City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
26 Table 13 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 5
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG
emission reductions
See calculation table MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas
consumption
avoided
See calculation table therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor
0.005321 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage
from conversion
See calculation table kWh Calculated
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See calculation table MT CO2e/kWh Inventory & Forecast
y Year 2030 year N/A
i
Subsector
Residential or
Nonresidential
N/A N/A
Equation 5.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural
gas consumption
See calculation table therms Forecast
FuelNG,imp.y Forecasted natural
gas in
implementation year
See calculation table therms Calculated
imp.yi Ordinance
implementation year
See calculation table year N/A
Equation 5.2
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor
29.3 kWh/therm Metric
Conversions.37
Effelec Efficiency factor of
electric equipment
relative to natural
gas equipment
3 unitless European Copper
Institute38
37 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
38 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).
Attachment 2
Strategy 2: Decarbonizing Buildings
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 27 Table 14 All-electric New Construction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Definition Definition Units Sector 2030
Equation 5.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas
consumption
therms Residential 29,421,612
Nonresidential 35,543,481
imp.yi Ordinance implementation
year
year Residential 2021
Nonresidential 2021
FuelNG,imp.y Forecasted natural gas in
implementation year
therms Residential 21,357,897
Nonresidential 29,325,481
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption
avoided
therms Residential 8,063,714
Nonresidential 6,218,000
Equation 5.2
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage from
conversion
kWh Residential 78,755,609
Nonresidential 60,729,135
Equation 5
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT CO2e/kWh Residential 0.0000016
Nonresidential 0.0000014
CO2e
ReductionNG,y,i
Natural gas GHG emission
reductions MT CO2e Residential 42,783
Nonresidential 33,003
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
28 4 Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation
& Sustainable Land Use
The City of Sunnyvale’s strategy to decarbonize transportation aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and leverage renewable and zero-carbon electricity (provided by Strategy 1: Promoting Clean Energy) to reduce GHG emissions from the transportation system. Reducing VMT consists of transitioning Sunnyvale residents and visitors out of single-occupancy vehicles and into active transportation mode options (i.e., walking and biking) and public and shared transit options (e.g., public buses, rail, carpools) by improving these mode options and choosing efficient land use development options. The remaining VMT will then be decarbonized by increasing the adoption of zero-emission vehicles. When combined with renewable and zero-carbon electricity, electric vehicles eliminate GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion and transition to a zero-emission operational footprint. Additionally, the strategy targets off-road equipment and vehicles for decarbonization. Based on this strategy, the Playbook Update’s transportation decarbonization and sustainable land use strategy consists of the following Plays presented in Table 15. The table also indicates which Plays are quantitative and which Plays are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Plays and the role of the supportive Plays.
Table 15 Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Summary
Play ID Play 2030 Play Target
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use Play 3.1 Increase opportunities for and
encourage development of mixed-use
sites to reduce vehicle miles per person 20% reduction in vehicle miles per person 66,162
Play 3.2 Increase transportation options and
support shared mobility
Play 3.3 Increase zero-emission vehicles 42% of all vehicles on road are zero- emission vehicles
98,079
Play 3.4 Decarbonize off-road vehicles and
equipment
30% of all vehicles and equipment off
road are zero-emission
15,753
Total 179,994
Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 29 Play 3.1 and Play 3.2: Increase opportunities for and encourage development of mixed-use sites to reduce vehicle miles per person and increase transportation options and support shared mobility.
Plays 3.1 and 3.2 aim to reduce, on average, VMT per person by 20 percent by 2030 to reduce GHG emissions from transportation. The primary Moves that enable this target include:
▪ Move 3.A which commits the City to identify areas that are most appropriate for parking strategies that discourage vehicle use, such as pricing, time limits, and supply reduction. ▪ Move 3.B which enhances the City’s Transportation Demand Management (TDM) program implementation and monitoring to facilitate further reductions in single-occupant automobile trips, citywide.
▪ Move 3.C which directs the City to work with regional service providers to implement high quality transit service and a robust set of first- and last-mile strategies in over two-thirds of the cross-City corridors.
▪ Move 3.D which commits the City to update and implement the Active Transportation Plan to achieve a connected, safe, and active network.
▪ Move 3.I which directs the City to establish and implement a plan to convert vehicle roadways to bicycle and pedestrian space to increase opportunities for active transportation in the community.
▪ Move 3.J which commits the City to require employers with 1,000 employees and more to develop and implement Transportation Demand Management (TDM) programs with subsidies for employees to bike, walk, or carpool.
▪ Move 3.K which commits the City to establish tracking metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of the above Moves’ impact on VMT, establish a monitoring schedule to report progress, and revise the above Moves accordingly based on a VMT progress report.
These Moves are among the suite of measures provided by the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) to reduce VMT and the associated GHG emissions.39 Together, the Moves target increase in neighborhood connectivity, active transportation, and public transit use among Sunnyvale’s residents, employees, and visitors as well as encourage use of alternative mobility options over single-occupancy vehicles using land use design and parking management strategies.
Sunnyvale requires new developments and redevelopments of high-industrial, office developments, and multi-family residences to implement TDM programs through the municipal code.40 TDM programs are defined as the incorporation of a variety of incentives or disincentives, services, and actions that influence the reduction of automobile trips, such as promoting work related transit use, ridesharing, walking and bicycling to work, and flexible work schedules (i.e., work from home) as well as offering services such as employee-sponsored vanpool, subsidized transit passes, implementing employee parking cash-out programs or pricing workplace parking. Move 3.B commits the City to enhancing the monitoring and implementation of this mandatory ordinance thereby improving its effectiveness. Move 3.J builds on this program by directing the City to expand
39 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). Accessed at:
https://www.caleemod.com/documents/handbook/full_handbook.pdf. 40 Sunnyvale Municipal Code Chapters 19.45 and 10.60 (https://ecode360.com/42731260) Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
30 the requirement to existing employers in the City with 1,000 or more employees.41, 42 This requirement will cover about 60 percent of employees in the City,43 increasing the coverage of the TDM program and impacting the VMT by these employees. While the City will develop specific reduction targets for VMT in the program, a multiyear study on the implementation of a mandatory commute trip reduction program at Genentech’s South San Francisco campuses demonstrated a 26 percent reduction in employee commute vehicle miles traveled and associated GHG emissions.44 In addition to redevelopment of Sunnyvale land-use to a transit-oriented, mixed-use housing near job centers, TDM program development, such as the adopted Moffett Park Specific Plan,45 further promotes the transition out of single occupancy vehicles for employee commuting. According to census data, since 2019, vehicle commuting in Sunnyvale has decreased by approximately 16 percent while work from home has increased from 4 to 25 percent.46 With TDM program enforcement, City land use redevelopment, and continued work from home behaviors, employee commute VMT has the potential to be reduced by up to 32 percent by 2030. Based on Bureau of Transportation Statistics, approximately 20 percent of all annual passenger miles traveled are for commuting to and from work.47 As such, the Moves reducing employee commute VMT has the potential to reduce total passenger VMT by approximately 7 percent.48 In terms of public transit, the City recognizes that its jurisdiction is limited to the boundaries of Sunnyvale; however, a public transit network that effectively reduces VMT is regional in nature and crosses city boundaries. For this reason, Move 3.C directs the City to work with regional service providers to increase the coverage and improve the quality of public transit in Sunnyvale. Before COVID-19, the City of San Francisco led the State with 26 percent public transportation mode share in 2017. Although the transit mode share has decreased in recent years due to COVID-19 and work from home trends, the City of San Francisco still reports a mass transit mode share of over 10 percent.49 Key strategies employed by cities looking to increase public transportation mode share include significant expansions of public transportation service lines, designated streets or lanes for
41 Division of Transportation and Traffic, City of Sunnyvale. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Program Guidelines (Rev 10/2016). Accessed at: https://www.sunnyvale.ca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/2862/637822670459570000. 42 City of Sunnyvale. Transportation Demand Management, Chapter 19.45 of Municipal Code. Accessed at:
https://library.qcode.us/lib/sunnyvale_ca/pub/municipal_code/item/title_19-article_4-chapter_19_45. 43 In March 2023, Sunnyvale had 13 employers with 1,000 or more employees, accounting for a total of 57,514 employees. This employee count represents about 60 percent of the jobs forecasted for 2023 in Sunnyvale’s GHG Forecast.
City of Sunnyvale. 25 Largest Employers – March 2023. Accessed at: https://www.sunnyvale.ca.gov/business-and- development/economic-development/community-and-business-profiles. 44 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). 45 Moffett Park Specific Plan was adopted in July 2023 and lays out a plan to redevelop the northern portion of the city, where Sunnyvale’s largest employment centers lie, into a climate smart community that is fully interconnected with bicycle, pedestrian and transit routes, encompassed mixed-use housing an, job centers and other amenities to reduce daily travel distance for residents. Accessed at: https://www.moffettparksp.com/
46 https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?q=Sunnyvale%20city,%20California&t=Commuting&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S0801 47 https://www.bts.gov/content/average-annual-pmt-vmt-person-trips-and-trip-length-trip-purpose 48 VMT reduction related to TDM measures was quantified by taking into account commuter VMT reduction based on census data work from home trends, assuming work from home trends would be supported by employers, and using CAPCOA T-5 methodology that quantified VMT reduction for the implementation of a mandatory commute trip reduction program that is monitored and includes penalties for non-compliance. See reference 44 for calculation details. 49 https://sfgov.org/scorecards/transportation/non-private-auto-mode-share Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 31 bus lines to decrease headways, implementation of taxes to support transit, and reduced parking availability. Studies which incorporated factors such as elasticity of transit demand and average mode shift factors have estimated that doubling transit coverage (e.g., areas serviced or hours) in a city can reduce VMT—and associated GHG emissions—up to 4.6 percent.50 Studies have also shown that increasing the frequency of transit service (up to 300 percent) can produce a maximum reduction in VMT—and associated GHG emissions—of 11.3 percent.51 With the focus of Move 3.C on approximately two-thirds of the cross-City corridors and the level of redevelopment planned in the City to create a more connected and reliable network of transit (e.g., Moffett Park Transit Oriented Development Zoning Districts), it is reasonable to estimate that Sunnyvale can expect a 4 percent reduction in passenger VMT in the City.52 This estimate is considered conservative to account for the census observed reduction in public transit use in the City from 7 percent transit use in 2019 to 4 percent in 2022, that is largely attributed to COVID-19 impacts.53 While conservatively excluded from the quantification of GHG emissions reduction herein, Moves 3.E and 3.F, which include the evaluation of micro-transit programs and shuttle services in redeveloped areas, like Peery Park, have also been shown to increase transit mode share if they become a permanent program by increasing access and convenience of regional or cross-City transit.54 The City will also improve opportunities for active transportation through Move 3.D. Sunnyvale developed and adopted an Active Transportation Plan in 2020, which commits Sunnyvale to increase the miles of bikeways in the City from about 90 miles to about 160 miles to support the overall goal to increase bicycle mode share from 1.5 percent to 5 percent by 2030.55 This Move commits the City to updating this plan with additional bikeway expansions, as needed, and implementing it by 2030. Expansions of and investments in active transportation infrastructure such as those directed by this Move have demonstrated reductions in VMT and associated GHG emissions.56 Specifically, urban cities that make a strong commitment to bicycle travel can see up to an 11 percent reduction in VMT and associated GHG emissions. 57 Similar reductions can be reasonably expected because in 2017, about 16 percent of vehicle trips made nationally were one mile or less—a distance easily travelled by foot or bicycle.58 An improved, safer, and expanded pedestrian and bike network is the most effective and direct approach for shifting those shorter
50 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). 51 Ibid.
52 VMT reduction related to transit measures was quantified using CAPCOA T-24, T-25, and T-26 methodology that quantified VMT reduction for the extension of transit network coverage or hours, increase in transit service frequency, and implementation of transit- supportive roadway treatments, respectively. See reference 37 for calculation details. 53 https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?q=Sunnyvale%20city,%20California&t=Commuting&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S0801 54 McQueen, M., G. Abou-Zeid, J. MacArthur, and K. Clifton. 2020. Transportation Transformation: Is Micromobility Making a Macro Impact on Sustainability? Journal of Planning Literature. November. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412220972696. 55 City of Sunnyvale. Sunnyvale Active Transportation Plan (2020). Accessed at:
https://www.sunnyvale.ca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/2844/637822670426570000. 56 Glazener, Andrew and Khreis, Haneen. Transforming our Cities: Best Practices Towards Clean Air and Active Transportation (2019).
Accessed at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40572-019-0228-1 57 Jacob Mason et al., Institute for Transportation & Development Policy and the University of California, Davis. A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario (2015). Accessed at: https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-Global-High-Shift-Cycling- Scenario_Nov-2015.pdf
58 National Household Travel Survey. Population Vehicle Trips Statistics (2021). Accessed at: https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicle-trips Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
32 vehicle trips to walking, and studies show that distance to destinations is one of the strongest predictors of walking as a mode choice. Move 3.I will also support this expansion in active transportation infrastructure by establishing and implementing a plan to convert vehicle roadways to bicycle and pedestrian spaces. This Move will effectively create new bikeways in areas the community already frequents on foot and by bicycle. Sunnyvale has demonstrated commitment to this Move by permanently closing part of their downtown core—South Murphy Ave—to vehicular traffic in 2023.59 Further, planned redevelopment in Sunnyvale, including Moffett Park, focuses on building the district to be mixed-use, connected with complete streets and safe bike and pedestrian routes that are within 15-minutes or less to key amenities and job centers.
Mode shift potential associated with Move 3.D and Move 3.I was evaluated by comparing other cities with similar buildouts (bike network mileage versus city land square footage). Results from significant investment in bicycle infrastructure in California suggest that bicycle mode share can be increased on par with leading bicycle cities in the State. The City of Davis leads the State with a 20 percent bicycle mode share60 and 9.2 miles of bike lane per square mile of the City.61 The City of Berkely has a 9.7 percent bicycle mode 62 with approximately 4.8 miles of bike land per square mile of the City.63 Sunnyvale’s current bicycle mode share is 1.5 percent according to Census data64 and has 4 miles of bike lane per square mile of the City.65 With the City adding an additional 70 miles of bike lane through implementation of the Active Transportation Plan, there would be approximately
7.7 miles of bike lane per square mile of City. Based on other similar cities, this increase in bicycle lane miles per square mile of City and planned infrastructure projects within the City has the potential to result in a bicycle mode share of up to 10 percent. Based on information obtained from the Active Transportation Plan on the planned projects, infrastructure improvements, and connectivity improvements and using the CAPCOA methodology for VMT reduction, it was estimated that approximately 4 percent of passenger VMT could be reduced with implementation of Move 3.D and Move 3.I.66
To further reduce VMT with this Play, other defensible strategies were considered such as implementing a fee to drive downtown, implementing parking fees for existing City parking,
59 Gelhaus, Anne. Sunnyvale Council Votes to Make this Downtown Street a Pedestrian Mall (2023). Accessed at:
https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/02/12/sunnyvale-council-votes-to-make-downtown-street-a-pedestrian- mall/?utm_source=ground.news&utm_medium=referral.
60 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/03/davis-california-the-american-city-which-fell-in-love-with-the-bicycle 61 https://www.cityofdavis.org/city-hall/public-works-engineering-and-transportation/bike-pedestrian-program/davis-bike-and- pedestrian-infrastructure#:~:text=4%20miles%20of%20buffered%20bike,and%20twenty%2Done%20underpass%20crossings. 62 City of Berkeley. May 2017. City of Berkeley Bicycle Plan. Accessed at:
https://www.cityofberkeley.info/uploadedFiles/Public_Works/Level_3_-_Transportation/Berkeley-Bicycle-Plan-2017- Executive%20Summary.pdf
63 https://www.visitberkeley.com/media-press/press-kit/fact-sheet/ 64 5-year estimate of bicycle mode share in 2022 according to census data obtained from:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?q=Sunnyvale%20city,%20California&t=Commuting&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S0801 1 65 City of Sunnyvale includes 22 square miles of land obtained from:
https://data.census.gov/profile/Sunnyvale_city,_California?g=160XX00US0677000 66 VMT reduction potential was quantified following CAPCOA methodology for T-16 Improve Street Connectivity, T-17 Provide Pedestrian Network Improvement, T-18A Construct or Improve Bike Facility, and T-18B Construct or Improve Bike Boulevard. See reference 37 for calculation details.
Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 33 implementing a parklet program to reduce parking availability in the City, and unbundling residential and non-residential parking costs from property costs. The strategies are encompassed by Move 3.B and are strategies that the Moffett Park Specific Plan intends to implement in the Moffett Park redevelopment to improve mobility, limit congestion, support growth, and right size the parking supply.67 Studies have shown that pricing on-street parking, particularly in areas with available alternatives to driving, VMT—and associated GHG emissions can be reduced by up to 30 percent depending on the parking price increase and percent of total community VMT impacted.68 With an increase in priced parking by 150 percent, assuming that 25 percent of total passenger VMT in the Sunnyvale is occurring in areas that priced parking occurs and that 35 percent of parking in such areas is on-street, Move 3.B is estimated to reduce VMT up to approximately 5 percent (See Table 16Table 1 for calculations details).
Studies have also shown that unbundling a project’s parking costs from property costs can reduce VMT – and associated GHG emissions – in the study area by up to 15.7 percent depending on the annual parking cost per space compared with the average vehicle cost.69 As part of the Moffett Park Specific Plan, adopted in July of 2023, policies that unbundle both multi-family residential and non- residential parking from the property cost will be implemented.70 Given that Moffett Park is projected to add 20,000 new mixed-use homes, this would house approximately 16 percent of forecasted population that can drive and thereby impacting approximately 16 percent of the forecasted VMT in the City. Assuming that the annual parking fee would be $600, unbundling parking fees from the property cost just in Moffett Park has the potential to reduce total passenger VMT by approximately 3 percent. Combined, Move 3.B and other parking strategy implementation is estimated to reduce passenger VMT by approximately 4.5 percent.71 Together, these Moves work to develop more connected and transit-oriented neighborhoods near job centers and amenities, to improve active transportation and transit opportunities in Sunnyvale, and target employers to incentivize mode shift to reduce VMT and the associated GHG emissions.
Moves that focus on parking pricing and management are designed to reduce VMT in the community through disincentivizing driving when other alternative means of transport are available.
These Moves combined are estimated to reduce VMT in Sunnyvale by approximately 20 percent based on the reductions shown in the cited studies on mandatory TDM programs, public transit coverage and frequency improvements, active transportation infrastructure build-out, and parking management. This percentage is also made under the conservative assumption that each Move would be implemented one after another with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on total vehicle miles traveled. To confirm these Moves work together to reduce VMT by 20 percent, the City will follow Move 3.K to establish tracking metrics as well as a monitoring and
67 City of Sunnyvale. Moffett Park Specific Plan. July 2023. Accessed February 2024 at: https://www.moffettparksp.com/ 68 Pierce, G., and D. Shoup. 2013. Getting the Prices Right: An Evaluation of Pricing Parking by Demand in San Francisco. Journal of the American Planning Association 79(1)67–81. May. Available:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01944363.2013.787307?needAccess=true 69 CAPCOA. Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). Accessed at: https://www.caleemod.com/documents/handbook/full_handbook.pdf. 70 City of Sunnyvale. Moffett Park Specific Plan. July 2023. Accessed February 2024 at: https://www.moffettparksp.com/ 71 VMT reduction related to parking pricing was quantified using CAPCOA T-23 Implement Market Price Public Parking and VMT reduction from unbundling parking costs from property costs was quantified using CAPCOA T-15 Unbundle Residential Parking Costs from Property Cost. See reference 37 for calculation details.
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
34 reporting schedule to monitor the Moves’ effect on VMT and revise the Moves as necessary to meet the targeted level of VMT reduction.
Table 16 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emission reductions associated with reducing VMT and Table 17 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 6 through 6.2.
Vehicle Miles Traveled Reduction Equations
Equation 6 CO2e Reductiony= (VMT Reducedy*CO2e EF)
Equation 6.1 VMT Reducedc,y=VMTy*VMT Sharet,y*VMT Reductiont,c,y
Table 16 Vehicle Miles Traveled Reduction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 6
CO2e
Reduction
VMT GHG
emission
reductions
See calculation table MT CO2e Calculated
CO2e EF CO2e weighted
emission factor
See calculation table MT CO2e/
passenger VMT
Adjusted Forecast
VMT
Reducedy
VMT reduced See calculation able miles Calculated
c Measure category TDM, transit
improvements,
active transportation,
and parking
management
N/A N/A
t VMT trip type Work related or All
other VMT
N/A N/A
y Year 2030 N/A N/A
Equation 6.1
VMTy Forecasted
Passenger VMT
See calculation table miles Based on forecasted VMT and EMFAC2021 vehicle share where in
2030, 93.5% of total VMT is from
passenger vehicles.72
VMT
Reductiont,c,y
TDM – Work-
related VMT
6.8% percentage Estimated based on the reductions
shown in studies on mandatory TDM
programs targeting commuters and ,
public transit coverage and
frequency improvements, active
transportation infrastructure build-
out, and parking management
targeting all passenger trip types.44,
50, 57 CAPCOA methodology used to
quantify reductions based on specific
measure types.44,48,52,66,71
Transit
Improvements - All
other VMT
3.9%
Active
Transportation –
All other VMT
4.3%
Parking
Management – All
other VMT
4.5%
VMT Sharet,y Share of VMT by
trip type
See calculation table percentage Estimated based on Bureau of Transportation Statistics on
distribution of annual VMT by trip
type.47
72 California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2021 EMission FACtor (EMFAC) Model. Version 1.0.2. Accessed at: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/.
Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 35
Table 17 VMT Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Definition Definition Units Sector 2030
Equation 6.1
VMTy Forecasted Passenger VMT miles Passenger vehicles 1,053,170,888 VMT Sharet,y Share of VMT by trip type percentage Work Related (Commuter) 20% All other non-work related 80%
VMT Reducedc,y VMT reduced by Move type miles TDM 71,914,274 Transit Improvements 41,189,389
Active Transportation 44,986,680
Parking Management 47,282,473
Equation 6
CO2e EFf CO2e emission factor MT CO2e/VMT Passenger Vehicles 0.0003222 CO2e Reduction VMT GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Passenger Vehicles 66,162
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
36 Play 3.3: Increase zero-emission vehicles.
Play 3.3 aims for Sunnyvale to increase zero-emission vehicle adoption to 42 percent by 2030. While the State is anticipated to reach a 26 percent zero-emission vehicle adoption rate by 2030,73 Sunnyvale plans to exceed this goal through ample public and private investments in electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
The primary Move that enables this target is Move 3.N which directs Sunnyvale to develop a Community Electric Vehicle Readiness and Infrastructure Plan to install the number publicly accessible chargers needed to support Sunnyvale’s zero-emission vehicle adoption target. This Move enables zero-emission vehicle adoption because studies have consistently found that limited charging infrastructure is one to the primary barriers to electric vehicle adoption.74, 75 Publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers make owning an electric vehicle convenient for all drivers— including those who cannot charge at home or drive daily distances longer than their electric vehicle battery range. To this point, it is expected that 20 percent of electric vehicle charging nationally will occur at publicly accessible chargers in 2030.76 The U.S. Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool outputs for the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Area with inputs that reflect Sunnyvale’s 2030 zero-emission vehicle targets was used to estimate the number of publicly accessible chargers needed in Sunnyvale in 2030 to support a 42 percent adoption rate.77
Table 18 shows the parameters and data sources used to calculate the publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers needed in 2030 with this tool and Table 19 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 7 through 7.2.
Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Chargers Equation
Equation 7 EV Chargersy = Region EV Chargersy*(EVsy/(Region EVsy)-Existing EV Chargersby Equation 7.1 EVsy=Populationy*(Vehiclesby/Populationby)*ZEV Adoptiony Equation 7.2 Region EVsy=Region Vehiclesy*ZEV Adoptiony
73 Based on the zero-emission vehicle goals for passenger vehicles established by Executive Order N-79-20, eight million zero-emission vehicles are anticipated statewide by 2030. Sunnyvale calculated that these eight million zero-emission vehicles represent 26 percent of the total passenger vehicles expected statewide by 2030 (based on statewide passenger car and light-duty truck counts in 2016 and population estimates for 2016 and 2030).
Crisostomo, Noel et al. Assembly Bill 2127 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Assessment: Analyzing Charging Needs to Support Zero- Emission Vehicles in 2030. Accessed at: Calmatters.org/environment/2023/03/california-electric-cars- demographics/?utm_id=91724&sfmc_id=4863450.
74 Kumar, Rajeev Ranjan and Kumar Alok. Adoption of Electric Vehicle: A Literature Review and Prospects for Sustainability (2020).
Accessed at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261934781X. 75 Winjobi, Olumide and Kelly, Jarod. Used Plug-in Electric Vehicles as a Means of Transportation Equity in Low-Income Households (2021). Accessed at: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1658592. 76 Kampshoff, Philipp et al. Building the Electric-Vehicle Charging Infrastructure America Needs (2022). Accessed at:
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/building-the-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-america-needs. 77 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. Accessed at: https://afdc.energy.gov/evi-pro- lite.
Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 37 Table 18 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 7
EV Chargersy New publicly accessible
electric vehicle chargers
needed in Sunnyvale
See
calculation
table
chargers Calculated
Region EV
Chargersy
Regional electric vehicle
chargers needed
32,331 electric vehicles Estimated using the Electric
Vehicle Infrastructure
Projection Tool public
charger outputs for the San
Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara
Metropolitan Area with the
Region EVsy value as the
input.78
EVsy Electric vehicles targeted in
Sunnyvale
See
calculation
table
electric vehicles Calculated
Region EVsy Regional electric vehicles
targeted
See
calculation
table
electric vehicles Calculated
Existing EV
Chargersby
Existing publicly accessible
electric vehicle chargers in
Sunnyvale
208 chargers PlugShare79
y Year 2030 year N/A
by Baseline year 2019 year N/A
Equation 7.1
Populationy Forecasted population in
Sunnyvale
See
calculation
table
people Inventory
Vehiclesby Vehicles in baseline year in
Sunnyvale
115,970 vehicles California Department of
Motor Vehicles80
Populationby Population in baseline year
in Sunnyvale
154,252 people Inventory
ZEV
Adoptiony
Zero-emission vehicle
adoption target
See
calculation
table
percentage Targeted zero-emission
vehicle adoption for Play.
Equation 7.2
Region
Vehiclesy
Regional vehicles 1,580,600 vehicles Electric Vehicle
Infrastructure Projection
Tool value for the San Jose-
Sunnyvale-Santa Clara
Metropolitan Area.81
78 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. 79 PlugShare. EV Charging in Sunnyvale, CA.
80 California Department of Motor Vehicles. Fuel Type by County as of 1/1/2020. Accessed at:
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/uploads/2020/09/MotorVehicleFuelTypes_City_01012020.pdf. 81 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite.
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
38 Table 19 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources Definition Definition Units 2030
Equation 7.2
ZEV Adoptiony Zero-emission vehicle adoption target percentage 42% Region EVsy Regional electric vehicles targeted electric vehicles 663,852 Equation 7.1
Populationy Forecasted population in Sunnyvale people 231,502 EVsy Electric vehicles targeted in Sunnyvale electric vehicles 73,100 Equation 7
EV Chargersy New publicly accessible electric vehicle
chargers needed in Sunnyvale chargers 3,353
Sunnyvale will install these 3,353 publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers by 2030 by committing to a Community Electric Vehicle Readiness and Infrastructure Plan. The plan will set a list of prioritized locations for new chargers and a detailed funding plan that establishes an approach to working directly with private properties and private investments to install the publicly accessible chargers needed to support a 42 percent zero-emission vehicle adoption in Sunnyvale by 2030.
These zero-emission vehicles will also be supported by private electric vehicle chargers in new developments and existing buildings. Move 3.O directs the City to work with SVCE to expand their incentive program for electric vehicle chargers. This local action along with new federal and State funding will help cover the upfront costs to purchasing an electric vehicle and installing the equipment or infrastructure upgrades needed to charge an electric vehicle at home as high costs are one of the barriers to electric vehicle adoption for low-income households.82 Sunnyvale’s residential and commercial reach codes adopted in 2021, will also expand private electric vehicle charging as they require electric vehicle ready circuits (i.e., outlets) in all new single- and multi-family residential building along with electric vehicle capable conduits and electric vehicle charger stations (i.e., Level 2 and DC Fast charging) in certain commercial buildings.83, 84 These reach codes along with the SVCE incentives will help ease the barriers residents of multi-family buildings face to electric vehicle adoption as these residents are unlikely to have access to home charging.85, 86 These actions will enable Sunnyvale to install as many privately owned electric vehicle chargers in existing buildings and new developments as practical to support a 42 percent zero-emission vehicle adoption by 2030.
Table 20 shows the parameters and data sources that support GHG emission reductions from the zero-emission vehicle adoption and Table 21 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 8 through 8.2.
82 Gaillard, Isa. Ingredients for Equitable Electrification: Analyzing Equity in Statewide Electric Vehicle Rebate Programs (2022). Accessed at: https://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Greenlining-Ingredients-Equitable-Transportation-WebFINAL.pdf. 83 City of Sunnyvale. Single-Family, Duplex, and Townhome Reach Codes (Rev 1/2023). 84 City of Sunnyvale. Nonresidential and Multifamily Reach Codes (2021). 85 DeShazo, J.R. et a. Overcoming Barriers to Electric Vehicle Charging in Multi-Unit Dwellings: A Westside Cities Case Study (2021).
Accessed at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2021/overcoming-barriers-electric-vehicle-charging-multi-unit-dwellings-westside. 86 Hsu, Chih-Wei and Fingerman, Kevin. Public Electric Vehicle Charger Access Disparities Across Race and Income in California (2021).
Accessed at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X20309021.
Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 39 Zero-emission Vehcile Adoption Equations
Equation 8 CO2e ReductionVMT,y=(VMT ReducedICE,y*EFVMT,y)-(Elec Convertedy*EFelec,y) Equation 8.1 VMT ReducedICE,y=VMTy*(ZEV Adoptiony-ZEV Adoption Baseliney) Equation 8.2 Elec Convertedy =VMT ReducedICE,y*EPMZEV VMT,y
Table 20 Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 8
CO2e
ReductionVMT,y
VMT GHG emission reductions See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
VMT
ReducedICE,y
Internal combustion engine
VMT reduced
See calculation
table
miles Calculated
EFVMT,y Forecasted VMT emission
factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/mile Forecast
Elec
Convertedy
Electricity from zero-emission
vehicle conversion
See calculation
table
kWh Calculated
EFelec,y Forecasted residential
electricity emission factor87
See calculation
table
MT
CO2e/kWh
Forecast
y Year 2030 N/A N/A
Equation 8.1
VMTy Forecasted total VMT after
VMT reductions (Play 3.1 and
Play 3.2)
See calculation
table
miles/gallon Forecast and Plays 3.1 and
3.2 ZEV Adoptiony Zero-emission vehicle adoption
target
42% percentage Target that is enabled by
3,353 new publicly
accessible chargers.
ZEV Adoption
Baselineby
Zero-emission vehicle adoption
baseline
9% percentage Inventory
by Baseline year 2019 Year N/A
Equation 8.2
EPMZEV VMT,y Forecasted electricity usage per
mile of zero-emission vehicles
See calculation
table
kWh/mile Forecast
87 To remain conservative, it is assumed all zero-emission vehicles are charged at residents’ homes (Sunnyvale’s forecasted residential electricity emission factor is higher than the forecasted commercial electricity emission factor).
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
40 Table 21 Zero-emission Vehcile Adoption GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Definition Definition Units 2030
Equation 8.1
VMTy Forecasted total VMT after VMT reductions
(Play 3.1 and Play 3.2)
miles
921,030,579
ZEV Adoptiony Zero-emission vehicle adoption target percentage 42% ZEV Adoption Baselineby Zero-emission vehicle adoption baseline percentage 9% VMT ReducedICE,y Internal combustion engine VMT reduced miles 305,070,720 Equation 8.2
EPMZEV VMT,y Forecasted electricity usage per mile of zero- emission vehicles
kWh/mile 0.41
Elec Convertedy Electricity from zero-emission vehicle
conversion
kWh 124,383,003
Equation 8
EFVMT,y Forecasted VMT emission factor MT CO2e/mile 0.00032 EFelec,y Forecasted electricity emission factor MT CO2e/kWh 0.0000016 CO2e ReductionVMT,y VMT GHG emission reductions MT CO2e 98,079 Attachment 2
Strategy 3: Decarbonizing Transportation & Sustainable Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 41 Play 3.4: Decarbonize off-road vehicles and equipment.
Play 3.4 aims for Sunnyvale to decarbonize 30 percent of off-road vehicle and equipment use in the community by 2030. The Moves that enable this Play include Move 3.P which commits the City to establishing a phased ordinance by 2026 to ban local operation of gasoline and diesel-powered off- road vehicles and equipment by type.
The phased ordinance will first ban the operation of off-road vehicles and equipment with gasoline- and diesel-powered small off-road engines by 2028. As defined by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), small off-road engines (SORE) are those equipment types with rated power at or below 19 kilowatts (i.e., 25 horsepower). Typical off-road vehicle and equipment types that use these engines include lawn and garden equipment, portable generators, and pressure washers.88 In 2028, gasoline and diesel used by these small off-road engines will compromise 18 percent of the off-road vehicle and equipment fuel used in Sunnyvale.89 By banning the operation of gasoline- and diesel-powered small off-road engines, the ordinance will effectively reduce 18 percent of the community’s off-road fuel usage.
The remaining 12 percent of off-road fuel will be reduced by 2030 by targeting other vehicles and equipment types through different phases of the ordinance. For example, the ordinance will ban the operation of gasoline- and diesel-powered lawn and garden equipment with engines greater than 25 horsepower, as well as these types of engines in light commercial vehicles and equipment and portable equipment or construction vehicles and equipment. The fuel use by engines greater than 25 horsepower in lawn and garden equipment accounts for 0.2 percent of total off-road fuel in Sunnyvale while those engines in light commercial account for four percent, those in portable equipment account for 14 percent, and those in construction account for 17 percent of total off- road fuel used in Sunnyvale.
Targeting a combination of these off-road vehicle and equipment types will reduce the remaining 12 percent of off-road fuel. Where equipment does not have market-ready electric alternatives available, the ordinance will still require decarbonization of targeted equipment through the use of renewable diesel. Renewable diesel is a drop-in renewable fuel produced from non-petroleum renewable sources—including vegetable oils and animal fats—and is readily available in California due to existing regulation requiring its use.90 This requirement for renewable diesel will be a strong tool to increase compliance with the local ordinance by providing flexibility and can be counted towards the Move because the State requirements for renewable diesel were not included in Sunnyvale’s adjusted forecast.
This ordinance aligns with the State’s goals and regulations. The ordinance exceeds CARB’s SORE regulations which ban the sale of off-road vehicles and equipment with gasoline- and diesel- powered small off-road engines starting in 2024 and bans the sale of gasoline- and diesel-powered portable generators starting in 2028. The ordinance does however align with Executive Order
88 California Air Resources Board. SORE Applicability Fact Sheet (2021). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/sore- applicability-fact-sheet.
89 Sunnyvale’s small off-road fuel usage in 2028 was estimated by filtering CARB OFFROAD2021 model outputs (for Santa Clara County in 2028) for horsepower ratings greater than or less than 25 and attributing the resulting County-level annual fuel usage to Sunnyvale based on the attribution methodology used in the inventory and forecast. The results were divided by the total estimated off-road fuel usage in Sunnyvale in 2028 to estimate the share, or percentage, of fuel usage attributable to small off-road engines. 90 California Air Resources Board. Fact Sheet: Renewable Diesel Fuel Requirements. Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact- sheets/fact-sheet-renewable-diesel-fuel-requirements.
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
42 N‑79‑20’s statewide goal to transition off-road vehicles and equipment operations to 100 percent zero-emission by 2035.
In addition to establishing the phases and revising the ordinance as necessary to achieve the Play’s target, Sunnyvale will establish a communications and outreach program to support effective implementation of the ordinance throughout the community.
Table 22 shows the parameters and data sources that support off-road ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 23 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 9 through 9.1.
Off-road Decarbonization Equations
Equation 9 CO2e ReductionFuel,y=Fuel Reducedy*EFFuel
Equation 9.1 Fuel Reducedy = (FuelGasoline,y+FuelDiesel,y+FuelNatural Gas,y)*Fuel Reductiony
Table 22 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 9
CO2e
ReductionFuel,y
Fuel GHG emission reductions See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel Reducedy Fuel use reduced See calculation
table
gallons Calculated
EFFuel Weighted fuel emission factor 0.008438 MT
CO2e/gallo
n
Inventory
y Year 2030 N/A N/A
Equation 9.1
FuelGasoline,y Forecasted gasoline use See calculation
table
gallon Forecast
FuelDiesel,y Forecasted diesel use See calculation
table
gallon Forecast
FuelNatural Gas,y Forecasted natural gas use See calculation table
gallon Forecast
Fuel
Reductiony
Fuel use reduction target 30% percentage Estimated based on the share of small off-road engines in
Sunnyvale and direction of
State goals (i.e., EO N-79-20).89
Table 23 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Definition Definition Units 2030
Equation 9.1
FuelGasoline,y Forecasted gasoline use gallons 2,075,523 FuelDiesel,y Forecasted diesel use gallons 2,413,519
FuelNatural Gas,y Forecasted natural gas use gallons 1,733,800 Fuel Reducedy Fuel use reduced gallons 1,866,853
Equation 9
CO2e ReductionFuel,y Fuel GHG emission reductions MT CO2e 15,753 Attachment 2
Strategy 4: Managing Resources Sustainably
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 43 5 Strategy 4: Managing Resources
Sustainably
The City of Sunnyvale’s strategy to manage resources sustainably focuses on optimizing the use of resources and enhancing the City’s natural services to increase resilience in the community and reduce GHG emissions. The strategy aims to accomplish these goals by reducing and diverting solid waste, conserving and reusing water, enhancing natural ecosystems, and reducing the consumption of carbon-intensive consumer goods and food.
Most of these actions will increase community resilience and reduce personal carbon footprints rather than have a significant impact on GHG emissions in Sunnyvale. However, reducing and diverting solid waste will significantly reduce GHG emissions in Sunnyvale by reducing and diverting organic waste from the landfill. In the landfill, organic waste decays without access to light or oxygen and produces methane (CH4) gas. Reducing the occurrence of this anaerobic decomposition serves as an important opportunity for Sunnyvale to reduce GHG emissions.
Based on this strategy, the Playbook Update’s strategy to manage resources sustainably consists of the following Plays presented in Table 24. The table also indicates which Plays are quantitative and which Plays are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Plays and the role of the supportive Plays.
Table 24 Strategy 4: Managing Resources Sustainably 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Summary
Play ID Play 2030 Play Target
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy 4: Managing Resources Sustainably
Play 4.1 Achieve Zero Waste goals for solid waste. Reduce landfilled garbage to 1 pound per person per day
45,258
Play 4.2 Ensure resilience of water supply. TBD Supportive Play 4.3 Enhance natural carbon sequestration
capacity.
N/A Supportive
Play 4.4 Promote awareness of sustainable goods and
services.
N/A Supportive
Total 45,258
Notes: TBD = to be defined per State requirements; N/A = not applicable Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
44 Play 4.1: Achieve Zero Waste goals for solid waste.
Play 4.1 aims for Sunnyvale to reduce landfilled waste to one pound per person per day by 2030. As part of this target, the Play includes a series of Moves that put Sunnyvale on the path to meet Senate Bill (SB) 1383 requirements to recover 20 percent of disposed edible food for human consumption and reduce landfilled organic waste—and its associated GHG emissions—75 percent by 2025. The primary Moves that enable this target include:
▪ Move 4.C which directs the City to meet SB 1383 landfilled organic waste reduction requirements by continuing to provide organic collection service to single-family residents and multi-family residents and establishing organic collection service to the entire commercial sector.
▪ Move 4.D which directs Sunnyvale to expand the edible food recovery program to edible food generators beyond those required by SB 1383;91 and
▪ Move 4.E which directs the City to continue implementing the waste diversion ordinance that requires all residents visitors, and businesses to place their discards in the appropriate container (i.e., recycle, compost, or garbage) and includes monitoring of contamination by waste hauler drivers.
In addition to these Moves, Sunnyvale is committed to updating their communitywide waste characterization study every ten years as part of their GHG inventory update process. These Moves and inventory process encompass the activities the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) requires jurisdictions to conduct to comply with SB 1383 requirements.92 Continuing and completing these activities is thus expected to provide the levels of diversion, composting, and food donations needed to reduce Sunnyvale’s landfilled organic waste 75 percent by 2025. This level of landfilled organic waste reduction is expected to directly reduce solid waste disposal GHG emissions 75 percent because nearly all GHG emissions from the natural decay of solid waste in landfills come from organic waste.93
Table 25 shows the parameters and data sources that support the landfilled organic waste reduction GHG emission reductions and Table 26 shows the calculations as outlined in Equation 10.
Landfilled Organic Waste Reduction Equations
Equation 10 CO2e ReductionLOW,y= CO2e EmissionsLOW,y*LOW Reductiony
91 Sunnyvale has contracted with Joint Venture Silicon Valley (JVSV) to manage edible food recovery in the City. JVSV has contacted tier two commercial generators to begin donating edible food (ahead of the January 1, 2024 deadline). Concurrently, JVSV has begun identifying edible food generators beyond those required by SB 1383 to expand the edible food recovery program in Sunnyvale.
See the following resource for the definition of tier two commercial generators: California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). Guidance for Jurisdictions: How to Identify SB 1383 Commercial Edible Food Generators. Accessed at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/Docs/Web/118917.
92 CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities. Accessed at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/Docs/Web/119160#:~:text=Beginning%20in%202022%2C%20SB%201383,is%20automatically%20provide d%20the%20service.
93 According to the Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Appendix E – Solid Waste Emission Activities and Sources, GHG emissions are generated by non-biologic wastes only if they are combusted.
Attachment 2
Strategy 4: Managing Resources Sustainably
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 45 Table 25 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 10
CO2e ReductionLOW,y Landfilled organic waste
GHG emission reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
CO2e EmissionsLOW,y Landfilled organic waste
GHG emissions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Forecast
LOW Reductiony Landfilled organic waste
reduction percent
75 percentage Estimated based on
compliance with
CalRecycle’s required
activities for SB 1383
compliance and GHG
emission factors for solid
waste.92,93
y Year 2030 N/A N/A
Table 26 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Definition Definition Units 2030
Equation 10
CO2e EmissionsLOW,y Landfilled organic waste GHG emissions MT CO2e 60,344 CO2e ReductionLOW,y Fuel GHG emission reductions MT CO2e 45,258
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
46 Play 4.2: Ensure resilience of water supply.
Play 4.2 aims to increase the resilience of water supply by reducing water consumption communitywide and increasing the reuse or recycling of water in the City. While both actions may provide GHG emission reductions, there is a high potential for double counting reductions as the electricity used to distribute water and treat wastewater is included in the City’s electricity consumption and decarbonized through Plays to increase renewable and carbon-free electricity in the City (Strategy 1: Promote Clean Energy). This Play does, however, directly support the clean energy Plays by reducing the amount of energy used to distribute water and treat wastewater.
The Center for Water-Energy Efficiency has begun demonstrating the quantifiable value of water conservation towards GHG emission reduction goals in California. Specifically, the center found that during the Governor’s Mandate (between June 2015 and May 2016), California saved 524,000 million gallons of water which translated to 1,830 gigawatt hours of electricity savings and 521,000 MT CO2e of GHG emission reductions.94 A study by the University of California, Los Angeles Field of Public Health also found that increasing the use of recycled water in California would have the greatest potential to reduce energy use and GHG emissions when compared to other water resilience options such as banning landscape irrigation.95
94 Center for Water-Energy Efficiency, University of California, Davis. Impact of Water Conservation on Electricity Consumption and GHG Emissions. Accessed at:
https://cwee.ucdavis.edu/research/waterconservation_energyghg/#:~:text=The%20study%20showed%20the%20state,tons%20of%20car bon%20dioxide%20equivalents.
95 Sokolow, Sharona et al. Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health. Accessed at: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303053.
Attachment 2
Strategy 4: Managing Resources Sustainably
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 47 Play 4.3: Enhance natural carbon sequestration capacity.
Play 4.3 to aims to enhance Sunnyvale’s capacity to sequester carbon through nature-based solutions. While this Play cannot be counted towards Sunnyvale’s GHG emission reduction targets (due to the difference between reductions and sequestration and the potential for the Play to produce indirect GHG emission reductions), it is still critical for climate action in Sunnyvale. Through urban forest management, green stormwater infrastructure, and assessments of regional sequestration opportunities, this Play will lay the foundation for Sunnyvale to develop the natural capacity to sequester the GHG emissions remaining in 2045 once the long-term GHG emission reduction target is achieved (i.e., 85 percent reduction in GHG emissions from 1990 levels).
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
48 Play 4.4: Promote awareness of sustainable goods and services.
Play 4.4 aims to promote the awareness of sustainable goods and services in the community to reduce solid waste generation and reduce residents’ and business’ personal carbon footprints.
While solid waste reduction can reduce GHG emissions in the community, there is a high potential for double counting reductions as solid waste reductions are quantified in Play 4.1. This Play does, however, directly supports the solid waste reduction Play by encouraging the use of reusable containers that can reduce the use of single-use plastic or compostable containers. The Play will also help reduce residents’ and businesses’ personal carbon footprints by encouraging the use of products with lower upstream GHG emissions. These potential GHG emission reductions cannot be counted towards the City’s GHG emission reduction target because upstream GHG emissions from the consumption of products are excluded from Sunnyvale’s GHG inventory, but they can be influenced by the City through creative policies.
Attachment 2
Strategy 5: Empowering Our Community
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report Final 49 6 Strategy 5: Empowering Our Community
The City of Sunnyvale’s strategy to empower the community focuses on engaging the community in the Playbook Update process, educating the community on opportunities to reduce GHG emissions, and maintaining a transparent process to monitor and report progress on the City’s targets. This strategy will support all other Plays by increasing participation in GHG emission reduction initiatives through education (e.g., building electrification, organic waste diversion, active transportation, and electric vehicles) and increasing accountability for the City to update the Playbook and produce new Game Plans based on results from annual GHG emission inventories.
Based on this strategy, the Playbook Update’s strategy to empower the community consists of the following Plays presented in Table 27. The table indicates that all Plays are supportive. The Playbook Update provides further detail on purpose of this strategy and the supportive Plays.
Table 27 Strategy 5: Empowering Our Community 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Summary
Play ID Play 2030 Play Target
2030 GHG Emission Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy 5: Empowering Our Community
Play 5.1 Enhance community awareness and
engagement.
N/A Supportive
Play 5.2 Track and share data and tools. N/A Supportive Total 0
Notes: N/A = not applicable
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
Climate Action Playbook Update
50 7 Strategy 6: Adapting to a Changing
Climate
The City of Sunnyvale’s strategy to adapt to climate change impacts focuses on adjusting the community to climate impacts and increasing the community’s ability to anticipate, prepare for, and recover from hazardous events strengthened and made more frequent by climate change. While this strategy will not result in direct GHG emission reductions, it will support the other Plays by building a strong, connected community that can implement them. Based on this strategy, the Playbook Update’s strategy to adapt to climate change consists of the following Plays presented in Table 28. The table indicates that all Plays are supportive. The Playbook Update provides further detail on purpose of this strategy and the supportive Plays.
Table 28 Strategy 6: Adapting to a Changing Climate 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Summary
Play ID Play
2030
Play
Target
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy 6: Adapting to a Changing Climate
Play 6.1 Assess climate vulnerabilities for Sunnyvale. N/A Supportive Play 6.2 Protect shoreline area from seal level rise and coastal flooding. N/A Supportive Play 6.3 Strengthen community resiliency. N/A Supportive Total 0
Notes: N/A = not applicable
Attachment 2
City Staff
Amber Blizinski, former Principal Planner
Angela Chan, Youth and Family Resources Manager
Chaunacey Dunklee, Supervising Librarian
Chip Taylor, Director of Public Works
Christina Raby, Environmental Engineering Coordinator
Connie Verceles, Assistant to the City Manager
Daniel Moskowitz, Public Safety Lieutenant
Deepti Jain, Environmental Programs Manager
Dennis Ng, Transportation and Traffic Manager
Dzanh Le, Public Safety Captain
George Schroeder, Principal Planner
Jennifer Garnett, Communications Officer
Jennifer Ng, Assistant Director of Public Works
Jim Stark, Superintendent of Parks and Golf
Joe De La Cruz, Water Operations Manager
Kent Steffens, City Manager
Lillian Tsang, Principal Transportation Engineer/Planner Madeline Khair, Environmental Programs Manager
Mansour Nasser, Water and Sewer Systems Division
Manager
Mary Jeyaprakash, Senior Planner
Melody Tovar, Regulatory Programs Division Manager
Michelle King, former Principal Planner
Michelle Perera, Director of Library and Recreation
Nathan Scribner, Assistant City Engineer
Phan S. Ngo, Director of Public Safety
Ramana Chinnakotla, Director of Environmental Services
Rebecca Moon, City Attorney
Roya Samani, Environmental Programs Specialist
Rohan Wikramanayake, Water Pollution Control Plant
Division Manager
Shaunn Mendrin, Planning Officer
Shikha Gupta, Solid Waste Programs Division Manager
Suzanne Park, Chief Building Official
Tim Kirby, Director of Finance
Tina Murphy, Director of Human Resources
Trudi Ryan, Director of Community Development
Acknowledgements
City Council
Larry Klein, Mayor
Murali Srinivasan, Vice Mayor
Russ Melton, Councilmember
Alyssa Cisneros, Councilmember
Omar Din, Councilmember
Richard Mehlinger, Councilmember
Linda Sell, Councilmember
Community Partners
Bicycle and Pedestrian Advisory Commission
Planning Commission
Livable Sunnyvale
Sunnyvale Neighborhood Associations
Moffett Park Business Group
BPAC, S. Comm, Planning
Silicon Valley Youth Climate Action Group
Consultant Team
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
Community Members
Special thanks to more than 200 community
members who engaged with us throughout this
process, contributed ideas online, attended our
community workshops and public meetings, and
delved head-first into giving us feedback in
developing this Playbook. Your contributions are and
will remain invaluable to advancing Sunnyvale on the
path to 85x45.
Acknowledgments | 149
Attachment 2
City of Sunnyvale
456 West Olive Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086
[email protected]
408-730-7717
Attachment 2