of the primary façade is a narrow pedestrian court. Access to the court is restricted by a wood gate. Surmounting the gate are two notched wood beams. Beyond the gate are concrete steps and stoop. The steps feature a metal rail. The court provides ingress to two of the building’s units, each consisting of a single paneled metal door. Metal sconces are affixed to the walls adjacent to the doors. Several windows are oriented inward toward the court. Fenestration includes multi-light fixed wood windows and sliding aluminum windows, some of which have metal security bars.
The southeast façade, which faces Pacific Terrace, also has ample street frontage. This façade has an entrance to one of the building’s units, which consists of a single, unarticulated wood door. This entrance is approached by concrete steps with a metal rail, and a concrete stoop. A metal sconce is affixed to the wall adjacent to the door. Fenestration includes a tripartite window system, with a center fixed wood window and flanking jalousie windows; four additional jalousie windows; and one wood hopper window. All windows have wood surrounds; some also have metal security bars.
The northwest façade faces Arcadia Terrace (a pedestrian street). At the far west end of this façade, nearest Appian Way, is a tripartite window comprising a center fixed wood window and flanking sliding vinyl windows. These windows have wood surrounds. Near the center of this façade is a metal gate and concrete steps. These steps lead to a porch that is an addition. The porch has a shed roof, wood post supports, and a single wood door. Adjacent to the porch is a projecting volume – also an addition – which is clad in vertical wood siding and has a sliding vinyl window. The porch and side addition are both surmounted by wood decking and rails. The base of this façade is obscured by a wood fence.
The northeast façade is obscured from public view. Based on what could be observed from the publicright-of-way, it appears to consist of glazed, paneled wood doors and wood windows. Metal canopies surmount some of the door and window openings. A metal security gate obscures this façade from the public-right-of-way along Pacific Terrace.
2.3. Site and Landscape Features
There are no landscape features of note, as the building is set flush with the sidewalk and occupies almost all of the site. Site features are limited to the aforementioned narrow pedestrian court, and a scored concrete driveway at the northwest end of the parcel where Appian Way meets Arcadia Terrace. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 7
Current Photos
Primary/southwest façade, view northeast (ARG, 2021) Primary/southwest façade, view north (ARG, 2021) Primary/southwest façade, view east (ARG, 2021) Southeast façade, view west (ARG, 2021) Southeast façade, view north (ARG, 2021) Northwest façade, view northeast (ARG, 2021) 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 8
Northeast façade, view northwest (ARG, 2021) Interior court, view northeast (ARG, 2021) Entrance to interior court, view northeast. Note wood gate and notched wood beams (ARG, 2021)
Detail of wood ledge on primary/southwest façade, view
east (ARG, 2021)
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 9
Historic Photos
Aerial view of Santa Monica Pier and environs, 1922. 1665-1671 Appian Way is visible at upper center and is marked in yellow (Huntington Digital Library; annotation added by ARG)
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 10
Aerial view of Santa Monica Pier and environs, 1922, zoomed in for clarity. 1665-1671 Appian Way is marked in yellow (Huntington Digital Library; annotation added by ARG)
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 11
3. Development Chronology and Alterations
3.1. History of the Subject Property
The subject property, 1665-1671 Appian Way, is located within the Carl F. Schader Seaside Terrace Tract.
Subdivided in 1910 by its eponym, developer Carl F. Schader, the tract is located south of the Santa Monica Pier between Seaside Terrace (northwest), Marine Terrace (southeast), Ocean Avenue (northeast), and the Pacific Ocean (southwest).3 The tract originally consisted of 61 parcels of varying dimensions; the tract map also demarcates nineteen additional parcels to the west of Ocean Front Walk, though that area was never a realistic site for development because of its adjacency to the shore.
Beginning in the 1910s, the tract was developed with an eclectic combination of uses including singlefamily houses, apartment hotels, and multi-family flats. The subject property was built in 1914. 4 Newspaper articles, city directories, Sanborn maps, and other source materials indicate that the property was purpose-built as an income-producing multi-family dwelling comprising four individual units. Its construction is mentioned in a Los Angeles Times article dated April 1914, which describes the property as “two modern double bungalows,” completed at a cost of $8,000.5 The property was constructed by building contractor Benjamin Jones for owner J.S. Stotler.6 Information about the life of original owner Stotler is scant.7 John Stoner Stotler was born in Pennsylvania in 1862. He moved to California in 1885, and by the late nineteenth century was among a handful of people who settled in Ballarat, a rural community in Inyo County that was founded in 1896 as a supply point for nearby silver mines. In Ballarat, Stotler worked as a merchant, and in 1897 he was appointed as its postmaster. Census data and city directories indicate that Stotler had moved to Southern California by the early twentieth century, initially residing in South Los Angeles before setting in Santa Monica. Later in life, Stotler was working as a small-scale real estate investor and developer.
In 1914, Stotler commissioned the four-unit subject building, which served as both as his personal residence and as an income-producing property. Stotler lived in the northernmost dwelling unit (originally 18 Arcadia Terrace, now 1665 Appian Way) with his wife, Clara Stotler (1867-1933) until his death in 1931, at age 69.8 The other three adjoining units were rented out to tenants by the Stotlers.
Subsequent owners are numerous and included Kate and Amos Travis; Homer and Virginia Gray; Ralph Osborne; Harry Resnick and Beatrice Salans; George Shaw; Florence Baker; Norman Goldman; Glenn Goldman, Alan Kapilow, and Michael Sarlo; Security FSE One Hundred; and Shyle LP.9 3 Subdivision map of Carl F. Schader’s Seaside Terrace Tract, Map Book 17 (10-11), recorded Aug. 1910, accessed Aug. 2021 via the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works.
4 Original construction date obtained from the Los Angeles County Office of the Assessor. 5 “Occupies Site of Old Terminus,” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 12, 1914. 6 “Building Permits,” The Daily Outlook, Apr. 3, 1914. 7 Biographical information about Stotler gleaned from Ancestry.com (various databases), accessed Aug. 2021. 8 “Announce Services for Old Resident,” Evening Outlook, Dec. 10, 1931. 9 Derived from “Table 1. Chain of Ownership,” included in the Landmark nomination submitted Mar. 18, 2021. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 12
Typical of rental housing, the subject building has been home to many tenants between its original construction and the present day. From census data and city directories, it is known that tenants were generally single boarders or married households, and were employed in a variety of common vocations.
The four street addresses associated with the subject building have changed over time. What was originally 18 Arcadia Terrace became 1665 Appian Way; 1601 Appian Way became 1667 Appian Way; 1603 Appian Way became 1669 Appian Way; and 1605 Appian Way became 1671 Appian Way. Research suggests that adjustments to the street addresses occurred in the early 1930s.
3.2. Development Chronology
This section summarizes key events in the property’s developmental history between its original construction and the present day. The information was compiled primarily from historic building permit records obtained from the City of Santa Monica Community Development Department. It was augmented by additional sources including historic aerial images, Sanborn fire insurance maps, parcel data obtained from the Los Angeles County Office of the Assessor, and other pertinent source materials.
In addition to these building permits, various plumbing and electrical permits have been issued for the subject property. However, they are not listed in the table above as the work associated with these permits was minor in scope and did not result in any visible changes to the building or its key features.
3.3. Alterations
The following alterations were noted during a site visit conducted by ARG staff in July 2021, and by comparing current and previous photos of the subject property. If an alteration is documented in the permit record and/or other source materials, the year that the alteration took place is listed parenthetically. However, most alterations are not noted in the permit record and/or other sources. • An addition and decking were appended to the side (northwest) façade • A recessed porch serving the unit at 1665 Appian Way was infilled • One bracketed wood ledge was removed from the primary/southwest façade (ca. 2008) 1914 Original construction of the subject property; sources alternatively identify the improvements as “flats” and “double bungalows.” No architect is listed; F.N. Jones is listed as the contractor; J.S. Stotler is listed as the owner (City of Santa Monica Ledger, Apr. 2, 1914). 1961 Permit issued to repair termite damage. Ace Termite Control is listed as the contractor; Mrs.
V. Grey is listed as the owner (Permit No. B30445).
1973 Permit issued to repair fire damage. The contractor’s name is illegible; George Shaw is listed as the owner (Permit No. B45643).
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 13
• All original doors were replaced
• Some original windows were replaced
• Non-original security bars were affixed to some windows • A non-original metal stair rail was added to the southeast façade 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 14
4. Historic Contexts
4.1. Neighborhood Development: Seaside Terrace
1665-1671 Appian Way is located within the Seaside Terrace tract. Located immediately south of the Santa Monica Pier, Seaside Terrace was an early attempt on the part of developers to redevelop prime ocean frontage to capitalize on Santa Monica’s prevailing culture of recreation, leisure, and tourism.
Santa Monica is the third-oldest city in Los Angeles County, having been incorporated in 1886.10 By virtue of its picturesque location along the coast and its idyllic climate, Santa Monica, as well as the neighboring communities of Ocean Park and Venice, emerged as popular destinations among Southern Californians and tourists alike in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Bathhouses, hotels, amusement piers, and various other tourist-oriented developments were erected along the coast in the latter decades of the nineteenth century, many of which were marketed as “Coney Island” style attractions – drawing an overt connection with the popular entertainment destination in New York.11 One of the foremost local attractions of this era was the Arcadia Hotel. Built in 1887, and prominently sited astride a bluff between present-day Colorado Street and Pico Boulevard, the hotel epitomized luxury and elegance. It was housed within a large, imposing structure designed in the then-fashionable Queen Anne style. In addition to its well-appointed guest rooms, the hotel featured such amenities as “hot and cold running water, electric and gas lights, and indoor bathrooms,” as well as a switchback roller coaster. Beachgoers were known to congregate in droves along the shore adjacent to the hotel.12 However, the fortunes of the Arcadia Hotel waxed and waned. By the early twentieth century, it had fallen on hard times – in large part due to the dramatic ebbs and flows in the economy that had taken place in the late nineteenth century. Other modes of development – particularly residential development – were becoming increasingly lucrative. The hotel eventually closed. In 1909, developer Carl F. Schader purchased the shuttered hotel as well as several acres of adjoining land, and set out to redevelop his acquisition into a “mixed-use residential and resort area that would make Santa Monica the ‘Atlantic City of the West.’”13 He razed the hotel in 1909 and subdivided its former grounds into two side-by-side tracts: Seaside Terrace and Vicente Terrace.
Schader’s decision to raze and redevelop the hotel coincided with the construction of the Santa Monica Municipal Pier, which opened in 1909. While it was originally intended to serve the City’s sanitation needs, the 1,600-foot-long concrete pier “quickly became a magnet for the fishing community and fueled the imagination of many local entrepreneurs” like Schader, who foresaw the area around the pier as eventually developing into a recreational hub and sought to capitalize on this development.14 10 Santa Monica Conservancy, “History of Santa Monica,” online, accessed Aug. 2021. 11 City of Santa Monica Historic Resources Inventory Update Historic Context Statement, prepared by Architectural Resources Group and Historic Resources Group, Mar. 2018, 154.
12 Ibid. 13 Ibid, 95; “Display Ad 204,” Los Angeles Times, Jun. 18, 1911. 14 City of Santa Monica, “Pier History,” accessed Aug. 2021. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 15
Seaside Terrace included 61 parcels; Vicente Terrace was slightly smaller, tallying in at 44 parcels. Both were platted according to a modified rectilinear grid that conformed to the contour of the adjacent coast and bluffs. Early planning of Seaside Terrace is described in a Los Angeles Times article from 1910:
The City Council has adopted the maps of Seaside Terrace Tract, which embraces the old Hotel Arcadia grounds, and the work of converting the property into a residence district is soon to be commenced. Running through it from north to south is a winding boulevard at the edge of the bluff. This is to be known as Appian Way, and the plan is to extend it from Colorado street and the municipal pier on the north to Fremont avenue (now known as Pico Boulevard) and the ocean terminus of the Los Angeles airline boulevard on the south.15 The tract was transected by a pedestrian walkway that ran parallel to the ocean. Reporting on its construction in 1909, the Los Angeles Times observed that “a concrete esplanade, twenty feet wide, protected by a bulkhead built on piles driven through the sand and gravel to a solid foundation, is about to connect the new concrete pier at Colorado avenue, through the Seaside Terrace tract south to Hollister Pier, making a continuous walk through Santa Monica, Ocean Park, and Venice, rivaling the celebrated board walk at Atlantic City.”16 This esplanade is extant and is now called Ocean Front Walk.
Schader aggressively marketed the Seaside Terrace tract, regularly taking out advertisements in local newspapers that promoted its abundance of developable lots and desirable location adjacent to the Municipal Pier and other oceanfront amenities. His efforts proved fruitful; by the early 1910s, several parcels within the tract were sold and developed with residential uses. The bluff that transected the tract lengthwise effectively served as a dividing line between the different types of development that ensued. Very generally speaking, lots at the base of the bluff and near the ocean were improved with apartment hotels and commercial uses, while those on the streets atop the bluff were developed with less intensive uses such as single-family houses and smaller-scale apartments and flats.
Prominent examples of early development in Seaside Terrace included the Seaside Terrace Apartments (not extant) and the Selkirk Apartments (not extant). Both were built in 1911 along Ocean Front Walk as apartment hotels that catered to tourists and other itinerant tenants seeking alternatives to the conventional single-family house. So too was the Purser Hotel and Apartments (extant, designated as a Santa Monica Landmark), which was constructed in 1913 at Appian Way and Arcadia Terrace.17 Smaller, more modest examples of development took place on the blocks east of Appian Way amid the subdivision’s formative period of growth in the 1910s. Sanborn maps from 1918 show that on these eastern blocks, early development was varied and consisted of single-family houses, apartments, and flats. These maps also show that a majority of lots within the tract remained undeveloped at that time.
The tract filled out in subsequent decades, with many of the remaining empty lots developed with oneand two-story multi-family dwellings in the 1920s, ‘30s, and ‘40s. Mixed-use structures were also 15 “With Their Eyes Open,” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 13, 1910. 16 “Santa Monica Gets in Line: New Pier Gives Impetus to Big Improvements,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 3, 1909. 17 “Purser Apartment Building, 1659 Ocean Front Walk, City Landmark Evaluation Assessment Report,” prepared by Ostashay and Associates, Jan. 2017, 8.
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 16
constructed along Ocean Avenue, and low-rise commercial buildings along Ocean Front Walk, during this period, rounding out patterns of development within this area of the city. 18 4.2. Multi-Family Housing
Through the early decades of the twentieth century, the residential landscape of Southern California consisted almost entirely of single-family homes. There was no shortage of open, developable land on which to build detached dwellings at this time. Single-family housing also reflected the prevailing domestic ideal of this era. Multi-family housing, by contrast, evoked images of the squalid dirty conditions of tenements in New York and other eastern cities, a perception that was fueled by housing reform efforts of the late nineteenth century and the publication of Jacob Riis’s 1890 exposé How the Other Half Lives, which documented the squalor endured by tenement dwellers in New York City.
Santa Monica was no exception. The City of Santa Monica Historic Context Statement emphasizes that multi-family development within the city was extremely rare in the late nineteenth century, and remained rare through the early decades of the twentieth century. At this time, large hotels like the aforementioned Arcadia often rented rooms to travelers and other itinerant types during the summer months, but these properties were principally commercial – not residential – in function. Other multifamily development at this time was scant, and was limited to a few parcels that contained two or more small, free-standing cottages that technically fit the definition of multi-family housing but did not even closely resemble multi-family housing as it is known today. The rarity of multi-family housing in early Santa Monica is corroborated by the dearth of these properties in city directories. As noted in the City of Santa Monica Historic Context Statement, “no apartment buildings are listed in the 1899 directory and only one, the Kensington Apartments on S. Ocean Avenue, is listed in the 1907 directory.”19 Attitudes toward multi-family housing, both in Santa Monica and elsewhere in Southern California, began to undergo a shift by the 1910s. This decade saw the construction of more purpose-built, multifamily dwellings as Southern California witnessed an influx of new residents in addition to seasonal tourists in search of longer-term accommodations.20 This need was especially pronounced in Santa Monica, given its identity as a bastion of tourism and recreation. Local residents increasingly sought housing options that offered alternatives to the single-family family house. Developers and investors responded accordingly by erecting denser multi-family housing that made more efficient use of the land.
Earlier (ca. 1910s) examples of multi-family housing in Santa Monica tended to consist of small-scale duplexes, triplexes, and flats (also commonly referred to as fourplexes) that could easily pass as singlefamily residences and were favored because of their ability to seamlessly blend into the fabric of existing neighborhoods. Bungalow courts began appearing circa 1908, and thereafter evolved into other 18 Ibid. 19 City of Santa Monica Historic Resources Inventory Update Historic Context Statement, Mar. 2018, 107. 20 SurveyLA, Citywide Historic Context Statement, “Context: Residential Development and Suburbanization, 1880-1980, Theme:
Multi-Family Residential Development, 1895-1970,” Dec. 2018, 7. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 17
iterations of courtyard housing that became popular in subsequent decades. Large apartment houses and other, more quintessentially urban types of multi-family housing also became increasingly common.
While multi-family housing was starting to come of age in the 1910s, it was still something of an anomaly within the broader context of residential development in Santa Monica, whose neighborhoods continued to be dominated by single-family houses at this time. The comparatively small number of multi-family dwellings that were built during this decades were largely concentrated in neighborhoods on and near the beach, which by virtue of their location catered to tourists and other itinerant types. 1665-1671 Appian Way fits neatly into this context. Constructed in 1914, just as multi-family housing was starting to come of age, the property is reflective of the location, type, scale, and general configuration of the city’s early multi-family housing stock. While most other examples of early multifamily housing from this early period have either been demolished or substantially altered – an observation corroborated by the scant number of comparable resources identified in the most recent (2018) HRI – the subject property remains in situ and reasonably intact.
It was not until the 1920s that multi-family housing became a much more ubiquitous element of Santa Monica’s residential landscape. During this decade, the city witnessed an extraordinary amount of growth, which spurred a building boom and in turn encouraged developers to invest in the construction of a more varied stock of housing. The city witnessed an influx of retirees and widows at this time, many of whom sought alternatives to the single-family house. 21 Investors, too, embraced larger and denser
multi-family buildings, which were more profitable and made better use of the land that they occupied.
In contrast to earlier decades – during which time multi-family housing was limited – Santa Monica witnessed a proliferation of multi-family residential construction beginning in the 1920s. The sheer number of multi-family dwellings dating to this period rendered it something of a “golden age” with respect to multi-family development. Multi-family dwellings from this period ran the gamut in terms of their size, scale, and type. In addition to flats, duplexes, and fourplexes, the city also witnessed the widespread construction of bungalow courts and other types of courtyard housing, as well as some larger-scale apartment houses. Iterations of courtyard housing became especially popular and were seen as appropriately suited to Santa Monica’s beachside setting and exceptionally temperate climate.
Multi-family development continued in earnest in subsequent decades. In the 1930s, the demand for affordable alternatives to single-family living remained high, due in large part to rapidly rising enrollment at nearby UCLA. In the years leading up to World War II, hordes of defense workers came to Santa Monica to work at Douglas Aircraft and other wartime industrial employers, exacerbating the need for dense and affordable housing.22 The need for multi-family housing only intensified in the period after World War II, which was marked by unprecedented population growth and presented challenges for a city that had a relatively small footprint and less and less open land on which to build.23 21 Ibid, 195; “Shortage of Homes Reported,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 13, 1931. 22 City of Santa Monica Historic Resources Inventory Update Historic Context Statement, Mar. 2018, 108. 23 Ibid, 108-113. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 18
5. Evaluation of Significance
5.1. Previous Surveys and Evaluations
1665-1671 Appian Way is included in the current (2018) iteration of the City of Santa Monica’s Historic Resources Inventory (HRI). The HRI identifies the property as potentially eligible for individual designation under the “Residential Development 1875-1977, Multi-Family Residential Development 1899-1977” context/theme combination. The corresponding statement of significance reads as follows:
1665‐1667 Appian Way appears eligible for listing as a Santa Monica Landmark. The property is significant for conveying patterns of multi‐family residential development that shaped the Ocean Park neighborhood of Santa Monica in the early decades of the twentieth century.
Constructed in 1914, it is one of relatively few extant multi‐family residential buildings from this formative period of neighborhood growth.24
The property was assigned the California Historical Resource Status Code of 5S3: “appears to be individually eligible for local listing or designation through survey evaluation.”
5.2. Local Registration Programs
The City of Santa Monica administers two programs for the local designation of historic resources, each of which has its own eligibility criteria: Landmarks/Historic Districts and Structures of Merit.
Criteria related to the designation of Landmarks and Historic Districts are listed in Chapter 9.56.100 (Landmark or Historic District Designation Criteria) of the Santa Monica Municipal Code. Landmarks “are considered to have the highest level of individual historical or architectural significance” and must satisfy at least one of six criteria (listed in the following section) to be eligible for listing.25 Historic Districts are generally evaluated against the same eligibility criteria that are used to evaluate Landmarks.
Criteria related to the designation of Structures of Merit are listed in Chapter 9.56.080 (Structure of Merit Criteria) of the Santa Monica Municipal Code. Structures of Merit are “historic resources with a more limited degree of individual significance” than Landmarks, and must satisfy at least one of four criteria (listed in the following section) to be eligible for listing.26
5.3. Evaluation of Local Significance
ARG evaluated 1665-1671 Appian way against each of the City of Santa Monica’s eligibility criteria for Landmark and Structure of Merit designation. In summary, ARG arrives at the following conclusions:
24 City of Santa Monica Community Development Department, “Historic Resources Inventory,” accessed Aug. 2021. 25 City of Santa Monica, “Historic Preservation in Santa Monica,” accessed Aug. 2021. 26 Ibid. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 19
• The property appears to satisfy one of the City’s Landmark criteria (Criterion A.1) • The property appears to satisfy two of the City’s Structure of Merit Criteria (Criteria A, B.1) Following is an explanation of how these determinations were made.
Landmark Criteria
9.56.100(A)(1). [The resource] exemplifies, symbolizes, or manifests elements of the cultural, social, economic, political, or architectural history of the City.
The subject property exemplifies elements of Santa Monica’s economic history, specifically those associated with patterns of early residential development. It was among the smattering of early multifamily dwellings that were built in newly-subdivided tracts adjacent to the Municipal Pier (which opened in 1909) and other recreation and leisure-oriented amenities that were located adjacent to the shore.
Modest, purpose-built multi-family housing options like the subject property were introduced to Santa Monica in the very early twentieth century, loosely defined as the period prior to 1920. These early examples of purpose-built multi-family housing were a testament to the profound influence that leisure, recreation, and tourism had on Santa Monica’s built environment at this time. Their relatively compact footprints and efficient use of space reflect the ways in which developers adapted and responded to a demand for shorter-term, affordable alternatives to the single-family house in order to better accommodate the itinerant lifestyles of tourists and others drawn to Santa Monica’s culture and climate.
The subject property – and particularly its oceanfront setting and efficient use of space – is illustrative of how Santa Monica’s housing stock evolved in response to broad economic trends of the period.
Built in 1914, the subject property has a relatively early construction date when compared against Santa Monica’s pool of extant multi-family residential buildings. It thus stands out as an early example of purpose-built multi-family residential development, which began to come of age in the 1910s but did not proliferate until the 1920s. Examples of multi-family development from the 1920s onward are manifold in Santa Monica; examples of multi-family housing pre-dating 1920, by contrast, are far fewer.
In addition, the subject property is notable on account of its rarity: specifically, it is one of but only a few examples of early (pre-1920) purpose-built multi-family residential development in Santa Monica that remains extant and retains sufficient integrity to convey its association with key patterns of residential development and economic history. It is certainly not the only remaining example of a pre-1920 multifamily dwelling – the locally designated Purser Apartments (1659 Ocean Front Walk, 1913) sits across the street and conveys many of the same characteristics – but the subject property is among an alreadymeager population of pre-1920, purpose-built multi-family resources that has diminished even more over time, as similar properties have either been demolished to make way for new development or have been altered to the extent to which they no longer retain sufficient integrity for listing. Though it has experienced some alterations, the subject property retains integrity from its original construction date.
Rarity is corroborated by data culled from the 2018 HRI. Including the subject property, only eleven examples of pre-1920 multi-family properties were identified in the HRI as eligible for listing, as follows:
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 20
• 1423 10th Street (duplex, built 1912)
• 3025 2nd Street (apartment house, built 1912)
• 2906 3rd Street (apartment house, built 1912)
• 3007-3009 3rd Street (bungalow court, built 1908)
• 2434 4th Street (fourplex, built 1915)
• 2524 4th Street (triplex, built 1917)
• *1665-1671 Appian Way (subject property, built 1914)
• 215 Bay Street (triplex, built 1908)
• 319-321 Bicknell Avenue (fourplex, built 1902)
• 143 Hollister Avenue (Maryland Apartments, built 1912) • 124 Pacific Street (duplex, built 1912)
• 418 Strand Street (apartment house, built 1912)
This figure is very meager when compared against the total number of eligible resources identified in the HRI (875) and the total number of parcels within the City of Santa Monica (approximately 23,000).
Moreover, Sanborn maps from 1918 indicate that at that time, there were a sizable number of modest, purpose-built multi-family dwellings in the Seaside Terrace and Vicente Terrace tracts, particularly on the inland blocks east of Appian Way. Almost all of these early, purpose-built multi-family dwellings from the 1910s have since been extensively altered or demolished. Many succumbed to redevelopment that took place in these neighborhoods in the 1990s, which resulted in the demolition of many existing properties and the construction of expansive, multi-lot developments in their place.
For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way appears to satisfy Landmark Criterion 1.
9.56.100(A)(2). [The resource] has aesthetic or artistic interest or value, or other noteworthy interest or value.
The subject property is a vernacular building that lacks the distinctive characteristics of a particular architectural style. Its features are more a testament to function than they are to aesthetics. Because of its vernacular appearance, the building reads as a simple structure that was erected to provide affordable, functional housing options to Santa Monica’s working and middle-class residents – and was not intended to be a building of particular architectural or aesthetic merit in the spirit of this criterion.
For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Landmark Criterion 2.
9.56.100(A)(3). [The resource] is identified with historic personages or with important events in local, state, or national history.
There is insufficient evidence indicating that any of the people associated with the subject property made significant contributions to history. Original owner John S. Stotler – who also lived in one of the building’s dwelling units between 1914 and 1931 – appears to have had a successful career, first in the mining industry and later as a local real estate developer, but does not appear to have made any 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 21
significant inroads to history that would render him a historically significant individual in the spirit of this criterion. None of the subsequent owners or tenants associated with the building appear to be of historical significance. The scant information that is available about these individuals indicates that they lived typical lives and were employed in typical vocations.
There is also insufficient evidence to indicate that the property is associated with a significant event in local, state, or national history. It appears to have functioned as nothing more than a typical multi-family dwelling between its original (1914) construction and the present day.
For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Landmark Criterion 3.
9.56.100(A)(4). [The resource] embodies distinguishing architectural characteristics valuable to a study of a period, style, method of construction, or the use of indigenous materials or craftsmanship, or is a unique or rare example of an architectural design, detail, or historical type valuable to such a study.
As discussed in the evaluation against Landmark Criterion 2, the subject property is a vernacular structure that lacks distinctive characteristics of an architectural style. There is also nothing particularly noteworthy about its method of construction or craftsmanship, as it is a conventional wood frame building utilizing methods and materials typical of the era in which it was constructed. Though the property appears to be a rare example of early (pre-1920s), purpose-built multi-family housing as discussed in Criterion 1, it does not read as a particularly strong example of any particular multi-family property type identified in the City of Santa Monica Historic Context Statement. It has four units, but does not present as a fourplex; it also contains a pedestrian passage between its volumes, but lacks the shared open space that is characteristic of bungalow courts and courtyard housing. It lacks the height and the density characteristic of apartment houses. For these reasons, there is insufficient evidence showing that it is a unique or rare example of an architectural or historical type per this criterion.
The building does not appear to be significant on the merits of its architecture. Its significance is derived from its use and associative qualities, not for reasons relating to its physical design. Therefore, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Landmark Criterion 4.
9.56.100(A)(5). [The resource] is a significant or a representative example of the work or product of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Original building permits for the subject property are not available; supplemental research about the property indicates that it was not designed by an architect, and was built by building contractor F.N.
Jones. No pertinent information could be found about the life, career, or contributions of Jones; available documentation indicates that he was a locally-based building contractor who erected the occasional building but was not especially prolific in their craft. Given the lack of information about F.N.
Jones – and the lack of an architect of record – there is insufficient evidence demonstrating that the building is a representative example of the wok or product of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Landmark Criterion 5. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 22
9.56.100(A)(6). [The resource] has a unique location, a singular physical characteristic, or is an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, community, or the City.
The subject property does not possess any singular feature or physical characteristic that stands out as memorable or noteworthy. While it reads as considerably older that most other buildings in the immediate vicinity, there is nothing particularly notable about its design or appearance apart from its relative age. It is located on a typical residential lot on a lesser-traveled street, and does not occupy a particularly prominent location. It may be familiar to those who reside in the neighborhood and pass by on a regular basis, but to the casual passer-by the building does not stand out as an aesthetically distinctive resource in the spirit of this criterion. It is compatible with, and blends into its surroundings.
For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Landmark Criterion 6.
Structure of Merit Criteria
9.56.080(A). The structure has been identified in the City’s Historic Resources Inventory.
The subject property has been identified in the City’s Historic Resource Inventory (HRI). As noted, in the most recent (2018) iteration of the HRI, it was flagged as potentially eligible for individual listing and was assigned the California Historical Resources Status Code of 5S3: “appears to be individually eligible for local listing or designation through survey evaluation.” For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way appears to satisfy Structure of Merit Criterion A.
9.56.080(B)(1). The structure is a minimum of 50 years of age, and is a unique or rare example of an architectural design, detail, or historical type.
Constructed in 1914, the subject property far exceeds 50 years of age. As noted in the evaluation against Landmark Criterion 1, it is a rare, extant example of pre-1920s purpose-built multi-family residential development, which can be regarded as a historical type. Though the building is not particularly notable on its own merits, it is unique in that it is one of very few remaining examples of its respective type.
For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way appears to satisfy Structure of Merit Criterion B.1.
9.56.080(B)(2). The structure is a minimum of 50 years of age, and is representative of a style in the City that is no longer prevalent.
The building is more than 50 years of age. However, as noted in the evaluation against Landmark Criteria 2 and 4, it is a vernacular building that lacks distinctive characteristics of an architectural style. For these reasons, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Structure of Merit Criterion B.2. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 23
9.56.080(B)(3). The structure is a minimum of 50 years of age, and contributes to a potential Historic District.
The building is a minimum of 50 years of age, but does not appear to contribute to a potential historic district. There is no grouping of aesthetically or thematically related properties in the vicinity. Thus, ARG concludes that 1665-1671 Appian Way does not satisfy Structure of Merit Criterion B.3.
5.3. Evaluation of Integrity
Integrity is the ability of a property to convey its significance, and is defined by the National Park Service (NPS) as the “authenticity of a property’s historic identity, evidenced by the survival of physical characteristics that existed during the property’s prehistoric or historic period.”27 NPS identifies seven aspects of integrity: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Following is an assessment of 1665-1671 Appian Way against each aspect of integrity.
Location
Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred.
The subject building has not been moved from its original location. It retains integrity of location.
Design
Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property.
The subject building generally retains its original plan, configuration, and design intent, but has experienced some alterations that resulted in modest, yet discernible changes to its appearance when experienced from the street. The most notable alterations include the infill of an original porch and the addition of new building volumes and decking on the side (northwest) façade. These modifications are confined to a secondary façade, but are nonetheless visible from the street and add a degree of complexity to a building footprint that was historically simple and straightforward. Other alterations include the replacement of all original doors and some original windows – though their original openings and surrounds remain intact – and the removal of one original decorative ledge on the primary (southwest) façade, though the imprint of the ledge remains visible. Weighed together, these alterations have resulted in some modest changes to the building’s appearance, but have not meaningfully changed 27 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Register Bulletin 16A: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 1997), 4. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 24
its essential form, plan, space, and structure. Overall, the building’s original design intent remains legible. The building retains integrity of design, though this aspect of integrity has been compromised.
Setting
Setting is the physical environment of a historic property constituting topographical features, vegetation, manmade features, and relationships between buildings and open space.
Sanborn maps and historic aerial images indicate that the immediate setting of the subject property has changed somewhat since its original construction in 1914. When it was originally constructed, the building was located in a new and somewhat sparsely developed subdivision that consisted of a handful of adjacent single- and multi-family residential uses and a preponderance of vacant lots. Since then, the area has been built out with a variety of uses including single-family houses, various multi-family residential uses, and hotels. Many of the more contemporary uses in the area are denser and larger in scale that the development that originally graced these blocks. However, essential land use and circulation patterns remain sufficiently intact, and many of the parcels in the immediate vicinity of the subject property – notably, the Purser Apartments on the opposite side of Appian Way, and the residential properties to the east along Arcadia Terrace – have witnessed minimal change over time. The subject building thus retains integrity of design, though this aspect of integrity has been compromised.
Materials
Materials are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property.
As noted, some original materials – including all original doors and some windows, and an original ledge on the primary/southwest façade – have been removed and, in some instances, replaced. In addition, some new materials like wood decking, metal security bars, and a metal stair rail have been added where they did not originally exist. However, overall the materiality of the building remains largely intact from its original (1914) date of construction. Specifically, the building retains its original wood siding, its original cornice, some of its original windows and most of its original surrounds, and three of the four original ledges on its primary façade. When these factors are weighed together, the building is missing some of its original materials, but retains most of materials associated with its original construction. The property therefore retains integrity of materials, though this aspect of integrity has been compromised.
Workmanship
Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture, people or artisan during any given period in history or pre-history.
As a modest building with a simple aesthetic and no discernible architectural style, the subject building does not have much in the way of distinguishing features connoting its workmanship when it was originally constructed. Rather, workmanship was expressed through the incorporation of subtle architectural details including the wood siding of different widths, the notched beams surmounting the 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 25
central pedestrian court, and bracketed wood ledges on the primary/southwest façade., and wood surrounds and headers at doors and windows. With the exception of one of four bracketed ledges, these architectural details all remain intact, and are a testament to the workmanship that went into the construction of the building upon its completion in 1914. The building retains integrity of workmanship.
Feeling
Feeling is a property’s expression of the aesthetic or historical sense of a particular period of time.
The removal of some original architectural features and some minor additions notwithstanding, the subject building continues to sufficiently read as a typical, modest multi-family residence from the early twentieth century. Its simple massing; conventional forms, proportions, and materials; and dearth of architectural ornament are all typical of multi-family housing from this period, which sought to provide an efficient and economical alternative to the single-family house. The building retains the distinctive look and feel of a multi-family dwelling from this era. Thus, the building retains integrity of feeling.
Association
Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property.
As noted, while altered, the property retains a sufficient sense of time and place to render it a product of multi-family residential development patterns in Santa Monica in the early twentieth century. The building retains a very clear and legible link with the broad patterns of events that influenced its design and construction. Therefore, the building retains integrity of association.
Summary of Integrity
To be eligible for listing, a resource must retain enough of its historic character or appearance to be recognizable as a historic resource and convey the reason(s) for its significance.
The subject building has been altered, but as noted in the above-listed integrity analysis these alterations have not changed its essential form, plan, design, and architectural character as to where it is no longer eligible for listing. The building retains integrity of location, feeing, and association. It also retains integrity of design, setting, materials, and workmanship, though these aspects of integrity have been compromised. When weighed together, the building retains sufficient integrity for local listing. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 26
6. Conclusion
Based on review of documentary evidence, site analysis, identification of historic contexts, and evaluation against local eligibility criteria, ARG concludes that the property at 1665-1671 Appian Way appears to satisfy Santa Monica Landmark Criterion 1 for exemplifying early patterns of multi-family residential development. ARG further concludes that the property appears to satisfy Structure of Merit Criteria A and B.1 as a rare remaining example of an early purpose-built multi-family housing. 1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 27
7. Bibliogaphy
Books, Periodicals, Reports, and Other Published Materials Architectural Resources Group and Historic Resources Group. City of Santa Monica, Citywide Historic Resources Inventory Update Survey Report. Jul. 23, 2018.
Architectural Resources Group and Historic Resources Group. City of Santa Monica, Historic Resources Inventory Update, Historic Context Statement. Mar. 2018.
Basten, Fred E. Santa Monica Bay: Paradise by the Sea: A Pictorial History of Santa Monica, Venice, Marina del Rey, Ocean Park, Pacific Palisades, Topanga. Santa Monica: Hennessey + Ingalls, 2001.
City of Santa Monica General Plan, “Historic Preservation Element,” prepared by PCR Services Corporation and Historic Resources Group (September 2002).
Historic Resources Group and Architectural Resources Group. “City of Santa Monica Historic Resources Inventory Update: Historic Context Statement.” Prepared for the City of Santa Monica Planning and Community Development Department, City Planning Division, March 2018.
ICF Jones & Stokes. “Santa Monica Citywide Historic Resources Inventory Update Final Report.” Prepared by ICF Jones & Stokes for the City of Santa Monica Planning and Community Development Department, 2010.
Ingersoll, Luther A. Ingersoll’s Century History, Santa Monica Bay Cities. Santa Monica: L.A. Ingersoll, 1908.
McAlester, Virginia, and Lee McAlester. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1984.
McWilliams, Carey. Southern California: An Island on the Land. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1946. “More Northern California Operators Come South.” Oil Trade Journal. Jan. 1923.
Scott, Paula. Santa Monica: A History on the Edge. San Francisco: Arcadia Publishing, 2004.
Upton, Dell, and John Michael Vlach. Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture.
Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
Web Sites and Other Sources
Ancestry.com (multiple databases). Online. Accessed Mar. 2021, https://www.ancestry.com/.
City of Santa Monica Planning and Community Development Department. Building and alteration permits for 1665-1671 Appian Way. Accessed Aug. 2021.
1665-1671 Appian Way, Santa Monica | Historic Assessment Report September 2, 2021 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 28
Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. Tract Maps. Online. Accessed Aug. 2021, http://dpw.lacounty.gov/sur/surveyrecord/tractMain.cfm.
Los Angeles Times, various dates. Accessed online via the Los Angeles Public Library.
NETRonline. Historic Aerial Images, multiple dates. Accessed online at http://www.historicaerials.com.
Sanborn Map Company. Fire Insurance Maps, Santa Monica, California, 1902, 1909, 1918, and 1950.
Accessed online via the Los Angeles Public Library.
Santa Monica Conservancy. “History of Santa Monica.” Online. Accessed Aug. 2021, http://www.smconservancy.org/historic-places/history-of-santa-monica/.
Santa Monica Public Library. Historical Maps of Santa Monica. Online. Accessed Aug. 2021, http://digital.smpl.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/maps.
Santa Monica Public Library. Santa Monica Newspaper Index. Online. Accessed Aug. 2021, http://digital.smpl.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/smfile.
Santa Monica Public Library. Santa Monica Image Archive. Online. Accessed Aug. 2021, http://digital.smpl.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/smarchive.