1 David Yakobson
From: Leslie Lambert <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 11:30 AM
To: councilmtgitems; Phil Brock; Phil Brock; Christine Parra; [email protected]; Lana Negrete; Gleam Davis; Gleam Davis; Caroline Torosis; Caroline Torosis; Oscar De La Torre; Oscar de la Torre; Jesse Zwick; Jesse Zwick; Suzie Lockwood Cc: Jing Yeo; Tony Kim; David Martin; David White; Nina Fresco Subject: Item 5P
EXTERNAL
Dear Mayor Brock, Mayor Pro Tem Negrete and Councilmembers:
Please remove Item 5P from the Consent Calendar and direct Planning staff, the SMPD and other relevant City staff to return with security measures that provide alternatives to the proposed six foot fences, walls and hedges on the front property lines in R2,R3 and R4 Districts. I am speaking as a resident but did participate in the August 6 Planning Commission meeting at which this Resolution of Intention was unanimously rejected. I encourage you to read the letter and materials that Commissioner Fresco emailed you today. The insights from the Vallejo Police Department could provide guidance.
My opposition to allowing six foot fences, walls and hedges on the front yard property line is based on the following:
1. It sends the message that Santa Monica is an unsafe community, and that no security alternatives exist other than walling ourselves off from each other. It demonstrates the "broken window" principle by telling people that we are not able to support a thriving, healthy city because of the fear of crime among some of us.
2. It undermines the sense of community among neighbors.
3. It is a sledge hammer approach to dealing with code enforcement issues.
4. It is my understanding that residential intruders generally enter a property from the back if an alley exists. That has been my personal experience.
5. The Planning Commission has been told for years that walled-in properties present a danger to police officers entering a property without knowing what they will encounter in the front yard.
6. It is misguided to consider six foot barriers as a mitigation against density. Frankly, I have no idea how this thinking got traction at all other than "us/them" fears.
Basing the City's urban design standards on the Fort Apache Mode directly contradicts Santa Monica's principles of inclusion, a strong sense of community and identity, and a desirable and welcoming place for people to live, work, and spend leisure time. Please do not proceed with Item 5P.
Thank you for your consideration.
Leslie Lambert
Sunset Park Resident
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1 David Yakobson
From: [email protected]
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 9:02 AM
To: councilmtgitems; Christine Parra; Oscar De La Torre; Phil Brock; [email protected]; Gleam Davis; Caroline Torosis; Jesse Zwick
Cc: Jing Yeo; Tony Kim; David Martin; David White; Suzie Lockwood; Nina Fresco; Nina Fresco
Subject: Fences Walls and Hedges
Attachments: Vallejo CPTED-Handbook-2021.pdf
EXTERNAL
Dear City Council,
Please remove item 5P from the Consent Calendar and revise the ROI to be more broad. Let planners come up with a better safer solution to Santa Monica’s Fence Wall and Hedge issues.
This proposal is trying to solve a compliance problem with an ordinance solution that will make our city less safe, less attractive, and less friendly. Better standards for retaining walls will solve the greater part of compliance problems without the need for costly variances. For the rest, a new, complaint 42” front yard fence on a 50-foot parcel does not have to be very expensive. A very small fund could subsidize many, many people for whom compliance is a hardship. Or let your planning staff and the planning commission come up with other kinds of work arounds.
Furthermore, I don’t understand the need for privacy in front yard setbacks in neighborhoods zoned for multi-unit development where that open space is already shared among multiple tenants. Let’s not do this. Instead we can create an environment where we get to know our neighbors and look out for each other.
Cities all over the world have adopted Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles and put information about it on their public safety websites. The non-profit, International CPTED Association was founded in 1996 to research and develop public policy for crime prevention (https://www.cpted.net/A-brief-history). Today they provide certification programs for architects and law enforcement worldwide. Santa Monica PD officers who do Home Security Assessments on site are trained in CPTED and use CPTED principles when offering recommendations to homeowners about design features that make a home safer against crime.
CPTED principles very clearly and concisely recommend against tall barriers that remove building frontages adjacent from public rights of way from public view. Opaque and semi opaque fences walls and hedges in front yard setbacks adjacent to public sidewalks should not block sightlines to entryways or create shadowy hiding places. People with bad intentions do not want their nefarious activities witnessed. A well-lit yard open to public view and leading to windows and doors with good locks is just too risky for them. It’s a simple principle summed up by the three L’s:
Locks, Lights, and Landscape.
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2 Pedestrian-safe sidewalks are also impacted. Sidewalks should be visible from as many different vantage points as possible and be well lit at night. Pedestrians are not safe walking unseen between rows of hedges on either side of the road, a condition we are fast approaching on many Santa Monica streets.
An excellent brochure published by the City of Vallejo, California, which I’m told many other California cities have also published a version of, is especially clear because it includes real-life examples and diagrams showing why certain conditions aren't safe and how places look and function safely once the principles are applied. Click here to download or find it attached below. I hope Santa Monica will make its own CPTED brochure sometime soon.
I would argue that FWH heights of six feet in our city doesn’t actually qualify as a legal text amendment according to the findings in 9.46 for amending the zoning ordinance because those heights promote crime and are therefore contrary to the goals of public health, safety, and general welfare.
A highly unusual Planning Commission vote against adoption of the ROI, an unwillingness to even discuss the possibility of allowing front yard fences, walls, and hedges to be 6,’ should send a very strong message to you about the inadvisability of this idea.
Let’s regulate to achieve safe urban design that helps our citizens build community and take care of each other. Please adjust the ROI to be more broad so planners and the Planning Commission can advise you on how to handle this based on the best information available for a better Santa Monica.
Best,
Nina Fresco
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Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
CPTED
• OPPORTUNITY TO REDUCE CRIME
• REDUCE CITIZENS’ FEAR OF CRIME
• ENCOURAGE SOCIAL INTERACTION
• ADDRESS QUALITY OF LIFE CONCERNS
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Contents
Introduction to CPTED………………………………………………………………………………… 4
1. Natural Surveillance………………………………………………………..…………………. 6
2. Natural Access Control………………………………………………….………….……….. 11
3. Territorial Reinforcement…………………………………………….……….………….... 12
4. Activity Support…………………………………………………………………………………… 15
5. Maintenance………………………………………………………………….………………….. 19
The Broken Window Theory…………………………………………………………………………. 20 Vallejo Program Suggestions ……………………………………………………………… 28 Appendix 1: Landscaping……………………………………………………………………………… 29 Table 1: Suggested Vegetation………………………………………….………….………… 33 Appendix 2: Security Mechanisms………………………………………………………………… 38 Table 1: Community Surveillance Cameras 43
Appendix 3: Lighting for Safety……….……………………………………………………………. 44 Situational Crime Prevention Techniques 57
Table 1: Types of Lighting and Cost Analysis………………………….………………… 58 Table 2: Types of Fixtures…………………………………………….…………………………. 59 Table 3: Types of Directional Lighting……………………………………………………… 60 2 Item 5-P
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3 Purpose
The goal of the CPTED requirements in the Vallejo CPTED Program is to reduce opportunitiesfor crimes that are inherent in the design ofstructures, landscape, and/or in the design of the community/neighborhood.
Disclaimer: CPTED principles and strategies are suggested for the purpose of reducing criminal activity on your property. It does not in any way predict or prevent all crime risks.
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Introduction
4 The theory and guidelines of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), pronounced ‘sep-ted’, were first created in the 1960s; and like everything else, it evolved into what it is today. CPTED is a well-established and well-researched field of crime prevention utilized internationally. It has proven methods that increase the responsible, positive use of property while decreasing the likelihood of criminal behavior.
‘“Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design” (CPTED) is a pro-active crime prevention philosophy based on the theory that proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in crime and the fear of crime, as well as an improvement in the quality of life for the community, and that it aims to reduce or even remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment and promote positive interaction with the space by legitimate users;’
The responsibility for reducing crime and the fear of crime should be shared between the police, local governments, local businesses, the voluntary sector, and the local community. This training document is provided on CPTED principles to everyone involved in the urban planning process to ensure that all participants are aware of their roles and responsibilities in relation to preventing crime and reducing feelings of insecurity within the community.’
At its core, CPTED addresses ‘target hardening’. Sometimes a citizen cannot remove a target. However, you can harden the target. Target hardening involves the use of locks, electronic devices, or other hardware that will detect, deny, delay and deter the criminal away from the intended target.
Detect – By utilizing good security techniques, you can cause the offender to make noise, which will increase the risk of detection, which may persuade them from not committing the crime.
Deny – By engraving valuables, using security electronic equipment (GPS enabled devices), increased surveillance, or by moving other valuables out of view. Delay – Many time crimes are committed because of an easy opportunity. By using good crime prevention techniques, you can increase the time and effort needed to commit the crime.
Deter – By utilizing the previous three techniques, the citizen may prevent a crime by deterring the crime from the property to an easier target elsewhere.
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The Five Principles of CPTED
5 1. Natural
Surveillance
5. Maintenance
COMMUNITY
2. Natural
Access Control
4. Activity
Support
3. Territorial
Reinforcement
It cannot be overemphasized that ALL of these principles applied equally will lend to the objectives of enhanced livability and greater natural safety of the community.
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Natural Surveillance:
6 Natural Surveillance is the placement of physical features, activities and people in such a way as to maximize visibility of the community. “To see and be seen.” •Involves design and maintenance elements that ensure full opportunity for residents to engage in their normal behavior and activities to observe the space around them. •Creates an opportunity for the owner/management team to minimize the opportunity for concealment or secrecy by a person intending to commit a criminal act. • Increases visibility with landscaping in conjunction with proper lighting. •Increases the chance of apprehension; therefore, reducing an opportunity for the criminal element
• This is achieved by:
- appropriate and uniformed lighting
- low or see-through fencing / shrubs
- removal / redesign of areas that offer concealment
◦ blind corners
◦ shrubs / trees
◦ walls
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Examples of Natural Surveillance: “Eyes on Ground”
7 The criminal is hidden by tall foliage. Street view is obscured by tall foliage.
Clear line of sight from the porch and on to the street. Area is illuminated with proper heights and no obstructions.
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Examples of Natural Surveillance: “Eyes on Ground”
8 Solid wall prevents visibility, but the see-through fence promotes Natural Surveillance.
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Examples of Natural Surveillance: “Eyes on Ground”
eliminated. 9
Unable to see through the property: Blind spots behind the fence offering concealment to the criminal element.
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Examples of Natural Surveillance: “Eyes on Ground”
Overgrown vegetation prevents the ability to see in or out of the home and offers concealment for the criminal element.
Trimmed and maintained vegetation offers curb appeal, clears visibility, and rids concealment opportunities for the criminal element. 10 Item 5-P
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Natural Access Control
11 The Lofts
123
Unit numbers
clearly marked
Lit sign clearly
marks the
entrance
Security fencing, gates,
and landscaping
Natural Access Control is the physical guidance of people coming and going from a space by the placement of entrances, exits, fencing, landscaping, and lighting.
• Clearly define entrances and exits
- Minimize uncontrolled movement
- Well lit for greater natural surveillance
• Security fencing, gates, and hostile vegetation
- Decreases the criminal element’s accessibility
- Keeps people on the designated path
• Wayfinding throughout the community
- Community directory
- Marked community activity spaces, buildings, and units - Clearly identifiable walkways with direction
• Layers of security mechanisms
- Primary locks on doors / windows
- Secondary locks on door/window locks
- Security system
- Surveillance system
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Territorial Reinforcement
12 Owner/Management Teams are responsible for Private;
Semi-private; and, occasionally, Semi-public.
Territorial Reinforcement creates a clear delineation of space and separates your space from non-legitimate users
•Accomplished with landscaping, hardscaping, fencing, signs, flags, artwork, and seating
• Expresses pride and ownership of your space
Public is the open thoroughfare for all to travel
Semi-public is the public pedestrian space
Semi-private is the front yard, sidewalk, and driveway leading to your home Private is your porch/patio and home
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13 Seating shows personal
touch and ownership.
Flags show personal
touch and ownership.
Landscaping and fencing
define the transition
from public to private
areas.
Examples of Territorial Reinforcement
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14 Examples of Territorial Reinforcement Signage
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15 Parks and Playgrounds
Activity Support
Activity Support encourages activity in a location so that individuals become a part of thenatural surroundings, thus creating “natural surveillance.” •An active place that increases the use of the activity space, is enjoyed safely, and adds value to the space, while discouraging actions of non-legitimate users. • This is accomplished with active and passive efforts. - Passive – design elements that make area appealing and safe , such as parks, pools, playground, community rooms
- Active – scheduled events or steps taken to attract users to the area, such as picnics, community and sporting events, concerts, play groups
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Examples of Activity Support
16 This image depicts an area that was unutilized or under-utilized, but was repurposed into an active gathering place in the community, creating “Natural Surveillance.” Item 5-P
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Examples of Activity Support
17 This image depicts an area that was unutilized or under-utilized, but was repurposed into an active gathering place in the community, creating “Natural Surveillance.” Item 5-P
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Examples of Activity Support
18 The creation of community space provided an active gathering place in the community, creating “Natural Surveillance.” Item 5-P
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19 Maintenance
Routine and preventative maintenance helps ensure CPTED elements serve their intended purpose.
•Allows for the continued use of a space for its intended purpose. • Serves as an additional expression of territorial reinforcement. •Demonstratesthat someone cares and is watching over the property. - Neglected space often results in mistreatment by people - Willingness to call the police in the event of suspicious or criminal activity Examples of Maintenance
• Keep apartments to code standards
• Repair any damaged property
• Remove graffiti
• Replace / upgrade lighting
• Keep trash dumpster areas clean
• Maintain landscaping
• Remove abandoned / illegal vehicles
• Keep grounds free of trash, debris, and hazards
When done on a regular and consistent basis, maintenance can prevent ‘The Broken Window Theory’ or perceived lack of concern from becoming a reality in your community.
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20 The Broken Windows Theory
The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that states that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes, such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking, jaywalking and fare evasion, help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness.
The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling.
In short, when we see things broken or dilapidated, it is perceived that no one cares or is looking after it with any sense of ownership; thus, it is okay to further cause damage or violate the area/community without repercussions. This theory is also applied to people. When a person appears “broken” (e.g. an addict, prostitute, homeless, etc.) it is believed no one cares about them, so they, too, are violated without trouble or repercussion. The criminal’s thought is, “Who’s going to stop me or report it?” Crime is more likely to occur in communities with less care, less cleanliness, and less orderliness.
The theory states that maintaining and monitoring environments to prevent small crimes such as graffiti, trespassing, disorderly behavior, criminal damage, theft, and public drinking helps to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes from happening.
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Examples of Maintenance
21 Set and maintain living standards for the community
BEFORE
AFTER
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Examples of Maintenance
22 Properly repair/replace damaged property
Damage this severe requires
replacement of the door, framing,
and locks.
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Examples of Maintenance
23 Remove graffiti – Treat problem area(s) and surfaces with anti-graffiti paint orsupplies; it ultimately reduces future costs and labor.
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Examples of Maintenance
24 Keep trash dumpster areas clean
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Examples of Maintenance
25 Following the 2’/6’ Rule, the shrubs are trimmed low, the tree canopies are high, and the properties are
clean throughout.
Maintain Landscaping
The above picture depicts overgrown shrubs, creating a visual barrier and hiding places for the criminal element.
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Examples of Maintenance
26 Remove abandoned, unregistered, and/or illegal vehicles Item 5-P
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Examples of Maintenance
27 Enforce parking standards.
Confirm signage standards with the traffic
and/or police departments.
Consider a parking standard that vehicles
cannot be backed in, so all license plates
are visible.
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28 CPTED Program Suggestions
BASIC
Landscaping (2’/6’ Rule)
INTERMEDIATE
Deadbolts with 1” inch throw
3” strike plate screws
Window and sliding door locks
ADVANCED
Uniform lighting (table)
Solid core doors
180º eye viewer
Legible apartment/building numbers
Illuminated directory at entrance(s)
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29 Appendix 1:
Landscaping
Considerations when landscaping:
• What is the vegetation maturity and growth rate?
• How and what is its shape at full growth?
• Is it poisonous or dangerous to human or animal life? • Will it interfere with established or future lighting? • Will it interfere with lines of sight (natural surveillance)? • Is it friendly to activity space?
• What kind of maintenance will it require?
• Does it litter?
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Landscaping
30 Requirement for ALL levels is the 2ft/6ft Rule:
- Trim dense shrubs at 2ft or less. - Trim tree canopies at 6ft or higher.
Both reduce hiding places and increases lighting and overall visibility. 6 ft
2 ft
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Landscaping
Other recommendations:
31 Plant hostile vegetation under
and along walls and accessible
windows.
This deters access to
windows, trespassing, and
degradation of walls.
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Landscaping
Other recommendations:
32 Avoid the use of rip-rap or river rocks; these become tools of opportunity.
Use small granite rocks in landscaping; it can be heard when walked on.
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33 Table 1:
Suggested Vegetation
Recommended Plant Material:
The following lists are not meant to be all-inclusive, but to represent plants that require minimal maintenance to meet visual surveillance objectives.
SHRUBS
Ambrosia Deltoidea Ambrosia Dumosa White Bursage
Triangle leaf Bur-sage Artemisia Caucasica Silver Spreader Artemisia Schmidtiana Silver Mound Artiplex Semiba Obata Saltbush Dalea Greggii Indigo Bush
Dalea Oaxacana Eriogonum Umbellatum
Buckwheat Euphorbia Rigida Euphorbia
Gutierrezia Microcephala Juniper (except
Procumbens) Juniperus Chinensis var.
Krameria Parvifolia Snakeweed Krameria Parvifolia
Lantana Montevidensis Spreading Sunshine Maytenus Phyllanthoides Mangle Dulce
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Suggested Vegetation
34 BARRIER PLANTS (Hostile)
Acacia Constricta Acacia Greggii Agave
White Thorn Acacia Catclaw Acacia Pithecellobium
Atriplex Lentiformis Quailbush, Big Saltbush Bougainvillea Carissa Natal Plum Condalia Warnockii
Mexican Crucillo Ferocactus Barrel Cactus
Fouquieria Splendens Ocotillo Texas Ebony
Pyracantha Firethorn Rosa
Celtis Pallida Desert Hackberry Rose
Cercidium Floridum Blue Palo Verde Cercidium Microphyllum Foothill Palo Verde Chaenomeles Flowering Quince
Chamaerops Humilis Mediterranean Fan Palm Ilex
Holly Ilex Vomitoria Stoke’s Yaupon Holly
Lycium Species Wolfberry, Lycium Mayt enus Phyllanthoides Baja Dulce Opuntia Prickly Pear
Yucca Aloifolia Spanish Bayonet Yucca Baccata
Datil Yucca Zizyphus Obtusifolia Gray Thorn
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Suggested Vegetation
35 GROUND COVER PLANTS
Carpobrotus Edulis Malephora Crocea Santolina Virens
Ice Plant Myoporum Parvifolium Green Santolina
Clianthus Formosus Myoporum Verbena Bipinnatifida
Sturt’ s Desert Pea Oenothera Berlandieri Verbena
Convolvulus Mauritanicus Mexican Evening Prim rose Verbena Peruviana Ground Morning Glory Oenothera Stubbei Peruvian Verbena Gazania Spp. Saltillo Prim rose Verbena Rigida
Gazania Rosmarinus Officinallis Sandpaper Verbena
Lantana Montevidensis Prostrate Rosemary Verbena Tenera Trailing Lantana Santolina
Chamaecyparissus Moss Verbena
Lavender Cotton Wedelia Wedelia Trilobata
PERENNIAL WILFLOWERS
AllioniaIncarnata Dichelostiemma Pulchellum Evolvulus Arizonicus Trailing Windmills Bluedicks Arizona Blue Eyes
Bahia Absinthifolia Dyssodia Acerosa Ipomopsis Longiflora Bahia Dyssodia Pale Blue Trumpets
Baileye Multiradiata Dyssodia Pentachaeta Justicia Sonorae Desert Marigold Erigeron Divergens Sonoran Justicia
Casttilleja Chromosa Spreading Fleabane Linum Lewisii
Indian Paintbrush Blue Flax
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Suggested Vegetation
ANNUAL WILDFLOWERS
Abronia Villosa Ipomoea Leptotoma Monarda Austromontana Sand-Verbena Morning Glory Bee Balm
Camissonia Brevipes Kallstroemia Grandiflora Monoptilon Bellioides Yellow Cups Arizona Poppy Belly Flower
Catharanthus Roseus Lasthenia Chrysostoma Nama Demissum Madagascar Periwinkle Layia Platyglossa Purple Mat
Clarkia Amoena Tidy Tips Nam a Hispidum
Farewell-to-Spring Lesquerella Gordonii Nemphila Maculata Collinsia Heterophylla Yellow Blanket Five Spot
Chinese-houses Linaria Spp. Nemophila Menziesii
Coreopsis Bigelovii Toadflax Baby Blue Eyes
Desert Coreopsis Dimorphotheca Spp African Daisy
Eriophyllum Lanosum Lupinus Arizonicus Arizona Lupine
Lupinus Densiflorus Oenothera Deltoides Birdcage Evening Primrose Oenothera Primiveris Woolly Daisy Eriophyllum Wallacei
Lupine Lupinus Sparsiflorus Desert Lupine
Evening Prim rose Orthocarpus Purpurascens Owl’ s Clover Eschscholzia Calif Machaeranthera Canescens Pectis Papposa California Poppy (Aster Bigelovii) Big Aster Chinch Weed Eschscholzia Machaeranthera
Tanacetifolia Perityle Emoryi
Mexicana Painted Spurge Rock Daisy
Mexican Gold Poppy (Aster) Tahoka Daisy Matriciaria Grandiflora Euphorbia Heterphylla Pineapple Weed Cream Cups 36
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Suggested Vegetation
37 ANNUAL WILDFLOWERS (Continued)
Platystemon Californicus Gaillardia Pulchella Fire Wheel Blanket Fl Gilia Leptantha Mattiola Longibpetala cv.
‘Bicornis’ Evening Scented Stock
Mim ulus Begelovii Probosacidea Parviflora Devil’ s Claw Rafinesquia Neomexicana Showy Blue Gilia Gomphrene Globosa Globe Amaranth Helipterum Sp. Helipterum
Begelow’s Monkeyflower Mohavea Confertiflora Ghost Flower Desert-chicory Salvia Columbariae Chia
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Security Mechanisms
38 Intermediate level requirements:
Deadbolt locks on all exterior doors
Bolt must have a minimum 1” throw and strike plates installed with 3” screws into the framing.
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Security Mechanisms
Intermediate requirements:
Secondary locks (thumb, pinned, rods, etc.) on all accessible windows and sliding doors Pins prevent the door or
window from opening.
Thumb locks reduce the opportunity of the door or
window opening; but if a hole is drilled into the track and the screw is twisted through, then it will prevent
the door or window from opening.
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Security Mechanisms
Intermediate requirements:
Secondary locks (thumb, pinned, rods, etc.) on all accessible windows and sliding doors 40 Installing screws above the door’s pane
prevents lifting.
Installing a drop bar prevents the door from
sliding.
Placing a wooden or metal rod, that fits
“snugly,” prevents the door from sliding.
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Security Mechanisms
41 Advanced requirements:
Solid core doors with a minimum thickness of 1 ¾ “
◦ Wood and metal are BEST
180 eye viewer
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Security Mechanisms
42 Replace the hinge screws
with the security screws.
Other recommendations:
Security hinges or replacement screws keep the door locked in place even if the hinge pins are removed.
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Community Surveillance Cameras: Table 1
43 Community safety shouldn’t stop at your front door. Flock Safety helps HOAs, Neighborhood Associations, and law enforcement work together to capture the objective evidence needed to reduce crime rates, improve neighborhood security, and protect home values.
Thousands of HOAs already trust Flock Safety to automate their neighborhood watch. Flock Safety may help protect you from neighborhood crime with LPR (license plate recognition) cameras that see like a detective. Their devices capture objective evidence, like license plates and vehicle details, and most importantly with the ability to send real-time alerts to law enforcement computers mounted in police cars so they can take action, even while our citizen’s sleep.
When someone is driving a stolen or wanted vehicle into the community’s neighborhood, Flock Safety will alert the authorities? With Flock Safety, the community camera can automatically alert police when vehicles associated with crimes, sex offenders, and missing persons enter their neighborhood so that the police can proactively take the appropriate action to keep the community safe.
Neighbors is a neighborhood watch app that provides real-time, local crime and safety information.
Download the free Neighbors app on iOS or Android, join your neighborhood, and use the app to:
monitor neighborhood activity; share crime and safety-related videos, photos and text-based posts; and receive real-time safety alerts from your neighbors, local law enforcement and the Ring team. Download Neighbors from the App Store or Google Play Store today to join your digital neighborhood watch. For more information visit www.ring.com/neighbors.
With Ring Neighbors Portal App – citizens with Ring technology can take responsibility for the security of their neighborhood. Neighbors Portal Apps provide real-time crime and safety alerts from your neighbors and public safety agencies. With Neighbors Portal App, communities are able to know when and where things are happening in their area and share updates to keep your community informed.
Together with the community, police can co-produce prevention and intervention while leading to more effective and fair enforcement.
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LIGHTING
44 Lighting is so much more than screwing in a light bulb! Lighting is used for the illumination of human activity and security. Lighting by itself does not prevent crime, but it does provide a sense of safety, the ability to SEE a potential threat, which provides the opportunity of choice. Proper lighting allows a person to clearly see and identify a person’s relevant descriptors, facial features, and various colorsof clothing or objects at 100 feet.
When applied within the CPTED principles, lighting is a great tool for owners, management teams, and residents to control and reduce FEAR, and the opportunity for criminal activity. Proper lighting, in conjunction with “natural surveillance,” is the best application.
Crimes against persons and property are self explanatory, but crimes against society (gambling, prostitution, and drug violations, etc.) represent society’s prohibition against engaging in certain types of activity; they are typically victimless crimes in which persons or property are not the object.
Statistics:
• Most U.S. crimes occur at night (6p-6a):
- Crimes against persons: 52%
- Property crimes: 40%
- Crimes against society: 55%
Purpose:
• Reduce:
- Crimes - Trespassers - Concealment - Lawsuits
• Increase:
- Security - Confidence - Territoriality - Use/Surveillance Item 5-P
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Lighting Comparisons
Light trespass(pollution)
45 Lighting “Language”:
• Foot-candle (FC) – a unit of illumination that is equivalent to the illumination of one candle at a distance of one foot
• Luminance – light reflected from a surface, otherwise known as brightness • Lumen – measure of the luminous flux emitted by one candle’s intensity (brightness) • Watt – a unit of power
• Uniform lighting – relative or equal luminance over an area • Adaptation – time for the human eye to adjust to lighting change • Light trespass (pollution) – unwanted light that crosses property lines Considerations when planning or retro-fitting lighting:
Lighting should:
• be energy efficient and illuminated during ALL hours of darkness; both are accomplished by using timers or dawn to dusk sensors.
• be vandal and tamper resistant.
• provide uniform and consistent levels of illumination that prevents pockets of shadows or glare where an adult-size person could gain concealment. • illuminate the following:
- Building and door numbers (visible from the street, numbers at least 6” in height) - Dark walls and corners
- All exterior doors
- Pathways
- Parking structures
- Specified and common areas
- Persons or objects at 100 feet
Be certain to replace damaged lighting; and when doing so, consider upgrading to LED and changing the fixtures. (See Tables 2-5)
Maintaining the same style of fixture throughout the community will show Territorial Reinforcement
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Lighting Comparisons
Light trespass(pollution)
46 The BEST is not always the BRIGHTEST
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Lighting Comparisons
Light trespass(pollution)
47 GOOD lighting is intentional and not random.
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Lighting Comparisons
Examples of obstructed and unobstructed lighting
The light is obstructed by the tree illustrating
the importance of planning and maintaining
the landscaping and lighting.
Keep all lights free of any obstruction
for the best uniform lighting.
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Lighting Comparisons
Examples of obstructed and unobstructed lighting
48 The light is obstructed by the tree,
casting a variety of shadows
Keep all lights free of any
obstruction for the best
uniform lighting.
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Lighting Comparisons
49 Examples of overly bright and glare
Overly bright lights shock the
human eyes and cause a
temporary blindness.
Direct vs. Reflected Glare
Direct glare occurs when a
source of brightness is in the
line of vision.
Reflected glare occurs when
brightness from the source is
reflected on a shiny surface that
is in the line of vision
Glare makes it hard to see,
causing an unsafe situation
By simply blocking an overly
bright light, we allow you to see
beyond it, demonstrating the
importance of directed and
shielded lighting.
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Lighting Comparisons
Examples of glare
HP sodium vapor or metal halide
lights without direction: Unable to
see subject directly under the light.
Directed LED lights provide uniform
lighting: Clearly able to see subject
and his surroundings.
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Lighting Comparisons
HPS/Metal Halide vs LED
51 LED lighting:
- directed and reduces light trespass - reduces glare and offers true color rendition - reduces energy costs up to 70% - provides more uniform lighting and reduces shadows Item 5-P
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Lighting Comparisons
HPS/Metal Halide vs LED
52 LED lighting:
- reduces energy costs up to 70% - provides uniform lighting - reduces shadows - reduces glare
- offerstrue color rendition
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Lighting Comparisons
Range of uniformity and overlap
53 Pedestrian area, parking area, and roadway are clearly illuminated.
Pedestrian area is not illuminated.
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Lighting Comparisons
Range of uniformity and overlap
Although the lighting is directional, the failure to overlap allowed shadows and void areas that provides an adult-size person with concealment.
The additional posts provide overlapped and uniform light, effectively eliminating the vulnerable areas.
Lighting designed to provide safe levels of visibility for all users The pedestrian is not illuminated, and several surrounding areas offer great concealment for the criminal element.
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Lighting Comparisons
HPS/Metal Halide vs LED
55 It is apparent the LED
lighting provides a more
uniform, brighter, and pure
illumination of the space.
It creates a safer
environment.
It enables a person to
clearly see a person, object,
and true colors (color
rendition) at 100 feet or
better.
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Lighting Comparisons
HPS/Metal Halide vs LED
56 Which
street
would
you
rather
walk
along?
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57 Situational Crime Prevention
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Table 1:
Lighting Type and Cost Analysis
58 Type Initial
Costs
Energy
Costs
Life
Hours Pros Cons
Light Emitting
Diodes (LED) $25.99 $82.17 60,000
Longest life
Highly rugged
Instant light
Silent operation
Low energy costs
Best color rendition
Continuous development
High initial cost
High Pressure
Sodium $19.99 $92.50 24,000
Low energy costs
Good life
Good optical control
Moderate initial cost
Fair color rendition
Contains mercury
Restart time
Cycle at end of life
Low Pressure
Sodium $29.99 $19.54 14,000 Low energy costsHigh efficiency High initial cost
Worst color rendition
Safety concerns
Metal Halide $18.19 $38.20 12,000
Low energy costs
High efficiency
Good optical control
Great color rendition
Moderate initial cost
Restart time
Short life
Contains mercury
Compact
Fluorescent (CFL) $4.98 $191.73 10,000
Minimal initial cost
Good efficiency
Moderate life
90% less heat
Good color rendition
Instant ON response
Full intensity atstart-up
Contains mercury
Fluorescent $15.99 $92.80 6,000
Moderate initial cost
Good efficiency
Good color rendition
Instant ON response
Moderate energy costs
Moderate life
Contains mercury
Quartz/Quartz
Halogen $9.98 $789.60 2,000 Good color rendition
High heat
Short Life
Low efficiency
Fragile
Incandescent $1.38 $821.72 750 -2000 Minimal initial cost High energy costs
Short life
High heat
Low efficiency
Fair color rendition
Fragile
Assessment is based on 60,000 hours of operation of 800 lumens.
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Table 2:
Lighting Fixtures
Fixture Definition Benefits Limitations
BEST - Commonly used for wide
coverage in large spaces (parking
lots, streets, playing fields, etc.)
Zero intensity at or above
horizontal .
- Limits spill light onto adjacent
property.
- Reduces glare.
- No light is emitted directly from
the luminaire into the sky.
May reduce pole spacing to
maintain uniformity; increasing
pole and luminaire quantities for
proper lighting.
BETTER - Commonly used for wide
coverage in large spaces (parking
lots, streets, playing fields, etc.)
Intensity at or above 90°
horizontal no more
than 2.5%.
Small increase in high-angle light
allowsincreased pole spacing.
- May allow some up-light from
fixture causing trespass.
- Typically a small overall impact
on sky glow.
GOOD - Commonly used for wide
coverage in large spaces (parking
lots, streets, playing fields, etc.)
Intensity at or above 90°
horizontal, no more
than 5%.
High-angle light accents taller
vertical surfacessuch as buildings.
Most light is still directed
downward.
- Little control of light at
property line.
- Potential for
increased glare when using high
wattage luminaires.
- Typically directs more light
into the sky than cutoff.
No limitations on light distribution
at any angle.
Uniform luminous surfaces such
as internally illuminated signs or
globes. Wattage should be
limited. Suitable for sports
lighting, facade, landscape, or
other applications where
luminaires are tilted due
to limitations in pole or fixture
locations.
- Location and aiming are critical.
- Most likely of all
categories to produce offensive
brightness and
sky glow.
- Easily shaken and broken
Vandal Resistant
Lighting fixtures designed for use
in abusive environments; most
common forms of abuse are
impact and prying.
- Increased safety
- Durable
- Reduced maintenance
- Reduced costs
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Initial cost
- Application options regarding
lamp posts
Bollard
Provides elements of safety for
larger outdoor spaces.
- Defines space and boundaries
- Physical barrier
- Illuminate pedestrian areas
- Greater light than standard
decorative lighting for
pedestrians
- Initial costs
- Reduced amount of
Illumination
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60 Lighting Fixtures
Fixture Definition Benefits Limitations
Up-lighting
Known as spotlights, flood
lights, and well lights. Often
used to illuminate building
numbers, flags, landscaping
- Illuminates building numbers
- Aesthetically pleasing with a
dramatic effect
- Greater opportunity of light
trespass
Decorative
Small, limited illuminating
lighting fixtures to add
ambient lighting to a space
- Defines space and boundaries
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Initial costs
- Reduced amount of Illumination
- Not likely to be vandal resistant
Vandal / Tamperresistant fixtures
Install lighting fixtures with tamper resistant screws.
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61 Table 3:
Directional Lighting Fixtures
Directionalstyle lighting
Most of the lighting on the LEFT does NOT provide direction and permits lighting trespass and lighting pollution.
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Works Cited:
City of Chandler. City of Chandler. CPTED Handbook. Replicated. Chandler: City of Chandler https://www.chandlerpd.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CPTED-Handbook-v4-20170627.pdf City of Portland. City of Portland CPTED Definition and Policy Strategies. Portland: City of Portland, n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
City of Portland. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Portland: City of Portland, n.d.
Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
City of Tempe. City of Tempe - CPTED Guidelines. Tempe: City of Tempe, 1997.
Florida Design Out Crime Association (FLDOCA). City of Tempe. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
Hushen, Art. "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design." Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - Basic. Paradise Valley Police Department, Paradise Valley. Jan. 2015.
Lecture.
Mesa Police Department. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Mesa: Mesa Police Department, n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
Mesa Police Department. Tri Star Mgr Handbook. Mesa: Mesa Police Department, n.d. Tri Star Mgr Handbook. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
Oakland Police Department. CPTED Security Handbook. Oakland: Oakland Police Department, n.d. Greater Rockridge Neighborhood Crime Prevention Council. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. "Why Does Outdoor Lighting Matter?" Illinois Coalition for Responsible Outdoor Lighting. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
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