Susanville City Council
February 18, 2026

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-45
River Level
(feet) Description

16.0 Extensive flood damage from Susanville to Honey Lake. Serious flood impacts homes, businesses, schools, roadways, and bridges in flood plain throughout Honey Lake Valley. Transportation impacts may be serious as US Highway 395 and Highway 36 are flooded. Extensive power, phone, and rural water system impacts. Similar to 11/23/1981 flood.

16.5 Extensive flood damage from Susanville to Honey Lake with flooding of homes, businesses, schools, roadways, bridges, and water systems in flood plain throughout Honey Lake Valley. Extensive transportation, power, phone, and rural water system impacts. US Highway 395 and Highway 36 flooded. Similar to 11/23/1981 flood.

17.0 Flood disaster from Susanville to Honey Lake. Extensive flooding of homes, businesses, schools, roadways, bridges, and water systems in flood plain throughout Honey Lake Valley. Transportation very difficult as US Highway 395 and Highway 36 flooded or washed out. Extensive power, phone, and rural water system impacts. Slightly less severe than floods of 12/22/1964, 2/17/1986, and 1/02/1997.

17.5 Near record flooding from Susanville to Honey Lake. Extensive damage to homes, businesses, schools, roadways, bridges, and water systems in flood plain throughout Honey Lake Valley. Transportation in the valley is very difficult as US Highway 395 and Highway 36 flooded or washed out.

Extensive power, phone, and rural water system impacts. Similar to floods of 12/22/1964, 2/17/1986, and 1/02/1997.

18.0 Near record flooding from Susanville to Honey Lake. Extensive damage to homes, businesses, schools, roads, bridges, and water systems in flood plain throughout Honey Lake Valley, including Susanville area. Transportation in and out of Honey Lake Valley was cut off as US Highway 395 and Highway 36 flooded or washed out. Extensive power, phone, and rural water system impacts. Only exceeded by flood of 1/24/1970.

18.5 Record flooding from Susanville to Honey Lake. Extensive damage to homes, businesses, schools, roads, bridges, and water systems in flood plain throughout Honey Lake Valley, including Susanville area. Transportation in and out of Honey Lake Valley was cut off as US Highway 395 and Highway 36 flooded or washed out. Extensive power, phone, and rural water system impacts. Only exceeded by flood of 1/24/1970.

Source: Lassen County

5.4.10.4 History
The City of Susanville’s location on a bench above the Susan River and Piute Creek generally protected it from flooding during the early years of its development. However, there were recorded floods during years of heavy rain, including the winters of 1907, 1938, and 1955. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service for the Susan River, the following are the most significant flooding events and the associated flood levels (Error! Reference source not found.15).

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-46
Table 5-15. Significant Flooding Events and Associated Flood Levels- Susan River Additionally, to indicate the potential for a flooding event, the table below (Error! Reference source n ot found.16) lists an excerpt of large-scale flooding events and associated damage in Lassen County that have resulted in a presidential emergency declaration.

Table 5-16. Historical Records of Large Floods in Lassen County Date Injuries Fatalities Property Damage Crop Damage
12/18/1964 1.96 0.64 $1,785,714 $178.57
01/08/1973 0 0 0 $35,714
01/16/1973 0 0 $86,206 0
02/18/1986 0 0 $500,000 0
02/14/1992 0 0 $9,090 0
12/10/1992 0 0 $1,315.79 0
03/01/1995 0 0 0 $11,241,379
01/01/1997 0.22 0 $36,670,000 0
12/31/2005 0 0 $500,000 0
02/09/2017 0 0 $800,000* 0
*Estimated damage for City of Susanville as of 5/1/17
Although there has been localized flooding, there have been no state proclamations for flooding within the last planning cycle for Lassen County.

5.4.10.5 Probability of Occurrence
While the methodology to estimate riverine flood frequency and probability is firmly established by FEMA, these methods do not apply to non-riverine (local) flooding related to poor site drainage.

As defined by FEMA, Zone A, AE, AE Floodway, AH, and AO (lighter shades of blue) indicate a 1% annual chance of flooding; while Zone Shaded X (dark blue) indicates a 0.2% annual chance of flooding (500-year flooding).

The State of California has also developed tools under the Cal-Adapt project. The Cal-Adapt project provides the public, researchers, government agencies and industry stakeholders with essential data & tools for climate adaptation planning, building resiliency, and fostering community

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-47
engagement. The following figures (Figure 5-17 and Figure 5-18) were generated by Cal-Adapt work for the County.

Table 5-17. Maximum 1-day Precipitation

Hazard/Threat Assessment
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Table 5-18. Annual Precipitation
According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a High probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A High hazard/threat event was determined to equate to greater than 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.10.6 Climate Consideration
Climate change is both a present and future threat. Extreme weather events have become more frequent over the past 40 to 50 years and this trend is projected to continue. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall (distribution and intensity) are expected to cause a significant amplification

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-49
to many existing hazards and conditions. Because of this, climate change might impact the frequency, intensity and distribution of flood hazards.

5.4.11. Hazardous Materials Release

5.4.11.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- HIGH
▪ Impact- MEDIUM

5.4.11.2 Description
For the purposes of the LHMP, Hazardous Material Release only includes accidental release of materials, not release caused by criminal acts. Hazardous Material Release caused by criminal acts are covered under the Terrorism Hazard/Threat. Hazardous Waste/Materials are widely used or created at facilities such as hospitals, wastewater treatments plants, universities and industrial/manufacturing warehouses. Several household products such as cleaning supplies and paint are also considered hazardous materials. Hazardous materials include:
▪ Explosives
▪ Flammable, non-flammable, and poisonous gases
▪ Flammable liquids
▪ Flammable, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet solids ▪ Oxidizers and organic peroxides
▪ Poisons and infectious substances
▪ Radioactive materials
▪ Oil
▪ Corrosive materials.

Both mobile (i.e., trucks, rail) and external hazardous materials releases can spread and affect a wide area, through the release of plumes of chemical, biological, or radiological elements or leaks or spills. Conversely, internal releases are more likely to be confined to the structure the material is stored in.

Chemicals may be corrosive or otherwise damaging over time. A hazardous materials release could also result in fire or explosion. Contamination may be carried out of the immediate area of the incident by people, vehicles, wind, and water. Weather conditions can increase the size and intensity of the Hazardous Materials Release. Topography, such as hills and canyons, can increase the size of the release or make it more difficult to contain.

5.4.11.3 Location and Extent
According to the 2024 Hazardous Materials Area Plan (HMAP), Lassen County is home to 220 business and government facilities that manufacture, store, sell, use, or dispose of hazardous materials. Additionally, large volumes of hazardous materials are transported through the County on various transportation corridors such as rail, highways and pipeline systems. The locations and identity of facilities that store hazardous materials are reported to local and federal governments. Many facilities have their own hazardous materials guides and response plans, including transportation companies who transport hazardous materials.

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-50
The release of hazardous materials into the environment can cause a multitude of problems.

Although these incidents can happen almost anywhere, certain areas of the County are at higher risk, such as near rail lines and roadways that are frequently used to transport hazardous materials and locations with industrial facilities that use, store, and/or dispose of such materials (Figure 5-19). The presence of several small airfields and one military airfield within the county boundary also provides the opportunity for fuel or chemical spills resulting from airplane accidents.

Figure 5-17. Hazardous Materials Features- Lassen County Source- Lassen County HMAP (2024)
Hazardous materials incidents are categorized as Level 1, 2, or 3, based on the severity of the incident. The criteria used to determine the level of an incident include:
▪ Characteristics of the hazardous material
▪ Nature of its release
▪ Area affected by the hazardous materials incident (e.g., sensitive ecosystems, populations, waterways, transportation routes, etc.)

Hazard/Threat Assessment
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▪ Extent of multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional involvement ▪ Evacuations, injuries, or fatalities
▪ Technical expertise and equipment needed to safely mitigate the incident Level 1 Incident
A minor situation within the capabilities of first responders trained at the "operational" level. A Level 1 incident involves a release, or possible release, of a small amount of liquid or solid of a known (identified) hazardous material. The agencies on-scene must have the expertise and proper equipment to safely mitigate the incident.
a) Basic hazard and risk assessment are performed for Level 1 releases and fire crews respond as appropriate.
b) An incident should be immediately upgraded to Level 2 for a release or potential release of an unknown hazardous material or suspected hazardous material. c) Typical Level 1 incidents include:
• Minor leaks or spills from a 55-gallon drum.
• Minor leaks or spills which can be handled with absorbent. • Minor leaks or spills within the capability of a driver or operator to correct and mitigate.
• Leaking valves on upright cargo tanks that do not require the product to be immediately off-loaded.
• Release of chemicals which do not produce an environment which is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) or above 10% of the Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) of a product, other than possibly inside the transport vehicle. • Leaks or spills of paint or batteries.
• Overturned, empty cargo tanks which the IC determines to present no other hazards.
• Evacuations limited to a single intersection or building. • Minor injuries to a small number of people and no fatalities. • Pesticide drift incidents involving one or several people.

Level 2 Incident
Any incident beyond the capabilities of an agency with jurisdictional responsibility for the incident requires a response by a HazMat Team or other hazardous materials resources as appropriate.

This can range from a small incident involving any amount of an unknown substance to a large incident involving multiple agencies and jurisdictions. As a minimum, a Command Post and exclusion zone should be established for a Level 2 incident, and movement of personnel into the Hot Zone should be limited to personnel entering for a specific reason wearing the proper level of protective equipment.
a) A Level 2 incident will be declared by the IC if the incident involves a sufficient quantity of liquid or solid of a known hazardous substance or any quantity of an unknown material that has been released or offers the potential for release. b) A Level 2 incident will be declared for the release of any quantity of a known solid or liquid toxic material in a critical public area or for the release or potential release of any quantity of an unknown solid, liquid, or gaseous toxic material or suspected toxic material. c) In a Level 2 incident, a formal and properly identified Command Post with a removed staging area, an Incident Safety Officer and a Hazardous Materials Group must be established. Control Zones must be established and maintained as early as possible,

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-52
evaluated and monitored throughout the incident. Localized evacuation may need to be implemented, and outside agencies should be notified.
d) Typical Level 2 incidents include:
• One or more 55-gallon drums leaking large quantities of a known substance • A major liquefied petroleum gas leak due to puncture, crack, or crease of a large tank where ignition sources are a real threat
• Overturned cargo tanks with a hazardous material on board • Train derailment not involving railroad tank cars filled with hazardous materials • A vehicle or train fire involving hazardous materials or wastes • Leaking cargo tank with hazardous materials on board whose structural integrity is in question
• Incident involving a fatality or serious injury attributed to the hazardous substance • Evacuation consisting of an apartment complex, city block, or large facility with many employees
• A large spill of flammable liquids where ignition sources pose a serious threat • A fire that poses a serious threat of a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)
• A pesticide drift incident in which multiple victims are exposed Level 3 Incident
Any incident beyond the capabilities of the HazMat Team and local resources. The incident may be quite lengthy in duration and may necessitate large-scale evacuations. a) Level 3 incidents will involve multiple agencies and jurisdictions, as well as resources from the private sector (including chemical manufacturers) and volunteer organizations. b) Examples of Level 3 incidents include:
• Incidents involving large-scale evacuations that may extend beyond jurisdictional boundaries
• Any, leak, or fire involving hazardous materials that has gone to greater alarms • Any incident beyond local capabilities and resources (including the HazMat Team) to safely identify, contain, and mitigate
• Train derailments involving railroad tank cars containing hazardous materials • Flammable liquid or gas cargo tank or railroad tank cars involved in or threatened by fire
• Major leaks of compressed or liquefied gas cargo tanks or railroad tank cars caused by puncture of major structural damage
• A major pesticide drift incident affecting a large geographical area involving largescale exposures and evacuations All significant releases or threatened releases of a hazardous material, including oil and radioactive materials require immediate verbal notification. Notification must be made to the Cal OES State Warning Center for the following:
• Discharges or threatened discharges of oil in marine waters • Any spill or other release of one barrel (42 gallons) or more of petroleum products at a tank facility
• Discharges of any hazardous substances or sewage, into or on any waters of the state • Discharges that may threaten or impact water quality
• Any found or lost radioactive materials
• Discharges of oil or petroleum products, into or on any waters of the state

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• Hazardous Liquid Pipeline releases and every rupture, explosion or fire involving a pipeline
• Any spill deemed to be significant by regulation

5.4.11.4 History
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liablitiy Act (CERCLA) and California law require responsible parties to report hazardous material releases if certain criteria are met. In the state of California, the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) maintains a hazardous materials spill database. For the time period from January 2020 (after adoption of the LHMP) through February 2024 (latest available from Cal OES), forty-one (41) suspected hazmat spills within Lassen County were reported, twelve (12) of which were within the City of Susanville limits. Most of the spills were petroleum products as a result of accidents.

Other incidents included a few damaged propane tanks related to railroads, and several sewage spills. It should be noted that not all incidents for which a spill report was filed resulted in damage or injury from the spill. In short, there are no significant historical events to report to date.

Additional information on historical hazardous material releases can be found in the Lassen County HMRT Plan.

To date, there have been no known state or federal declarations for this type of event in the County.

5.4.11.5 Probability of Occurrence
The release of hazardous materials can occur throughout the entire county. Incidences can occur during production, storage, transportation, use or disposal of hazardous materials. Communities can be at risk if a chemical is used unsafely or released in harmful amounts into the environment.

Hazardous materials can cause death, serious injury, long lasting health effects, and damage to buildings, the environment, homes, and other property. According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a High probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A High hazard/threat event was determined to equate to greater than 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.11.6 Climate Consideration
As mentioned above, weather can play a significant factor in hazardous material releases. While there is little evidence to link climate change to increased occurrences of hazardous material releases, it could impact the response and recovery efforts.

5.4.12. Infectious Disease

5.4.12.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- MEDIUM
▪ Impact- MEDIUM

5.4.12.2 Description
Infectious Disease is a broad term used to describe illness caused by a specific type of bacterium, parasite, virus, or fungus organisms. Below is a brief overview of the main infectious disease types:

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-54
▪ Bacterial Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases from strep throat to meningitis and tuberculosis.
▪ Fungal Infections- There are roughly 300 types of fungi known to cause infectious disease.

Common types include ringworm, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and pneumocystis pneumonia.
▪ Parasitic Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases including malaria, Chagas disease, and toxocariasis.
▪ Viral Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases including the common cold, influenza, mononucleosis, smallpox, and HIV/AIDS.

These organisms can be transmitted:
▪ Person-to-person (e.g., measles, mumps, meningococcal disease, tuberculosis) ▪ By consuming contaminated food or water, also known as foodborne (e.g.: salmonella, E.coli, botulinum toxin)
▪ Through animal bites (i.e., mosquito, ticks, fleas) also known as vector-borne (e.g.: West Nile virus, dengue, Zika, malaria).

Newly emerging infectious diseases include Ebola, Zika, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), avian influenza. The current pandemic (COVID-19) is linked to the SARS virus. The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a virus identified in 2003. SARS-CoV is thought to be an animal virus from an as-yet-uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats, which spread to other animals (civet cats) and first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002. In 2019, in Wuhan China a new coronavirus was discovered. The coronavirus is closely related to the SARS coronavirus. The new virus goes by both COVID-19, standing for coronavirus disease 2019, and SARS CoV-2. Additional details about the impacts of COVID 19 can be found in the History section.

The Vector Borne Disease Section of the California Department of Public Health identifies the following types of diseases and infestations:
▪ Africanized Honeybees
▪ Bed Bugs
▪ Body Lice
▪ Cat Scratch Disease
▪ Conenose Bugs
▪ Zika Virus
▪ Head lice
▪ Lyme Disease
▪ Mosquitoes
▪ Murine Typhus
▪ Plague
▪ Ticks
▪ West Nile Virus
▪ Tularemia
▪ Scabies
▪ Swimmer’s Itch
▪ Red Imported Fire Ants
▪ Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary
Syndrome
Also, of concern are the threats of potential biological terrorism (bioterrorism), the intentional release or spread of disease (or toxins). Bioterrorism, also known as biological warfare, is not new and has been used for centuries. As early as 600 BC, military leaders implemented practices to poison water supplies and infect citizens/soldiers to gain strategic advantages in their efforts to conquer territories. This threat continues today at both the large scale (by military) and small scale (by terrorist organizations or individuals). No matter the purpose, the release of organisms could have devastating effects on an international, national, state, or local level if it is a highly infectious disease.

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-55

5.4.12.3 Location and Extent
An infectious disease incident can occur throughout the entire County any time during the year and can last a few weeks or in some cases years. While the initial occurrence of an Infectious Disease event can occur without warning, there are instances where the spread of the Infectious Disease can provide some warning or indication (i.e., Covid 19). Depending on the category of the Infectious Disease (see below), the duration can last a few days, all the way up to years.

Infectious disease emergencies are incidents caused by organisms, with the potential for significant illness or death in the population. The impact of infectious disease emergencies can also affect the local economy through loss of production and costs of treating or preventing spread of the disease. The ability to recover from an infectious disease emergency will depend on:
▪ The type of biological agent (organism)
▪ The availability of prophylaxis (i.e., vaccine) for responders and the public ▪ The scale of the current and ongoing exposure
▪ The mode of transmission and whether transmission can be interrupted ▪ Whether the event is affecting critical infrastructure such as transportation, law enforcement, health care, and the medical and food supply chains.

There are three (3) common levels (or categories) of infectious disease emergencies: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics.
▪ Outbreak- when there are more cases than would be normally expected, often suddenly, of an infectious disease in a community or facility.
▪ Epidemic- when there are more cases than would be normally expected of an infectious disease, often suddenly, in a population of a large geographic area. ▪ Pandemic- refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.

Outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics can occur when a new virus emerges to which the population has little immunity. Public Health measures are used to control outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics of infectious diseases, and are especially important for diseases with high morbidity or mortality and limited medical prophylaxis and/or rapid treatment. Public Health measures to control disease include:
▪ Isolation and quarantine of persons or products, and legal closure of food establishments ▪ Control of contaminated food through recall of product ▪ Control of contaminated water through “Do Not Use”, “Do Not Drink” or “Boil Water” orders ▪ Vector control spraying to target animals, bugs, and/or inspects

5.4.12.4 History
Similar to the what has been happening throughout the world, country, and in the State, Lassen County has been and continues to battle with COVID (DR-4482). While conditions, number of cases, and recommendations have changed, COVID cases still exist within the County. Lassen County has also experienced small outbreaks of some infectious disease cases (foodborne, norovirus, H1N1). There have been no recent significant events.

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5.4.12.5 Probability of Occurrence
There is an annual risk of experiencing an infectious disease outbreak in the County. While there is a continued threat from a novel influenza virus the potential threat of outbreaks and epidemics have been increased due to expanding global trade and accessible national and international travel. Infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics occur on an ongoing basis.

Aside from the County still dealing with the effects from COVID-19, annual outbreaks of the seasonal flu usually occur during the late fall through early spring. Most people have natural immunity, and a seasonal flu vaccine is generally available. According to the CDC, in a typical year, approximately 5 to 20 percent of the population gets the seasonal flu and flu-related deaths range from 3,300 to 48,600 (average 23,600).

Bird flu (H5N1) is an influenza A virus subtype that is highly contagious among birds; although rare, some human infections with the Bird flu virus have occurred. Most confirmed cases have occurred in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe and the Near East. According to the CDC, there are currently no confirmed human cases of Bird Flu infections, but it remains a serious concern with the potential to cause a deadly pandemic.

Swine flu (H1N1) was first detected in the United States in April 2009. This virus was a unique combination of influenza virus genes never previously identified in either animals or people. The Swine flu virus caused more illness in young people and pregnant women than is usual for prior flu seasons and was declared a Worldwide Pandemic by the World Health Organization.

According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Medium probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Medium hazard/threat event was determined to equate to between 30% and 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.12.6 Climate Consideration
While many vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and murine typhus, are rarely seen in the United States, the United States are susceptible to these vector-borne diseases. Many vector-borne diseases are climate sensitive and ecological shifts associated with climate change are expected to impact the distribution and incidences of these diseases.

Changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect vector born disease transmission through pathogen-host interaction, and indirectly through ecosystem changes and species composition.

As temperatures increase vectors can spread into new areas that were previously too cold. For example, two (2) mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now found at the U.S.-Mexico border.

5.4.13. Landslide/Other Earth Movement

5.4.13.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- LOW
▪ Impact- LOW

Hazard/Threat Assessment
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5.4.13.2 Description
Landslides can be defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down an incline.

According to the USGS, the term “landslide” encompasses five (5) modes of slope movement:
falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.
▪ Falls are masses of soil or rock that dislodge from steep slopes and free-fall, bounce, or roll downslope.
▪ Topples move by the forward pivoting of a mass around an axis below the displaced mass. ▪ Spreads (lateral) commonly induced by liquefaction of material in an earthquake, move by horizontal extension and shear or tensile fractures.
▪ Slides displace masses of material along one or more discrete planes. o In “rotational” sliding, the slide plane is curved, and the mass rotates backwards around an axis parallel to the slope.
o In “translational” sliding, the failure surface is more or less planar, and the mass moves parallel to the ground surface.
▪ Flows mobilize as a deforming, viscous mass without a discrete failure plane.

Landslides can be caused by natural processes or by man-made activities. Landslides occur when down-slope forces (gravity) exceed the resistance (strength) of the earth’s materials.

Landslides can be initiated by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes in ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors. Two (2) of the more common types of landslides include:
▪ Mudflows- defined as flows or rivers of liquid mud down a hillside on the surface of normally dry land. They occur when water saturates the ground, usually following long and heavy rainfalls, or rapid snow melt. Mud forms and flows down slope if there is no ground cover such as brush or trees to hold the soil in place. ▪ Debris Flow- defined when water begins to wash material from a slope or when water sheets off of a newly burned stretch of land. Chaparral land is especially susceptible to debris flows after a fire. The flow will pick up speed and debris as it descends the slope.

As the system gradually picks up speed it takes on the characteristics of a basic river system, carrying everything in its path along with it.

Fast-moving (or rapidly moving) landslides present the greatest risk to human life, and people living in or traveling through areas prone to rapidly moving landslides are at increased risk of serious injury. Debris- flows can travel down a hillside with speeds up to 200 miles per hour (though more commonly, 30-50 miles per hour), depending on the slope angle and type of earth and debris in the flow.

Slow-moving landslides can occur on relatively gentle slopes and can cause significant property damage but are less likely to result in serious human injuries. Slow-moving slides include rotational slides, where sliding material moves along a curved surface, and translational slides, where movement occurs along a flat surface. These slides are generally slow-moving and can be deep. Slumps are small rotational slides that are generally shallow.

The size of a landslide usually depends on the geology and the initial cause of the landslide.

Landslides vary greatly in their volume of rock and soil; the length, width, and depth of the area affected; frequency of occurrence; and speed of movement. Some characteristics that determine

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the type of landslide are slope of the hillside, moisture content, and the nature of the underlying materials. Landslides are given different names, depending on the type of failure and their composition and characteristics.

Many landslides are difficult to mitigate, particularly in areas of large historic movement with weak underlying geologic materials. As communities continue to modify the terrain and influence natural processes, it is important to be aware of the physical properties of the underlying soils as they, along with climate, create landslide hazards. Proper planning cannot completely eliminate the threat of landslides to the safety of people, property, and infrastructure; however, without proper planning, landslide hazards will be even more common and more destructive.

5.4.13.3 Location and Extent
The California Geological Survey is leading the effort and is in the process of recording and mapping landslides in the state. These include inventory of historical landslides, landslide hazard maps (susceptibility and potential), landslide risk maps (landslide potential with expected loss of life and property), and landslide-zone maps (areas with higher probability). The location and extent of landslides are extremely difficult to predict and are usually based on historical events and/or soil type and topography. Currently, the California Geological Survey has NOT prepared any landslide maps in Lassen County. However, landslides have the potential to occur in areas with steep slopes and weak soils. This is particularly true in and around the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges. While the County does contain areas with some of these characteristics, it does not experience the frequency and magnitude of landslides that occur in other regions of the State.

5.4.13.4 History
Historically, the majority of landslides in the County have been a secondary hazard to other hazards (i.e., earthquakes, volcanos); there have been no known documented landslides consistent with the above description. To date, there have been no known federal declarations for this type of event in the County. To date, there have been no known state or federal declarations for this type of event in the County.

5.4.13.5 Probability of Occurrence
Landslide events can occur any time of the year. Because of modern weather technologies some landslide events can have advanced notices or some indication of the possibility of landslides in the area. However, there are landslide events which provide limited to no warning. A landslide event can last a few hours, and, in some instances, they can last for years in some capacity. As previously stated, it is difficult to estimate the probability of occurrence for landslides. As such, there is no current probability of occurrence information for Lassen County. However, according to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Low probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Low hazard/threat event was determined to equate to (less than 30% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

Hazard/Threat Assessment
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5.4.13.6 Climate Consideration
Climate change can increase the probability, frequency, and/or intensity of landslides. Changes in precipitation, specifically the increased frequency of intense precipitation, can result in significant water run-off, which may cause landslides. These landslides may happen more frequently due to the increased number of expected heavy rainfall events due to climate change.

Additionally, an increase in wildfire hazards will result in loss of hillside vegetation. The loss of hillside vegetation will increase the likelihood of debris and mudflows. This could result in landslides occurring in areas not previously identified.

5.4.14.Natural Gas Pipeline/Storage Accident

5.4.14.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- MEDIUM
▪ Impact- MEDIUM

5.4.14.2 Description
The United States is heavily dependent on transmission pipelines to distribute energy and fuel sources. Virtually all natural gas, which accounts for about 28 percent (28%) of energy consumed annually, is transported by transmission pipelines. Energy demand in the United States continues to increase. Although California is a leader in exploring and implementing alternative energy sources such as wind and solar, the expansion of traditional energy sources, such as natural gas, continues.

Most of the natural gas used in California comes from out‐of‐state natural gas basins. It is delivered to California via the interstate natural gas pipeline system. natural gas, is delivered into the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and Southern California Gas (SoCal Gas) intrastate natural gas transmission pipeline systems (commonly referred to as California's "backbone" natural gas pipeline system). Natural gas on the utilities' backbone pipeline systems is then delivered into the local transmission and distribution pipeline systems, or to natural gas storage fields. PG&E and SoCal Gas own and operate several natural gas storage fields that are located in Northern and Southern California. Generally speaking, natural gas transmission lines are large-diameter steel pipes carrying natural gas at high pressure and compressed to provide higher carrying capacity. Transmission lines are both interstate and intrastate, with the latter connecting to smaller distribution lines delivering gas directly to homes and businesses.

Compounding the potential risk is the age and gradual deterioration of the gas transmission system due to natural causes. Significant failure, including pipe breaks and explosions, can result in loss of life, injury, property damage, and environmental impacts.

In 2012, California customers received 42 percent of their natural gas supply from basins in the Southwest, 22 percent from Canada, 23 percent from the Rocky Mountains, and 12 percent from California.

5.4.14.3 Location and Extent
The natural gas supply is provided through a major transmission line that runs in the eastern portion of Lassen County (Figure 5-20). Within the county, there are several lines (spurs) off of the single transmission line that supplies the City of Susanville and select facilities. The natural

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-60
gas distribution lines are all located within the City of Susanville. Additionally, the Lower Rancheria has a gas pipeline. Currently, there is no storage of natural gas. Areas not covered by the natural gas distribution lines utilize propane. There are no large propane storage facilities, but some facilities and properties do have individual storage tanks. Herlong has two (2) 500-gallon propane storage tanks and the Upper Rancheria has a 220-gallon propane tank at each house and/or rental property.

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Figure 5-18. High Pressure Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines- Lassen County Source: Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration

5.4.14.4 History
No significant state or federal declared events to report to date.

5.4.14.5 Probability of Occurrence
The potential risk of occurrence of this hazard is related to the age and gradual deterioration of the gas transmission/distribution system due to natural causes. Causes of and contributors to pipeline failures include construction errors, material defects, internal and external corrosion, operational errors, control system malfunctions, outside force damage, subsidence, and seismicity. Significant failure, including pipe breaks and explosions, can result in loss of life, injury, property damage, wildfires, and environmental impacts. According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Medium probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Medium hazard/threat event was determined to equate to between 30% and 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

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5.4.14.6 Climate Consideration
Climate change could have a direct effect on natural gas pipelines as flooding, erosion, and runoff could cause damage to the pipeline. Additionally, climate change could increase the demand for natural gas. This increase in demand may require the development of new pipelines, which could increase potential complications.

5.4.15.Other Lifeline Infrastructure Accident

5.4.15.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- MEDIUM
▪ Impact- HIGH

5.4.15.2 Description
Lifeline Infrastructure is considered any system, facility, and/or equipment needed for continuous operation of critical government and business functions and is essential to human health and safety or economic security. For the purposes of the LHMP, Natural Gas and Information Technology are not part of this hazard/threat profiles as they are covered under separate hazard/threat profiles. Examples of this include telecommunications, water/wastewater, petroleum and propane pipelines/storage, sewer, and solid waste.

5.4.15.3 Location and Extent
Other Lifelines Infrastructure systems, facilities, and/or equipment are located throughout the county. While the majority of the infrastructure is located in more urbanized areas, there are miles of pipes/lines, facilities, and equipment in, around, and cutting through rural areas of the county.

5.4.15.4 History
While there have been several temporary, localized Lifeline Infrastructure outages, there have not been any significant historical accidents or state or federal declarations to report to date.

5.4.15.5 Probability of Occurrence
The potential risk of an accident is related to the age and gradual deterioration of the infrastructure (i.e., pipeline/storage, equipment, facilities). Additional causes of and contributors to accidents include construction errors, material defects, internal and external corrosion, operational errors, control system malfunctions, outside force damage, subsidence, and seismicity. According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Medium probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Medium hazard/threat event was determined to equate to between 30% and 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.15.6 Climate Considerations
Climate change could have a direct effect on other Lifeline Infrastructure accidents such as flooding, erosion, and run-off could cause damage to the systems, equipment, and/or facilities.

Additionally, climate change could increase the demand for services (heating and cooling) which may decrease the life expectancy of systems, equipment, and facilities and require the expansion of systems, equipment, and facilities to meet the demand. Thus, introducing more break points.

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-63

5.4.16. Severe Weather and Storms

5.4.16.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- MEDIUM
▪ Impact- HIGH

5.4.16.2 Description
For the purposes of the LHMP, severe weather and storms are defined as storms containing one or more of the following characteristics: 1) Lightning/Thunder, 2) Hail, 3) High wind, 4) Snow, and 5) Fog. Other severe weather characteristics, such as drought, flooding, extreme heat, and freeze are covered under separate sections. Below is a brief description of the characteristics of severe storms:

Lightning/Thunder
Lightning is a powerful natural electrostatic discharge produced during some storms. This abrupt electric discharge is accompanied by the emission of visible light. The electric current passing through the discharge channels rapidly heats and expands the air, producing acoustic shock waves (thunder) in the atmosphere.

All lightning originates around 15,000 to 25,000 feet above sea level when raindrops are carried upward until some drops convert to ice. A cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash moves downward in 50-yard sections called step ladders. Eventually, the charge encounters something on the ground that conducts electricity. At this point the circuit is complete, and the charge is lowered from the cloud to the ground. The return stroke is a flow of charge, which produces visible light.

Lightning causes thunder. The bright light of the lightning flash caused by the return stroke represents a great deal of energy. This energy heats the air in the channel to above 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit in only a few millionths of a second. The air that is now heated to such a high temperature has no time to expand, resulting in very high pressure. The high-pressure air then expands outward into the surrounding air, compressing it and causing a disturbance that propagates in all directions away from the stroke. The disturbance is a shock wave for the first 10 yards, after which it becomes an ordinary sound wave, or thunder.

Nearly 2,000 people per year in the world are injured by lightning strikes, and between 25% to 33% of those struck die. Lightning injuries result from three (3) factors: 1) electrical damage; 2) intense heat; and, 3) the mechanical energy which these generate. The following list provides the lightning hazards to the general population:
▪ Direct strike.
▪ “Splash” from nearby objects struck.
▪ Ground strike near victim causing a difference of potential in the ground itself, amounting to several thousand volts-per-foot, depending upon the composition of the earth that makes up the ground at that location.
▪ Electromagnetic pulse from close strikes - especially during positive lightning discharges

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Hail
Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds, particularly those with intense updrafts, high liquid water content, great vertical extent, large water droplets, and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing (< 32 °Fahrenheit, 0 Celsius). The growth rate is maximized at about -13 Celsius, and becomes vanishingly small much below -30 Celsius as super-cooled water droplets become rare. For this reason, hail is most common in mid-latitudes during early summer where surface temperatures are warm enough to promote the instability associated with strong thunderstorms, but the upper atmosphere is still cool enough to support ice.

Accordingly, hail is actually less common in the tropics despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends to be warmer over a much greater depth. Also, entrainment of dry air into strong thunderstorms can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds giving hail a larger volume to grow in.

Hail is both destructive to vegetation and manmade structures. Hail is classified as severe by the National Weather Service if it is equal to or greater than 3/4" in diameter. Strong winds make these darting spheres of ice even more damaging. It is difficult to pin point where exactly a large hail shaft will strike just as it is difficult to predict where tornadoes will exactly occur.

However, the general region where hail can be expected is very predictable. Hail occurs in association with thunderstorms, particularly supercell thunderstorms.

High Wind
Events with damaging winds are often called “straight-line” winds to differentiate the damage they cause from swirling wind (i.e. tornado) damage. Strong winds can come from a number of different processes. Most winds that cause damage at the ground are a result of outflow generated by a thunderstorm downdraft. Damaging winds are classified as those exceeding 50-60 mph. The types of damaging winds include:
▪ Straight-line
▪ Downdraft
▪ Downburst
▪ Microburst
▪ Gust Front
▪ Derecho
▪ Haboob
Damage from winds accounts for half of all severe reports in the lower 48 states and is more common than damage from tornadoes. Wind speeds can reach up to 100 mph and can produce a damage path extending for hundreds of miles.

Snow
Snow events generate a large amount of snowfall over a short or long period of time.

Additionally, many snow events are accompanied by strong winds which can create blizzardlike conditions. While some communities are equipped for regular snow events, a large amount of snowfall can create direct and indirect impacts to a community. These events can

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create significant health issues, as well as create issues with transportation, lifelines, communications, and the built environment (i.e., homes and commercial buildings).

Fog
Fog occurs when moisture from the surface evaporates; and as this evaporated moisture moves upward, it cools and condenses into fog. All types of fog form when the relative humidity reaches 100% and the air temperature drops below the dew point, pushing it lower by forcing the water vapor to condense. Fog can form suddenly, and can dissipate just as rapidly, depending on what side of the dewpoint the temperature is on. Fog produces significantly reduced visibility which increases driving hazard and can result in multi-vehicle accidents when drivers do not adjust their driving speed for the conditions. Multi-vehicle accidents can close major roadways for hours and pull emergency services away from other areas of the county.

5.4.16.3 Location and Extent
Severe storms can occur throughout the entire County. High wind can occur throughout the county; however, they are most common and dangerous along the Highway 395 corridor which heads south from Susanville to Reno, Nevada. Severe wind along this corridor can cause the highway to be closed to trucking and result in power outages. Fog occurs predominantly in the mountain valley areas and can produce ice fog during sub-freezing temperatures in winter months. Fog patterns shift rapidly as wind and temperatures vary. Predicting exact locations and density of fog is not feasible. Snow can fall anywhere in the county with snow levels increasing as the elevation rises, leading to occasional closures of the mountain passes to the west of Susanville on Highway 36 and Highway 44, and the seasonal closure of paved and unpaved county-maintained roads. Lassen County receives, on average, about 33 inches of snow per year.

The national average is around 26 inches. According to the Severe Weather Data Inventory, a joint project between US Department of Commerce’s National Environmental Modeling and Analysis Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center, and the Renaissance Computing Institute, the Lassen County has had over 170 lightning strikes from 2013-2017, with 76 recorded in a single day event in July 2015. The recorded data indicates: 31 strikes in 2017; 11 in 2016; 98 in 2015; 17 in 2014; and 16 in 2013. Because of its climate, hail can occur in any part of the County (county-wide), prominently occurring in the winter months. Additionally, hail events are usually tied (or associated) with other server weather events.

Areas more prone to hail in the County include in and around the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges.

5.4.16.4 History
The following table (Error! Reference source not found.19) depicts the history of severe storm e vents in the county.

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Table 5-19. Historic Severe Storms in Lassen County
Date Injuries Fatalities Property
Damage Crop Damage Severe Storm Type
02/07/1962 0.26 0.35 $86,206 0 Lightning/Thunder-Wind
10/10/1962 1.79 0.36 $35,714 $35,714 Lightning/Thunder-Wind 01/30/1963 0.57 0.14 $35,714 0 Lightning/Thunder-Wind
12/24/1964 DR-183; Heavy Rains and
Flooding
01/18/1969 0.17 0.78 $862,068 $8,620 Lightning/Thunder
02/16/1970 DR- Severe Storm, Flooding
01/16/1973 0 0 $86,206 0 Lightning/Thunder
12/23/1979 0 0 $14,285 0 Lightning/Thunder-Wind
12/22/1982 0.21 0.06 $1,041,666 $104 Wind
02/21/1986 DR-758; California Severe Storms,
Flooding
09/01/1987 7.29 0.57 $3,571,428 0 Lightning
12/20/1990 0 0.05 $86,206 $8,620,689 Winter Weather (snow, wind) 01/13/1993 0.29 0 $357,142 0 Winter Weather (snow, wind) 01/19/1993 0.31 0.00 $31,250 $31,250 Wind
02/03/1993 DR-979; Severe Storm, Winter
Storm
01/10/1995 DR-1044; Severe Winter Storms
03/12/1995 DR-1046; Severe Winter Storms
01/22/1997 0 0 $66,666 0
DR-1155- Winter Weather (snow,
wind)
01/21/2002 0 0 $50,000 0 Wind
11/07/2002 0 0 $50,000 0 Wind
12/14/2002 0 0 $50,000 0 Wind
02/23/2006 DR-1628; Severe Winter Storms
and Flooding
12/26/2006 0 0 $16,250 0 Wind
02/06/2015 0 0 $100,000 0 Wind
02/14/2017 DR- 4301; Severe Winter Storms
05/18/2017 DR-4308; Severe Winter Storms
Aug-Sep 2022 Fires & Extreme Weather
Conditions Disaster Code 115
12/27/2022 Severe Winter Storms, Disaster
Code140
It should be noted that Hail and Fog are very frequent in the county, but they are usually in conjunction with severe weather events (i.e., thunderstorms, snow storms). On the occasions when Hail and Fog are not associated with severe weather events, they seldom raise to the level of local, state, or federal emergency declarations. As such, the history of such events is not tracked. To date, there have been no known state or federal declarations for this type of event in the County.

5.4.16.5 Probability of Occurrence
In any given year, Lassen County can be subject to severe storms. While generally they occur during the winter months; lightning and thunder also can occur during the spring and summer

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months. According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Medium probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Medium hazard/threat event was determined to equate to between 30% and 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.16.6 Climate Considerations
Climate change will play a significant role with severe storm events. The changing conditions are expected to cause a significant amplification to many existing hazards and conditions. Because of this, climate change might impact the frequency and intensity of severe storms.

5.4.17. Technology Disruption

5.4.17.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- MEDIUM
▪ Impact- HIGH

5.4.17.2 Description
For the purposes of the LHMP, a Technology Disruption hazard/threat includes both deliberate (i.e., cyber-attacks) or accidental (i.e., equipment failure or human error) actions that can cause the loss of use of technology and/or data. A cyber-attack is a circumstance or event that has or indicates the potential to exploit technology vulnerabilities and to adversely impact organizational operations, organizational assets (including information and information systems), individuals, other organizations, or society. Critical infrastructure, such as utilities and telecommunications, are also potential targets. Cyber-attacks are most easily described as either external threats (where attacks originate outside of established networks) or internal/insider threats (where attacks originate from users who have existing access to an internal network). Examples of cyber-attacks include malware and hacking, phishing, denial of service attacks, ransomware, and statesponsored hacking. Any one of these threats, if initiated, and successful, can produce a cyberattack that has major implications throughout the organization. Recent report produced by Verizon (2020) analyzes 32,002 security incidents and 3,950 confirmed breaches from 81 global contributors from 81 countries and indicate the following trends:
▪ 86% of data breaches are for financial gain - up from 71% in 2019 ▪ Cloud-based data under attack – web application attacks double to 43% ▪ 67% of breaches caused by credential theft, errors and social attacks ▪ Clearly identified cyber-breach pathways enable a “Defender Advantage” in the fight against cyber-crime
▪ On-going patching successful - fewer than 1 in 20 breaches exploit vulnerabilities ▪ 37% of credential theft breaches used stolen or weak credentials ▪ 25% involved phishing
▪ Human error accounted for 22%

5.4.17.3 Location and Extent
A Technology Disruption can happen anywhere within the County. but are generally targeted at administrative platforms (i.e., website, operating systems, personnel/sensitive data records), facilities (i.e., utilities, hospitals, healthcare), and communications systems. Most Technology

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Disruption events are defined by types (cause) of disruption and duration. Technology Disruptions events can last a few hours, days, and in some instances a few weeks/months and depending on the cause of the distribution, there may or may not be advanced warning and. There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Technology Disruption.

5.4.17.4 History
While there have been several smaller Technology Disruption events, none have reached a level of significance. To date, there have also been no known state or federal declarations for this type of event in the County.

5.4.17.5 Probability of Occurrence
The probability of Technology Disruption is on the rise globally, nationally, and locally. With the increased reliance on the internet and cloud-based computing, there are more opportunities for cyber-attacks and/or the loss of connectivity. However, cyber-attacks generally target larger corporations or state/national governments. Several local government agencies are increasingly being targeted by cyber criminals on the basis that they have fewer resources to defend themselves. Businesses with personal or sensitive data are also being targeted (i.e., hospitals, healthcare providers, utilities/lifelines) where they can gain access and exploit opportunities.

Unlike natural hazards, where there is historical data, and some predictive modeling, cyberattacks are more challenging to anticipate. According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Medium probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Medium hazard/threat event was determined to equate to between 30% and 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.17.6 Climate Consideration
While there is little evidence to link climate change to increase in occurrences of Technology Disruptions, the target could be related to persons/groups with issues with individuals or companies they perceive to have effect on the climate (i.e., greenhouse gas producers) within the community.

5.4.18. Terrorism

5.4.18.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- LOW
▪ Impact- MEDIUM

5.4.18.2 Description
The term terrorism refers to intentional, criminal malicious acts. There is no single, universally accepted definition of terrorism, and it can be interpreted in many ways. Terrorism is defined in the Code of Federal Regulations as “...the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” (28 CFR, Section 0.85). For the purposes of this plan, terrorism refers to the use of weapons of mass destruction, including biological, chemical, nuclear, and radiological weapons; arson, incendiary, explosive, and armed attacks; industrial sabotage and intentional hazardous materials releases; and cyber terrorism. Conventional Attacks/Active

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Shooter incidents are initiated by humans. They can be a well-planned coordinated attack with multiple suspects, or the result of a lone individual on a rampage.

5.4.18.3 Location and Extent
Terrorism can occur throughout the entire County but due to terrorisms’ intended purpose- to cause the greatest amount of destruction - it would most likely happen in more populous areas (high value, visually recognized targets) where more devastation, fear, and chaos will ensue.

Except in rare cases, Terrorism events have no advanced warning and can last hours, days, weeks, months, and in some worst cases, years. There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Terrorism. Most Terrorism events are generally defined by types of events or the intended target.

5.4.18.4 History
There have been no significant terrorism events or known state or federal declarations for this type of event in the County.

5.4.18.5 Probability of Occurrence
Because of the intended purpose of terrorism - to create devastation (and fear) - terrorist incidents would most likely happen in more populous urban areas, rather than within Lassen Couty.

However, all government and local business facilities can be perceived as soft targets. According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Low probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Low hazard/threat event was determined to equate to (less than 30% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.18.6 Climate Consideration
While there is little evidence to link climate change increasing occurrences of terrorism, the motivation behind the incident may be targeting individuals and/or organizations they perceive to have effect on the climate (i.e., greenhouse gas producers) within the community. Climate conditions could also intensify the incident (i.e., Improvised Explosive Device- IED during high wind event) and/or hinder the response and recovery efforts (i.e., evacuation during flooding).

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5.4.19. Volcano

5.4.19.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- LOW
▪ Impact- HIGH

5.4.19.2 Description
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes occur because the earth’s crust is broken into seventeen (17) major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's interior plates. Therefore, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging.

There are several hazards associated with volcanic activity and they include: eruption columns and clouds, volcanic gases, lava flows and domes, pyroclastic flows, volcano landslides, and mudflows.

5.4.19.3 Location and Extent
A national report on volcanic threat published by the USGS in 2005 lists eight (8) young and potentially hazardous volcanic areas in California (Figure 5-21).

Figure 5-19. Potentially Hazardous Volcanoes of California

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The Lassen region of the southernmost Cascade Range is an active volcanic area. Mount (Mt.) Lassen itself is located six (6) miles west of the Lassen County line, and approximately 50 air miles from Susanville. Error! Reference source not found.22 illustrates the USGS modeled v olcanic impacts within the Lassen County area. Although there is little chance that lava flows (solid blue and red lines on the figure) would impact the county, there is a likelihood that ash fallout (dotted blue and red lines on the figure) could have public health impacts, and effect agricultural activities and air traffic. Airborne ash from future events could last for days to weeks following an eruption. Compared to those of a typical Cascade volcano, eruptive vents at Mount (Mt.) Lassen and the surrounding area are widely dispersed, extending in a zone about 50 km wide from the southern boundary of Lassen Volcanic National Park north to the Pitt River.

Figure 5-20. Volcano Hazard Assessment- Lassen Region (USGS) Volcanic threat rankings for U.S. volcanoes are derived from a combination of factors including age of the volcano, potential hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano), exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards), and current level of monitoring (real‐ time sensors in place to detect volcanic unrest).

Establishment of robust volcano monitoring networks and effective warning schemes are essential mitigation measures. The USGS monitors hazardous volcanoes and responds to volcanic crises under Congressional mandate (Public Law 93‐288), which requires the USGS to issue "timely warnings" of potential volcanic hazards to responsible emergency management authorities and to the populace affected.

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The USGS California Volcano Observatory, or CalVO, headquartered in Menlo Park, California obtains and interprets data from real‐time monitoring sensors (seismometers, continuously recording GPS receivers, tiltmeters, and/or strain meters) installed on California’s high‐to‐ moderate threat volcanoes, although network coverage is minimal at some locations (See monitoring capabilities and data at http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/calvo/). The sensor networks automatically and continually relay data to CalVO for scientific interpretation. Information is communicated to emergency response agencies and the public using alert level schemes for ground‐based and airborne hazards (Error! Reference source not found.20 and Error! Reference so urce not found.21).

Table 5-20. Ground‐Based Volcanic Hazard Alert Levels (USGS) Table 5-21. Airborne Volcanic Hazards Alert Levels (USGS) A no‐cost, email‐based Volcano Notification Service (VNS) is available to agencies, businesses, and the public by registering online at http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vns/help.php. VNS sends monthly volcano status updates to subscribers and other posts as warranted, including notification of alert level changes, details of volcanic unrest, and eruption information.

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5.4.19.4 History
Volcanic eruptions occur in the State infrequently. At least ten eruptions have occurred in California in the last 1,000 years. There have been at least fifty-eight (58) eruptions of small volcanoes in the Mt. Lassen region in the past 100,000 years, including two (2) in the past 15,000 years. At the Lassen Volcanic Center, approximately 70 eruptions have occurred in the past 100,000 years, including three (3) in the past 1,100 years: the Chaos Crags eruption 1,100 years ago; the Cinder Cone 345 years ago, and the Lassen Peak eruption which lasted from 1914 to 1917. The most notable event in the Lassen Peak eruption, occurring on May 22, 1915, devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash as far away as 200 miles to the east. To date, there have been no known state or federal declarations for this type of event in the County.

5.4.19.5 Probability of Occurrence
The USGS has designated the Lassen Volcanic Area as a very high threat volcano. According to a report published by the USGS in 2012, the record of past eruptions and the present state of the underlying magmatic and hydrothermal systems make it clear that future eruptions within the Lassen Volcanic Area are very likely. Volcanic activity over the past 100,000 years suggests that within any given year there exists about a 1 in 1,000 chance of an eruption occurring at the Lassen Volcanic Center. Although the annual probability of an eruption is small in any given year, the potential consequences of future eruptions could be regionally significant.

Unlike most other natural disasters, volcanic eruptions are usually preceded by weeks to months of precursory unrest which manifests as ground deformation, earthquake swarms, and gas emissions. By monitoring these indicators, scientists can make accurate eruption forecasts.

According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a Low probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A Low hazard/threat event was determined to equate to (less than 30% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.19.6 Climate Considerations
To date, no credible evidence has been provided that links climate to volcanic events; however, climate impacts are a significant consideration in the response and recovery efforts. Effects from climate change could create cascading complications and impacts. For example, if the volcanic eruption results coincide with a period of higher-than-normal rainfall, ash flows could liquefy into mud flows which would potentially impact water quality, vegetation, wildlife, and recreational activities in the surrounding areas.

5.4.20. Wildfire

5.4.20.1 Prioritization
▪ Probability- HIGH
▪ Impact- HIGH

5.4.20.2 Description
There are three (3) different classes of wildfires: 1) surface; 2) ground; and, 3) crown. A “Surface fire” is the most common type and burns along the floor of a forest, moving slowly and killing or damaging trees. A “Ground fire”; usually started by lightning, are fed by subterranean roots, and

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smolders on or below the forest floor. A “Crown fire” spreads rapidly by wind and moves quickly by jumping along the tops of trees. Wildfires can also be classified as either a wildland fire or a wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire. Wildland fires involve situations where a fire occurs in an area that is relatively undeveloped except for the possible existence of basic infrastructure such as roads and power lines. A WUI fire includes situations in which a wildland fire enters an area that is developed with structures and other human developments. In WUI fires, the fire is fueled by both naturally occurring vegetation and the urban structural elements themselves. According to the National Fire Plan issued by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Interior, the wildlandurban interface is defined as “…the line, area, or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels.” The WUI can be subdivided into three (3) categories (NWUIFPP, 1998): 1) classic wildland-urban interface; 2) the mixed wildland-urban interface; and, 3) the occluded wildland-urban interface.

The classic wildland-urban interface exists where well-defined urban and suburban development presses up against open expanses of wildland areas. The mixed wildland-urban interface is characterized by isolated homes, subdivisions, and small communities situated predominantly in wildland settings. The occluded wildland- urban interface exists where islands of wildland vegetation occur inside a largely urbanized area.

Certain conditions must be present for a wildfire hazard to occur; a large source of fuel must be present, the weather must be conducive (generally hot, dry, and windy), and fire suppression sources must not be able to easily suppress and control the fire. The cause of a majority of wildfires is human-induced or lightning; however, once burning, wildfire behavior is based on three (3) primary factors: 1) fuel, 2) topography, and 3) weather. Fuel will affect the potential size and behavior of a wildfire depending on the amount present, its burning qualities (e.g., level of moisture), and its horizontal and vertical continuity. Topography affects the movement of air, and thus the fire, over the ground surface. The terrain can also change the speed at which the fire travels, and the ability of firefighters to reach and extinguish the fire. Weather as manifested in temperature, humidity and wind (both short and long term) affect the probability, severity, and duration of wildfires. Other factors that create concern are drought conditions and development (the built environment). Drought conditions bring on contributing concerns in that it can lead to relatively drier conditions and leave reservoirs and water tables lower, thus, creating hotter fires and less water to fight the fires. The expansion of the built environment into previously unoccupied areas introduces more people to the hazard and in some cases makes response actions more challenging.

Another contributing factor is fire suppression sources not being able to easily suppress and control the fire. The cause of a majority of wildfires is human-induced or lightning; however, earthquakes or floods have the potential to rupture buried gas lines, and high winds or accidents could cause overhead electric lines to break, creating ignition sources for wildfires.

The aftermath of a wildfire can be just as disastrous as the wildfires themselves. A particularly destructive fire burns away plants and trees that prevent erosion. If heavy rains occur after such a fire, landslides, ash flows, and flash floods can occur. This can result in property damage outside the immediate fire area, and can affect the water quality of streams, rivers and lakes. Additionally,

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heat and heavy smoke from wildfires can create public health issues and impact certain operations (i.e., aviation).

5.4.20.3 Location and Extent
The climate, topography, and vegetation in Lassen County is conducive to wildfires. Limited rainfall, low humidity, and seasonal high temperatures continue to contribute to the desiccation of the vegetation, providing prime fuel for intense burns. Although some areas are shielded from the direct impact of the powerful, dry winds, their occurrence generally aggravates the fire hazard. In addition, the presence of human activities in or near a wildland area dramatically increases the risk of a major fire due to careless smokers, illegal campfires, and other related risks.

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fire Resource Assessment Program (CDFFRAP) was mandated to map areas of significant fire hazards based on fuels (vegetation), terrain, weather, and other relevant factors. These zones, referred to as Fire Hazard Severity Zones, define the application of various mitigation strategies to reduce risk associated with wildland fires.

CDF-FRAP developed data that displays the relative risk to areas of significant population density from wildfire. This data is created by intersecting residential housing unit density with proximate fire threat, to give a relative measure of potential loss of structures and threats to public safety from wildfire. The CAL FIRE has assessed both State Responsibility Areas (SRA) and Local Responsibility Areas (LRA). For the SRA CAL FIRE uses three (3) different zones to classify fire hazard severity in the State of California, while for the LRA, CAL FIRE uses eight (8) different zones to classify the fire severity zones. The CDF-FRAP Fire Hazard Severity Zones consist of:
▪ SRA- Moderate (Yellow):
▪ SRA- High- (Orange):
▪ SRA- Very High (Red)-:
▪ LRA- Very High (Red):
▪ LRA- High (Orange):
▪ LRA- Moderate (Yellow):
▪ LRA- Unzoned (Grey):
▪ LRA- Other Very High (Light Red):
▪ LRA- Other High (Light Orange):
▪ LRA- Other Moderate (Light Yellow):
▪ LRA- Other Unzoned (Light Grey):

CAL FIRE was contacted to obtain some clarification on the above categories, but CAL FIRE indicated that the categories are based on many factors (i.e., terrain, fuel, weather) and are adjusted regularly based on new information (i.e., probability of an area burning, fire behavior).

Because of the dynamic factors, CAL FIRE does not publish definitive definitions of the categories for public dissemination. However, the CAL FIRE website does provide this explanation:
“Classification of a wildland zone as Moderate, High or Very High fire hazard is based on the average hazard across the area included in the zone, which have a minimum size of 200 acres.

In wildlands, hazard is a function of modeled flame length under the worst conditions and annual burn probability. Both these factors generally increase with increasing hazard level, but there may be instances where one value is Very High and the other is low, pushing the overall hazard into a more intermediate ranking. On average, both modeled flame length and burn probability

Hazard/Threat Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-76
increase by roughly 40-60% between hazard classes. Classification outside of wildland areas is based on the fire hazard of the adjacent wildland and the probability of flames and embers threatening buildings.”
While Wildfire events can occur without warning, there are instances where the spread of the Wildfire can provide or some weather indicator (i.e., Red Flag Warning) can provide some warning. Wildfires events can occur any time of the year but are typically worse during hotter dryer months. Durations of wildfires can last a few hours, up to a few weeks.

The most current mapping efforts by CDF-FRAP were conducted in 2024. Error! Reference s ource not found.23 shows the Fire Hazard Severity Zones under State and Federal responsibilities in Lassen County and Error! Reference source not found.24 shows the Fire H azard Severity Zones under local responsibilities in Lassen County.

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-77
Figure 5-21. Fire Hazard Severity Zones- State Responsibility Areas Source: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-78
Figure 5-22. Fire Hazard Severity Zones- Local Responsibility Areas Source: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-79
Additionally, the Upper Rancheria is considered to be in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) zone due to the vegetation surrounding the structures

5.4.20.4 History
Lassen County is subject to periodic wildland fires. Error! Reference source not found.22 depicts t he major wildfire history in Lassen County; while Error! Reference source not found.25 depicts the location of the recent wildfire perimeters for the major wildfires listed in Error! Reference s ource not found.22. Showing recent wildfire perimeters provides important information as they show areas that might not be as high of a risk in the near future since vegetation (fuel) may be reduced due to the recent wildfire. It should be noted that the Rush wildfire is the largest wildfire by acreage in the state of California.

Table 5-22. Major Wildfires in Lassen County
Fire Name Date Approximate Damage
Straylor Fire Jul 22–30, 2004 Took place in the CDF Lassen-Modoc Unit, burning 3,422 acres.

Lassen/Modoc
Lightning Fires Jun 25, 2006 Burned approximately 3,500 acres.

Creek Fire Jul 18–23, 2006 The Creek Fire took place in the CDF LassenModoc Unit, burning 1,611 acres.

Popcorn Fire Jun 24, 2008
The Popcorn Fire joined with the Peterson
Fire to become the Peterson Complex and
burned 3,100 acres near Little Valley in the
Lassen National Forest in Shasta County and
Lassen County.

Corral Fire Jun 23, 2008 Burned 12,434 acres in the Upper Gooch Valley in Lassen County.

Dodge Complex Fire Aug 1, 2009 Burned 1,600 acres, 10 miles southeast of Madeline in Lassen County.

Hat Creek Complex Aug 1, 2009
Burned 11,269 acres throughout multiple
locations in the Lassen and Shasta Counties.

The Hat Creek Complex consists of several
fires. The three major fires are Sugarloaf,
Brown and Butte.

Day Fire Aug 27, 2009 Burned 853 acres near Day Road/Hwy 299E in Lassen County.

Rush Fire Aug 12, 2012 315,577 acres, (271,911 acres in CA) 15 miles southeast of Ravendale
Dodge Fire Aug 3, 2015 Burned 10,570 acres 17 miles northeast of Ravendale
Willard Fire Sep 11,2016 Burned 2,575 acres in the Susan River Canyon 6 miles west of Susanville
Extreme Wind and Fire
weather Conditions Oct 2019 Disaster Code 114
Beckworth Complex Jun 1, 2024 Plumas National Forest, 105,003 acres Dixie Fly & Tamarack Fires Summer 2021
Additionally, LMUD received power from HLP
for 66 days due to the fire damage sustained
to the Caribou Line. Disaster Code 120
Laura II Fire Oct 16, 2020 Bureau of Land Management, 2,729 acres Sheep Fire Jul 16, 2020 Plumas National Forest, 29,541 acres Hog Fire Jun 17, 2020 CAL FIRE Lassen Modoc Unit, 9,566 acres

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-80
Gold Fire Jun 19, 2020 CAL FIRE Lassen Modoc Unit, 22,652 acres California Wildfires Nov 12, 2020 DR- 4558-
California Wildfires Sep 24, 2021 D-4610-
Lava & Beckworth Complex
Fires Jun-Jul 2021 Disaster Code 119
Source: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Figure 5-23. Lassen County Recent Major Wildfire Perimeters Source: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-81
In recent years, higher prevalence and intensity of drought has led to loss in forest vegetation and habitat as well as an increased occurrence of drought tolerant invasive species and insect blight/diseases, drier summers conducive to longer fire seasons where fires have an increased frequency, extent, and magnitude. In 2021, the SIR Cradle Valley property burned in the Dixie Fire in 2021 with the majority of the property burned at moderate and high severity. Sixty-four (64) acres sustained stand-replacing fire and requiring reforestation. There was a cabin and remnants of two older structures near the cabin site that burned down during the fire. The Upper Rancheria also is comprised of forest land and has a high risk of wildfire damage. Fuel break lines are currently maintained on the Upper Rancheria through BIA funding to mitigate this direct threat.

5.4.20.5 Probability of Occurrence
The majority of work done to estimate the probability of wildfire occurrence has been focused on identifying the potential areas where wildfire could occur. According to the CAL FIRE, the FRAP Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps are based on data and models of potential fuels over a 30- to 50-year time horizon and their associated expected fire behavior and expected burn probabilities to quantify the likelihood and nature of vegetation for exposure to buildings. This indicates a very high likelihood of wildfire occurrence in the area.

As previously mentioned, vegetation, weather, and topography are the significant elements in identifying areas of potential threat of wildfire occurrences. The north part of the County is marked by mountains, foothills, and canyons that are covered in susceptible vegetation. A large amount of the native vegetation in the area is commonly called chaparral; chaparral is a dense and scrubby bush that has evolved to persist in a fire-prone habitat. Chaparral plants will eventually age and die; however, they will not be replaced by new growth until a fire rejuvenates the area.

Chamise, manzanita and ceanothus are all examples of chaparral which are quite common in the area. The region’s climate, with its warm and dry summers, contributes to low relative humidity and low fuel moisture. When combined with high fuel loading, the potential for a catastrophic wildfire event is significant. Three (3) weather conditions that may cause the ignition of and/or impact the behavior of wildfires are as follows: 1) thunder and lightning storms; 2) high wind events; and, 3) hot, dry (low humidity) periods.

The State of California has also developed tools under the Cal-Adapt project. The Cal-Adapt project provides the public, researchers, government agencies and industry stakeholders with essential data & tools for climate adaptation planning, building resiliency, and fostering community engagement. The following figure (Figure 5-26) was generated by Cal-Adapt work for Lassen County.

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-82
Figure 5-24. Annual Average Area Burned
According to the Planning Team’s assessment of this hazard/event, there is a High probability of occurrence; see subsection 1 under this hazard/threat (Prioritization). A High hazard/threat event was determined to equate to greater than 75% chance of occurring within five (5) years.

5.4.20.6 Climate Consideration
Climate change plays a significant role in wildfire hazards. The changing conditions from wet to dry can create more fuel; the increased possibility of high winds increase risk and present a challenge, and drought conditions could hinder the ability to contain fires. According to the modeling for wildfire potential available on the Cal-Adapt website, on average, more acreage will be affected by wildfire in the coming decades, particularly beyond 2050, when most of the County can expect up to 20% more land to be burned by wildfire on an average annual basis. Large wildfires also have several indirect effects beyond those of a smaller, local fire. These may include air quality and health issues, road closures, business closures, and other forms of losses.

Furthermore, large wildfires increase the threat of other disasters such as landslides and flooding.

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

6. Risk Assessment

6.1. Overview
The purpose of this section is to estimate the risk (potential impacts to vulnerable assets) of the hazards and threats within the county. To accomplish this, three (3) different approaches were used: 1) application of scientific loss estimation models; 2) quantitative exposure analysis of hazards/threats; and 3) qualitative exposure analysis of hazards/threats. It is important to note that the first two approaches can only be applied if a hazard/threat has an exposure area (footprint). For those hazards/threats where an exposure layer does not exist or where the hazard/threat exposure area is the entire planning area (i.e., Lassen County), a brief summary of the potential vulnerability is presented.

6.1.1. Vulnerable Assets
For the purposes of the LHMP, Vulnerable Assets were broken down into two (2) categories:

General Assets and Key Assets.

General Assets consist of general population, general building stock, the economy, the environment, and lifelines. Below is an overview of some of the vulnerabilities of General Assets:
• Population- This includes the general population with special emphasis on underserved and socially vulnerable populations as outlined in Section 3.5. Consideration was given to injuries, fatalities, and any additional support that may be needed. • Buildings- This includes the general building stock in the Operational Area: residential, commercial, and industrial sites. Consideration was given to loss of functionality, injuries, fatalities, and disruption to the community.
• Economy- This includes the loss of general revenue generating streams of income for residents, businesses, and government. Consideration was given to family’s ability to meet response and recovery needs, business and government to meet operating budgets. • Environment- This includes consideration of public open space, culturally sensitive areas, and protected lands. Consideration was given to loss of quality of life, loss of historical/scientific significance, and possible impacts on health and safety. • Lifelines- This includes utilities such as water, power, telecommunications, sewer, natural gas, other fuels (propane, gasoline, oil), transportation (land, air), and trash removal.

Consideration was given to loss of quality of life, loss of functionality, and possible impacts on health and safety.

Key Assets consist of those assets in the Operational Area or used by the Operational Area during response and/or recovery efforts. As each Key Asset is unique, vulnerability was assessed for both a loss of functionality and damage. Additional information about Key Assets is found under Section 6.1.3 and Appendix E.

6.1.2. Scientific Loss Estimation Models
The approach used to complete this effort involves the utilization of the FEMA Hazus model.

Hazus is a nationally applicable standardized methodology that estimates potential losses from

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-2
earthquakes, hurricane winds and floods. Hazus uses state-of-the-art Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software to map and present data results of damage and economic loss estimates for buildings and infrastructure from earthquake, hurricane winds and flood hazard. It also allows users to estimate the impacts of the hazards on populations. Estimating losses is essential to decision-making at all levels of government, providing a basis for developing mitigation plans and policies, emergency preparedness, and response and recovery planning.

Hazus’ standard configuration allows for “out-of-the-box” regional or community-wide loss assessment using default (“Level 1”) population and building inventory databases, aggregated to the census tract level for earthquakes or census block level for flood and hurricane. Additionally, there is a default essential facilities and lifeline systems database; however, the data sets are incomplete and usually need augmentation.

Because there were no significant changes to the data over the past 5 years, the County, City, and Rancheria decided not to rerun Hazus. Additionally, the County, City, and Rancheria did not incorporate inflation but recognized that the Hazus numbers would be higher in today’s dollars.

Various inflation factors that needed to be considered and the challenges incorporating those factors were discussed. It was agreed that the previous Hazus model run was sufficient for current planning efforts but that for the next LHMP update, the County, City, and Rancheria should rerun the Hazus model. As explained, when the Hazus default data is updated, it incorporates inflation estimated numbers. A summary of Hazus default building inventory data used for Lassen County is provided below. Table 6-1 presents Hazus default building inventory data by general occupancy and Table 6-2 presents Hazus default building inventory data by general building type.

Table 6-1. Hazus Default Building Inventory Data- General Occupancy General
Occupancy
Building
Replacement
Value
($1,000)
Building
Replacement
Value
($1,000)
Contents
Replacement
Value
($1,000)
Building
Square Footage
(1,000 Sq. Ft.)
Building
Count
Residential $2,445,605 $2,445,605 $1,223,378 19,135 11,752 Commercial $387,734 $387,734 $467,219 1,953 445
Industrial $30,673 $30,673 $37,983 244 110
Other $143,293 $143,293 $148,174 856 174
TOTAL $3,007,305 $3,007,305 $1,876,754 22,188 12,481

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-3
Table 6-2. Hazus Default Building Inventory Data- General Building Type General
Building Type
Building
Replacement
Value ($1,000)
Building
Replacement
Value (%)
Estimated
Building
Count
Building
Count
(%)
Concrete $189,981 6.3% 152 1%
Manufactured Housing $114,559 3.8% 2,228 18%
Precast Concrete $67,395 2.2% 123 1%
Reinforced Masonry $223,634 7.4% 269 2%
Steel $148,321 4.9% 160 1%
Unreinforced Masonry $27,232 0.9% 36 0%
Wood Frame (Other) $107,002 3.6% 127 1%
Wood Frame (Single-family) $2,129,182 70.8% 9,386 75%
TOTAL $3,007,305 12,481
The distribution of buildings across the various construction classes given in Table 6-2 is estimated using Hazus default relationships (e.g., x% of offices may be built of concrete frame, y% of offices may be built of reinforced masonry, etc.). The actual distribution of buildings across these construction types may be different.

The Hazus essential facilities default data was also used for the analysis; however, the data sets were augmented to account for a significant number of missing facilities located within Lassen County. Below is a summary of the essential facilities data used:
▪ Fire Stations- the Hazus default database contained 11 facilities; database was augmented to include 25 facilities.
▪ Law Enforcement Facilities- the Hazus default database contained 3 police station facilities; database was augmented to include 11 facilities (5 stations, 5 jail/prison facilities, and the Superior Court building).
▪ Medical Care Facilities- the Hazus default database contained 1 hospital; database was augmented to include 8 facilities (incorporated information on community clinics, skilled nursing facilities and home health agencies as licensed by the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development- OSHPD).
▪ Public Schools- the Hazus default database included 38; database was not augmented.

Table 6-3 provides a summary of the construction type and design level assumed for the essential facilities considered in the Hazus risk assessment. A more accurate risk assessment could be conducted if additional facility information was collected, such as structural system, number of stories, year of construction/seismic code used for design, building square footage, building replacement value, and content replacement value. It should be noted that the Hazus default database represents each school campus with a single building record of an assumed construction type. In reality, most public schools are multi-building campuses, built over a period of years (i.e., buildings may be designed to different seismic codes). To improve the risk assessment for public schools, information on each individual building would need to be collected.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-4
Table 6-3. Essential Facilities Data for Lassen County Included in the Hazus Risk Assessment Essential Facility
Type
Essential Facility
Sub-Type
Assumed Structural Class
and Seismic Design Level
Number of
Facilities
Fire Stations Station W2 (Wood Frame > 5,000 SF), Moderate Code Design Level 25
Law Enforcement
Facilities
Police/Sheriff Station W2 (Wood Frame > 5,000 SF), Moderate Code Design Level 5
Jail/Prison Reinforced Masonry,
High Code Design Level 5
Courthouse Reinforced Masonry,
High Code Design Level 1
Sub-total 11
Medical Care
Facilities
Hospital W2 (Wood Frame >5,000 SF),
High Superior Design Level 1
Community Clinic W1 (Wood Frame ≤ 5,000 SF), Moderate
Code Design Level 5
Skilled Nursing Facility W1 (Wood Frame ≤ 5,000 SF), Moderate Code Design Level 1
Home Health Agency W1 (Wood Frame ≤ 5,000 SF), Moderate Code Design Level 1
Sub-total 8
Public Schools Schools W1 (Wood Frame ≤ 5,000Sq.Ft.), High Code Design Level 38
The lifeline inventory within HAZUS is divided between transportation and utility lifeline systems.

There are seven (7) transportation systems in Hazus that include 1) highways, 2) railways, 3) light rail, 4) buses, 5) ports, 6) ferries and 7) airports, and 8) utility systems. Utility systems include 1) potable water, 2) wastewater, 3) natural gas, 4) crude & refined oil, 5) electric power, and 6) communications. The current Hazus lifeline inventory default data are provided in Table 6-4 and Table 6-5. Light Rail, Port and Ferry facilities have been omitted from Table 6-4 as there are no such facilities in the County. It should be noted that most utility data have been removed from the public domain for security reasons; accordingly, default utility data available in Hazus may not be fully representative of the actual exposure.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-5
Table 6-4. Hazus Lifeline Inventory Default Data - Transportation System System Component # Locations/
# Segments
Replacement value
(millions of dollars)
Highway
Bridges 98 54.7
Segments 45 2,004.2
Tunnels 0 0
Sub-total 143 2,058.9
Railway
Bridges 1 0.04
Facilities 0 0
Segments 157 315.2
Tunnels 0 0
Sub-total 158 315.24
Bus Facilities 1 1.3
Sub-total 1 1.3
Airport
Facilities 3 32.0
Runways 4 151.90
Sub-total 7 183.90
TOTAL 2,559.34
Table 6-5. Hazus Lifeline Inventory Default Data- Utility System System Component #Locations/
Segments
Replacement value
(millions of dollars)
Potable Water
Distribution Lines N/A 28.9
Facilities 0 0
Pipelines 0 0
Sub-total 0 28.9
Waste Water
Distribution Lines N/A 17.30
Facilities 1 78.60
Pipelines 0 0
Sub-total 1 95.90
Natural Gas
Distribution Lines N/A 11.5
Facilities 0 0
Pipelines 0 0
Sub-total 0 11.5
Oil Systems
Facilities 0 0
Pipelines 0 0
Sub-total 0 0
Electrical Power Facilities 2 259.6
Sub-total 2 259.6
Communication Facilities 3 0.40
Sub-total 3 0.40
TOTAL 396.3

6.1.3. Quantitative Exposure Analysis
The approach used to complete this effort involves using GIS software to geolocate assets which fall within the hazard exposure area (footprint). The results summarize the total number of

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-6
exposed critical assets and the estimated cost of building replacement and content. Because of the size of the county and the disbursement of the assets, maps were not generated for this analysis. Table 6-6 provides a list of the categories of assets identified by the County, City, and Rancheria. This list represents both government owned and/or operated and privately owned and operated assets. While similar, this list is different than the Hazus list which was developed to estimate damage (loss) from hazards/threats. Information for government owned or operated facilities (building replacement cost and building content costs) were reviewed and updated as needed; where available the same information was reviewed and updated for the privately owned or operated facilities. A complete list of the assets can be found in Appendix E.

Table 6-6. Critical Assets within Lassen County
Category of Facility Total Structures Total
Real Property Total Personal Property
Airport 7 $ 6,000,000 NA
Commercial 2 $ 10,780,000 $ 10,780,000
Communications 2 $ 7,000,000 NA
Fire 7 $ 6,331,800 $ 7,387,100
Law 8 $ 16,936,012 $ 18,807,387
Medical 4 $ 5,782,499 $ 8,673,735
Other 2 $ 270,660 $ 270,660
Public Buildings 15 $ 20,453,545 $ 15,803,545
Roads/Bridges 53 $ 67,750,000 NA
Schools 20 $ 58,782,137 $ 70,250,037
Water Facilities 27 $ 11,825,000 NA
Total 143 $ 211,911,653 $ 131,972,464
The owners of the critical assets are as follows:
▪ City of Susanville 27
▪ Federal Government 3
▪ Lassen County 76
▪ Private 20
▪ Susanville Indian Rancheria 10
▪ State Government 7

6.1.4. Qualitative Exposure Analysis
The approach used to complete this effort involves utilizing readily available data (i.e., historical events), After Action Reports, census data, and local expertise to estimate potential vulnerability and impacts. This approach will assess vulnerabilities and impacts in the following areas:

Population, Buildings, Economy, Environment, and Lifelines. As to not duplicate information, the Planning Team considered the historical damages to hazard/threats presented in Section 5.0 but did not include the information here.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-7

6.2. Scientific Loss Estimation Analysis Results

6.2.1. Earthquake
One (1) earthquake scenario developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) was selected to assess potential impacts from a significant earthquake in the county (Figure 6-1). A county-level map of ground shaking for the same scenario is shown in Figure 6-2.

Figure 6-1. M7.0 Earthquake on the Honey Lake Fault
Source: USGS ShakeMap

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-8
Figure 6-2. M7.0 Earthquake on the Honey Lake Fault: Ground Motions for Lassen County Source: USGS ShakeMap
Hazus was used to conduct county-wide earthquake risk assessment. An overview of the countywide results for the earthquake scenario is provided in Table 6-7. Table 6-8 provides a breakdown of estimated building damage (building count by Hazus damage state) by general building type, allowing for an understanding of the distribution of predicted damage in the modeled scenarios. (Note: totals by building type in Table 6-8 may not match those in Table 6-2 due to rounding within Hazus). Functionality of essential facilities in the scenario earthquake is summarized in Table 6-9.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-9
Table 6-7. Estimated Impacts- M7.0 Honey Lake Earthquake Scenario Direct Economic Losses for Buildings ($1,000)
Capital Stock
Losses
Cost of Structural Damage 14,101
Cost of Non-Structural Damage 64,103
Cost of Contents Damage 24,229
Inventory Loss 248
Income
Losses
Relocation Loss 8,757
Capital-Related Loss 2,240
Rental Income Loss 3,059
Wage Losses 3,470
Total Direct Economic Loss 120,207
Casualties
Day Casualties
Casualties – 2 pm
Level 1 - minor injuries, basic first aid 25
Level 2 - hospital treat & release 5
Level 3 - injuries requiring hospitalization 1
Level 4 - fatalities 1
Total Casualties 32
Night Casualties
Casualties – 2 am
Level 1 - minor injuries, basic first aid 27
Level 2 - hospital treat & release 4
Level 3 - injuries requiring hospitalization 0
Level 4 - fatalities 0
Total Casualties 31
Shelter
Shelter
Displaced Households 34
People Requiring Short-term Shelter 24
Debris
Brick, Wood & Other (Light) Debris 11.6
Concrete & Steel (Heavy) Debris 12.4
Total Debris 24.0
Source: Hazus

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Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-10
Table 6-8. Estimated Building Damage- M7.0 Honey Lake Earthquake Scenario General Building Type Damage State Total
None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete
Concrete 96 28 20 6 1 151
Manufactured Housing 866 451 578 282 52 2,229
Precast Concrete 75 21 20 7 1 124
Reinforced Masonry 196 34 30 9 1 270
Steel 99 27 25 7 1 159
Unreinforced Masonry 21 8 5 2 1 37
Wood Frame (other) 86 28 12 1 127
Wood Frame (single family) 6,954 1,872 521 31 9 9,387
Total 8,393 2,469 1,211 345 66 12,484
Source: Hazus
Table 6-9. Predicted Essential Facility Functionality- M7.0 Honey Lake Earthquake Scenario Essential Facility Type Functionality Level Number of Facilities Fire Stations
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1 4
Functionality 50 - 75% on Day 1 7
Functionality >75% Day 1 14
Law Enforcement Facilities
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1 0
Functionality 50 - 75% on Day 1 9
Functionality >75% Day 1 2
Medical Care Facilities
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1 0
Functionality 50 - 75% on Day 1 5
Functionality >75% Day 1 3
Public Schools
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1 2
Functionality 50 - 75% on Day 1 23
Functionality >75% Day 1 13
Source: Hazus
City of Susanville- Within the city we could expect disruption/damage to several key assets, including older residential and commercial buildings in the downtown and surrounding neighborhoods that may not be built to current seismic standards. Critical facilities such as the hospital, schools, fire and police stations, and other essential public services could be impaired, limiting emergency response capabilities. Transportation routes, including city streets and bridges are at risk of damage that could disrupt access within and outside of the community. Utilities and infrastructure, including water and sewer lines, treatment facilities, water tanks and pumps, power distribution systems, and communication networks, could also sustain damage resulting in service interruptions. Local businesses may be affected by structural damage or prolonged utility outages, leading to disruptions in commerce and the availability of goods and services.

County of Lassen- An earthquake could significantly affect key infrastructure critical to public safety and daily life. Transportation routes such as Highways 36, 44, 139, and 395, along with county roads and bridges, may be damaged or blocked, limiting access for emergency responders and isolating rural communities. Utility systems, including power distribution, water supply, wastewater facilities, and natural gas lines, are vulnerable to disruption, potentially leaving residents without essential services. Communication systems such as radio towers, fiber lines, and cellular networks could also be impacted, reducing the county’s ability to coordinate response

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-11
and recovery. Public facilities, including Lassen County’s hospitals, schools, and government buildings, may sustain structural damage, limiting their ability to serve the community during and after the disaster. Damage to homes, businesses, and agricultural operations could displace residents, disrupt livelihoods, and place additional strain on emergency shelters and support services.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- An earthquake will cause effects to structural damage to all the buildings and infrastructure to (2) 100,000-gallon water tanks that supply water to 67 homes. It will disrupt approximately 7000 feet of water lines, including the main supply line and pumping station. For our road system it could buckle the roads, and this will delay delivery of supplies to us, or for us to ship any supplies out. Our Gym will be used as a Red Cross shelter.

6.2.2. Flood and Levee Failure
Hazus was used to develop a flood depth grid for the one percent (1%) annual chance (i.e., 100- year) flood, using Hazus built-in, basic (i.e., Level 1) flood depth estimation methodology. The Hazus flood hazard assessment methodology uses available information and local river and floodplain characteristics, such as frequency, discharge and ground elevation to estimate flood elevation, and ultimately flood depth. Digital elevation model (DEM) data with 30-meter resolution, available from the USGS’ National Elevation Dataset (see: http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html) has been utilized in the current assessment.

It should be noted that the flood depth grid generated by Hazus is not equivalent to regulatory floodplain data contained in FEMA’s Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs), which are the result of extensive, detailed engineering study. The Hazus-generated flood depth grid is a hypothetical representation of a potential flooding scenario, intended for non-regulatory uses.

Further, it should also be noted that the DEM data used in the default analysis do not reflect the presence of channels and levees. A more detailed assessment would utilize higher resolution DEM data, such as LIDAR-based DEM data, and/or would require GIS-based revisions to the DEM to better reflect local flood control structures. Given that the Hazus Level 1 approach does not consider the presence of levees, Hazus loss and damage estimates produced for areas with levees should be considered “worst-case” flood losses, reflecting potential flood damage that could occur in the event that the levees fail. Hazus-estimated flood depths across Lassen County are provided in Error! Reference source not found.3, while Error! Reference source not found.4 an d Error! Reference source not found.5 show flood depths in the vicinity of Susanville and the Susanville Indian Rancheria, respectively. While the Susanville Indian Rancheria (as mapped by FEMA) is not impacted by the estimated 100-year flooding, the City of Susanville may be impacted by flooding on both the Susan River and Piute Creek.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-12
Figure 6-3. Flood Depths 1% Annual Chance (100-year) Flood- Lassen County Source: Hazus

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-13
Figure 6-4. Flood Depths 1% Annual Chance (100-year) Flood- City of Susanville Source: Hazus

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-14
Figure 6-5. Flood Depths 1% Annual Chance (100-year) Flood- Susanville Indian Rancheria Source: Hazus
An overview of the county-wide Hazus results for the 100-year flood scenario is provided in Table 6-10. Error! Reference source not found.11 provides a breakdown of estimated building damage ( building count by percent damage range) by general occupancy, for those occupancies with exposure in the flooded census blocks. Several occupancies (e.g., industrial, agriculture, multifamily residential) had no exposure in the flooded blocks and have been omitted from the table.

As shown, most of the flood-damaged buildings are single family homes.

Functionality of essential facilities in the flood scenario is summarized in Table 6-12 for Lassen County. As shown in the table, no fire stations, law enforcement facilities or schools were located within the areas predicted to be flooded in the Hazus 100-year flood assessment. Further, just two medical care facilities were located within flooded areas, and just one is anticipated to suffer any flood damage.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-15
Table 6-10. Impacts for 1% Annual Chance (100-Year) Flood Scenario Direct Economic Losses for Buildings ($1,000)
Capital
Stock
Losses
Total Building Damage 16,125
Cost of Contents Damage 16,868
Inventory Loss 304
Income
Losses
Relocation Loss 34
Capital-Related Loss 37
Rental Income Loss 9
Wage Losses 273
Total Direct Economic Loss 33,650
Shelter
Shelter
Displaced Households 475
Number of People Requiring Short-term Shelter 770
Debris (tons)
Debris
Finishes 1,161
Structures 302
Foundations 507
Total Debris 1,970
Source: Hazus
Table 6-11. Estimated Building Damage for 1% Annual Chance (100-year) Flood Scenario Occupancy
Damage State
Tota
l None 1–10% 11–
20% 21–30% 31–40%
41–
50%
Substantia
l
Single Family
Homes
92 61 49 9 8 2 3 224
Manufactured
Homes
16 2 2 2 0 1 9 32
Commercial 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Total 110 63 51 11 8 3 12 258
Source: Hazus

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-16
Table 6-12. Predicted Essential Facility Functionality for 1% Annual Chance (100-year) Flood Scenario
Essential Facility Type Hazard Impact/Functionality Number of Facilities
Fire Stations
# facilities located within flooded areas 0
# facilities with Moderate or Greater Damage 0
# facilities expected to be non-functional on Day 1 0
Law Enforcement
Facilities
# facilities located within flooded areas 0
# facilities with Moderate or Greater Damage 0
# facilities expected to be non-functional on Day 1 0
Medical Care Facilities
# facilities located within flooded areas 2
# facilities with Moderate or Greater Damage 0
# facilities expected to be non-functional on Day 1 1
Public Schools
# facilities located within flooded areas 0
# facilities with Moderate or Greater Damage 0
# facilities expected to be non-functional on Day 1 0
Source: Hazus
City of Susanville- Flooding represents a well-documented and recurring hazard for the City of Susanville, particularly along the Susan River corridor. Historic flood events in 1964, 1986, 1997, and 2017 resulted in inundation of residential areas, mobile home parks, and roadways, with evacuations occurring along Carroll Street, Riverside Drive, and areas near the River Roost Mobile Home Park. These events caused damage to homes, disrupted transportation, and required emergency response operations. Within city limits, localized flooding also occurs in lowlying neighborhoods and areas served by older storm drainage infrastructure that lacks capacity for current storm intensities. Floodwaters threaten roadways, storm drains, water lines, and sewer systems, and can impair access to critical facilities and disrupt utility operations. While Susanville does not rely on a formal levee system, informal embankments and channel modifications along the Susan River may pose additional risk if overtopped or eroded.

Overall, Susanville’s flood vulnerability is characterized by recurrent riverine flooding, exposure of developed areas along the Susan River, aging drainage infrastructure, and the risk of simultaneous impacts to housing, transportation, and utility systems that could significantly disrupt community function and complicate recovery.

County of Lassen- Flooding is one of the most frequent and damaging natural hazards affecting Lassen County. Flood events can result from heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, localized thunderstorms, or the failure of flood control infrastructure such as levees or drainage systems.

Although much of Lassen County is rural, several communities, transportation corridors, and agricultural areas are located in or near flood-prone zones. The county’s rivers, creeks, and seasonal drainages can rise rapidly during major storm events, leading to flash flooding, riverine flooding, and localized inundation. Levee failure, though less common, poses a significant risk where flood control structures protect low-lying lands, communities, or agricultural properties.

The potential impacts of flooding and levee failure are extensive. Floodwaters can cause injury or loss of life, particularly when high flows occur suddenly or at night. Fast-moving water can trap residents, damage vehicles, and cut off evacuation routes, complicating emergency response and

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-17
rescue operations. In rural areas, isolation of homes and communities may occur when roads and bridges are overtopped or washed out. Prolonged flooding can also lead to health hazards from contaminated water supplies, mold growth, and vector-borne diseases.

Damage to infrastructure and property can be severe. Flooding can destroy homes, businesses, and public buildings, while also damaging critical facilities such as water treatment plants, wastewater systems, power substations, and communication networks. Transportation infrastructure, including major highways, county roads, and bridges, may suffer erosion, washouts, or structural failure. The agricultural sector faces particular vulnerability, as floodwaters can inundate cropland, drown livestock, deposit sediment and debris, and degrade soil fertility.

Such impacts can result in long-term economic losses and reduced productivity.

Environmental effects of flooding and levee failure include erosion of streambanks, loss of riparian habitat, and degradation of water quality. Floodwaters often carry sediment, nutrients, and pollutants into rivers, lakes, and wetlands, which can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and wildlife. In cases of levee failure, the sudden release of water can cause rapid habitat alteration and longterm landscape changes.

The social and economic impacts of major flood events can be profound. Displaced residents may face housing shortages and emotional stress, while businesses experience interruptions or closures. Recovery costs can place heavy financial burdens on local governments and property owners.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- The Susanville Indian Rancheria has no property with residential areas to deal with floods, levee failure, or landslides.

6.2.2.1 Repetitive Loss (RL) Properties
As previously mentioned in Section 4 (Capability Assessment), the County and the City participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). However, although the County and City have gone through several flood events in which properties have experienced repetitive loss, there are no properties that fall under the NFIP definition of Repetitive Loss Properties. Repetitive loss properties are defined as property that is insured under the NFIP that has filed two or more claims in excess of $1,000 each within any consecutive 10-year period since 1978. As such, there are no repetitive loss properties within the County or City.

6.3. Quantitative Exposure Analysis Results

6.3.1. Wildfire
Error! Reference source not found.13 represents the number of assets exposed to California D epartment of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fire Resource Assessment Program (CDF-FRAP) Fire Hazard Severity Zones and the corresponding asset replacement and content cost. It is important to note that while CAL FIRE does categorize areas as “moderate”, “high” and “very high”, there is no standard description; they are based on a weighted scoring system of several factors.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-18
Table 6-13. Critical Asset Wildfire Exposure- Lassen County Moderate High Very High TOTAL
# Exposure $ # Exposure $ # Exposure $ # Exposure $
City of Susanville 0 $0 0 $0 8 $34,771,020 8 $34,771,020 Federal
Government 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0
Lassen County 11 $12,363,080 2 $6,320,100 9 $16,867,730 22 $35,550,910 Private 3 $0 2 $0 2 $0 7 $0
Susanville Indian
Rancheria 3 $1,019,587 0 $0 0 $0 3 $1,019,587
State Government 0 $0 1 $2,551,875 2 $4,221,200 3 $6,773,075 TOTAL 17 $13,382,667 5 $8,871,975 21 $55,859,950 43 $78,114,592 Because of the size of the county and the lack of concentration of assets in any single location, it was determined best to provide a list of the exposed assets by owner:

Lassen County
Asset Name Zone
CR322 and Long Creek Bridge Moderate
CR322 Long Valley Creek Bridge Moderate
Long Valley Charter School Moderate
A26 and Long Valley Creek Bridge Moderate
Hwy. 36 and Moderate
Schaffer Elementary School Moderate
Barry Reservoir Moderate
Belfast Rd. and Willow Creek bridge Moderate
Hwy. 139 bridge Moderate
Ravendale Airport Moderate
Susanville Road bridge Moderate
Janesville Elementary School High
Stone Bengard Community Services High
Clear Creek Bridge/Culvert Very High
Westwood Airport Very High
Susan Hills Water Tank Very High
Hwy. 36 and Susan River Devil's coral bridge Very High
Lassen County Public Works Very High
Lassen County Administration Complex Very High
Harris Drive Water Tank Very High
Lake Forest Water Tank Very High
Bagwell Springs Water Tank Very High

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-19
City of Susanville
Asset Name Zone
South St Water Tank Very High
Diamond View Elementary School Very High
Susanville Public Works Building Very High
S. Lassen St. and Susan River Bridge Very High
Lassen Municipal Utilities District Very High
Susanville Sanitation District Very High
Susanville City Hall Very High
Meadow View School Very High
Private
Asset Name Zone
Branham Flat Dam Moderate
Antelope Dam/Ducasse Reservoir Moderate
Sworinger Reservoir Moderate
Emerson Lake Dam High
Collett Addition High
Indian Ole Dam Very High
Round Valley Reservoir Very High
Susanville Indian Rancheria
Asset Name Zone
Susanville Rancheria Community (admin) Building Moderate Church Moderate
Susanville Rancheria Water Tank Moderate
State Government
Asset Name Zone
California Highway Patrol Station High
CAL FIRE Susanville Very High
CAL FIRE 5th & Cedar Very High
City of Susanville- Within the city we could expect disruption/damage to several key assets, including residential neighborhoods located near wildland-urban interface areas are at highest risk, with potential for structure loss and property damage. Critical facilities such as schools, the hospital, fire and police stations, and other public buildings may be threatened or require evacuation, impairing emergency response and public safety services. Transportation routes, including highways and local roads, could be closed due to fire activity or smoke, limiting access and evacuation capability. Utilities and infrastructure, including power lines, water supply systems, and communication networks, may be disrupted or damaged, resulting in extended outages. Local businesses and commerce could also be significantly affected by fire damage, smoke impacts, and reduced community access, leading to economic disruption and loss of essential services.

County of Lassen- Wildfire poses one of the most severe natural hazards to Lassen County, threatening its communities, infrastructure, and natural resources. The county’s dry summer

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-20
climate, abundant vegetation, and steep, rugged terrain create conditions where fires can spread quickly and unpredictably, endangering lives and placing immense strain on firefighting resources.

Major utility corridors operated by Lassen Municipal Utility District (LMUD) and Plumas-Sierra Rural Electric Cooperative (PSREC), along with critical communication towers and fiber-optic routes, are at risk of damage or failure, which can cut off electricity and communications across wide areas. Transportation networks such as Highways 36, 44, 139, and 395, along with rural county roads, are vulnerable to closures from advancing flames, making evacuations difficult and delaying emergency response. Public facilities, including Banner Lassen Medical Center in Susanville, local schools, and county government buildings, could sustain damage or face operational disruptions during wildfire events. Residential neighborhoods, commercial districts, ranching operations, and timber resources are all highly susceptible to loss, further straining the local economy. Lassen County’s forests, watersheds, and recreation areas, including portions of Lassen Volcanic National Park and Lassen National Forest, are also at significant risk, with damage that could take decades to recover. In addition, smoke and poor air quality from large wildfires threaten public health, particularly for children, older adults, and individuals with respiratory conditions.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- Within the rancheria we could expect disruption/damage to several key assets, including Threat to the homes and infrastructure to the homes. Disruption of power, loss of power would mean the loss of capabilities for our pump station to pump water to the storage tanks. Smoke impacts breathing on the young and elderly. Transportation for special needs members who need to evacuate the area. Evacuation routes may be cut off due to fire and smoke. If our Admin building caught fire, it would disrupt service to our tribal membership, and local community.

6.4. Qualitative Exposure Analysis Results
According to FEMA’s National Risk Index, Lassen County has a Relatively Low risk. Of the eighteen (18) hazards included in Risk Index, FEMA has indicated that thirteen (13) are in the County. The Risk Index is derived by multiplying the Expected Annual Loss estimate with Social Vulnerability, then dividing it by Community Resilience. A summary of the FEMA National Risk Index information is presented in Appendix F. This information was used to supplement and/or augment the information prepared by the Planning Team. Below is the Planning Team’s perceived vulnerability and potential impacts from each hazard/threat in the Lassen County.

6.4.1. Agriculture Pests/Disease
Impacts from Agriculture Pest/Disease events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- limited structural and non-structural damage, loss of building functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-21
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination • Lifelines- none

6.4.2. Aircraft Accident
Impacts from Aircraft Accidents are difficult to determine because there are many variables to consider (i.e., location of accident, type of accident, weather conditions, time of day). Impacts from Aircraft Accident events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- limited structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, ground displacement, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.3. Avalanche
Impacts from Avalanche events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- limited structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, ground displacement, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.4. Civil Disturbance
California has frequent sites of demonstrations due to its high profile and presence of significant government functions and buildings. It is conceivable that a demonstration (or movement) depending on the cause and effect, could turn to violence and spread into neighboring communities. Civil disturbance can vary in size and length of time, however, within the County, it is expected to be smaller and of limited time. Impacts from Civil Disturbance events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-22
• Environment- loss of vegetation, contamination
• Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.5. Dam/Reservoir Failure
Impacts from Dam/Reservoir Failure events could have the following quantitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, considerable potential for displaced households
• Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, ground displacement, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment City of Susanville- Within the City of Susanville, the primary dam and reservoir-related risk is associated with failure of municipal water storage infrastructure and localized impoundments rather than large regional dams. The City operates multiple water storage tanks ranging from approximately 500,000 to 1 million gallons that maintain system pressure and fire flow across various pressure zones. Structural failure of one or more tanks caused by seismic activity, slope instability, structural deterioration, or operational failure could result in sudden localized flooding, property damage, and extended disruption of water service to residential neighborhoods, businesses, and critical facilities. While the Barry Reservoir is not currently utilized for municipal water supply or storage, a failure or uncontrolled release could still exacerbate downstream flooding along the Susan River and adjacent drainages, increasing damage potential to roadways, riverfront properties, and low-lying areas within the city.

Overall, Susanville’s vulnerability to dam and reservoir-related hazards is driven by its reliance on hillside water storage tanks and gravity-fed transmission infrastructure, limited redundancy in certain pressure zones, and the potential for localized but high-consequence service interruptions that could severely impact fire protection, public health, and emergency response capabilities during concurrent disaster events.

County of Lassen- Lassen County relies on several dams and reservoirs that provide essential resources for water supply, agricultural irrigation, recreation, and hydropower generation. While these facilities offer significant benefits, they also present potential hazards in the event of a structural failure, breach, or uncontrolled release of water. A dam or reservoir failure could result from seismic activity, extreme precipitation, structural deterioration, operational error, or wildfirerelated damage to infrastructure and surrounding terrain.

A failure event could have devastating impacts on human health and safety, particularly for residents living downstream of major dams and reservoirs. Rapid-onset flooding could cause loss of life and injuries, as well as hinder evacuation and emergency response efforts. In addition to

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-23
immediate threats, residents could face secondary hazards such as hypothermia, drowning, and exposure to contaminated water sources.

Infrastructure and property damage from a dam failure would likely be extensive. Floodwaters could destroy homes, businesses, roads, bridges, and utility systems, causing long-term disruptions to power, water, and communication services. Public infrastructure such as water treatment plants and transportation corridors could become inoperable, further complicating recovery efforts. The agricultural sector, a vital component of Lassen County’s economy, could experience severe losses due to the flooding of croplands, destruction of irrigation systems, and sediment deposition that renders farmland unusable.

Economically, the impacts would extend far beyond immediate physical damage. The loss of agricultural productivity and local business interruption would have ripple effects throughout the region, while recovery and reconstruction costs would place significant financial strain on county and state resources. Environmental consequences would also be profound. The sudden release of water could cause severe erosion, destroy wildlife habitats, and introduce sediment, fuel, fertilizers, and other pollutants into local waterways. These effects could permanently alter aquatic ecosystems and degrade water quality for both human and ecological use.

From a social perspective, a dam or reservoir failure could lead to widespread displacement, emotional distress, and long-term community disruption. Residents who lose homes or livelihoods may require extended sheltering, financial assistance, and mental health support.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- None

6.4.6. Drought and Water Shortage
Drought and water shortage can happen countywide. Past experience with droughts tells us that impacts are felt first by those most dependent on or affected by annual rainfall – fire departments, ranchers engaged in dryland grazing, rural residents relying on wells in low‐yield rock formations, or other small water systems lacking a reliable water source. The effects of the drought are most visible in the County when looking at the current capacity of Honey Lake, as the majority of the region’s watershed flows into Honey Lake.

Drought can have secondary impacts too. For example, drought is a major determinant of wildfire hazard, in that it creates greater propensity for fire starts and larger, more prolonged conflagrations fueled by excessively dry vegetation, along with reduced water supply for firefighting purposes. Impacts from Drought and Water Shortage events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, no displaced households • Buildings- non-structural damage, loss of building functionality, repurposing • Economy- increased operating costs, agriculture industry can experience hardship to farmers, farm workers, packers, and shippers of agricultural products as lack of water and subsequent feed available to grazing livestock, potentially leading to risk of livestock death, can cause significant increases in food prices due to shortages

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-24
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination • Lifelines- Potential loss of utilities from impacts to outside system failures (secondary impacts). On the Susanville Indian Rancheria, water shortage to the upper Rancheria if we had power outages or equipment failure. The main supply line has a pumping station midway from the city water supply to our storage tanks on the upper Rancheria. This could affect 67 homes.

City of Susanville- The City of Susanville relies primarily on groundwater wells and the Cady Springs and Bagwell Springs system to meet municipal demand. Although the City has historically maintained adequate supply and has not experienced a complete system failure, recent statewide droughts have required the City to implement conservation measures, including Stage 1 and Stage 2 watering restrictions during previous drought periods. Prolonged drought conditions can reduce groundwater recharge and spring flow, placing increased operational strain on the system and requiring more intensive pumping, maintenance, and energy use. Reduced availability of water also diminishes the City’s ability to maintain adequate fire flow, particularly in elevated zones and areas near the wildland-urban interface. Drought stress further affects public landscaping, urban tree canopy, and park areas such as Memorial Park and Fruit Growers Park, reducing vegetation health and increasing heat exposure.

In summary, Susanville’s drought vulnerability lies in its dependence on limited supply sources, increasing regulatory pressure to conserve water, indirect wildfire risk amplification, and the potential for reduced fire suppression capacity and economic disruption during prolonged dry periods.

County of Lassen- Lassen County’s economy, environment, and quality of life are closely tied to the availability of water for agriculture, domestic use, industry, recreation, and ecosystem health.

Periodic droughts are a natural part of the region’s climate cycle, but the increasing frequency and duration of dry periods, combined with higher temperatures and reduced snowpack, have intensified water shortages in recent years. Prolonged drought conditions can place significant stress on surface water and groundwater supplies, affecting residents, businesses, and natural resources throughout the county.

Drought impacts can be widespread and multifaceted. Reduced precipitation and streamflow diminish reservoir levels and groundwater recharge, threatening both municipal and rural water supplies. Domestic wells may go dry or require deepening, particularly in outlying rural areas dependent on private groundwater sources. Limited water availability can also strain public water systems, leading to conservation mandates, reduced water quality, and potential service interruptions.

Agriculture, a cornerstone of Lassen County’s economy, is especially vulnerable to drought conditions. Reduced irrigation water availability can result in crop losses, fallowed fields, and declining livestock production. These losses have cascading economic effects, reducing farm income, employment opportunities, and the stability of local food supply chains. Secondary industries—such as food processing, transportation, and retail—can also experience downturns due to decreased agricultural output.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-25
Environmental consequences of drought are equally severe. Prolonged dry conditions can degrade aquatic and terrestrial habitats, reduce streamflow critical for fish and wildlife, and increase the risk of wildfires across forested and grassland areas. Lower water levels may also concentrate pollutants, leading to poor water quality and impacts on sensitive ecosystems. The loss of vegetation and soil moisture contributes to erosion and the long-term decline of watershed health.

Social and community impacts of drought and water shortage include increased costs for water supply and food, mental and financial stress for agricultural families, and the potential displacement of residents in areas where wells fail or economic activity declines. Recreational and tourism-based activities may also suffer from reduced lake levels, dry conditions, and degraded natural scenery.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- None

6.4.7. Energy Disruption
Energy disruptions can be the consequence of another hazard, or can be the primary hazard, absent of an outside trigger. There are two (2) components to consider: 1) increased demand within the County; and, 2) increased demand elsewhere. Because Lassen County relies on power supplied by PG&E, increases in other parts of their territory could curtail the energy available to LMUD. This vulnerability is compounded by the reality that our communities have become more reliant on power for gadgets and appliances to perform basic daily activities. The loss of power will not only be an inconvenience but could become a life-threatening experience. Many citizens rely on power to operate medical machinery to survive (i.e., oxygen tanks, dialysis machines).

While Lassen County has not experienced a population growth, changes to daily life styles and weather have contributed to a heavy demand for power over recent years. In the event of a significant energy shortage, it will have a significant impact on the population, built environment, lifeline infrastructure, and the economy.

Impacts from Energy Disruption events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- limited structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- none expected
• Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.8. Extreme Temperature
Impacts from Extreme Temperature events could have the following qualitative impact:

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-26
• Population- Exposure to extreme temperature can result in illness (heat stroke or heat exhaustion, frost bite, hyperthermia) or death for those at greatest risk, including infants and children up to four years of age; people who overexert during work or exercise; people 65 years of age or older; people who are ill or on certain medications; and, people who are overweight.
• Built Environment- Extreme temperature conditions can cause equipment to become overburdened and possibly fail. Depending on the type of equipment impacted, it could overheat structures, create electrical overloads, and warp (or melt) pieces. • Lifeline Infrastructure- Both systems and equipment can become over worked and overwhelmed. This can lead to temporary shutdowns or system failures. Additionally, lifeline interdependencies need to be considered (i.e., water systems needing electricity to move water).
• Economy- If lifeline systems shutdown and/or fail, there are rippling effects on the economy as there is an inability to provided services and/or move merchandise.

Additionally, extreme temperature events may require implementation of mitigation actions (shelters, heating/cooling centers) that impact operating budgets. • Environment- During extreme temperature events, there could be noticeable depletion of water supplies and dehydration/freeze of vegetation/landscape. This could cause reduction and/or loss of flora and fauna and altering of landscape.

City of Susanville- The City of Susanville experiences pronounced seasonal temperature extremes, with prolonged freezing conditions in winter and increasingly frequent heat waves during summer. Extreme cold events can cause frozen and ruptured water service laterals, reduced system pressure, and increased maintenance demands on the City’s distribution system.

Winter storms and sustained freezing temperatures also accelerate pavement deterioration through freeze-thaw cycles, increase traffic hazards, and strain Public Works resources for snow removal and road treatment. Conversely, extreme heat events raise electricity demand for cooling, increasing the likelihood of localized power outages that may disrupt residential comfort, cooling centers, traffic control systems, and critical city operations. Vulnerable populations, including elderly residents, unsheltered individuals, and those in older housing without air conditioning, face heightened health risks from heat-related illnesses and dehydration.

From a vulnerability perspective, Susanville is particularly susceptible to compounding impacts when extreme heat coincides with drought and wildfire smoke, degrading air quality and straining medical and emergency services. Infrastructure aging, limited cooling shelter capacity, and increased pavement and utility degradation contribute to long-term resilience challenges under increasingly volatile temperature patterns.

County of Lassen- Lassen County experiences a wide range of temperatures throughout the year, from severe winter cold to extreme summer heat. While seasonal temperature variations are typical for the region, extreme temperature events—both heat waves and cold snaps—are becoming more frequent and intense. These events pose significant risks to public health, infrastructure, agriculture, and the natural environment. Prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures can strain energy and water systems, increase wildfire risk, and threaten the health and safety of vulnerable populations.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-27
Extreme heat events can lead to serious health impacts such as heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and dehydration, particularly among elderly residents, young children, outdoor workers, and individuals without access to air conditioning. Higher temperatures also exacerbate air quality issues by increasing ground-level ozone formation and particulate matter from wildfire smoke.

Prolonged heat can stress electrical grids due to higher energy demand for cooling, potentially leading to power outages that compound health risks. Drought conditions often accompany extreme heat, further straining water resources and increasing the potential for wildfire ignition and spread.

Extreme cold temperatures, particularly during winter storms, can also have severe consequences. Exposure to freezing temperatures can cause hypothermia, frostbite, and other cold-related illnesses. Infrastructure systems, including water lines and transportation networks, are vulnerable to freezing and damage during extended cold periods. Power outages caused by ice accumulation or heavy snow can isolate rural communities and disrupt essential services.

Residents relying on wood heat or portable generators may face increased fire hazards and carbon monoxide exposure.

The agricultural sector is highly sensitive to both temperature extremes. Intense heat can reduce crop yields, damage forage and rangeland, and threaten livestock health. Conversely, unseasonal frosts or extended freezes can destroy crops, delay planting, and damage orchards or vineyards.

These agricultural impacts contribute to broader economic losses that ripple through Lassen County’s rural economy and associated industries.

Extreme temperature events also affect the natural environment and local ecosystems. Prolonged heat and drought can stress vegetation, reduce streamflows, and impact fish and wildlife populations. Cold events may damage sensitive habitats or disrupt migration and breeding patterns. The combination of temperature extremes and other climate-related hazards contributes to long-term changes in ecosystem stability and resilience.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- SIR will activate a cooling center on the Rancheria for cooling and hydrate with our COOP plans. This will be activated when temperatures are above 100 degrees, for tribal members and family. The primary location will be Resource center, and secondary location will be Diamond Mountain Casino. Both facilities will be available during cold weather and power outages also.

6.4.9. Hazardous Materials Release
Hazardous material release incidents can occur during production, storage, transportation, use or disposal of hazardous materials. Communities can be at risk if a chemical is used unsafely or released in harmful amounts into the environment. Hazardous materials can cause death, serious injury, long lasting health effects, and damage to buildings, the environment, homes, and other property.

Although these incidents can happen almost anywhere, certain areas of the County are at higher risk, such as near roadways that are frequently used to transport hazardous materials and locations with industrial facilities that use, store, and/or dispose of such materials. Transportation routes that are crossed by railways, waterways, airways, and pipelines also have increased

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-28
potential for mishaps. The existence of a major rail line that transports oil through the county is of particular concern. A train accident resulting in a major oil spill has the potential to cause fire ignitions as well as public health and environmental consequences. Climate usually does not play a direct role in increased events but can be a factor in the cause (i.e., slippery roads due to heavy snow).

Impacts from Hazardous Materials Release events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, displaced households • Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.10. Infectious Disease
The County, as well as the state, country, and the world, are vulnerable to infectious disease caused by either newly emerging or existing diseases spread person to person, through a vector, or through food. A significant infectious disease outbreak, epidemic, and/or pandemic could impact a large portion of the population, create challenges on the built environment, overburden essential public services, and affect the economy. Depending on the type of Infectious Disease event, impacts to buildings may include increased use of equipment (i.e., HVAC, water) and adaptive reuse of space for response and/or recovery from the event. Additionally, it could also include deferred maintenance to equipment if employees and vendors are unavailable. Limited staffing could also impact associated business and the economy within the County. All of this could lead to loss of jobs as well. Actions to address the Infectious Disease could create higher demands on lifeline systems and cause damage from over/under use or curtailment of services.

Impacts from Infectious Disease events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use • Buildings- possible loss of use due to deferred maintenance, repurposing • Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- possible loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.11. Landslide/Other Earth Movements
Impacts from Landslide/Other Earth Movements events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-29
• Buildings- limited structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation, ground displacement
• Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment City of Susanville- Within the city we could expect disruption/damage to several key assets, including areas of steep slopes and unstable soils pose risks to residential neighborhoods and transportation routes, where slope movement could block or damage city streets and limit access for residents and emergency services. A particular concern is the Cady Springs gravity-fed water distribution system, which is susceptible to landslide activity that could damage supply lines and disrupt the delivery of potable water. In addition, the city’s water storage tanks located near sloped areas may be affected, creating potential service interruptions and public health risks. Other utilities, such as power and communication lines, may also be damaged by slope failures. Local businesses and public facilities could experience service disruptions if landslides impair infrastructure, transportation, or utility systems.

County of Lassen- Landslides present a serious hazard to Lassen County due to the region’s mountainous terrain, variable soils, and seasonal weather patterns. Heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, or seismic activity can trigger slope failures, threatening roads, highways, and rural communities located near steep hillsides. Transportation corridors such as Highways 36, 44, 139, and 395, along with local county roads, are particularly vulnerable, where blockages can isolate residents and delay emergency response. Landslides may also damage utility infrastructure, including water lines, power distribution systems, and communication networks, leading to service interruptions. In addition, homes, businesses, and agricultural lands situated in slide-prone areas can suffer property loss or long-term soil instability.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- SIR does not have property with residential areas with floods, levee failures or landslides that will impact the Susanville Indian Rancheria.

6.4.12.Natural Gas Pipeline/Storage Accident
Impacts from Natural Gas Pipeline/Storage Accident events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, displaced households • Building- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-30

6.4.13.Other Lifeline Infrastructure Accident
Impacts from Other Lifeline Infrastructure Accidents events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, displaced households • Building- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.14. Severe Weather and Storms
While most of these hazards are short-duration storms some of these severe storms have the capability of being of long duration. These longer duration storms could have just as much impact as shorter, more powerful events. Prolonged periods of high snow fall could create issues as it could be difficult to move around the area and/or could cave in roofs from snow weight. The prolonged snow and high winds could also create issues with powerlines, combining the hazard of severe storms with power outages. As can be expected, these events will only become more frequent and severe when factoring in climate change considerations. This could include both the increase of frequency as well as the increase in intensity. A case could also be made that the increase of one (1) of these events could trigger the increase of another. Impacts from Severe Weather and Storms events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households (snow loads)
• Buildings- structural and non-structural damage (i.e., snow loads, other), loss of building content and functionality
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, ground displacement, contamination • Lifelines- damage to local or regional facilities/equipment/systems City of Susanville- Within the city we could expect disruption/damage to several key assets, including critical facilities such as the hospital, schools, and emergency services buildings may be impacted by roof damage, utility outages, or access issues during storm events. Transportation networks, including highways, bridges, and local roads, are vulnerable to flooding, snow accumulation, and debris, which may disrupt travel and hinder emergency response. Utilities and infrastructure, including water and sewer systems, storm drainage, power lines, and communication networks, are at risk of outages or damage, potentially causing extended service interruptions. Local businesses may face economic losses from property damage, power outages,

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-31
or reduced access due to road closures. Severe weather can also strain city resources as crews work to clear snow and maintain essential services.

County of Lassen- Severe weather storms, including heavy rain, high winds, snow, and ice, pose significant risks to Lassen County’s residents and infrastructure. Prolonged storms can damage power lines, communication systems, and transportation networks, leading to widespread outages and hazardous travel conditions. Heavy snow and ice can close highways such as 36, 44, 139, and 395, isolating rural communities and delaying emergency response. Flooding from intense rain or rapid snowmelt may overwhelm drainage systems, damage roads, and threaten homes and businesses located in low-lying areas. Strong winds can topple trees, damage structures, and spark secondary hazards such as wildfires from downed power lines. Severe weather also places stress on public facilities, emergency shelters, and healthcare systems as residents seek assistance during extended outages or unsafe conditions.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- Within the rancheria we could expect disruption/damage to several key assets. Thunderstorms are frequent in our area during the summer months. Lightning could cause damage to our buildings and knock out power. It can cause wildland fires in our area.

During the winter we could get a large amount of snow for a long period of time. This can create problems on the roadways for our membership, and the maintenance department will operate the plows around the clock. And shovel our facilities walkways to provide safety for our customers.

Winter of 1993, we had a winter storm that produced 5-8 feet of snow. The snow was wet and heavy, if we didn’t address the issue to get crews to shovel off rooftops and around fire hydrants.

This could cause the roofs to collapse and possibility cause fires to the structures and displace tribal members.

6.4.15. Technology Disruption
The County, as well as others in the State, Nation, and the world, are vulnerable to Technology Disruptions. As with our society, the County is becoming heavily reliant upon technology to perform daily work routines. Whether loss of communication with each other or loss of access to data and materials, this disruption can seriously impact and/or alter the way business is conducted. Impacts from Technology Disruptions could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality • Economy- loss of revenue, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs • Environment- contamination
• Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.16. Terrorism
The County, as well as others in the State and Nation, are vulnerable to Terrorism. However, terrorist groups are more prone to target larger, more populous, nationally recognized places since the goal in most cases is to create the greatest amount of destruction while striking fear and create chaos to largest number of people. In the unlikelihood of a significant terrorism event, there

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-32
could be considerable impact within the County. Impacts from Terrorism events could have the following qualitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households
• Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, ground displacement, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment

6.4.17. Volcano
Impacts from Volcano events could have the following quantitative impact:
• Population- fatal and non-fatal injuries; restricted access/use, limited displaced households. Populations would also be impacted by the air quality which could effect breathing.
• Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs
• Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, ground displacement, contamination. Impact to the air quality.
• Lifelines- damage to facilities/infrastructure/systems, loss of equipment City of Susanville- Although the City of Susanville is located northeast of the Lassen Volcanic Center, it remains vulnerable to secondary impacts from volcanic activity, particularly airborne ashfall. Historical eruptions at Lassen Peak have demonstrated that ash can travel long distances depending on prevailing winds, and future eruptions could result in ash deposition across the Susanville Basin. Even light ash accumulation can reduce visibility on State Route 36, Highway 139, and local roads, contaminate water system components, damage HVAC systems and mechanical equipment, and degrade air quality. Ash intrusion could affect municipal facilities, public buildings, the wastewater treatment plant, and power substations, leading to operational disruptions and costly cleanup efforts. Residents, especially those with respiratory conditions, would be vulnerable to health impacts, and local commerce could experience interruptions due to road closures and reduced activity.

Susanville’s vulnerability to volcanic hazards is primarily tied to its exposure to ashfall-related disruptions, limited local experience with volcanic response, potential contamination of critical infrastructure systems, and the cumulative burden of cleanup, health impacts, and temporary economic decline during a regional volcanic event.

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-33
County of Lassen- Lassen County lies within a geologically active region of northeastern California that includes several volcanic features, most notably within the Lassen Volcanic National Park area and the southern Cascade Range. While large-scale volcanic eruptions are infrequent, the county remains vulnerable to a range of volcanic hazards due to its proximity to Lassen Peak, Cinder Cone, and other volcanic centers. Potential volcanic activity could include eruptions, ashfall, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, landslides, and secondary hazards such as flooding or debris flows from melted snow and ice. Even distant eruptions can have far-reaching effects across the region through airborne ash and disruptions to transportation and utilities.

The primary hazard from a volcanic event in Lassen County would likely be ashfall. Volcanic ash can travel great distances, depending on wind conditions, and may impact communities far from the eruption site. Accumulated ash can reduce air quality, impair visibility, contaminate water supplies, and cause respiratory problems in people and animals. It can also damage vehicles, buildings, electrical systems, and mechanical equipment. Heavy ash accumulation on roofs can cause structural collapse, while fine ash can infiltrate ventilation systems, electronics, and machinery, leading to widespread maintenance and repair needs.

More localized impacts could result from lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars (volcanic mudflows). While these phenomena are typically confined to areas near the eruption source, they can devastate everything in their paths—destroying vegetation, infrastructure, and wildlife habitat. Rapid snowmelt or the release of crater lakes during an eruption could cause flash flooding or debris flows that threaten downstream communities, roadways, and waterways.

The economic consequences of a volcanic event could be considerable. Transportation disruptions caused by road closures or reduced visibility can hinder emergency response, tourism, and local commerce. Agriculture may be severely affected by ash contamination of crops, soil, and grazing lands. Public utilities—especially power and water systems—could experience outages or equipment damage, leading to extended service interruptions. The cleanup of ash deposits can be costly and time-consuming, straining local resources and budgets.

Environmental impacts of volcanic activity include destruction of vegetation, alteration of drainage patterns, and degradation of air and water quality. However, over time, volcanic soils can enhance fertility, contributing to long-term ecosystem recovery. Short-term impacts, though, can be severe, particularly for wildlife and aquatic habitats exposed to sedimentation and contamination.

The social impacts of a volcanic event may include temporary or long-term displacement of residents, health problems related to ash exposure, and psychological stress caused by property loss or evacuation. Public safety could also be compromised by limited warning time or reduced access to affected areas due to ash-covered roads or damaged infrastructure.

Susanville Indian Rancheria- after ash fall out, it will create health impacts to the communities.

The Elderly and children, along with people who have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Risk Assessment
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 6-34
(COPD), who may be dependent on oxygen will have a hard time breathing, our drinking water could be affected with the fall out of ash. This will limit any type of care for patients who may need immediate care outside of the areas to be transported to a medical facility.

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

7. Mitigation Strategy

7.1. Overview
The purpose of this section is to present the proposed mitigation measures the County, City, and the Rancheria have identified to help reduce and/or eliminate vulnerabilities and impacts from threats and hazards within the county. Because it was determined to address the hazards and threats at a countywide level, the same approach was used for identifying mitigation projects/actions. The mitigation strategy is derived from the in-depth review of the existing community (Section 3.0), hazard and threats and their vulnerabilities/impacts (Sections 5.0 and

6.0), and capabilities (Section 4.0) outlined in this plan, combined with a vision for creating a disaster resistant and sustainable community for the future. This vision is based on informed assumptions, recognizes both mitigation challenges and opportunities, and is demonstrated by the goals and objectives outlined below. The current mitigation actions were built upon the previous mitigation actions adopted in the 2019 LHMP. The Planning Team reassesses previously proposed measures to determine if they are still valid and needed moving forward. Each Mitigation Strategy was prioritized, and an implementation plan was prepared for each mitigation action.

7.2. Mitigation Goals and Objectives
To better assist with the identification of mitigation actions, mitigation goals and objectives were developed. Well defined mitigation goals and objectives help better outline needs and focus efforts. The 2019 LHMP goals and objectives were used by the Planning Team as a starting point, and were reviewed, updated, and augmented as needed based on current hazard/threat profiles and knowledge of existing vulnerabilities/impacts and capabilities. Additionally, goals and objectives within existing General Plans, Emergency Operations Plans (EOP), and other relevant plans were carefully considered. While the LHMPs, General Plans, and EOPs serve different purposes, there is overlap between the plans. Ensuring that the mitigation goal and objectives are compatible with the General Plans and EOPs will help ensure all of the plans are working together.

The proposed Planning Team Goals and Objectives were also reviewed and validated by the general public, ensuring their priorities, concerns, and challenges were incorporated. The goals and objectives are outlined below:
▪ GOAL 1: Minimize life loss and injuries
Objective 1.1 Improve understanding of the locations, potential impacts, and linkages between hazards/threats, vulnerability, and actions needed to protect life safety and health.

Objective 1.2 Provide updated information about hazards, vulnerabilities, and mitigation processes to all levels of governmental jurisdictions, the private sector, and the public.

Objective 1.3 Strive to implement applicable federal/state regulations and local ordinances designed to protect life safety.

Objective 1.4 Identify and modify high risk structures to meet life safety standards.

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-2
Objective 1.5 Incorporate mitigation actions into repairs, major alterations, new development, and redevelopment projects in areas subject to substantial life safety risks.

Objective 1.6 Improve emergency response communications and public warning systems.

Objective 1.7 Develop policies and procedures to better serve disadvantaged and vulnerable populations.
▪ GOAL 2: Minimize damage to structures, property, infrastructure, and essential services
Objective 2.1 Encourage new development to occur in locations that avoid or minimize exposure to hazards/threats.

Objective 2.2 Encourage property protection measures for all communities and structures located in hazard/threat areas.

Objective 2.3 Develop and adopt enhanced land use, design, and construction policies designed to reduce property loss due to flood, fire, earthquake, and other identified hazards/threats.

Objective 2.4 Encourage mitigation programs by non-governmental and private sector organizations that own or operate key community facilities.

Objective 2.5 Protect vital records to minimize post-disaster disruption and facilitate short-term and long-term recovery.

Objective 2.6 Protect critical infrastructure from fire, flood, earthquake and other identified hazards.

Objective 2.7 Minimize economic loss and disruption to agriculture (crops/animals/timber) and recreation resources from natural and manmade hazards.

Objective 2.8 Coordinate, develop and maintain a digital inventory of areas and critical assets exposed to identified hazards.
▪ GOAL 3: Protect the environment
Objective 3.1 Implement mitigation and watershed protection strategies that reduce loss of wildlife, habitat, and water.

Objective 3.2 Protect cultural, historic and environmental resources from natural and manmade hazards.
▪ GOAL 4: Promote integration, coordination and public outreach efforts across governmental agencies, the private sector and the general public Objective 4.1 Promote public understanding of the risks associated with hazards/threats, individual preparedness activities, and the benefits of mitigation.

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-3
Objective 4.2 Continually build operational coordination between mitigation and disaster response and recovery programs within the public and private sectors.

Objective 4.3 Establish and maintain partnerships between all levels of local government, the private sector, the business community, community groups, and institutions of higher learning that improve and implement methods to protect life and property. ▪ GOAL 5: Improve Emergency /Management Capability
Objective 5.1 Continue to coordinate jurisdictional responsibilities to various hazards/threats through County and Community Disaster/Emergency Response Plans and Exercises.

Objective 5.2 Identify the need for, and acquire, any special emergency services and equipment to enhance response capabilities for specific hazards.

Objective 5.3 Review and improve, if necessary, emergency traffic and evacuation routes; communicate such routes to the public and communities.

Objective 5.4 Develop and maintain emergency management plans (Response, Recovery, Protection, Prevention, Mitigation).

Objective 5.5 Establish and maintain emergency management systems and facilities.

Objective 5.6 Develop and maintain Memorandums of Understanding/Mutual Aid Agreements and partnerships (public-private).

Objective 5.7 Develop, maintain, and share essential data (demographics, threats, hazards, buildings and other infrastructure, resources, personnel).

Objective 5.8 Develop, maintain, and implement emergency management training and exercise curriculum.
▪ GOAL 6: Ensure Continuity of Government and Operations Objective 6.1 Develop, maintain, and exercise Business Continuity Plans, ensuring compatibility with emergency management plans.

Objective 6.2 Ensure reliability for vital communications.

Objective 6.3 Protect vital records.

Objective 6.4 Protect essential Information Technology equipment and systems.

Objective 6.5 Promote resiliency of essential functions to minimize economic loss/disruption.

Objective 6.6 Maintain list of Key Assets and ensure their functionality after hazard events.

Objective 6.7 Maintain a list of essential personnel and vendors with contact information.

Objective 6.8 Identify and acquire any necessary equipment to maintain functionality.

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-4

7.3. Mitigation Progress
As part of the LHMP update process, the Planning Team reviewed each mitigation action included in the previous LHMP (Table 7-1). Five (5) status categories were considered to describe the status of the mitigation action: 1) completed, 2) in progress, 3) ongoing, 4) has not started, and 5) no longer needed. During the review and subsequent follow-ups meetings and calls, it was determined that all of the “ongoing” mitigation actions would be removed and captured under the Capabilities Assessment (Section 4.0) where appropriate. Additionally, the County, City, and Rancheria also completed a variety of actions (work) in support of mitigation. However, some of the work was not captured in the previous LHMP.

Table 7-1. Status of Previous Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Status

1. Continue the fuels/vegetation management programs to reduce the wildfire hazard throughout County. Ongoing

2. Continue to enforce the weed abatement requirements to mitigate the risk of wildfires in the County. Ongoing

3. Identify areas vulnerable to wildfire due to inadequate water supply for firefighting and implement improvements (e.g., expansion of water supply, storage hydrants, etc.).

Not
Started

4. Install necessary infrastructure for fire protection in Johnstonville, as identified in the Lassen County Feasibility Study.

No Longer
Needed

5. Implement the Cady Springs Booster Station and Main line protection project, as identified in the City of Susanville Feasibility Study. Complete

6. Reduce residential property densities in Very High Fire Hazard zones within the City of Susanville by changing multi-family zoning to single family zoning. Complete

7. Implement the spring rehabilitation program via the installation of spring boxes to protect the spring water from contamination (from surface runoff or contact with human and animals) and to provide a point of collection and a place for sedimentation.

Ongoing

8. Assess, retrofit, and maintain adequate level of emergency inventory materials (food, blankets, etc.) at schools in the City of Susanville (i.e., Lassen High School, Diamond View, Meadowview, and McKinley) and throughout the county to accommodate emergency shelter.

Complete

9. Assess, retrofit, and maintain adequate level of emergency inventory materials (food, blankets, etc.) at other facilities throughout the county (i.e., Veterans Memorial Building) to accommodate emergency shelter.

Complete

10. Identify and designate Domestic Animal evacuation centers. Where possible link to emergency shelters as not to separate owners from their pets. Complete

11. Assess, retrofit, and possibly purchase necessary equipment at essential buildings (i.e., EOC’s, Emergency Services Buildings, Shelters, Water Facilities, etc.).to ensure a continual power supply during events that can potentially disrupt energy.

Ongoing

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-5
Mitigation Action Status

12. To improve the consistency of emergency communications and facilitate timely response, implement Firenet/Lawnet Lassen Emergency communication equipment upgrades (backup power, additional repeaters, radios, etc.).

Ongoing

13. Assess and possibly purchase material and/or equipment (i.e., snowplows/blowers and Snow CATs) to mitigate the hazards associated with severe and snow storms.

Ongoing

14. To facilitate storage for emergency response equipment and resource materials (e.g., salt, sand, heavy equipment) construct or purchase dry storage facilities in strategic locations within the county.

Not
started

15. To mitigate the impacts of severe storms and subsequent flooding, implement levee upgrades for waterways throughout the County, including Irrigation Canals.

Not
Started

16. To reduce the potential for flooding, develop a levee integrity program that includes assessment, inspection, and maintenance.

Not
Started

17. To mitigate flood losses, develop and implement a plan to address Carol Street repetitive flooding. Complete

18. Develop a standardized operational area evacuation plan to streamline emergency response efforts. Complete

19. Conduct EOC mock exercises and incident management position training to prepare for emergency response. Ongoing

20. Implement structural upgrades (e.g., installation of propane props, water supply, etc.) at the City of Susanville Fire Training Center to ensure continuous accessibility and functionality of the center. The center is primary building used for emergency response training, including wildfire and rescue operations.

Ongoing

21. Evaluate flooding areas and implement drainage improvements to reduce the potential for commercial and residential flooding.

Not
Started

22. Assess and develop additional potable water supplies in communities that currently do not have adequate water supply and storage.

Not
Started

23. Train and conduct mock exercises with first responders in hazardous materials (HazMat) response field operations and decontamination. Ongoing

24. Develop a commodity flow study to determine flow of hazardous materials through the county. Complete

25. Assess and implement seismic flexible piping joints at above ground storage reservoirs, as appropriate. Also, incorporate changes into building codes to ensure new reservoirs are designed with seismic flexible piping joints.

Complete

26. Inventory and evaluate all major pipelines in the county (water, sewer, gas) for seismic event reliability; include materials of constructing and the age of the pipeline.

Not
Started

27. Provide training on the Pandemic Response Plan to prepare for pandemic events. Ongoing

28. Purchase pandemic equipment and supplies to prepare for pandemic events. Ongoing

29. Conduct terrorism training and awareness courses to prepare for terrorism events. Ongoing

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-6
Mitigation Action Status

30. Update the Lassen County, City of Susanville, and Susanville Indian Rancheria websites to include natural hazard preparedness information and the final Hazard Mitigation Plan for public education.

Complete

31. During the Lassen County and Susanville General Plan Update, and the Susanville Indian Rancheria Master Plan Update, review and incorporate the LHMP findings to prevent building in identified hazard areas.

Complete

32. Harden spring locations for security. Complete

33. Explore options for increasing energy assurance throughout the county. Complete

34. Remap 100 year flood map to reflect Piute Creek Mitigation Project. Complete

35. Develop, adopt, and implement a dangerous building ordinance. Complete

36. Develop public education campaigns for the LHMP identified high priority hazards. Complete

37. Implement Diamond Mountain Watershed and Forest Restoration Project. Complete

38. Implement Hazardous Fuel Reduction Program (Day Road, Little Valley). Complete

39. Prepare a Storm Water Resource Plan. Not
Started

40. Develop and implement projects to help protect, restore, enhance and benefit National Forest System lands in Lassen County (including fire prevention, pest management, watershed restoration, forest health).

Not
Started

41. Determine feasibility and implementation plan for interconnection to the Nevada Energy line. Ongoing

42. Participate in the HERO Property Assessed Clean Energy Program to support homeowner energy and water efficiency improvements. Complete

43. Develop a Groundwater Sustainability Plan(s) Complete

44. Assess and where necessary retrofit/harden facilities essential to response and recovery operations within the county. Ongoing

45. Enhance, support, and expand current Geographic Information Systems (GIS) efforts within the county; including the development and maintenance of key data sets (i.e., critical assets, backup generators, evacuation routes) Complete

46. Assess, identify, and possibly retrofit/harden a building and/or office space to serve as the joint back up EOC Complete

47. Assess and implement recommended actions to ensure historical, cultural, and other significant (i.e., high occupancy) facilities/locations are safe from and will be preserved after major events
Ongoing
A signification action that was in the previous LHMP that was completed was related to incorporating the LHMP information into the General and Master Plan updates. The County and City have leveraged the LHMP information into the revised General Plan Housing and Safety Elements (Action Item #31 in the previous LHMP). Others actions competed included the hardening spring locations (Action Item #32 in the previous LHMP), exploring options for increasing energy efficiency (Action Item #33 in the previous LHMP), remap the 100-year flood zone (Action Item #34 in the previous LHMP), adoption of a dangerous building ordinance (Action

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-7
Item #35 in the previous LHMP), establish a platform via the County, City, and Rancheria website to disseminate mitigation-related information and material (Action Item #30 in previous LHMP), and the development of a groundwater sustainability plan (Action Item #10 in the previous LHMP).

It is worth noting that the groundwater sustainability plan is complete but waiting approval. In addition to implementing previous mitigation actions, several vital special and capital improvement projects were implemented by each of the participating jurisdictions that supported and/or augmented emergency management efforts.

For SIR, Action Items #1 and #2 are ongoing. Continue the Fuels/vegetation management will be placed in Action Item #37. Action Item #7 is ongoing, pending grant funding. Action Items #18, #19, and #46 have been put into our Continuity Of Operation Plan (COOP) and is ongoing and can be closed in the LHMP. Action Item #23 is ongoing and will be added to Action Item #27.

Action Item #25 is complete with water tanks. Action Item #27 continue to train on pandemic response plan is ongoing. Will be on going and added to new Action Item #29. Action Item #28, continues to train on pandemic response plan, is ongoing. Wil be added to Action Item #30. Action item #29 conduct terrorism training is ongoing and will be added to Action Item #33. Action Item #30 is complete Action Item #31, master plan is ongoing, will be completed in 2025. Action Item #36 continues education campaigns for LHMP to members. This is completed. Action Item #44 continue to evaluate facilities to retrofit/harden. On going and will be added to Action Item #13.

Action Item #45, working on support and expanding current GIS. This has been completed. Action Item #47, recommend action to ensure historical, culture sites will be preserved, ongoing. To be added to Action Item #14.

Additionally, it was decided to remove action #6- Reduce residential property densities in Very High Fire Hazard zones. The City determined that this action was addressed through other existing processes. The County has also determined it best to remove Action Items #4, #8, # 14, #18, and #20. All other existing mitigation actions from the previous LHMP were moved forwarded and included in this revised LHMP.

7.4. Mitigation Prioritization
The Planning Team used the STAPLEE Criteria to evaluate the feasibility of each of the mitigation action being considered for inclusion in the LHMP update. A feasibility assessment helps understand possible challenges that could hinder the ability to implement a mitigation action.

STAPLEE is an acronym with each letter representing an area that should be assessed for the project (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental). While there is a series of questions that can be asked under each area, the list below presents the general concept behind each area and some sample questions:
▪ Social- Do you have community support to implement the project? • Is the proposed action socially acceptable to the community? • Are there equity issues involved that would mean that one segment of the community is treated unfairly?
• Will the action cause social disruption?

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-8
▪ Technical- Does the technology exist to implement the project? • Will the proposed action work?
• Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve a problem or only a symptom?
• Is it the most useful action in light of other community goals? ▪ Administrative- Do you have the organization/staff to implement and sustain the project? • Can the community implement the action?
• Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort?
• Is there sufficient funding, staff, and technical support available? • Are there ongoing administrative requirements that need to be met? ▪ Political- Do you have the political support to implement the project? • Is the action politically acceptable?
• Is there public support both to implement and to maintain the project? ▪ Legal- Do you have appropriate legal authority to implement the project? • Is the community authorized to implement the proposed action? Is there a clear legal basis or precedent for this activity?
• Are there legal side effects? Could the activity be construed as a taking? • Is the proposed action allowed by the general plan, or must the general plan be amended to allow the proposed action?
• Will the community be liable for action or lack of action? • Will the activity be challenged?
▪ Economic- Do you have the funds to implement and is it cost-effective? • What are the costs and benefits of this action?
• Do the benefits exceed the costs?
• Are initial, maintenance, and administrative costs taken into account? • Has funding been secured for the proposed action? If not, what are the potential sources (public, non-profit, and private)?
• How will this action affect the fiscal capability of the community? • What burden will this action place on the tax base or local economy? • What are the budget and revenue effects of this activity? • Does the action contribute to other community goals, such as capital improvements or economic development?
• What benefits will the action provide?
▪ Environmental- What kind of impact will the project have on the environment? • How will the action affect the environment?
• Will the action need environmental regulatory approvals? • Will it meet local and state regulatory requirements? • Are endangered or threatened species likely to be affected? This evaluation is intended to assist the participating jurisdictions to focus their efforts on those projects with the greatest potential for implementation, including benefit-to-cost considerations.

Each proposed mitigation action was assigned a number for each STAPLEE criteria based on a scale of 1–5 where 5 is favorable/beneficial or NO major issues/opposition; 3 is middle of the

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-9
road, and 1 is unfavorable/not beneficial or major issues/opposition. There was also the ability to weigh some criteria considered more important than others in determining the final prioritization of individual mitigation actions. For example, the urgency of implementing a mitigation action to address a high priority hazard/threat, or the current availability of funding to initiate a mitigation action affected the final priority assigned to each mitigation action. The scores assigned to each STAPLEE criteria were then totaled for each mitigation action.

7.5. Mitigation Actions
As mentioned, the proposed mitigation actions were identified from a review of the list of mitigation actions in 2019 LHMP and consideration of the work done during the LHMP update process (Community Profile- Section 3.0, Capability Assessment- Section 4.0, Hazard/Threat Assessment- Section 5.0, and Risk Assessment- Section 6.0). The mitigation measures focused on actions the County, City, and the Rancheria can take to reduce the vulnerabilities/impacts and/or increase its capabilities.

The focus of the mitigation actions was on the “high” priority (Tier I) hazards/threats; however, mitigation actions were considered for all hazards/threats. As mentioned, part of this work included an assessment of current capabilities. As such, all plans, programs, regulations, codes, laws, policies, ordinances were evaluated to determine if they are effective at addressing the risk or whether it needed to be expanded and/or improved. If adjustments of the capability were needed, they were included as a mitigation action. However, the County, City, and the Rancheria recognize the importance to support, expand, and implement these capabilities as evident by the mitigation goals and objectives. It is worth noting that consideration was also given to overlooked (needed) capabilities (plans, policies, and programs). Needed capabilities, if any, are included in the mitigation action list.

Given the limited potential for new development discussed in Section 4, the majority of structural and non-structural mitigation actions focus on existing structures. Any new development or redevelopment that occurs within the County, City, and the Rancheria will be subject to current codes and standards, including relevant hazard ordinances, design requirements, and environmental review.

The table below (Error! Reference source not found.2) represents the proposed mitigation actions a s identified by the Planning Team. As mentioned earlier, the focus of the mitigation actions is primarily on the “high” priority hazards (Earthquake, Flood, Wildfire, Drought, Energy Shortage, Severe Weather, and Hazardous Material Spills); however, some mitigation actions do address other hazards.

Table 7-2. Proposed Mitigation Actions
Action # Mitigation Action Hazard or
Threat
Goal
Addressed
1 Implement the Cady Springs Booster Station and Main line protection project, as identified in the City of Susanville Feasibility Study.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-10
Action # Mitigation Action Hazard or
Threat
Goal
Addressed
2 Assess, inventory, and maintain adequate level of emergency materials (food, blankets, etc.) at facilities throughout the county to accommodate emergency shelter. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure,
landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 4, 5
3 Identify and designate Domestic Animal evacuation centers.

Where possible link to emergency shelters as not to separate owners from their pets.

Multi-hazard 1, 4, 5
4 Assess, inventory, and purchase necessary equipment at essential buildings (i.e., EOC’s, Emergency Services Buildings, Shelters, Water Facilities, etc.).to ensure a continual power supply during events that can potentially disrupt energy. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 4, 5, 6
5 Improve the consistency of emergency communications and facilitate timely response, implement Firenet/Lawnet Lassen Emergency communication equipment upgrades (backup
power, additional repeaters, radios, etc.). This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure,
landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6 Assess, inventory, and maintain adequate level of storage for emergency response equipment and resource materials (e.g., salt, sand, heavy equipment). Possibly retrofit, construct, or purchase dry storage facilities in strategic locations within the county. This would include needs to address avalanche,
dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5
7 Develop a standardized operational area evacuation plan to streamline emergency response efforts. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure,
landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
8 Conduct EOC mock exercises and incident management
position training to prepare for emergency response. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
9 Implement structural upgrades (e.g., installation of propane props, water supply, etc.) at the City of Susanville Fire Training Center to ensure continuous accessibility and functionality of the center. The center is primary building used for emergency response training, including wildfire and rescue operations.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5
10 Develop public education campaigns for the LHMP identified high priority hazards. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
11 Identify/inventory, assess, and where necessary
retrofit/harden facilities essential to response and recovery operations within the county. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5, 6

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-11
Action # Mitigation Action Hazard or
Threat
Goal
Addressed
12 Enhance, support, and expand current Geographic Information Systems (GIS) efforts within the county, including the
development and maintenance of key data sets (i.e., critical assets, backup generators, evacuation routes). This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
13 Assess, identify, and possibly retrofit/harden a building and/or office space to serve as the joint back up EOC. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
14 Assess and implement recommended actions to ensure
historical, cultural, and other significant (i.e., high occupancy) facilities/locations are safe from and will be preserved after major events.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
15 Implement the spring rehabilitation program via the
installation of spring boxes to protect the spring water from contamination (from surface runoff or contact with human and animals) and to provide a point of collection and a place for sedimentation.

Drought 1, 2, 3
16 Assess and develop additional potable water supplies in communities that currently do not have adequate water supply and storage.

Drought 1, 3, 4, 5
17 Harden spring locations for security. Drought 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 18 Prepare a Storm Water Resource Plan. Drought 1, 3, 4, 5 19 Assess and implement seismic flexible piping joints at above ground storage reservoirs, as appropriate. Also, incorporate changes into building codes to ensure new reservoirs are designed with seismic flexible piping joints.

Earthquake 1, 2, 5
20 Inventory and evaluate all major pipelines in the county (water, sewer, gas) for seismic event reliability; include materials of constructing and the age of the pipeline.

Earthquake 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
21 Explore options and implement recommendations for
increasing energy assurance throughout the county.

Energy
Disruption 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
22 Determine feasibility and implementation plan for
interconnection to the Nevada Energy line.

Energy
Disruption 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
23 Participate in the HERO Property Assessed Clean Energy Program to support homeowner energy and water efficiency improvements.

Energy
Disruption 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
24 Develop a levee integrity program that includes assessment, inspection, and maintenance. Flood 1, 2, 3, 4
25 Develop and implement a plan to address Carol Street repetitive flooding. Flood 1, 2, 3
26 Evaluate flooding areas and implement drainage
improvements to reduce the potential for commercial and residential flooding.

Flood 1, 2, 3, 4
27 Train and conduct mock exercises with first responders in hazardous materials (HazMat) response field operations and decontamination.

Hazardous
Materials 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
28 Develop a commodity flow study to determine flow of
hazardous materials through the county.

Hazardous
Materials 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
29 Provide training on the Pandemic Response Plan to prepare for pandemic events.

Infectious
Disease 1, 2, 3, 5, 6

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-12
Action # Mitigation Action Hazard or
Threat
Goal
Addressed
30 Purchase pandemic equipment and supplies to prepare for pandemic events.

Infectious
Disease 1, 4, 5
31 Assess and possibly purchase material and/or equipment (i.e., snowplows/blowers and Snow CATs) to mitigate the hazards associated with severe and snow storms.

Severe
Storms 1, 2, 5
32 Implement levee upgrades for waterways throughout the County, including Irrigation Canals.

Severe
Storms 1, 2, 3
33 Conduct terrorism training and awareness courses to prepare for terrorism events. Terrorism 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
34 Identify areas vulnerable to wildfire due to inadequate water supply for firefighting and implement improvements (e.g., expansion of water supply, storage hydrants, etc.).

Wildfire 1, 2, 3
35 Install necessary infrastructure for fire protection in Johnstonville, as identified in the Lassen County Feasibility Study.

Wildfire 1, 2, 3, 5
36 Implement Diamond Mountain Watershed and Forest
Restoration Project. Wildfire 1, 2, 3, 4
37 Implement Hazardous Fuel Reduction Program (Day Road, Little Valley). Wildfire 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
38 Develop and implement projects to help protect, restore, enhance and benefit National Forest System lands in Lassen County (including fire prevention, pest management,
watershed restoration, forest health).

Wildfire 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
39 Develop a program and/or policy that outlines the required Emergency Management plans, Business Continuity plans, and Local plans, defining the purpose, roles and responsibilities, and relationship between the plans. Encourage the
development, implementation, testing, and maintenance of these plans to ensure compatibility, consistency, and
efficiency. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure, landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
40 Establish Mobile Disaster Response Units equipped with supplies, equipment, and personnel to quickly deploy to affected areas and provide emergency assistance, medical care, and support services during disasters. This would include needs to address avalanche, dam/reservoir failure,
landslide/other earth movement, and volcanoes.

Multi-hazard 1, 2, 3, 5, 6

7.6. Implementation Plan
The following table (Table 7-3) reflects the implementation plan and the STAPLEE scoring for each mitigation action. The table is sorted by the STAPLEE scoring to help better understand the priority mitigation actions. The implementation plan identifies the lead department responsible for the action, the estimated cost, potential funding source to support the action, and the proposed timeframe for completion. Because there are some unknowns, the Planning Team developed ranges for both the project costs and project timeframes. The range for project cost includes <$100,000, $100,000-$500,000, $500,001-$1,000,000, and >$1,000,000. The range for project timeframe includes <1 year, 1-3 years, 3-5 years, and >5 years. Additionally, while some funding sources are listed, the County, City, and the Rancheria intend to actively search for other possible

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-13
funding sources to help implement mitigation actions. It is also worth noting that the Planning Team has listed Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) Grants under several of the mitigation actions. The Planning Team recognizes that HMA Grants include the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC), and Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) funding. It was deemed better by the Planning Team to list it collectively, instead of only selecting 1 or 2 of the grant programs so as to not limit consideration under the other grant programs.

Table 7-3. Proposed Mitigation Actions Implementation Plan Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
1 Implement the
Cady Springs
Booster Station
and Main line
protection project,
as identified in the
City of Susanville
Feasibility Study.
 Susanville Public
Works
>$1,000,000  Prop.
84 funds
1-3 years 27
2 Assess, inventory,
and maintain
adequate level of
emergency
materials (food,
blankets, etc.) at
facilities
throughout the
county to
accommodate
emergency shelter.
 County Public
Works
 County Health &
Social Services
 Susanville School
District
 Lassen High
School District
 County Health &
Social Services
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1 year 24
3 Identify and
designate Domestic
Animal evacuation
centers. Where
possible link to
emergency shelters
as not to separate
owners from their
pets.
 County Ag
Commissioner
 County
Emergency
Services
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
1-3 years 25

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-14
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
4 Assess, inventory,
and purchase
necessary
equipment at
essential buildings
(i.e., EOC’s,
Emergency
Services Buildings,
Shelters, Water
Facilities, etc.).to
ensure a continual
power supply
during events that
can potentially
disrupt energy.
 County
Emergency
Services
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
 County Health &
Social Services
>$1,000,000  Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
>5 years 28
5 Improve the
consistency of
emergency
communications
and facilitate
timely response,
implement
Firenet/Lawnet
Lassen Emergency
communication
equipment
upgrades (backup
power, additional
repeaters, radios,
etc.).
 County
Emergency
Services
 County Sheriff
 Firenet Lassen
 County Health &
Social Services
$500,001-
$1,000,000
 HMA
Grants
 JPA
Fees
1-3 years 25
6 Assess, inventory,
and maintain
adequate level of
storage for
emergency
response
equipment and
resource materials
(e.g., salt, sand,
heavy equipment).

Possibly retrofit,
construct, or
purchase dry
storage facilities in
strategic locations
within the county.
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
 SIR Public Works
$500,001-
$1,00,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 24

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-15
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
7 Develop a
standardized
operational area
evacuation plan to
streamline
emergency
response efforts.
 County Sheriff
 Susanville Police
Department
 Highway Patrol
 Sierra Depot
Police
 County
Emergency
Services
 County Health &
Social Services
 SIR Emergency
Services
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28
8 Conduct EOC mock
exercises and
incident
management
position training to
prepare for
emergency
response.
 County
Emergency
Services
 Susanville Fire
Department
 Rancheria
Emergency
Services
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
<1 year 27
9 Implement
structural
upgrades (e.g.,
installation of
propane props,
water supply, etc.)
at the City of
Susanville Fire
Training Center to
ensure continuous
accessibility and
functionality of the
center. The center
is primary building
used for
emergency
response training,
including wildfire
and rescue
operations.
 City Fire
Department
 Lassen County
Fire Officers
Association
$500,001-
$1,000,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 26
10 Develop public
education
campaigns for the
LHMP identified
high priority
hazards.
 County
Emergency
Services
 Susanville Fire
Department
 Rancheria
Emergency
Services
 Administrative
Departments
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-16
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
11 Identify/inventory,
assess, and where
necessary
retrofit/harden
facilities essential
to response and
recovery
operations within
the county.
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
>5 years 22
12 Enhance, support,
and expand
current Geographic
Information
Systems (GIS)
efforts within the
county, including
the development
and maintenance
of key data sets
(i.e., critical assets,
backup generators,
evacuation routes)
 County Planning
and Building
 Susanville
Planning
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28
13 Assess, identify,
and possibly
retrofit/harden a
building and/or
office space to
serve as the joint
back up EOC
 County Office of
Emergency
Services
 SIR Emergency
Services
$500,001-
$1,00,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 25
14 Assess and
implement
recommended
actions to ensure
historical, cultural,
and other
significant (i.e.,
high occupancy)
facilities/locations
are safe from and
will be preserved
after major events
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
 SIR Public Works
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
>5 years 22

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-17
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
15 Implement the
spring
rehabilitation
program via the
installation of
spring boxes to
protect the spring
water from
contamination
(from surface
runoff or contact
with human and
animals) and to
provide a point of
collection and a
place for
sedimentation.
 Susanville Public
Works
 Rancheria
Natural
Resources
Department
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
 BIA
 EPA
1-3 years 31
16 Assess and develop
additional potable
water supplies in
communities that
currently do not
have adequate
water supply and
storage.
 County Planning
& Building
 City Public
Works
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 25
17 Harden spring
locations for
security.
 Susanville Public
Works
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
 Capital
Improv
ement
Funds
1-3 years 27
18 Prepare a Storm
Water Resource
Plan.
 Honey Lake
Resource
Conservation
District
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28
19 Assess and
implement seismic
flexible piping
joints at above
ground storage
reservoirs, as
appropriate. Also,
incorporate
changes into
building codes to
ensure new
reservoirs are
designed with
seismic flexible
piping joints.
 City Public
Works
 Rancheria Public
Works
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-18
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
20 Inventory and
evaluate all major
pipelines in the
county (water,
sewer, gas) for
seismic event
reliability; include
materials of
constructing and
the age of the
pipeline.
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
 Susanville
Sanitary District
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
 Capital
Improv
ement
Funds
1-3 years 23
21 Explore options
and implement
recommendations
for increasing
energy assurance
throughout the
county.
 County & City
Administration
 Lassen Municipal
Utility District
 Rural Electric
 Surprise Valley
Electric
 Pacific Gas &
Electric
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28
22 Determine
feasibility and
implementation
plan for
interconnection to
the Nevada Energy
line.
 Lassen Municipal
Utility District
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 26
23 Participate in the
HERO Property
Assessed Clean
Energy Program to
support
homeowner energy
and water
efficiency
improvements.
 City of Susanville
 Renovate
America
 Private
Homeowners
$100,000-
$500,000
 HERO
PACE
1-3 years 28
24 Develop a levee
integrity program
that includes
assessment,
inspection, and
maintenance.
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 20
25 Develop and
implement a plan
to address Carol
Street repetitive
flooding.
 Susanville Public
Works
 Fish & Wildlife
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
1-3 years 23

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-19
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
26 Evaluate flooding
areas and
implement
drainage
improvements to
reduce the
potential for
commercial and
residential
flooding.
 County Public
Works
 City Public
Works
 SIR Public Works
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 Capital
Improv
ement
Funds
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 23
27 Train and conduct
mock exercises
with first
responders in
hazardous
materials (HazMat)
response field
operations and
decontamination.
 Lassen County
Fire Officers
Association
 County
Emergency
Services
 Rancheria
Emergency
Services
 County Ag
Commissioner
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 30
28 Develop a
commodity flow
study to determine
flow of hazardous
materials through
the county.
 County
Emergency
Services
 Susanville Fire
Department
 County
Environmental
Health
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 27
29 Provide training on
the Pandemic
Response Plan to
prepare for
pandemic events.
 County Public
Health
 Rancheria Health
Clinic
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1 year 25
30 Purchase pandemic
equipment and
supplies to prepare
for pandemic
events.
 County Public
Health
 Rancheria Health
Clinic
$500,001-
$1,000,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1 year 22
31 Assess and
possibly purchase
material and/or
equipment (i.e.,
snowplows/blowe
rs and Snow CATs)
to mitigate the
hazards associated
with severe and
snow storms.
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
 SIR Public Works
>$1,000,000  Annual
Budge
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 23

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-20
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
32 Implement levee
upgrades for
waterways
throughout the
County, including
Irrigation Canals.
 County Public
Works
 Susanville Public
Works
 Fish & Wildlife
 Resource
Conservation
Districts
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
1-3 years 23
33 Conduct terrorism
training and
awareness courses
to prepare for
terrorism events.
 County
Emergency
Services
 County Sheriff
 Susanville Fire
Department
 Susanville Police
Department
 Rancheria
Emergency
Services
 California
Highway Patrol
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1 year 25
34 Identify areas
vulnerable to
wildfire due to
inadequate water
supply for
firefighting and
implement
improvements
(e.g., expansion of
water supply,
storage hydrants,
etc.).
 Community
Service Districts
(Leavitt Lake,
Westwood, Adin,
Clear Creek)
 Herlong Public
Utility District
 County Service
Area #1
 CAL FIRE
$100,000-
$500,000
 Annual
Budget
 Capital
Improv
ement
Funds
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 26
35 Install necessary
infrastructure for
fire protection in
Johnstonville, as
identified in the
Lassen County
Feasibility Study.
 Susanville Fire
Department
 Susan River Fire
Protection
District
 Susanville Public
Works
>$1,000,000  Annual
Budget
 See
Feasibil
ity
Study
>5 years 26
36 Implement
Diamond Mountain
Watershed and
Forest Restoration
Project.
 Lassen County
Fire Safe Council
 CAL FIRE
 BLM
 Lassen & Plumas
National Forests
 Honey Lake
Valley RCD
 Susan River FPD
 Private
Landowners
>$1,000,000  HMA
Grants
>5 years 29

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-21
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
37 Implement
Hazardous Fuel
Reduction Program
(Day Road, Little
Valley).
 Lassen County
Fire Safe Council
 CAL FIRE
 Pacific Gas &
Electric
 Rancheria
<$100,000  HMA
Grants
 USDA
 BIA
<1 year 29
38 Develop and
implement projects
to help protect,
restore, enhance
and benefit
National Forest
System lands in
Lassen County
(including fire
prevention, pest
management,
watershed
restoration, forest
health).
 Lassen County
Resource
Advisory
Committee
 U.S. Forest
Service
$100,000-
$500,000
 HMA
Grants
>5 years 29
39 Develop a program
and/or policy that
outlines the
required
Emergency
Management plans,
Business Continuity
plans, and Local
plans, defining the
purpose, roles and
responsibilities,
and relationship
between the plans.

Encourage the
development,
implementation,
testing, and
maintenance of
these plans to
ensure
compatibility,
consistency, and
efficiency.
 County Planning
and Building
 Susanville
Planning
$500,001-
$1,000,000
 Annual
Budget
 HMA
Grants
1-3 years 28

Mitigation Strategy
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 7-22
Action
#
Mitigation Action Leads Cost Funding
Source
Timeframe STAPLEE
score
40 Establish Mobile
Disaster Response
Units equipped
with supplies,
equipment, and
personnel to
quickly deploy to
affected areas and
provide emergency
assistance, medical
care, and support
services during
disasters
 Public Safety $500,001-
$1,000,000
 Annual
Budget
 Grants
1-3 years 26

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

8. Plan Maintenance
The purpose of this section is to present the actions the County, City, and the Rancheria will take to ensure the LHMP remains current and up to date over the next five (5) years. In addition to ensuring the LHMP remains current, this section presents the efforts the County, City, and the Rancheria will take to educate and bring awareness about hazards/threats, efforts to address the hazards/threats, and potential actions that can be taken within the community to stakeholders and the general public. This section also presents the County, City, and the Rancheria’s intention to encourage the incorporation LHMP information into other planning efforts. The County, City, and the Rancheria believe the effectiveness of the LHMP depends on the implementation of proposed mitigation actions and the integration of information into other existing plans, policies, and programs.

8.1. Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the Plan
The County Planning and Building Services will work with the Planning Team to monitor, evaluate, review, and update information in the LHMP, and although significant efforts were taken to include all relevant stakeholders and partners during the update process, additional efforts will be made to expand the Planning Team to include other community stakeholders and partners that may not have participated. The County Planning and Building Services will facilitate an annual meeting with the Planning Team to review all of the information in the LHMP, with a heavy emphasis on the proposed mitigation actions. The intent, benefit, and status update of mitigation action will be discussed, including the validation of the implementation plan. The intent is to have the review coincide with the development of the County, City, and the Rancheria’s annual budget, increasing the chances of inclusion of mitigation actions in the Capital Improvement Program. While there is not a confirmed meeting schedule, the County Planning and Building Services will ensure that the first annual meeting will occur within one (1) year from the date of FEMA approval.

In addition to the annual Planning Team meeting, the County Planning and Building Services will facilitate ad hoc meetings to review the LHMP after an emergency declaration/proclamation (Federal, State, Regional, County, Rancheria, and/or City), after an event that required activation of an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) within the Operational Area, during an update of the General Plan/Master Plan or Emergency Plans, or if a disaster event occurs in a community sharing similar characteristics. Some of the discussion will focus around validating the Goals and Objectives, reviewing the Hazard/Threat Profiles, calibrating the potential vulnerabilities and impacts (risk), and assessing the benefits of the proposed projects/actions.

The County Planning and Building Services will also encourage the integration of mitigation topics into other County, City, Rancheria, and stakeholder/partner planning meetings. The County will urge that mitigation is an agenda item and/or incorporated into the discussion during those meetings whenever appropriate.

The County Planning and Building Services will also lead the next effort to update the LHMP. The County Planning and Building Services will ensure all information obtained from these meetings will be captured and made available for the next LHMP update. Understanding the need not to have the LHMP expire, the County will begin the process of updating the LHMP two (2) years prior to the plan expiration date. If the County, City, and the Rancheria decided to seek a Hazard

Plan Maintenance
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 8-2
Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grant and/or the assistance of a consultant to support the LHMP update effort, the County will incorporate appropriate time to account for those needs. The County, City and Rancheria anticipate utilizing the same planning process used for this update process during the next update of the LHMP.

8.2. Integration with Other Planning Efforts
Integration of the LHMP with other programs, processes, and planning efforts is essential to the success of building a disaster resilient community. Ensuring all plans and programs are consistent and working together towards common goals is vital part of this effort. The Lassen County Operational Area supports an all-hazard approach, encourages information sharing between jurisdictions, organizations, and departments, and urges the incorporation of information into other planning efforts. In the past, integration of the LHMP has not been without its challenges. Along with ever evolving, competing priorities, there have been challenges of personnel changes and highly competitive allocation of funding.

As other plans are developed, the LHMP information will be leveraged and incorporated when other plans could benefit from a better understanding of hazards/threats and the potential mitigation actions that can be taken. The County has already incorporated the previous LHMP by reference and will continue to assess and incorporate changes where necessary. After adoption and approval of this LHMP, the City and the Rancheria will work to incorporate and/or update the information in the General Plan and Master Plan. Additionally, the County, City, and Rancheria will work to incorporate the LHMP into the Emergency Operations Plans (EOP) where appropriate.

While the LHMP was not integrated into many other plans and planning efforts, some formal actions were accomplished. The information in the LHMP is leveraged in the creation of the annual Capital Improvement Program Project list. Issues identified through the LHMP process augmented the work done annually to assess projects, capabilities, and needs. The LHMP also assists with discovery and mitigation actions in EIR processes.

The County, City, and Rancheria intend to implement a similar planning process like the one used to complete this LHMP update. The process encourages establishing an all-inclusive team and the consideration of a multitude of plans and documents, supporting an information driven planning/decision process. Additionally, many of the plans prepared by the County, City, and Rancheria require public review and, in some instances, environmental compliance (i.e., NEPA, CEQA). This will also help to ensure that information and findings from the LHMP be considered and incorporated where applicable. Another element to help ensure incorporation is that the very team members working on the LHMP are the ones working on other plans. This deliberate action under the LHMP was to not only ensure the LHMP incorporated information from their efforts but was to also ensure LHMP information would be brought back to their planning efforts.

8.3. Continued Stakeholder and Public Involvement
A critical part of maintaining the LHMP is ongoing stakeholder and public review and participation.

The County, City, and the Rancheria are committed to the direct involvement of stakeholders and the public, offering them a platform to provide feedback and comments on the LHMP on a continued basis. As mentioned, during the update of the LHMP, the County, City, and the

Plan Maintenance
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 8-3
Rancheria made an effort to be all inclusive in the planning process. At the beginning of the process, extra effort was conducted to reach out to non-governmental organizations and private organizations, some of whom are advocates for underserved and socially vulnerable populations.

The County, City, and the Rancheria are dedicated to continuing to engage with these communities and bringing greater awareness of these community needs.

The County, City, and the Rancheria are also looking for better opportunities to engage directly with the communities (i.e., workshops, meetings) to both educate each other and exchange ideas.

The mitigation survey will remain on the County website for the foreseeable future as to allow for additional participants to provide input and feedback. The County, City, and the Rancheria are hoping that this continued (and improved) outreach will lend itself to better participation in the next update of the LHMP. This may include more targeted messaging and contact with underserved and socially vulnerable populations (i.e., the elderly, non-English speaking, homeless, transportation disadvantaged, and the Disabled, Access, and Functional Needs- DAFN). As an ongoing effort, stakeholders and the public will continue to be apprised of mitigation actions through the County’s website, County, City, and the Rancheria social media platforms, and through the local media. The County, City, and the Rancheria will leverage the communication capabilities presented in section 4.3.2 and followed during the LHMP public involvement processes described under Section 2 of this Plan.

8.4. Point of Contact
While the LHMP is viewed as an Operational Area document, requiring participation from several County, City, and the Rancheria departments, it is important to identify a single person responsible for the administration of the plan. As mentioned, the County will act as the lead, facilitating and encouraging participation from all Planning Team members to monitor, evaluate, review, and update information in the LHMP. Without this collective input and participation, the County recognizes the potential shortfall of the LHMP. Below is the contact information for the County Coordinator:

Silas Rojas- Lassen County Emergency Services Chief
697-345 Highway 36, Susanville CA 96130
(530) 257/ 8504 / [email protected]

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan APPENDIX A- Adoption Resolutions

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan APPENDIX B- Planning Team Member Attendance Matrix

Name 6/29/2023 4/1/2024 4/15/2024 4/29/2024 5/13/2024 6/10/2024 6/24/2024 7/8/2024 7/22/2024 8/5/2024 8/19/2024 9/16/2024 Maurice Anderson X X X X X X X XGaylon Norwood X X X X X X X X X X X XMike Johnson XMatt Oden X X X X X X X X X XMindie Hilton X X X X X X X X X XGrace Poor X X X X XJohn McGarva X X XJim Uruburu X X X X X X XSara Chandler X X X XMichael Hoenig X XCynthia Raschein X X X X X X X X XMike Bollinger X X X X X X XKelly Mumper X X X X X X X X X X X XTom Hernandez X X X X X X X XMarcie Rojas X X X X X X XNick Dacosta X X X X X X X XDan Newton X XBob Godman X X X X X X X X XErik Edholm X X X X X XDow Davis XTamra Spade X X X X X X XSilas Rojas X X X X X X XBrandie Cooper X X XMaureen Curley X X X X X X XAudie Noneo XAndrew Petrow X X X X X X X X X X XMichael GibbonsCort Cortez X X X X X X XCortney Flather XEthan Mobley X XBrian Greer XMike PrettymanRobert SteenCade Mohlr X XJamie Huber X X X XCasey Urrutia X X XScot Dixon X XJayson Vial X XJolene Arredondo XSteve StumpCasey WilliamsJason Housal X X XKory Bowser Elizabeth Krier X X X XCaleb Schortz X XJasleen Mutti X X XTom Downing X X

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan APPENDIX C- Public Outreach Meeting Announcements

PUBLIC MEETING

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE
THURSDAY, JUNE 29, 2023 at 2:00 P.M.

Jensen Hall, 195 Russell Ave. Susanville, CA
Join via Microsoft Teams: https://msteams.link/Z2UY
Meeting ID: 216 765 741 478 Passcode: P5hhJG
At the Thursday, June 29, 2023 meeting, we
will be discussing which hazards are of the
most concern throughout the county.

What is a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
(LHMP)?
The purpose of a LHMP is for local governments to
identify the natural hazards that impact them, to
identify actions and activities to reduce any losses
from those hazards, and to establish a coordinated
process to implement the plan, taking advantage of
a wide range of resources. A LHMP enables the
County and the City to leverage Federal funding
sources to prevent damages from natural hazards
such as wildfires, power outages, and floods.

How can you help?
Public input is an essential part of the plan update.

As part of the planning process, Lassen County and
the City of Susanville are seeking feedback from
residents and businesses from across the county to
incorporate into the plan.

If you would like more information please contact us at the numbers listed below or email Cortney Flather, Natural Resources Coordinator, at [email protected].

Lassen County – (530) 251-8269
City of Susanville – (530) 252-5100
What are the natural hazards you feel pose the greatest risk to your community?

PUBLIC MEETING ANNOUCEMENT

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE
THURSDAY, JUNE 6, 2024 at 7:00 P.M.

Join via Zoom
https://www.zoomgov.com/j/1619965063?pwd=YUs2RG5MWklOUEdybjNLbFA2L2hldz09 Meeting ID: 161 996 5063 Passcode: 418082
Purpose of the Meeting:

Lassen County, the City of Susanville, and the Susanville Indian Rancheria are working cooperatively to update the Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). As part of the process, input is essential to ensure the public’s perspectives (i.e., concerns, challenges, expectations) are considered and incorporated into the LHMP.

What is Hazard Mitigation:

Any long-term action taken to reduce and/or eliminate impacts from Hazards and Threats. Mitigation can reduce the enormous cost and lengthy duration of disaster response and recovery by protecting citizens, critical facilities/infrastructure, and local businesses.

What is a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan?
The purpose of a LHMP is for local governments to identify actions (or strategies) it can take to reduce and/or eliminate risk from identified Hazards and Threats. This is accomplished by facilitating a team through a comprehensive planning process to learn about the Hazards and Threats, understanding the current local capabilities, and then identify appropriate actions to reduce and/or eliminate risk.

Hazard Mitigation Plan Update:

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requires that LHMPs be updated every five (5) years to receive Hazard Mitigation Assistance grants. The current Lassen County Operational Area LHMP (here) expired January 2024. The intent is to have a FEMA-approved and locally adopted LHMP by the end of 2024.

Contact Information
Questions may be addressed to Lassen County Deputy Director of the Planning and Building Services Department Gaylon Norwood: (530) 251-8269 or [email protected].

PUBLIC MEETING ANNOUNCEMENT

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE
MONDAY, October 7, 2024 at 6:00 P.M.

Join via Zoom
https://www.zoomgov.com/j/1614660757?pwd=bjbGbLnzqOjrMYmZgwUb7NPwT4kKEu.1 Meeting ID: 161 466 0757 Passcode: 237893
Purpose of the Meeting:

Lassen County, the City of Susanville, and the Susanville Indian Rancheria are working cooperatively to update the Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). As part of the process, input is essential to ensure the public’s perspectives (i.e., concerns, challenges, expectations) are considered and incorporated into the LHMP.

What is Hazard Mitigation:

Any long-term action taken to reduce and/or eliminate impacts from Hazards and Threats. Mitigation can reduce the enormous cost and lengthy duration of disaster response and recovery by protecting citizens, critical facilities/infrastructure, and local businesses.

What is a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan?
The purpose of a LHMP is for local governments to identify actions (or strategies) it can take to reduce and/or eliminate risk from identified Hazards and Threats. This is accomplished by facilitating a team through a comprehensive planning process to learn about the Hazards and Threats, understanding the current local capabilities, and then identify appropriate actions to reduce and/or eliminate risk.

Hazard Mitigation Plan Update:

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requires that LHMPs be updated every five (5) years to receive Hazard Mitigation Assistance grants. The current Lassen County Operational Area LHMP (here) expired January 2024. The intent is to have a FEMA-approved and locally adopted LHMP by the end of 2024.

Contact Information
Questions may be addressed to Lassen County Deputy Director of the Planning and Building Services Department Gaylon Norwood: (530) 251-8269 or [email protected].

Scan the QR Code to go to Lassen County Planning and Building Services website for more information and a link to the above meeting.

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan APPENDIX D- Survey Results

 



 
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     Page 250 of 298
Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan APPENDIX E- List of Assets

Type Owner 2 Name 2- Correct Structure Value Contents Value Airport City Susanville Municipal Airport $ 2,000,000
Government- Fire City Susanville Fire Department $ 949,770 $ 1,424,655 Government- Law City Susanville Police Department $ 1,633,200 $ 2,449,800 Public Buildings City Lassen Municipal Utilities District $ 677,250 $ 677,250 Public Buildings City Susanville City Hall $ 541,800 $ 541,800 Public Buildings City Susanville Community Center $ 180,600 $ 180,600 Public Buildings City Susanville District Library $ 1,143,340 $ 1,143,340 Public Buildings City Susanville Public Works Building $ 541,800 $ 541,800 Public Buildings City Susanville Sanitation District $ 451,500 $ 451,500 Roads/Bridges City Akexander Ave. and Susan River Bridge $ 1,000,000 Roads/Bridges City Foss St. bridge $ 150,000
Roads/Bridges City Hwy 36 and Susan River Bridge $ 100,000 Roads/Bridges City N. Weatherlow and Paiute Creek bridge $ 200,000 Roads/Bridges City North St. and Paiute Creek bridge $ 200,000 Roads/Bridges City Richmond Road and Susan River Bridge $ 1,000,000 Roads/Bridges City Riverside Drive and Susan River Bridge $ 600,000 Roads/Bridges City S. Lassen St. and Susan River Bridge $ 6,000,000 School City Credence High School $ 649,600 $ 649,600
School City Diamond View Elementary School $ 7,037,160 $ 7,037,160 School City Lassen Community College $ 22,936,000 $ 34,404,000 School City Lassen High School $ 9,280,000 $ 9,280,000
School City McKinley Elementary School $ 5,593,640 $ 5,593,640 School City Meadow View School $ 4,511,000 $ 4,511,000
Water Facilities City Well One- Grove St Well $ 400,000 Water Facilities City Well Four- Orlo St. Well $ 400,000 Water Facilities City Well Three- Johnstonville Road
Water Facilities City Well Five- Highway 139, north of Sleep Hollow Water Facilities City Water Tank- South St $ 1,250,000
Water Facilities City
Water Facilities City
Water Facilities City
Water Facilities City Water Tank- Spring Ridge $ 1,250,000 Government- Fire Federal Government US Forestry Fire Dispatch $ 1,055,300 $ 1,582,950 Government- Law Federal Government Herlong Correctional Facility Medical Federal Government Northeastern Health Center
Airport Lassen County Ravendale Airport $ 2,000,000

Type Owner 2 Name 2- Correct Structure Value Contents Value Airport Lassen County Bieber Airport $ 2,000,000
Airport Lassen County Herlong Airport
Airport Lassen County Spalding Airport
Government- Fire Lassen County Lake Forest Fire Department $ 105,530 $ 158,295 Government- Law Lassen County Lassen County Jail $ 7,242,970 $ 7,242,970 Government- Law Lassen County Lassen County Sheriff/Coroner's Office $ 1,088,800 $ 1,633,200 Government- Law Lassen County Lassen County Superior Court $ 5,950,292 $ 5,950,292 Public Buildings Lassen County Lassen County Administration Complex $ 1,354,500 $ 1,354,500 Public Buildings Lassen County Lassen County Fairgrounds $ 2,709,000 $ 2,709,000 Public Buildings Lassen County Lassen County Public Works $ 2,216,865 $ 2,216,865 Public Buildings Lassen County Spaulding Community Services District $ 2,709,000 $ 2,709,000 Public Buildings Lassen County Stone Bengard Community Services $ 2,709,000 $ 2,709,000 Public Buildings Lassen County Westwood Community Service District $ 1,150,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County A25 and Long Valley Creek Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County A26 and Long Valley Creek Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County A27 Bridge $ 1,300,000
Roads/Bridges Lassen County Alexander Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Alexander Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Alexander Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Alexander Rd. and Dill Slough Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Belfast Rd. and Willow Creek bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Bieber bridge Hwy 299 $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Center Rd. Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Center Road and Willow Creek Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Chappius Lane and Susan River Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Clear Creek Bridge/Culvert $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County CR322 and Long Creek Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County CR322 Long Valley Creek Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Cut-Off Road Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Galeppi Rd and Hartson Slough Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hemphill Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hemphill Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hemphill Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hwy 299 and railroad bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hwy 395 and Willow Creek Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hwy. 139 bridge $ 1,300,000

Type Owner 2 Name 2- Correct Structure Value Contents Value Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hwy. 36 and $ 1,300,000
Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hwy. 36 and Susan River Devil's coral bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Hwy. 395 bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Johnstonville Bridge A27 $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Karlo Rd Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Lambert Lane and Dill Slough Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Lambert Lane and Hartson Slough Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Leavitt Lane and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Leavitt Lane and Susan Suver Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Lane and Whitehead Slough Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Rd and Hartson Slough Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Rd. and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Road and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Road and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Mapes Road and ? Bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Pine Creek bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Richmond Rd CR 205 Lassen Creek $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Richmond Rd. CS 205 and Gold Run Creek $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Susanville Road bridge $ 1,300,000 Roads/Bridges Lassen County Travis Lane Bridge $ 1,300,000 School Lassen County Big Valley Elementary School $ 180,440 $ 180,440 School Lassen County Big Valley High School $ 928,000 $ 928,000 School Lassen County Fort Sage Middle School $ 451,100 $ 451,100 School Lassen County Herlong High School $ 928,000 $ 928,000 School Lassen County Janesville Elementary School $ 451,100 $ 451,000 School Lassen County Johnstonville Elementary School $ 1,082,640 $ 1,082,640 School Lassen County Juniper Ridge Elementary School $ 451,100 $ 451,100 School Lassen County Juvenile Detention Facility $ 225,550 $ 225,550 School Lassen County Long Valley Charter School $ 180,440 $ 180,440 School Lassen County Richmond Elementary School $ 902,200 $ 902,200 School Lassen County Schaffer Elementary School $ 451,100 $ 451,100 School Lassen County Westwood High School and Fletcher Walker Elementary $ 928,000 $ 928,000 Water Facilities Lassen County Bagwell Springs Water Tank $ 1,250,000 Water Facilities Lassen County Barry Reservoir

Type Owner 2 Name 2- Correct Structure Value Contents Value Water Facilities Lassen County Cady Springs Water Tank $ 2,000,000 Water Facilities Lassen County Harris Drive Water Tank $ 1,250,000 Water Facilities Lassen County Johnstonville Water Tank $ 750,000 Water Facilities Lassen County Lake Forest Water Tank $ 1,500,000 Water Facilities Lassen County Susan Hills Water Tank $ 1,125,000 Airport Private Banner Lassen Medical Center Airport
Airport Private Amedee Airfield
Communication Private Frontier Communications $ 5,000,000 Communication Private Sierra Radio Network $ 2,000,000
Medical Private Banner Lassen Medical Center $ 3,540,300 $ 5,310,450 Medical Private Lassen Surgery Center $ 944,080 $ 1,416,120 Public Buildings Private Lassen Historical Museum $ 135,450 $ 135,450 School Private Cornerstone Christian School $ 451,100 $ 451,100 Water Facilities Private Antelope Dam/Ducasse Reservoir Water Facilities Private Branham Flat Dam
Water Facilities Private Buckhorn Reservoir
Water Facilities Private Collett Addition
Water Facilities Private Dodge Reservoir/Red Rock 1 Dam Water Facilities Private Emerson Lake Dam
Water Facilities Private Heath Reservoir
Water Facilities Private Hog Flat Dam
Water Facilities Private Indian Ole Dam
Water Facilities Private Iverson Dam
Water Facilities Private McCoy Flat Dam
Water Facilities Private Mendiboure Reservoir
Water Facilities Private Round Valley Reservoir
Water Facilities Private Sworinger Reservoir
Commercial Rancheria Diamond Mountain Hotel and Casino $ 9,030,000 $ 9,030,000 Commercial Rancheria Gas Station $ 1,750,000 $ 1,750,000 Medical Rancheria Susanville Rancheria Medical Clinic $ 1,298,119 $ 1,947,165 Other Rancheria Child Care Facility $ 135,330 $ 135,330 Other Rancheria Church $ 135,330 $ 135,330
Public Buildings Rancheria Susanville Rancheria Community (administrative) Building $ 433,440 $ 433,440 Public Buildings Rancheria Susanville Rancheria Public Works $ 3,500,000 School Rancheria Susanville Rancheria Gymnasium $ 1,163,967 $ 1,163,967 Water Facilities Rancheria Booster Station $ 500,000

Type Owner 2 Name 2- Correct Structure Value Contents Value Water Facilities Rancheria Susanville Rancheria Water Tank $ 150,000 Government- Fire State Government Cal Fire Station $ 1,055,300 $ 1,055,300 Government- Fire State Government Cal Fire Station $ 1,055,300 $ 1,055,300 Government- Fire State Government Cal Fire Station $ 1,055,300 $ 1,055,300 Government- Fire State Government Cal Fire Station $ 1,055,300 $ 1,055,300 Government- Law State Government California Correctional Center Government- Law State Government California Highway Patrol Station $ 1,020,750 $ 1,531,125 Government- Law State Government High Desert Correctional Facility

Lassen County Operational Area Local Hazard Mitigation Plan APPENDIX F- FEMA National Risk Index-Lassen County

July 26, 2024
Lassen County, California
Summary
Risk Index is Relatively Low Score 75.3
0 100
Expected Annual Loss is Relatively Low Score 74.8
0 100
Social Vulnerability is Relatively High Score 63.5
0 100
Community Resilience is Relatively
Moderate
Score 53.1
0 100
While reviewing this report, keep in mind that low risk is driven by lower loss due to natural hazards, lower social vulnerability, and higher community resilience.

For more information about the National Risk Index, its data, and how to interpret the information it provides, please review the About the National Risk Index and How to Take Action sections at the end of this report. Or, visit the National Risk Index website at hazards.fema.gov/nri/learn-more to access supporting documentation and links.

Risk Index
The Risk Index rating is Relatively Low for Lassen County, CA when compared to the rest of the U.S.

Score 75.34
National Percentile

75.34 Percentile Within California

8.60 0 100
75% of U.S. counties have a lower Risk Index
9% of counties in California have a lower Risk Index
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 1/12

Risk Index Legend
Very High Relatively High Relatively Moderate Relatively Low Very Low No Rating Not Applicable Insufficient Data
Hazard Type Risk Index
Hazard type Risk Index scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.

Hazard Type Risk Index Rating Risk Index Score National Percentile Avalanche Not Applicable --
Coastal Flooding Not Applicable --
Cold Wave Very Low 27.5 0 100
Drought Relatively Moderate 97.8 0 100
Earthquake Relatively Low 92.5 0 100
Hail Very Low 1.8 0 100
Heat Wave Very Low 25.5 0 100
Hurricane Not Applicable --
Ice Storm Not Applicable --
Landslide Relatively Low 69.6 0 100
Lightning Very Low 27.4 0 100
Riverine Flooding Relatively Moderate 81 0 100
Strong Wind Very Low 2.9 0 100
Tornado Very Low 3 0 100
Tsunami Not Applicable --
Volcanic Activity Relatively Low 60.7 0 100
Wildfire Relatively Moderate 96.3 0 100
Winter Weather Relatively Low 35.1 0 100
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 2/12

Risk Factor Breakdown
Hazard Type EAL Value Social Vulnerability
Community
Resilience
CRF Risk Value Risk Index Score
Wildfire $5,296,691 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $5,886,477 96.3 Earthquake $4,191,169 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $5,162,978 92.5 Drought $2,332,145 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $2,418,033 97.8 Riverine Flooding $1,727,424 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $1,989,262 81 Volcanic Activity $192,884 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $221,510 60.7 Lightning $44,846 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $52,072 27.4 Landslide $28,460 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $33,438 69.6 Winter Weather $28,150 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $32,553 35.1 Heat Wave $11,110 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $12,560 25.5 Strong Wind $6,439 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $7,691 2.9 Tornado $5,633 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $6,939 3 Hail $705 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $811 1.8 Cold Wave $0 Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 $0 27.5 Avalanche -- Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 -- -- Coastal Flooding -- Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 -- -- Hurricane -- Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 -- -- Ice Storm -- Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 -- -- Tsunami -- Relatively High Relatively Moderate 1.14 -- -- 7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 3/12

Expected Annual Loss
In Lassen County, CA, expected loss each year due to natural hazards is Relatively Low when compared to the rest of the U.S.

Score 74.84
National Percentile

74.84 Percentile Within California

10.30 0 100
75% of U.S. counties have a lower Expected Annual
Loss
10% of counties in California have a lower Expected
Annual Loss
Expected Annual Loss Legend
Very High Relatively High Relatively Moderate Relatively Low Very Low No Expected Annual Losses Not Applicable Insufficient Data Composite Expected Annual Loss $13,865,656.21
Composite Expected Annual Loss Rate National Percentile 87.2 Building EAL $10,541,726.80 Population EAL 0.08 fatalities Building EAL Rate $1 per $573.17 of building value Population EAL Rate 1 per 396.26K people Agriculture EAL $2,367,186.37 Population Equivalence EAL $956,743.03 Agriculture EAL Rate $1 per $22.27 of agriculture value Expected Annual Loss for Hazard Types
Expected Annual Loss scores for hazard types are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's relative expected annual loss for only that hazard type.
13 of 18 hazard types contribute to the expected annual loss for Lassen County, CA.

Hazard Type Expected Annual Loss Rating EAL Value Score Wildfire Relatively Moderate $5,296,691 96.3
Earthquake Relatively Moderate $4,191,169 91.2
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 4/12

Hazard Type Expected Annual Loss Rating EAL Value Score Drought Relatively Moderate $2,332,145 98.1
Riverine Flooding Relatively Moderate $1,727,424 80.9
Volcanic Activity Relatively Low $192,884 69.8
Lightning Relatively Low $44,846 28.3
Landslide Relatively Low $28,460 73.0
Winter Weather Relatively Low $28,150 38.2
Heat Wave Relatively Low $11,110 27.4
Strong Wind Very Low $6,440 5.3
Tornado Very Low $5,633 3.3
Hail Very Low $705 3.7
Cold Wave Very Low $0 29.5
Expected Annual Loss Values
Hazard Type Total Building Value Population Equivalence Population Agriculture Value Cold Wave $0 $0 $0 0.00 $0
Drought $2,332,145 n/a n/a n/a $2,332,145
Earthquake $4,191,169 $3,430,210 $760,959 0.07 n/a
Hail $705 $53 $569 0.00 $83
Heat Wave $11,110 $7 $9,114 0.00 $1,989
Landslide $28,460 $6,030 $22,431 0.00 n/a
Lightning $44,846 $425 $44,421 0.00 n/a
Riverine Flooding $1,727,424 $1,694,263 $2,836 0.00 $30,325 Avalanche Not Applicable -- --
Coastal Flooding Not Applicable -- --
Hurricane Not Applicable -- --
Ice Storm Not Applicable -- --
Tsunami Not Applicable -- --
Avalanche -- -- -- -- --
Coastal Flooding -- -- -- -- --
Hurricane -- -- -- -- --
Ice Storm -- -- -- -- --
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 5/12

Hazard Type Total Building Value Population Equivalence Population Agriculture Value Strong Wind $6,439 $4,894 $1,400 0.00 $146
Tornado $5,633 $4,923 $686 0.00 $24
Volcanic Activity $192,884 $170,921 $21,963 0.00 n/a
Wildfire $5,296,691 $5,229,357 $64,860 0.01 $2,474
Winter Weather $28,150 $644 $27,506 0.00 $0
Exposure Values
Hazard Type Total Building Value Population Equivalence Population Agriculture Value Cold Wave $37,521,379 $3,288,730 $34,231,155 2.95 $1,494 Drought $20,891,220 n/a n/a n/a $20,891,220
Earthquake $385,710,161,000 $6,042,161,000 $379,668,000,000 32,730.00 n/a Hail $385,217,762,632 $6,042,244,980 $379,122,800,000 32,683.00 $52,717,652 Heat Wave $385,217,762,632 $6,042,244,980 $379,122,800,000 32,683.00 $52,717,652 Landslide $77,786,762,671 $1,338,005,892 $76,448,756,778 6,590.41 n/a Lightning $385,165,044,980 $6,042,244,980 $379,122,800,000 32,683.00 n/a Riverine Flooding $15,231,127,685 $358,213,830 $14,848,430,841 1,280.04 $24,483,014 Strong Wind $385,217,762,632 $6,042,244,980 $379,122,800,000 32,683.00 $52,717,652 Tornado $385,217,762,632 $6,042,244,980 $379,122,800,000 32,683.00 $52,717,652 Volcanic Activity $345,533,056,733 $5,411,806,263 $340,121,250,470 29,320.80 n/a Wildfire $104,038,194,054 $1,840,092,124 $102,180,157,175 8,808.63 $17,944,754 Winter Weather $385,217,762,632 $6,042,244,980 $379,122,800,000 32,683.00 $52,717,652 Annualized Frequency Values
Hazard Type Annualized Frequency Events on Record Period of Record Tsunami -- -- -- -- --
Avalanche -- -- -- -- --
Coastal Flooding -- -- -- -- --
Hurricane -- -- -- -- --
Ice Storm -- -- -- -- --
Tsunami -- -- -- -- --
Avalanche -- -- --
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 6/12

Hazard Type Annualized Frequency Events on Record Period of Record Cold Wave 0 events per year 0 2005-2021 (16 years)
Drought 72.7 events per year 1,701 2000-2021 (22 years) Earthquake 0.459% chance per year n/a 2021 dataset
Hail 0.1 events per year 3 1986-2021 (34 years)
Heat Wave 0.5 events per year 8 2005-2021 (16 years)
Landslide 0 events per year 1 2010-2021 (12 years)
Lightning 4 events per year 89 1991-2012 (22 years)
Riverine Flooding 0.3 events per year 7 1996-2019 (24 years) Strong Wind 0.1 events per year 2 1986-2021 (34 years)
Tornado 0.1 events per year 3 1950-2021 (72 years)
Volcanic Activity 0 events per year 2 9310BC-2022 (11331 years) Wildfire 1.20% chance per year n/a 2021 dataset
Winter Weather 10.7 events per year 173 2005-2021 (16 years) Historic Loss Ratios
Hazard Type Overall Rating
Cold Wave Relatively Moderate
Drought Relatively Moderate
Earthquake Relatively High
Hail Very Low
Heat Wave Very Low
Landslide Very Low
Lightning Relatively High
Coastal Flooding -- -- --
Hurricane -- -- --
Ice Storm -- -- --
Tsunami -- -- --
Avalanche --
Coastal Flooding --
Hurricane --
Ice Storm --
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 7/12

Hazard Type Overall Rating
Riverine Flooding Relatively Moderate
Strong Wind Relatively Low
Tornado Very Low
Volcanic Activity Relatively Low
Wildfire Very Low
Winter Weather Very Low
Expected Annual Loss Rate
Hazard Type
Building EAL Rate
(per building value)
Population EAL Rate
(per population)
Agriculture EAL Rate
(per agriculture value)
Cold Wave $1 per $303.93T 1 per 35.82T $1 per $56.83B
Drought -- -- $1 per $22.60
Earthquake $1 per $1.76K 1 per 498.22K --
Hail $1 per $113.81M 1 per 666.37M $1 per $632.58K
Heat Wave $1 per $922.84M 1 per 41.60M $1 per $26.50K
Landslide $1 per $1.00M 1 per 16.90M --
Lightning $1 per $14.22M 1 per 8.53M --
Riverine Flooding $1 per $3.57K 1 per 133.70M $1 per $1.74K Strong Wind $1 per $1.23M 1 per 270.87M $1 per $360.45K Tornado $1 per $1.23M 1 per 552.80M $1 per $2.21M
Volcanic Activity $1 per $35.35K 1 per 17.26M --
Wildfire $1 per $1.16K 1 per 5.85M $1 per $21.31K
Winter Weather $1 per $9.38M 1 per 13.78M $1 per $39.32B Tsunami --
Avalanche -- -- --
Coastal Flooding -- -- --
Hurricane -- -- --
Ice Storm -- -- --
Tsunami -- -- --
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 8/12

Social Vulnerability
Social groups in Lassen County, CA have a Relatively High susceptibility to the adverse impacts of natural hazards when compared to the rest of the U.S.

Score 63.53
National Percentile

63.53 Percentile Within California

44.80 0 100
64% of U.S. counties have a lower Social Vulnerability
45% of counties in California have a lower Social
Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability Legend
Very High Relatively High Relatively Moderate Relatively Low Very Low Data Unavailable
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 9/12

Community Resilience
Communities in Lassen County, CA have a Relatively Moderate ability to prepare for anticipated natural hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions when compared to the rest of the U.S.

Score 53.09
National Percentile

53.09 Percentile Within California

58.60 0 100
47% of U.S. counties have a higher Community
Resilience
41% of counties in California have a higher
Community Resilience
Community Resilience Legend
Very High Relatively High Relatively Moderate Relatively Low Very Low Data Unavailable
About the National Risk Index
The National Risk Index is a dataset and online tool to help illustrate the United States communities most at risk for 18 natural hazards: Avalanche, Coastal Flooding, Cold Wave, Drought, Earthquake, Hail, Heat Wave, Hurricane, Ice Storm, Landslide, Lightning, Riverine Flooding, Strong Wind, Tornado, Tsunami, Volcanic Activity, Wildfire, and Winter Weather.

The National Risk Index leverages available source data for Expected Annual Loss due to these 18 hazard types, Social Vulnerability, and Community Resilience to develop a baseline relative risk measurement for each United States county and Census tract. These measurements are calculated using average past conditions, but they cannot be used to predict future outcomes for a community. The National Risk Index is intended to fill gaps in available data and analyses to better inform federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial decision makers as they develop risk reduction strategies.

Explore the National Risk Index Map at hazards.fema.gov/nri/map.

Visit the National Risk Index website at hazards.fema.gov/nri/learn-more to access supporting documentation and links.

Calculating the Risk Index
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience:
7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 10/12

Risk Index = Expected Annual Loss × Social Vulnerability ÷ Community Resilience Risk Index scores are presented as a composite score for all 18 hazard types, as well as individual scores for each hazard type.

For more information, visit hazards.fema.gov/nri/determining-risk.

Calculating Expected Annual Loss
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated using an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios for 18 hazard types:

Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio Expected Annual Loss scores are presented as a composite score for all 18 hazard types, as well as individual scores for each hazard type.

For more information, visit hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss.

Calculating Social Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

For more information, visit hazards.fema.gov/nri/social-vulnerability.

Calculating Community Resilience
Community Resilience is measured at the County level using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).

For more information, visit hazards.fema.gov/nri/community-resilience.

How to Take Action
There are many ways to reduce natural hazard risk through mitigation. Communities with high National Risk Index scores can take action to reduce risk by decreasing Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, decreasing Social Vulnerability, and increasing Community Resilience.

For information about how to take action and reduce your risk, visit hazards.fema.gov/nri/take-action.

Disclaimer
The National Risk Index (the Risk Index or the Index) and its associated data are meant for planning purposes only. This tool was created for broad nationwide comparisons and is not a substitute for localized risk assessment analysis. Nationwide datasets used as inputs for the National Risk Index are, in many cases, not as accurate as available local data. Users with access to local data for each National Risk Index risk factor should consider substituting 7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 11/12

the Risk Index data with local data to recalculate a more accurate risk index. If you decide to download the National Risk Index data and substitute it with local data, you assume responsibility for the accuracy of the data and any resulting data index. Please visit the Contact Us page if you would like to discuss this process further.

The methodology used by the National Risk Index has been reviewed by subject matter experts in the fields of natural hazard risk research, risk analysis, mitigation planning, and emergency management. The processing methods used to create the National Risk Index have produced results similar to those from other natural hazard risk analyses conducted on a smaller scale. The breadth and combination of geographic information systems (GIS) and data processing techniques leveraged by the National Risk Index enable it to incorporate multiple hazard types and risk factors, manage its nationwide scope, and capture what might have been missed using other methods.

The National Risk Index does not consider the intricate economic and physical interdependencies that exist across geographic regions. Keep in mind that hazard impacts in surrounding counties or Census tracts can cause indirect losses in your community regardless of your community's risk profile.

Nationwide data available for some risk factors are rudimentary at this time. The National Risk Index will be continuously updated as new data become available and improved methodologies are identified.

The National Risk Index Contact Us page is available at hazards.fema.gov/nri/contact-us. 7/26/24, 9:12 AM Community Report - Lassen County, California | National Risk Index https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/report/viewer?dataLOD=Counties&dataIDs=C06035 12/12

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RESOLUTION NO. 26-6509

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SUSANVILLE

ADOPTING AN UPDATED MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL

MULTI-HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
WHEREAS, the City Council of the City of Susanville recognizes that natural hazards, including but not limited to flooding, wildfire, drought, extreme temperatures, seismic events, and other hazards, pose a continuing threat to the health, safety, and property of the residents, businesses, and infrastructure within the City of Susanville; and WHEREAS, the City Council further recognizes that undertaking hazard mitigation actions reduces the potential for loss of life, personal injury, property damage, and disruption of essential services resulting from future hazard events; and WHEREAS, an adopted Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan is required as a condition of eligibility for certain federal pre-disaster and post-disaster hazard mitigation assistance programs administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); and WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390) and the Emergency Management and Assistance regulations set forth in Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (44 CFR Part 201) require local jurisdictions to review, update, and adopt their hazard mitigation plans at least once every five (5) years in order to maintain eligibility for FEMA hazard mitigation funding; and
WHEREAS, the City of Susanville participated in the FEMA-prescribed mitigation planning process as part of a Multi-Jurisdictional Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, including the identification of local hazards, assessment of city-specific vulnerabilities and potential impacts, and development of mitigation strategies consistent with FEMA guidance and requirements; and WHEREAS, FEMA Region IX officials have reviewed the updated Multi-Jurisdictional Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan and have provided conditional approval, contingent upon adoption of the Plan by Lassen County, City of Susanville, and the Susanville Indian Rancheria; and WHEREAS, adoption of the Multi-Jurisdictional Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to Sections 15262 (Feasibility and Planning Studies) and 15061(b)(3) (General Rule Exemption) of the CEQA Guidelines, as the Plan does not commit the City to a specific project that may result in a significant environmental effect.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Susanville hereby adopts the updated Multi-Jurisdictional Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan as the official hazard mitigation plan for the City of Susanville; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the City Clerk is directed to file a Notice of Exemption with the Lassen County Clerk.

APPROVED:_______________________
Mendy Schuster, Mayor

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ATTEST:_______________________
Heidi Whitlock, City Clerk
The foregoing resolution was adopted at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Susanville, held on the 18th day of February 2026, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:
_____________________________
Heidi Whitlock, City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:_____________________________
Margaret Long, City Attorney

Agenda Item No. 9.C.

Standard Review
City Council Agenda Item
Submitted By: Erik Edholm, Acting Public Works Director Action Date: February 18, 2026
Subject: Consider Resolution No. 26-6510, authorizing the Acting Public Works Director to issue a Notice of Completion for Project No. 22- 5116-3492, Susanville Southeast Gateway Project
Presented By: Erik Edholm, Acting Public Works Director Summary: The Susanville City Council awarded the Southeast Gateway Project to S.T. Rhoades Construction, Inc. on July 16, 2024, in the amount of $2,194,537.25. Construction activities were substantially completed in July 2025, with a final contract amount of $2,285,946.60.

The project was funded through the State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) and consisted of the installation of curb, gutter, sidewalk, and solar streetlights along Main Street/SR 36.

Additional work included new storm drain piping and catch basins, ADA curb ramps, trash receptacles, benches, and bicycle parking racks.

With all project work now complete, issuance of a Notice of Completion is required to formally accept the project and release S.T.

Rhoades Construction, Inc. from any further obligations under the construction contract, subject to applicable warranty provisions.

Fiscal Impact: The project was fully funded through the STIP. No General Fund contribution was required.

Action Requested: Motion to approve Resolution No. 26-6510, authorizing the Acting Public Works Director to issue a Notice of Completion for Project No. 22-5116-3492, Susanville Southeast Gateway Project.

Attachments:

1. 26-6510

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RESOLUTION NO. 26-6510

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SUSANVILLE

AUTHORIZING THE ACTING PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR TO ISSUE A NOTICE OF COMPLETION FOR PROJECT NO. 22-5116-3492,

SUSANVILLE SOUTHEAST GATEWAY PROJECT
WHEREAS, on July 16th, 2024, the City Council authorized the award and execution of a construction contract to S.T. Rhoades Construction Inc. to construct drainage improvements and pedestrian facilities along Main Street/SR 36, funded through the State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP); and
WHEREAS, the City of Susanville Public Works Department has determined that S.T.

Rhoades Construction Inc. has satisfactorily completed all work required under the approved construction plans and specifications, including all tasks incorporated through contract change orders; and
WHEREAS, based on the completion of the work, the Public Works Department recommends issuance of a Notice of Completion for Project No. 22-5116-3492, Susanville Southeast Gateway Project.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Susanville hereby authorizes the Acting Public Works Director to issue a Notice of Completion for Project No. 22-5116-3492, Susanville Southeast Gateway Project.

APPROVED:_______________________
Mendy Schuster, Mayor
ATTEST:_______________________
Heidi Whitlock, City Clerk
The foregoing resolution was adopted at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Susanville, held on the 18th day of February 2026, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:
_____________________________
Heidi Whitlock, City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:_____________________________
Margaret Long, City Attorney

Agenda Item No. 9.D.

Standard Review
City Council Agenda Item
Submitted By: Rebecca Peconom, CSO
Action Date: February 18, 2026
Subject: Consider Resolution No. 26-6511, approving the Permanent Local Housing Allocation 2021 and 2022/2023 Statement of Work and Budget.

Presented By: Rebecca Peconom, CSO
Summary: This is the work summary and budget for the 2021 and 2022/2023 Permentant Local Housing Allocation. This allocation funds the Community Services Officer position at the Susanville Police Department and provides funding to house unsheltered individuals in the community.

Fiscal Impact: This is a grant that will provide a total of $282,981 in program funding.

Of this, $14,148 will go directly to the City for administration costs and $268,833 will go towards funding the program and the position it requires.

Action Requested: Motion to approve Resolution No. 26-6511, approving the Permanent Local Housing Allocation 2021 and 2022/2023 Statement of Work and Budget.

Attachments:

1. 22-PLHA-17884-2022&2023-Allocation DRAFT

2. 22-PLHA-17884-2021-Allocation DRAFT

3. 26-6511

City of Susanville
Agreement No. 22-PLHA-17884
1 Contents
Duty Statement: ...........................................................................................................................................1 Community Service Officer Key Duties/Responsibilities: .............................................................................2 Statement of Necessity: Street Outreach.....................................................................................................2 Statement of Necessity: Rapid Rehousing....................................................................................................3 Statement of Necessity: Direct Administrative Costs...................................................................................3 Statement of Necessity: Carryover...............................................................................................................4 Attachment 1: General Budget.....................................................................................................................5 Attachment 2: Job Description ....................................................................................................................6 Attachment 3: Employee Memorandum of Understanding.........................................................................8 CITY OF SUSANVILLE PLHA 2022 & 2023 ALLOCATION STATEMENT OF WORK Duty Statement:

Pursuant to Guidelines Section 301 (a)(6), the primary responsibility of the Community Service Officer (CSO) is to specialize in addressing the population within the city of Susanville that are at risk of homelessness or are experiencing homelessness and to implement and oversee initiatives that align with the Permanent Local Housing Allocation (PLHA) grant requirements. The CSO position works closely with personnel and sworn officers at the Susanville Police Department and assists in supportive/case management and connecting the applicable population with available services provided by the state and local social services existing within the community. The position serves as the liaison between support service entities and focuses efforts on enhancing city services. Sworn personnel coordinate with the CSO and are able to refer and recommend homeless or those at risk of homelessness or in need of housing services to the CSO for case management and assistance. The CSO provides information, assistance, case management support, provides education, and works with current housing services provided by Lassen County and the state. The CSO is knowledgeable of active programs and about referring to appropriate programs, services, and support.

Currently other city staff lack the resources to stay up to date on housing and assistance programs available and refers members of the community to Lassen County leaving a gap in our public service; the CSO fills that gap. The CSO has a primary office location at the Susanville Police Department, however the position frequently interacts with the public.

City of Susanville
Agreement No. 22-PLHA-17884
2 Community Service Officer Key Duties/Responsibilities:

1. Outreach and Engagement:
• Conduct regular outreach to individuals experiencing homelessness or at risk of homelessness.
• Establish a rapport with community members to better understand their needs and challenges.

2. Resource Coordination:
• Collaborate with local service providers, shelters, and government agencies to ensure seamless access to available resources.
• Assist individuals in navigating social services, housing assistance programs, and relevant support networks.

3. Grant Compliance:
• Stay informed about the requirements outlined in the PLHA grant to ensure full compliance.
• Document and report on activities, outcomes, and success stories to meet grant reporting obligations.

4. Community Education:
• Organize workshops, provide regular updates to the city council, provide informational sessions to educate city staff and the community about homelessness issues. • Foster a better understanding of available resources and the importance of community involvement.

5. Collaboration with Law Enforcement:
• Work closely with law enforcement to address public safety concerns related to homelessness.
• Act as a liaison between the community and law enforcement agencies to promote a collaborative approach.

6. Case Management
• Provide case management services to those who are homeless or at risk of homelessness.

City of Susanville
Agreement No. 22-PLHA-17884
3 *MOU requirement listed in Section 8.
**MOU requirement listed in Section 14E.
***MOU requirement listed in Section 13.

Statement of Necessity: Street Outreach
In compliance with the NOFA and Guidelines Section 301 (a) detailing eligible activities for PLHA and 24 CFR Section 576.101 detailing eligible street outreach components the CSO will participate in street outreach at least once per month. 24 CFR Section 576.101 (a) (1) details the allowable costs associated with building relationships with those who are homeless or at risk of homelessness which the City of Susanville will be utilizing as follows:

1. Addressing Physical Needs
• Provide meals, blankets, and toiletries, while connecting and providing information and referrals to programs.

Cost Breakdown Amount Requested
Toiletry Bags (50 at $10 each) $500.00
Clothing Bags (50 @ $25 each) $1,250.00
Meals (80 at $21.07 each) $1,686.00
Total $3,436.00
Statement of Necessity: Rapid Rehousing
In compliance with the NOFA and Guidelines Section 301 (a) detailing eligible activities for PLHS and 24 CFR 576.104 and 24 CFR 576.105 detailing eligible Rapid Rehousing components the CSO will provide Rapid Rehousing Assistance. Based on the availability of funding and the need in the area, Rapid Rehousing Services will be budgeted to assist 5 households. The program will be utilized as follows:

Projected Cost Break Down ANNUAL COSTS
Base Salary $68,719.00
Life Insurance $275.00
Health Insurance Premium $20,206.00
Workers’ Compensation $3,634.00
Social Security $4,507.00
Medicare $1,054.00
State Disability Insurance $873.00
State Unemployment $727.00
Calpers $10,340.00
Deferred Salary* $650.00
Leave Buy Back** $2,344.00
Uniform allowance*** $800.00
TOTAL $114,129.00

City of Susanville
Agreement No. 22-PLHA-17884
4 1. Security Deposits
• Provide up to $1,800 in deposits directly to the landlord. These security deposits will be capped at no more than 2 months’ worth of rent.

2. Utility Deposits
• Provide up to $600 in utility deposits per household.

Cost Breakdown Amount Requested
Security Deposits (5 at $1,800 each) $9,000.00
Utility Deposits (5 at $600 each) $3,000.00
Total $12,000.00
Statement of Necessity: Direct Administrative Costs
In managing the Permanent Local Housing Allocation program, the City of Susanville would incur various administrative costs to ensure the smooth operation of the initiative.

1. Payroll: The city would need to allocate funds for staff involved in the program, including project managers, administrative assistants, and other personnel responsible for its day-to-day operations. Salaries, benefits, and other related expenses would be part of the overall payroll budget.

2. IT Services: Given the increasing reliance on technology, the city provides IT services to manage data, maintain a secure network, and implement any necessary software or systems for program management. This could involve the purchase of software licenses, hardware upgrades, and ongoing IT support.

3. Project Oversight: Effective project oversight is crucial for the success of any initiative. Costs related to project management tools, reporting mechanisms, and regular reviews to ensure the program aligns with its objectives would be part of the administrative expenses.

Considering the unique nature of the Permanent Local Housing Allocation program, it's essential for the City of Susanville to allocate resources wisely to guarantee its efficiency and success. By carefully managing these administrative costs, the city can ensure that the program runs smoothly and achieves its intended goals in providing permanent housing solutions for the community. Below is a breakdown for the eligible amount of Direct Administrative Costs as allowed in the grant.

Cost Breakdown Amount Requested
Direct Administrative Costs (5% of $76,801) $3,840.00
Direct Administrative Costs (5% of $59,583) $2,979.00
Total $6,819.00