Ukiah City Council
May 21, 2025

Measure T-3: Reduce local VMT from single passenger vehicles.

Table 15 Measure T-3 Actions
Action ID Action Description
T-3a
Require developers to meet Reach Code requirements to include EV charging infrastructure and local active and public transit facilities in new multi-family construction. Promote development that increases walkability and is bikeable in neighborhoods.

T-3b
Reduce VMT by promoting and prioritizing infill development and/or increased density of residential development in the downtown core, along transit corridors, and within future planned development areas that are compact, mixed use, pedestrian friendly, and transit-oriented where applicable. Continue to evaluate surplus or annexed land potential opportunities to promote infill development and sustainable growth management.

T-3c
Pursue and implement policies by 2027 that support accessible, walkable neighborhoods and connected bike networks as part of infill development projects. Infrastructure requirements may include:

1. Interconnected bike lanes and sidewalks connecting to City’s trail network.

2. Bike locks/stations or other micro-mobility hubs outside of mixed use or commercial development.

3. Increase public bike parking capacity outside of public and commercial development.

4. Establish parking policies that encourage the use of public transit and active transportation.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): Supportive
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): Supportive
Co-benefits: Improved Public Health & Safety, Sustainable Land Use Planning, Jobs Development Performance Standard: Change in community mode share (%) 38

Measure T-4: Achieve zero-emission vehicle adoption rates of 30% for passenger vehicles and 25% for commercial vehicles by 2030 and 100% for all vehicles by 2045.

Table 16 Measure T-4 Actions
Action ID Action Description
T-4a
Complete an inventory of existing public EV infrastructure and locations. Additionally, identify key locations to add new public EV chargers (Level 2+) to facilitate the transition to EVs. The analysis shall include the following:

Passenger Fleets

1. Survey existing publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers and locations and identify a prioritized list of new electric vehicle charging stations or lots for increased chargers.

2. Identify and quantify opportunities to increase public access to curbside charging, with guidance for appropriate types and charging scenarios.

3. Identify funding opportunities for the installation of public EV chargers and residential home EV charging systems by 2030.

Commercial Vehicles subject to Advanced Clean Fleet requirements

1. Identifies opportunities for accelerated fleet ZEV adoption and establish a strategy to promote ZEV/EV adoption within business fleets, with consideration for vehicle exceptions.

2. For high priority fleets, conduct a utility grid planning analysis to identify necessary infrastructure upgrades to support a fully built-out fleet.

3. Identifies the responsible party to submit construction permits early and submit utility interconnection applications early.

T-4b
By 2026, develop a reach code requiring electric vehicle capable charging spaces to promote EV chargers in new development and existing parking spaces, to require, at a minimum:

1. Single Family – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

2. Multifamily – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

3. Non-residential – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

4. Expand the designation of EV charging parking spaces to 30% of parking spaces within multi-family residential buildings by 2030

5. Require larger residential rental building owners (more than 20 tenants) to install working electric vehicle chargers in 30% of parking spaces for new buildings, and existing buildings at time of renovation pending results of a local economic impact analysis

6. Expediate EV charger permits

7. Additionally, continue to install and provide EV charger access at City-owned facilities GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): 11,847 MT CO2
e
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): 66,664 MT CO2
e
Co-benefits: Improved Public Health & Safety, Jobs Development Performance Standard: Number of EV chargers installed and registered ZEVs Measure T-5: By 2030, electrify or otherwise decarbonize 12% of applicable SORE off-road equipment and replace 35% of fossil diesel consumption with renewable diesel in alignment with EO N-79-20.

Table 17 Measure T-5 Actions
Action ID Action Description
T-5a Identify potential users of fossil fuel-based equipment and target education and incentives for replacement with SORE zero emissions alternatives.

T-5b
Implement and promote CARB’s Small-Off Road Engines (SORE) regulations, requiring most newly manufactured small off-road engines (e.g., leaf blowers, lawn mowers) to be zero emission starting in Model Year 2024, with Phase 2 targeting zero emissions for generators and large pressure washers by Model Year 2028.

T-5c
Coordinate with California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Mendocino County Air Quality Management District (MCAQMD) to notify affected fleets and establish a compliance tracking system for diesel vehicles over 25 horsepower to use R99 or R100 renewable diesel. Partner with regional fuel suppliers to support and promote the increased procurement of renewable diesel.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): 606 MT CO2
e
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): 1,541 MT CO2
e
Co-benefits: Improved Public Health & Safety, Environmental Quality & Ecosystem Performance Standard: Number of participants in incentive programs 39

Measure T-6: Decarbonize the municipal fleet in compliance with the California Advanced Clean Fleet Rule and EO N-79-20 off-road requirements.

Table 18 Measure T-6 Actions
Action ID Action Description
T-6a
Align the City’s Sustainable Purchasing Policy by 2025 to require all new and replacement municipal fleet vehicle purchases to be EVs or ZEVs, where commercially viable. Implement a schedule to comply with the California Advanced Clean Fleet rule for low population counties, mandating that 100% of medium and heavy-duty vehicle purchases be zero-emission beginning in 2027, where commercially viable.

T-6b Evaluate opportunities for procuring renewable diesel for all applicable jurisdiction-owned equipment while replacing end-of-life off-road equipment with zero-emission alternatives, where feasible.

T-6c Obtain the necessary resources to install additional ZEV chargers and renewable fueling stations in municipal parking lots for use by the fleet, employees, and the public.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): Supportive
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): Supportive
Co-benefits: Improved Public Health & Safety
Performance Standard: Fuel use of municipal fleet (gallons) 40

6 Solid Waste Sector Measures

Solid Waste Sector Measures
Sustainable solid waste management is an essential component for reducing GHG emissions and fostering an inclusive circular economy. The CAP measures in the solid waste sector focus on implementing strategies to meet the State’s SB 1383 requirements.

Waste Prevention and Diversion
Minimizing organic waste sent to landfills is essential for the City to meet their climate targets, as methane emissions from landfilled organic waste are a primary source of waste- related GHG emissions. Under SB 1383, the State mandates that 75% of community-generated organic waste be diverted from landfills. The City’s CAP outlines strategies to meet this requirement, including expanding organics collection by adding bins in public areas, promoting curbside collection services through partnerships with the City’s franchise solid waste collector and hauler, C&S Waste Solutions, and the Mendocino Solid Waste Management Authority (MSWMA), and organizing free food scrap collection pail giveaways.

The City also plans to enhance multi-lingual bin signage in both commercial and residential areas to ensure proper source separation of refuse, and recyclables and compostable materials. Additionally, the City will explore opportunities for community compost hubs and partner with local community gardens to increase access to composting. Long-term solutions will be explored for wastewater bio- solids reuse. These waste diversion efforts will also deliver co-benefits to the community such as improving environmental quality, conserving resources, and fostering local sustainability initiatives. These actions, along with securing necessary resources and staffing, will help the City achieve SB 1383 goals and reduce waste-related emissions by 2027.

Organics Procurement
SB 1383 also mandates that cities procure a minimum amount of recovered organic waste products, specifically 0.08 tons per person annually. The City is committed to aligning with these organics procurement requirements as part of the CAP strategy. To meet these requirements, the City will promote compliance with SB 1383 by establishing a minimum annual level of compost or mulch application on appropriate land throughout the community to support urban greening activities.

The City’s strategy also includes expanding and creating community composting programs, paired with community gardens, to increase local access to compost and support the sustainable reuse of organic materials. These efforts, alongside strengthened procurement practices, will help the City meet SB 1383 procurement targets and promote the continued diversion and beneficial reuse of organic waste.

The City acknowledges that meeting SB 1383 requirements solely through compost and mulch procurement may be challenging due to land use limitations in an urban setting. As a result, the City also plans to establish procurement policies for alternative organic waste products that are well- suited to the Ukiah community while still meeting SB 1383 requirements. 42

6.1 Measures and Actions Detail
Measure SW-1: Achieve and maintain SB 1383 requirements to reduce organic waste sent to landfills by 75% by 2030.

Table 19 Measure SW-1 Actions
Action ID Action Description
SW-1a Meet the requirements of SB 1383 to reduce organics in the waste stream by 75% below 2014 levels by 2030 and achieve through activities such as:

1. Implement enforcement and fee for incorrectly sorted materials with sensitivity to shared collection. Utilize funding to implement programs and efforts to increase community-wide organic waste diversion.

2. Assure adequate bin signage across commercial and residential areas of acceptable landfill, recyclable, and compostable materials.

3. Identify public areas for adding organics collection and recycling bins where needed.

4. Work with C&S Waste Solutions and Mendocino Solid Waste Management Authority (MSWMA) to conduct free food scrap collection pail giveaways and promote curbside organics collection service offered in applicable communities.

5. Evaluate opportunities to have community compost hubs that are easily accessible for community members.

Partner with regional community gardens to increase community wide access to local compost bins.

6. Identify long-term and alternate solutions for the community’s wastewater bio-solids and develop local, beneficial reuse. Facilitate meeting SB 1383 requirements by identifying and obtaining the resources necessary for implementation of solid waste diversion projects by 2027, such as increased funding and/or MSWMA staffing and capacity.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): 3,511 MT CO2
e
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): 4,646 MT CO2
e
Co-benefits: Environmental Quality & Ecosystem Services Performance Standard: Change in diversion rates (%)
Measure SW-2: Achieve SB 1383 procurement requirements (0.08 tons recovered organic waste per person) by 2030.

Table 20 Measure SW-2 Actions
Action ID Action Description
SW-2a Establish and execute an implementation plan for meeting procurement requirements. This may include:

1. Enforcing compliance with SB 1383, aiming to exceed baseline requirements by establishing a minimum annual level of compost or mulch application on appropriate land throughout the region.

2. Maintaining procurement policies to purchase recovered organic waste products in accordance with SB 1383 requirements.

3. Expansion/creation of community composting programs paired with community gardens.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): 190 MT CO2
e
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): 228 MT CO2
e
Co-benefits: Environmental Quality & Ecosystem Services Performance Standard: Amount of organic waste procured (tons) 43

7 Water Resource Measures

Water Resource Measures
Water and wastewater infrastructure requires energy for transportation and treatment, which contributes to the community’s GHG emissions. Residential and commercial buildings use water for various indoor and outdoor activities, such as cooking, cleaning, bathing, irrigation, and maintaining pools and fountains. Water efficiency measures not only decrease water use but also reduce the energy required for conveying, treating, and distributing water. Additionally, since water consumption and wastewater generation are interconnected, water conservation efforts help reduce wastewater generation, easing the demand on wastewater treatment systems. These efforts also support California’s resilience by reducing pressure on water resources during drought conditions.

To increase Ukiah’s water and wastewater efficiency, the City will focus efforts to best align with the California Water Code requirements, updating the Ukiah Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) every five years, and implement demand reduction actions.

These updates may include developing water shortage contingency plans, collaborating with large water users to create On-Site Water Reuse Plans, revisiting the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) in partnership with the Community Development Department, and continuing to require the use of low-impact development (LID) strategies as specified by the Ukiah LID Technical Manual for new construction.29 Additionally, the City will work to engage the community, especially low-to-moderate income residents, to promote water-saving incentives and revise water and wastewater rates as needed to ensure cost-effective service while meeting conservation goals. These wastewater and water efforts will also deliver co-benefits to the community such as increasing Ukiah’s climate change resilience, environmental quality, and sustainable land use planning.

7.1 Measures and Actions Detail
Measure WR-1: Continue to implement wastewater recycling and water conservation projects and reduce per capita potable water consumption.

Table 21 Measure WR-1 Actions
Action ID Action Description
WR-1a
The City of Ukiah’s water utility department will update the Ukiah Urban Water Management Plan every 5 years, as required by the State, and implement the identified demand reduction actions to ensure compliance with the State’s Making Water Conservation a Way of Life regulations. Include new actions in the UWMPs as needed to achieve State regulations, which may include:

1. Develop or amend Water Shortage Contingency Plans in the region to develop water waste restrictions for households, businesses, industries, and public infrastructure.

2. Work with large water users, and other interested parties to develop an On-Site Water Reuse Plan to maximize utilization of local water supplies.

3. In conjunction with the Community Development Department, revisit and update the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), as needed. Engage, through regional partnerships, with builders and developers to provide information on the requirements for development projects.

4. Develop an ordinance allowing the installation of dual-plumbing water systems that utilize greywater or recycled water for irrigation at new residential and commercial construction.

5. Increase engagement with the community, specifically low-to-moderate income residents, to understand available incentives or rebates, options, and programs to reduce per capita water use.

6. Revise water and wastewater rates as necessary to ensure that the cost of service is covered.

WR-1b Continue to require the use of low-impact-development (LID) strategies as specified by the Ukiah LID Technical Manual for new construction and development.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): Supportive
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): Supportive
Co-benefits: Climate Change Resilience, Environmental Quality & Ecosystem Services, Sustainable Land Use Planning Performance Standard: Completion of UWMP updates
45

8 Carbon Sequestration Measures

To achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, the State of California aims to reduce GHG emissions across all sectors, with 15% of these reductions coming from carbon sequestration strategies. Emissions reductions refer to efforts that directly decrease GHG emissions at the source, such as transitioning to renewable energy or improving energy efficiency, whereas carbon sequestration involves capturing and storing carbon from the atmosphere to offset remaining emissions. Ukiah aims to significantly reduce GHG emissions across all sectors, however, due to current technological limitations and the time required for widespread adoption of low-carbon behaviors, some irreducible or residual emissions will remain under the City’s jurisdiction. As a result, carbon sequestration strategies will play a crucial role in offsetting these emissions.

This CAP’s strategies to increase carbon sequestration include preserving and planting trees, improving land and water management, and supporting nature-based climate solutions. As part of their climate commitment, Ukiah will plant at least 200 new trees per year starting in 2025, aiming for long-term carbon sequestration and urban shading to reduce the heat island effect. The City will also prepare an Urban Forest Master Plan, update Tree Management Guidelines, and create a Tree Protection Plan to promote public tree health and enhance environmental co-benefits. Additionally, Ukiah will foster regenerative land management practices, advance ongoing conservation and wildfire prevention efforts, and conduct carbon sequestration farming pilot projects. As emissions from other sectors are reduced, these sequestration efforts will be vital in achieving carbon neutrality. To support sustainable economic development, Ukiah will explore opportunities such as forest biomass-to-energy strategies, circular economy initiatives, and sustainable purchasing policies. These efforts will contribute to creating green jobs, enhancing resilience, and fostering a local, self-sufficient, and sustainable agriculture-based economy.

Carbon Sequestration Measures

8.1 Measures and Actions Detail
Measure CS-1: Preserve existing trees and plant at least 200 new trees per year or an equivalent amount of high-emissions reduction potential land cover throughout the community, beginning in 2025 and through 2045.

Table 22 Measure CS-1 Actions
Action ID Action Description
CS-1a
Prepare an Urban Forest Master Plan, update the Tree Management Guidelines and create a Tree Protection Plan to promote public tree health, enhancing resiliency, and increasing the environmental benefits and co-benefits of street trees and shading. The City will continue to conduct an urban tree canopy study every 5-8 years to track progress and identify new priority areas.

CS-1b
Optimize natural carbon sequestration through regenerative land and water management. Advance naturebased climate solutions that sequester carbon, restore ecosystems, and conserve biodiversity. Enhance ongoing conservation and wildfire prevention efforts in the western hills and in forested areas within the City’s Area of Interest (AoI).

CS-1c Conduct carbon sequestration farming pilot projects within the community and across the City’s AoI.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): 149 MT CO2
e
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): 1,635 MT CO2
e
Co-benefits: Climate Change Resilience, Environmental Quality & Ecosystem Services, Sustainable Land Use Planning Performance Standard: Change in urban tree stock (trees) Measure CS-2: Pursue opportunities to support the City’s sustainable economic development goals with an emphasis on circularity and creating green jobs within the region.

Table 23 Measure CS-2 Actions
Action ID Action Description
CS-2a Integrate climate action strategies into the City’s long-term economic development goals to grow a more local, resilient, self-sufficient, and circular economy.

CS-2b
Conduct a feasibility study to identify the potential of converting organic materials such as food and yard waste, woody biomass, and wastewater sludge to energy. In addition to identifying technology opportunities, the feasibility study will include research on regional land-use management opportunities and potential financing pathways.

CS-2c
Develop and adopt a sustainable purchasing policy for municipal operations that emphasize localism. Work with businesses, community organizations, and surrounding jurisdictions to implement reuse, refill, and repair programs to repurpose materials and capture value before disposal.

GHG Emissions Reduction (2030): Supportive
GHG Emissions Reduction (2045): Supportive
Co-benefits: Climate Change Resilience, Environmental Quality & Ecosystem Services, Job Development Performance Standard: Completion of feasibility study and purchasing policy 47

9 CAP Implementation

CAP Implementation

9.1 Tracking, Monitoring, and Reporting
This CAP provides a strategic roadmap for Ukiah to implement actions that achieve the 2030 GHG emissions reduction target and advance progress toward achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. The assumptions and data underlying this plan—such as adoption rates of actions, advancements in technology, changes in costs, legislative updates, and associated co-benefits—will evolve over time. As such, this CAP is designed to be a dynamic framework that will undergo regular evaluation and adjustment.

The City remains committed to the sustained, incremental, and comprehensive effort required to meet the CAP’s long-term climate goals. The City will actively engage the community, share progress updates, and create ongoing opportunities to gather and integrate community input as policies, programs, and infrastructure are developed. Progress on high-impact GHG reduction strategies will be publicly reported at least every two years.

Ongoing monitoring and assessment of Ukiah’s progress will play a critical role in achieving community-wide GHG reduction. To this end, the City will conduct routine GHG emissions inventories in alignment with established protocols and climate commitments,30 with updates occurring every two years. The CAP will be amended if the plan is not on track to achieve the identified targets. However, if the 2027 GHG emissions monitoring demonstrates that the City is on track to meet the 2030 targets, further adjustments to CAP strategies may not be necessary.

Table 24 provides an overview of the implementation timeline for each CAP action, along with the City department(s) designated to lead related implementation and monitoring efforts, performance standards, and target 2030 performance metrics. The implementation timeline is divided into three phases to promote structured and efficient progress. Phase 1 (1–2 years) focuses on foundational actions, such as planning, engagement, and establishing key programs or policies. Phase 2 (2–3 years) emphasizes scaling up initiatives, building capacity, and achieving early measurable outcomes. Phase 3 (3–5 years) consolidates efforts, refines strategies through evaluation and adjustments, and begins building toward long-term goals.

City Of Ukiah Climate Action Plan Implementation Timeline 49 Phase 1
• Years 1-2
• Undertake foundational actions—such as feasibility studies, stakeholder engagement, and development of key programs—to understand the scale and applicability of the mitigation effort for the City to initiate follow-on actions.

GHG
Inventory
Update
CAP
Adoption
GHG
Inventory
Update
CAP
Update
GHG
Inventory
Update
CAP
Update
GHG
Inventory
Update
CAP
Update
CAP
Update
• Years 2-3
• Initiate accessible GHG mitigation— such as project design and release of RFPs, project design and implementation of new programs, plan infrastructure improvements— to initiate accessible or existing GHG mitigation programs.

Phase 2
• Years 3-5
• Initiate long-term capital investments and ambitious program development to support the implementation of new or enhanced GHG mitigation efforts.

Phase 3
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Table 24 CAP Implementation and Monitoring
Action ID Action Description Lead City
Department Timeframe
Measure BE-1 Procure 77% of electricity from renewable and zero-carbon sources by 2030 and 100% renewable and carbonfree no later than 2045.

Performance Standard: Change in Ukiah electric emissions factor Performance Metric: 0.086 MT CO2
e per MWh
BE-1a Evaluate options for utility-scale battery storage to accommodate future renewable electricity supply to build energy resilience Electric Utility Phase 1 BE-1b
Work to increase local renewable energy supply by pursuing funding opportunities to incentivize community adoption of renewable energy solutions such as residential solar, wind, and battery storage. Prioritize subsidies for disadvantaged and low-income households and small businesses. Target underutilized urban spaces, such as parking lots and rooftops, as an opportunity to develop the city’s solar canopy.

Electric Utility
Community
Development
Phase 2
BE-1c
Develop a long-range community-wide electric energy and demand forecast to:

1. Estimate future usage and peak demands due to adoption rates of building and transportation electrification and grid capacity, as well as future annexation and economic development plans.

2. Formalize a pathway (resource-plan) to meet the City’s energy needs and list of potential renewable resources through 2030 and 2045. Long-range planning of generation resources should take into consideration opportunities to implement carbon sequestration and utilization opportunities in alignment with State and City goals.

3. Develop a decarbonization priority list and implementation schedule for all municipal buildings.

4. Pending results of the forecast, the City shall develop and implement renewable energy procurement schedule for 2030 and 2045 and will track progress towards goals.

Electric Utility Phase 1
Measure BE -2 Decarbonize 15% of existing buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Performance Standard: Natural gas reduced by existing buildings Performance Metric: 861,010 therms
BE-2a
Adopt a zero Nox (nitrogen oxides) threshold by 2026 to require replacement of water heaters and HVAC appliances in residential and commercial buildings upon burnout.

Community
Development Phase 1
BE-2b
Incentivize energy and water efficiency measures to improve building performance and reduce utility costs. Reduce energy use in residential and commercial buildings by promoting and incentivizing energy efficient solutions including heat pumps (air-source and geothermal), “cool” building strategies, trees, green roofs, and other nature-based solutions.

Electric Utility
Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-2c
Outline and prioritize a pathway to carbon-free emergency and back-up power across the City’s critical asset portfolio with an emphasis on developing community-scale microgrids and/or clean energy districts.Electric Utility Phase 2 BE-2d Expand the local building decarbonization workforce, with targeted supports designed for disadvantaged workers.

Community
Development Phase 2
BE-2e
Eliminate fossil fuel use in buildings by 2045 by tailoring electrification solutions to different building ownership, systems, and use types. Work with PG&E to develop a strategy for the equitable decommissioning of the local natural gas system by 2045. Incentivize electrification across all building types.

Electric Utility Phase 3
50

Action ID Action Description Lead City
Department Timeframe
Measure BE-3 Decarbonize 95% of new building construction by 2026.

Performance Standard: Share of new construction electrified Performance Metric: 95% of new building permits are decarbonized construction BE-3a Adopt a single margin hourly source energy threshold (EDR1) performance standard for new construction by 2026.

Community
Development Phase 1
BE-3b Incorporate additional climate resilient design requirements as part of any future updates to the City’s building code or zoning code.

Community
Development Phase 1
BE-3c Continue to remove procedural barriers and establish a more streamlined permitting process for all new construction by 2027.

Community
Development Phase 2
Measure BE-4: Decarbonize 50% of municipal buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Performance Standard: Change in municipal natural gas consumption Performance Metric: 50% natural gas reduction
BE-4a
Adopt policy that requires the City to decarbonize 50% of municipal buildings and facilities by 2030 and 100% by 2045 while prioritizing critical and public access facilities.

Electric Utility
Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-4b Pursue grant funding and rebates to electrify municipal buildings. Community Development Phase 2
Measure T-1 Increase the total mode share of active transportation to 15% by 2030, and 30% by 2045.

Performance Standard: Miles of bike and pedestrian lane developed Performance Metric: 12 miles added
T-1a
Update the Ukiah Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan (2015) to reflect current conditions and projects to outline where new lanes are needed to construct a comprehensive, connected network of safe and accessible (low-stress) bikeways and walkways, on- and off- street, and within and across neighborhoods. Develop and pilot a program that provides community-wide access to bicycles.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 1
T-1b
Establish affordable public transportation options for low-income residents while prioritizing bicycles and other micro- mobility options. Re-explore and expand available rebates with a focus on supporting low-income families and qualified residents.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 2
T-1c
Develop a priority list of active transportation projects for MCOG’s 2023/2024 Regional Transportation Plan and proposed update to the Ukiah Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan. Prioritized projects should be selected on level of impact, expansion of inter-jurisdictional connectivity, and access considerations for historically disadvantaged communities. Identify and pursue available resources in order to implement the top 5 priority projects by 2028.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 2
T-1d Further develop safe bike lane transportation corridors by 2027 to be implemented with State and federal funding through available grant programs.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 2
51

Action ID Action Description Lead City
Department Timeframe
Measure T-2 Increase total public transportation mode share to 5% by 2030, and 20% by 2045.

Performance Standard: Change in rate of ridership
Performance Metric: To be developed with MTA
T-2a
Collaborate with Mendocino Council of Governments and Mendocino Transit Authority (MTA) to implement a transportation system plan to shift travel behavior away from single-occupancy vehicles and encourage use of public and multimodal transportation options. The plan may include the following considerations:

1. Increasing MTA ridership through improved routes and modifying schedules to increase efficiency and align with rider needs.

2. Prioritizing transportation access and improvements in low-income areas, active aging neighborhoods, schools, infill development areas, and at major destinations.

3. Identification of design improvements of seating and shading at bus stops and along active transportation routes.

4. Increasing micro-transit access to improved public transit network facilities to promote last-mile commute access to alternative transportation methods.

5. Developing a local electric trolley or bus system that operates year-round.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 1
T-2b
Identify high-trafficked areas of the City to: eliminate parking minimums, develop parking maximums, and require parking management and transportation demand management plans based on available transportation options, travel patterns, and land use.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 1
T-2c
Collaborate with Mendocino Council of Governments and Mendocino Transit Authority (MTA), Mendocino College, and other key institutional partners to establish free or subsidized local public transit programs that service local residential and commercial areas.

Public Works Phase 2
Measure T-3 Reduce local VMT from single passenger vehicles.

Performance Standard: Change in community mode share
Performance Metric: 15% active, 5% public transit
T-3a
Require developers to meet Reach Code requirements to include EV charging infrastructure and local active and public transit facilities in new multi-family construction. Promote development that increases walkability and is bikeable in neighborhoods.

Community
Development Phase 1
T-3b
Reduce VMT by promoting and prioritizing infill development and/or increased density of residential development in the downtown core, along transit corridors, and within future planned development areas that are compact, mixed use, pedestrian friendly, and transit-oriented where applicable. Continue to evaluate surplus or annexed land potential opportunities to promote infill development and sustainable growth management.

Community
Development Phase 1
T-3c
Pursue and implement policies by 2027 that support accessible, walkable neighborhoods and connected bike networks as part of infill development projects.

Infrastructure requirements may include:

1. Interconnected bike lanes and sidewalks connecting to City’s trail network.

2. Bike locks/stations or other micro-mobility hubs outside of mixed use or commercial development.

3. Increase public bike parking capacity outside of public and commercial development.

4. Establish parking policies that encourage the use of public transit and active transportation.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 2
52

Action ID Action Description Lead City
Department Timeframe
Measure T-4 Achieve zero-emission vehicle adoption rates of 30% for passenger vehicles and 25% for commercial vehicles by 2030 and 100% for all vehicles by 2045.

Performance Standard: Number of EV chargers installed and registered ZEVs Performance Metric: 223 public EV chargers
T-4a
Complete an inventory of existing public EV infrastructure and locations.

Additionally, identify key locations to add new public EV chargers (Level 2+) to facilitate the transition to EVs. The analysis shall include the following:

Passenger Fleets

1. Survey existing publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers and locations and identify a prioritized list of new electric vehicle charging stations or lots for increased chargers.

2. Identify and quantify opportunities to increase public access to curbside charging, with guidance for appropriate types and charging scenarios.

3. Identify funding opportunities for the installation of public EV chargers and residential home EV charging systems by 2030.

Commercial Vehicles subject to Advanced Clean Fleet requirements

1. Identifies opportunities for accelerated fleet ZEV adoption and establish a strategy to promote ZEV/EV adoption within business fleets, with consideration for vehicle exceptions.

2. For high priority fleets, conduct a utility grid planning analysis to identify necessary infrastructure upgrades to support a fully built-out fleet.

3. Identifies the responsible party to submit construction permits early and submit utility interconnection applications early.

Community
Development
City Manager’s
Office
Public Works
Phase 1
T-4b
By 2026, develop a reach code requiring electric vehicle capable charging spaces to promote EV chargers in new development and existing parking spaces, to require at a minimum:

1. Single Family – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

2. Multifamily – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

3. Non-residential – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

4. Expand the designation of EV charging parking spaces to 30% of parking spaces within multi-family residential buildings by 2030.

5. Require larger residential rental building owners (more than 20 tenants) to install working electric vehicle chargers in 30% of parking spaces for new buildings, and existing buildings at time of renovation pending results of a local economic impact analysis.

6. Expediate EV charger permits.

7. Additionally, continue to install and provide EV charger access at City-owned facilities.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 1
Measure T-5 By 2030, electrify or otherwise decarbonize 12% of applicable SORE off-road equipment and replace 35% of fossil diesel consumption with renewable diesel in alignment with EO N-79-20.

Performance Standard: Number of participants in incentive programs Performance Metric: Program dependent
T-5a Identify potential users of fossil fuel-based equipment and target education and incentives for replacement with SORE zero emissions alternatives.

Community
Development Phase 1
T-5b
Implement and promote CARB’s Small-Off Road Engines (SORE) regulations, requiring most newly manufactured small off-road engines (e.g., leaf blowers, lawn mowers) to be zero emission starting in Model Year 2024, with Phase 2 targeting zero emissions for generators and large pressure washers by Model Year 2028.

Public Works Phase 1
T5-c
Coordinate with California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Mendocino County Air Quality Management District (MCAQMD) to notify affected fleets and establish a compliance tracking system for diesel vehicles over 25 horsepower to use R99 or R100 renewable diesel. Partner with regional fuel suppliers to support and promote the increased procurement of renewable diesel.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 2
53

Measure T-6 Decarbonize the municipal fleet in compliance with the California Advanced Clean Fleet Rule and EO N-79-20 off-road requirements.

Performance Standard: Fuel use of municipal fleet
Performance Metric: 100% municipal fleet decarbonized
T-6a
Align the City’s Sustainable Purchasing Policy by 2025 to require all new and replacement municipal fleet vehicle purchases to be EVs or ZEVs, where commercially viable. Implement a schedule to comply with the California Advanced Clean Fleet rule for low population counties, mandating that 100% of medium and heavy-duty vehicle purchases be zero-emission beginning in 2027, where commercially viable.

Public Works
Finance
Phase 1
T-6b
Evaluate opportunities for procuring renewable diesel for all applicable jurisdiction-owned equipment while replacing end-of-life off-road equipment with zero-emission alternatives, where feasible.

Public Works Phase 1
T6-c
Obtain the necessary resources to install additional ZEV chargers and renewable fueling stations in municipal parking lots for use by the fleet, employees, and the public.

Public Works Phase 2
Measure SW-1 Achieve and maintain SB 1383 requirements to reduce organic waste sent to landfills by 75% by 2030.

Performance Standard: Change in diversion rates
Performance Metric: 75% diversion
SW-1a
Meet the requirements of SB 1383 to reduce organics in the waste stream by 75% below 2014 levels by 2030 and achieve through activities such as:

1. Implement enforcement and fee for incorrectly sorted materials with sensitivity to shared collection. Utilize funding to implement programs and efforts to increase community-wide organic waste diversion.

2. Assure adequate bin signage across commercial and residential areas of acceptable landfill, recyclable, and compostable materials.

3. Identify public areas for adding organics collection and recycling bins where needed.

4. Work with C&S Waste Solutions5 and Mendocino Solid Waste Management Authority (MSWMA) to conduct free food scrap collection pail giveaways and promote curbside organics collection service offered in applicable communities.

5. Evaluate opportunities to have community compost hubs that are easily accessible for community members. Partner with regional community gardens to increase community wide access to local compost bins.

6. Identify long-term and alternate solutions for the community’s wastewater bio-solids and develop local, beneficial reuse. Facilitate meeting SB 1383 requirements by identifying and obtaining the resources necessary for implementation of solid waste diversion projects by 2027, such as increased funding and/or MSWMA staffing and capacity.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 3
Measure SW-2 Achieve SB 1383 procurement requirements (0.08 tons recovered organic waste per person) by 2030.

Performance Standard: Amount of organic waste procured
Performance Metric: 828 tons of compost
SW-2a
Establish and execute an implementation plan for meeting procurement requirements. This may include:

1. Enforcing compliance with SB 1383, aiming to exceed baseline requirements by establishing a minimum annual level of compost or mulch application on appropriate land throughout the region.

2. Maintaining procurement policies to purchase recovered organic waste products in accordance with SB 1383 requirements.

3. Expansion/creation of community composting programs paired with community gardens.

Community
Development
Public Works
Phase 3
54

Action ID Action Description Lead City
Department Timeframe
Measure WR-1. Continue to implement wastewater recycling and water conservation projects and reduce per capita potable water consumption.

Performance Standard: Completion of UWMP updates
Performance Metric: Completion of 2025 UWMP
WR-1a
The City of Ukiah’s water utility department will update the Ukiah Urban Water Management Plan every 5 years, as required by the State, and implement the identified demand reduction actions to ensure compliance with the State’s Making Water Conservation a Way of Life regulations. Include new actions in the UWMPs as needed to achieve State regulations, which may include:

1. Develop or amend Water Shortage Contingency Plans in the region to develop water waste restrictions for households, businesses, industries, and public infrastructure.

2. Work with large water users, and other interested parties to develop an On-Site Water Reuse Plan to maximize utilization of local water supplies.

3. In conjunction with the Community Development Department, revisit and update the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), as needed.

Engage, through regional partnerships, with builders and developers to provide information on the requirements for development projects.

4. Develop an ordinance for installation of dual-plumbing water systems that utilize greywater or recycled water for irrigation at new residential and commercial construction.

5. Increase engagement with the community, specifically low-to-moderate income residents, to understand available incentives or rebates, options, and programs to reduce per capita water use.

6. Revise water and wastewater rates as necessary to ensure the cost of service is covered.

Public Works
Water
Resources
Community
Development
Phase 1
WR-1b
Continue to require the use of low-impact-development (LID) strategies as specified by the Ukiah LID Technical Manual for new construction and development.

Public Works
Water
Resources
Ongoing
Measure CS-1 Preserve existing trees and plant at least 200 new trees per year or an equivalent amount of high-emissions reduction potential land cover throughout the community, beginning in 2025 and through 2045.

Performance Standard: Change in urban tree stock
Performance Metric: 1,200 trees
CS-1a
Prepare an Urban Forest Master Plan, update the Tree Management Guidelines and create a Tree Protection Plan to promote public tree health, enhancing resiliency, and increasing the environmental benefits and co-benefits of street trees and shading. The City will continue to conduct an urban tree canopy study every 5-8 years to track progress and identify new priority areas.

Community
Development
Community
Services
Phase 1
CS-1b
Optimize natural carbon sequestration through regenerative land and water management. Advance nature-based climate solutions that sequester carbon, restore ecosystems, and conserve biodiversity. Enhance ongoing conservation and wildfire prevention efforts in the western hills and in forested areas within the City’s Area of Interest (AoI).

Community
Development
Community
Services
Phase 2
CS-1c Conduct carbon sequestration farming pilot projects within the community and across the City’s AoI.

Community
Development
Community
Services
Phase 3
55

Action ID Action Description Lead City
Department Timeframe
Measure CS-2 Pursue opportunities to support the City’s sustainable economic development goals with an emphasis on circularity and creating green jobs within the region.

Performance Standard: Completion of feasibility study and purchasing policy Performance Metric: Complete study by 2026
CS-2a Integrate climate action strategies into the City’s long-term economic development goals to grow a more local, resilient, self-sufficient, and circular economy.

Community
Development
City Manager’s
Office
Phase 1
CS-2b
Conduct a feasibility study to identify the potential of converting organic materials such as food and yard waste, woody biomass, and wastewater sludge to energy. In addition to identifying technology opportunities, the feasibility study will include research on regional land-use management opportunities and potential financing pathways.

Community
Development
Community
Services
Fire (UVFA)
Phase 1
CS-2c
Develop and adopt a sustainable purchasing policy for municipal operations that emphasize localism. Work with businesses, community organizations, and surrounding jurisdictions to implement reuse, refill, and repair programs to repurpose materials and capture value before disposal.

Community
Development
City Manager’s
Office
Public Works
Phase 2

9.2 Looking Forward
If the City of Ukiah does not make measurable and sufficient progress toward its GHG emissions reduction targets by the next GHG emissions inventory, the City may need to revise this CAP to incorporate new or more ambitious measures and associated actions. This potential future revision would aim to further enhance reduction efforts and maintain the CAP’s status as a CEQA-qualified GHG emissions reduction plan (see CEQA GHG Emissions Analysis Streamlining section above). The updated CAP may require scaling up of the implementation of existing actions and/or introducing new measures, such as transitioning incentive-based or educational programs into mandatory requirements.

Regardless, by 2029, the City is expected to initiate a comprehensive CAP update to re-address GHG emissions reduction targets beyond 2030 and prepare for achieving the 2045 carbon neutrality goal. This process will involve developing or strengthening of this CAP’s measures and actions to align with the 2045 target while also leveraging advancements in technology and new State regulations. To support this effort, the City will continue to implement and monitor the CAP’s GHG reduction measures, providing progress updates to the City Council every two years beginning in 2027. 56

10 Conclusion 57

The City of Ukiah’s CAP envisions a vibrant future for Ukiah that is not only sustainable but also equitable, inclusive, safe, and resilient. The challenges posed by climate change are significant, but so too are the opportunities to build a community that exists in harmony with its environment. By embracing these ambitious yet achievable goals, we commit to reducing GHG emissions, enhancing natural ecosystems, and fostering a culture of sustainability that benefits all residents.

Our path forward is guided by a steadfast commitment to equity and environmental justice. We recognize that the impacts of climate change are not felt equally, and we are dedicated to ensuring that our most vulnerable populations—low-income families, communities of color, and Indigenous peoples—are at the forefront of our efforts. Through inclusive engagement and collaborative decision-making, we will implement solutions over the long-term that reflect the diversity of Ukiah and uplift every voice.

Cost-effectiveness and timely implementation are central to our approach. By leveraging innovative technologies, strategic partnerships, and community-driven initiatives, we will maximize the impact of every dollar spent. Together, we will build a city that is not only prepared for the challenges of a changing climate but also a model for climate action, adaptation and resilience, and sustainability for Mendocino County.

Ukiah’s future is bright, and our collective actions today will shape a tomorrow defined by hope, opportunity, and shared prosperity. Let us move forward with confidence, knowing that our commitment to each other and to the planet will ensure a thriving, inclusive, and sustainable community for all.

Conclusion
58

Appendix A
List of Ukiah General Plan Implementation Measures
59

Ukiah Climate Action Plan
Draft Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
Reduction Measures

A-1
1 Overview of Measures and Actions
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Measures identify specific goals designed to mitigate GHG emissions from each community sector, with a goal to reduce community-wide GHG emissions from 132,323 MT CO2e to 96,544 MT CO2e by 2030 and reach carbon neutrality by 2045.
1 A single measure generally addresses a subsector or represents an incremental step towards reducing GHG emissions in an overall sector; for example, three measures may be established under transportation to address active transportation, shared transportation, and single passenger vehicles. GHG Reduction Actions identify the necessary programs and policies that would accomplish a measure’s goal. Measures and actions are organized according to the following hierarchy:

1. Sectors: Sectors define the GHG emissions category in which the GHG reductions will take place and include Building Energy; Transportation; Solid Waste; Water and Wastewater; and Carbon Sequestration.

2. Measures: Measures are developed under each sector pursuant to the GHG Inventory and Forecast and in line with the Community Protocol and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan.

Additional measures developed for the Climate Action Plan (CAP) include municipal-specific measures (are a part of each sector).

3. Actions: Actions identify the programs and policies, that will be implemented within the region. Each measure contains a suite of actions, which together have been designed to accomplish the measure goal and metrics.

Measures and actions can be either quantitative or supportive, defined as follows:
• Quantitative: Quantitative measures and actions result in quantifiable GHG emissions reductions when implemented. GHG emissions reductions from these measures and actions are supported by case studies, scientific articles, calculations, or other third-party substantial evidence. • Supportive: Supportive measures and actions may also be quantifiable and have substantial evidence to support their overall contribution to GHG reduction. However, due to one of several factors – including a low GHG reduction effect, indirect GHG reduction benefit, or potential for double-counting– they will not be quantified and do not contribute directly to the expected GHG reduction target and consistency with the State goals. For example, municipal-specific measures are not quantified, as they represent a subset of communitywide emissions for each sector and as such could be characterized as double-counting. Despite not being quantified, supportive measures/actions are nevertheless critical to the overall success of the CAP and provide support so that the quantitative measures and actions will be successfully implemented.

For the purposes of this stage of CAP development, the following list of measures and actions also includes an orderof-magnitude identification regarding GHG reductions compared to the State 2030 target. Specifically, this categorizes a measure’s anticipated GHG reduction effect as high, moderate, or low in relation to its contribution to reducing Ukiah’s total forecasted community-wide GHG emissions by 2030, offering a clearer understanding of the potential implications while avoiding analysis challenges such as double-counting. The scale of GHG reduction impact is defined as:
• Low 0% – 1% GHG reduction by 2030
• Moderate 1% – 5% GHG reduction by 2030
• High > 5% GHG reduction by 2030
Additionally, the measures and actions list outline the anticipated implementation schedule for each measure, establishing a timeline to work toward achieving 2030 GHG reduction goals and making substantial progress to the 2045 goals. Implementation is defined in terms of phases, with Phase 1 occurring in the short-term over the next two years (2025-2026). Phase 2 would include implementation of mid-term actions that should begin no later than 2027, while Phase 3 would include implementation of longer-term measures that should begin no later than 2028, that are anticipated to occur after feasibility studies are complete and initial measures are implemented. Additionally, actions that will be ongoing, such as an education program, will have a start date and indicate that the action is ongoing. 1 Achieving the stated 2030 emissions reduction target will require the City to reduce emissions by 27% within 5 years. The 96,544 MT CO2e GHG inventory target was determined based on the State target to reduce emissions by 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.

Ukiah’s 1990 GHG inventory was estimated to be 160,907 MT CO2e, with 96,544 MT CO2e being reflective of a 40% emissions reduction compared to 1990.

A-2
Where applicable, it is also indicated whether a measure aligns with or supports other goals or initiatives in Ukiah, as outlined in the following:
• City of Ukiah’s 2040 General Plan (2040 GP)
• City Council Strategic Plan (CCSP)
The list of measures and actions also identifies the anticipated order-of-magnitude cost of each measure, also using a high, moderate, and low category identification. Where applicable, the cost categories indicate whether the cost would be incurred by the City and/or the community. The definition and examples of the different cost categories are defined in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Cost Categories
Cost Category City Community
No-Cost Goals associated with operational changes
that do not include new upfront costs or result
in zero lifecycle costs.
• Continuing existing programs
Goals associated with changes that do not
include new upfront costs or result in zero
lifecycle costs.
• Switching transportation modes from single
occupancy vehicles to active transportation.

Low-Cost Goals associated with low upfront costs and
will only require staff time to implement, such
as:
• Developing partnerships
• Policy Updates
• Community Outreach
Goals associated with low upfront costs
compared to existing alternatives, such as:
• Additional energy bill costs for renewable
energy compared to fossil fuel-based
energy
ModerateCostGoals associated with moderate upfront costs to the City and require moderate capital costs
or consultant time along with staff time, such
as:
• Feasibility Studies
• Incentive and Compliance Programs
• Pilot Projects
Goals associated with moderate upfront costs
that are not comparable to existing costs nor
are offset over lifetime, such as:
• New fees from utilities or city taxes
• Upfront costs partially offset by rebate
opportunities
High-Cost Goals associated with high upfront costs and
require substantial investments into
infrastructure and technology system
upgrades, such as:
• Bike Lanes
• Energy Storage Systems
• EV Charging Networks
Goals associated with high upfront costs that
are not comparable to existing cost nor are
offset over lifetime, such as:
• New electric vehicle purchases prior to
existing vehicle replacement
• Single-family residential household
retrofits/upgrades
The cost and GHG reduction potentials associated with each measure have not been quantified and are intended to be considered broad estimates based on experience quantifying cost and GHG reduction associated with GHG reduction measures. Actual measures quantification will be completed at a later date after a complete set of measures has been approved by the City.

A-3
2 Measures and Actions
Ukiah, located in Mendocino County, California, is known for its blend of urban and rural characteristics and serves as a commercial hub for the surrounding rural area. According to Ukiah’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory, transportation is the primary source of GHG emissions, accounting for 50 percent. Combined with building electricity (23 percent) and natural gas (21 percent) emissions, the building energy sector constitutes 44 percent.

Transportation emissions equate to 50 percent. Thus, the building energy and transportation sectors together constitute 94 percent of Ukiah’s total GHG emissions. Therefore, while effort should be applied across all community GHG emissions sources, addressing emissions in these sectors is crucial for achieving substantial reductions in Ukiah's overall GHG emissions.
2040 General Plan
Adopt a Municipal Climate Action Plan (CAP). The City shall adopt a municipal Climate Action Plan to achieve carbon neutrality for all municipal operations and meet State and City GHG emission reduction goals.

California has a statutory goal of reducing anthropogenic emissions by at least 85% below 1990 levels and achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. A communitywide greenhouse gas inventory was produced in 2023 by Rincon Consultants Inc., in advance of the development of this Climate Action Plan. Since Ukiah does not possess accurate greenhouse gas emission data for 1990, future performance will be measured against the newly established 2023 baseline. The City will develop a Climate Action Progress Report in 2030 and will produce a CAP update once it is identified that progress to achieve GHG reductions targets is no longer tracking with the CAP target trajectory.2 Ukiah faces unique challenges in reducing GHG emissions, including limited staff and funding resources, as well as land constraints for new project developments such as utility-scale solar installations or centralized local waste management infrastructure. Additionally, as a regional hub, Ukiah's rural surroundings complicate mitigating transportation emissions from trips that cross the City’s boundaries such as public transportation and infrastructure improvements. Furthermore, the dispersed nature of the Ukiah Valley’s residential development, as well as its disconnected rural nodes, such as Calpella and Talmage further increase reliance on personal vehicles.

Despite these challenges, Ukiah also has significant opportunities to enhance its sustainability efforts. Ukiah's proximity to the Mendocino National Forest, planned annexation of the western hills and other undeveloped natural lands, and surrounding agricultural industry offers an intriguing opportunity for regional carbon sequestration initiatives. Ukiah also has municipal ownership over the community’s electric utility that in turn offers greater control over regional energy resilience and renewable energy procurement. The forthcoming Ukiah Climate Action Plan will underscore the importance of partnerships to leverage these opportunities and effectively address emissions across the transportation, energy distribution, water and wastewater, and waste management sectors. Measures were developed based on community input and best practices to achieve GHG emission reductions. Specific goals for GHG reduction were set based on City staff input, as well as targets set by local initiatives. Tables 1 to 5 provide the actions that accompany each individual measure.
2 In 2030, the City will produce a Climate Action Progress Report which will highlight progress while assessing existing gaps. The report will also make recommendations for future updates to the Climate Action Plan. The City will develop an updated Climate Action Plan as soon as significant gaps in progress emerge, and no later than 2035.

A-4
Table 2 GHG Emissions Reduction Measures and Actions by Sector Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Building Energy
Measure BE-1 Procure 77% of electricity from renewable and zerocarbon sources by 2030 and 100% renewable and carbonfree no later than 2045 2040 GP HO-1b
2040 GP AI-15
CCSP AI-14
CCSP AI-30
High High (City)
Moderate (Com)
Action Evaluate options for utility-scale battery storage to accommodate future renewable electricity supply to build energy resilience.

Phase 1
Action Work to increase local renewable energy supply by pursuing funding opportunities to incentivize community adoption of renewable energy solutions such as residential solar, wind, and battery storage. Prioritize subsidies for disadvantaged and low-income households and small
businesses. Target underutilized urban spaces, such as
parking lots and rooftops, as an opportunity to develop the city’s solar canopy.

Phase 2
Action Develop a long-range community-wide electric energy and demand forecast to:

1. Estimate future usage and peak demands due to
adoption rates of building and transportation
electrification and grid capacity, as well as future
annexation and economic development plans.

2. Formalize a pathway (resource-plan) to meet the City’s energy needs and list of potential renewable resources
through 2030 and 2045. Long-range planning of
generation resources should take into consideration
opportunities to implement carbon sequestration and
utilization opportunities in alignment with State and
City goals.

3. Develop a decarbonization priority list and
implementation schedule for all municipal buildings.

4. Pending results of the forecast, the City shall develop and implement renewable energy procurement
schedule for 2030 and 2045 and will track progress
towards goals.

Phase 1

A-5
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Measure BE-2 Decarbonize 15% of existing buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045
2040 GP HO-1d
2040 GP HO-1e
CCSP AI-1
CCSP AI-10
High Moderate (Com)
Action Adopt a zero NOx (nitrogen oxides) threshold by 2026 to require replacement of water heaters and HVAC appliances in residential and commercial buildings upon burnout.

Phase 1
Action Incentivize energy and water efficiency measures to improve building performance and reduce utility costs.

Reduce energy use in residential and commercial buildings by promoting and incentivizing energy efficient solutions including heat pumps (air-source and geothermal), “cool” building strategies, trees, green roofs, and other naturebased solutions.

Phase 1
Action Outline and prioritize a pathway to carbon-free emergency and back-up power across the City’s critical asset portfolio with an emphasis on developing community-scale
microgrids and/or clean energy districts.

Phase 2
Action Expand the local building decarbonization workforce, with targeted supports designed for disadvantaged workers.

Phase 2
Action Eliminate fossil fuel use in buildings by 2045 by tailoring electrification solutions to different building ownership, systems, and use types. Work with PG&E to develop a
strategy for the equitable decommissioning of the local natural gas system by 2045. Incentivize electrification across all building types.

Phase 3
Measure BE-3 Decarbonize 95% of new building construction by 2026 2040 GP HO-1d 2040 GP HO-1e
CCSP AI-1
CCSP AI-10
Moderate Low (Com)
Action Adopt a single margin hourly source energy threshold (EDR1) performance standard for new construction by
2026.

Phase 1
Action Incorporate additional climate resilient design
requirements as part of any future updates to the City’s building code or zoning code.

Phase 1

A-6
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action Continue to remove procedural barriers and establish a more streamlined permitting process for all new
construction by 2027.

Phase 2
Measure BE-4 Decarbonize 50% of municipal buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045
2040 GP AG-M
CCSP AI-12
CCSP AI-13
Low2 Moderate (City)
Action Adopt policy that requires the City to decarbonize 50% of municipal buildings and facilities by 2030 and 100% by
2045 while prioritizing critical and public access facilities.

Phase 1
Action Pursue grant funding and rebates to electrify municipal buildings.

Phase 2
Transportation
Measure T-1 Increase the total mode share of active transportation to 15% by 2030, and 30% by 2045
2040 GP LU-A
2040 GP ED-5
2040 GP MO-C
CCSP AI-5
CCSP AI-34
CCSP AI-37
Low High (City)
Action Update the Ukiah Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan (2015) to reflect current conditions and projects3 to outline where new lanes are needed to construct a comprehensive, connected network of safe and accessible (low-stress)
bikeways and walkways, on- and off- street, and within and across neighborhoods. Develop and pilot a program that
provides communitywide access to bicycles.

Phase 1
Action Establish affordable public transportation options for lowincome residents while prioritizing bicycles and other micro-mobility options. Re-explore and expand available rebates with a focus on supporting low-income families
and qualified residents.

Phase 1
3 Projects include the Urban Core Rehabilitation Project (UCRT), construction of Phases 1-3 of the GRT-Ukiah, as well as well as the Downtown Streetscape (Phases 1 & 2).

A-7
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action Develop a priority list of active transportation projects for MCOG’s 2023/2024 Regional Transportation Plan and
proposed update to the Ukiah Bicycle and Pedestrian
Master Plan. Prioritized projects should be selected on level of impact, expansion of inter-jurisdictional
connectivity, and access considerations for historically disadvantaged communities. Identify and pursue available resources in order to implement the top 5 priority projects by 2028.

Phase 2
Action Further develop safe bike lane transportation corridors by 2027 to be implemented with State and federal funding
through available grant programs.

Phase 2
Measure T-2 Increase total public transportation mode share to 5% by 2030, and 20% by 2045
2040 GP MO-F
2040 GP MO-J
CCSP AI-36
CCSP AI-38
Low High (City)
Action Collaborate with Mendocino Council of Governments and Mendocino Transit Authority (MTA) to implement a
transportation system plan to shift travel behavior away from single-occupancy vehicles and encourage use of
public and multi-modal transportation options. The plan may include the following considerations:

1. Increasing MTA ridership through improved routes and modifying schedules to increase efficiency and align
with rider needs.

2. Prioritizing transportation access and improvements in low-income areas, active aging neighborhoods,
schools, infill development areas, and at major
destinations.

3. Identification of design improvements of seating and shading at bus stops and along active transportation
routes.

4. Increasing micro-transit access to improved public
transit network facilities to promote last-mile commute access to alternative transportation methods.

5. Developing a local electric trolley or bus system that operates year-round.

Phase 1

A-8
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action Identify high-trafficked areas of the City to: eliminate parking minimums, develop parking maximums, and
require parking management and transportation demand
management plans based on available transportation
options, travel patterns, and land use.

Phase 1
Action Collaborate with Mendocino Council of Governments and Mendocino Transit Authority (MTA), Mendocino College,
and other key institutional partners to establish free or subsidized local public transit programs that service local residential and commercial areas.

Phase 2
Measure T-3 Reduce local VMT from single passenger vehicles 2040 GP LU-A 2040 GP MO-D
2040 GP MO-E
CCSP AI-30
Low2 Low (City)
Action Require developers to meet Reach Code requirements to include EV charging infrastructure and local active and public transit facilities in new multi-family construction.

Promote development that increases walkability and is
bikeable in neighborhoods.

Phase 1
Action Reduce VMT by promoting and prioritizing infill
development and/or increased density of residential
development in the downtown core, along transit corridors, and within future planned development areas that is
compact, mixed use, pedestrian friendly, and transitoriented where applicable. Continue to evaluate surplus or annexed land potential opportunities to promote infill
development and sustainable growth management.

Phase 1
Action Pursue and implement policies by 2027 that support accessible, walkable neighborhoods and connected bike
networks as part of infill development projects.

Infrastructure requirements may include:

1. Interconnected bike lanes and sidewalks connecting to City’s trail network.

2. Bike locks/stations or other micro-mobility hubs
outside of mixed use or commercial development.

Phase 2

A-9
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost

3. Increase public bike parking capacity outside of public and commercial development.

4. Establish parking policies that encourage the use of public transit and active transportation.

Measure T-4 Achieve zero-emission vehicle adoption rates of 30% for passenger vehicles and 25% for commercial vehicles by
2030 and 100% for all vehicles by 2045
CCSP AI-30 High Moderate (City)
Complete an inventory of existing EV infrastructure and locations. Additionally, identify key locations to add new public EV chargers (Level 2+) to facilitate the transition to EVs. The analysis shall include the following:

Passenger Fleets

1. Survey existing publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers and locations and identify a prioritized list of new electric vehicle charging stations or lots for
increased chargers.

2. Identify and quantify opportunities to increase public access to curbside charging, with guidance for
appropriate types and charging scenarios.

3. Identify funding opportunities for the installation of public EV chargers and residential home EV charging
systems by 2030.

Commercial Vehicles subject to Advanced Clean Fleet
requirements

1. Identifies opportunities for accelerated fleet ZEV
adoption and establish a strategy to promote ZEV/EV
adoption within business fleets, with consideration for vehicle exceptions.

2. For high priority fleets, conduct an utility grid planning analysis to identify necessary infrastructure upgrades
to support a fully built-out fleet.

3. Identifies the responsible party to submit construction permits early and submit utility interconnection
applications early.

Phase 1

A-10
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action By 2026, develop a reach code requiring electric vehicle capable charging spaces to promote EV chargers in new
development and existing parking spaces, to require at a minimum:

1. Single Family – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

2. Multifamily – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

3. Non-residential – CalGreen Tier 2 provisions

4. Expand the designation of EV charging parking spaces to 30% of parking spaces within multi-family residential buildings by 2030

5. Require larger residential rental building owners (more than 20 tenants) to install working electric vehicle
chargers in 30% of parking spaces for new buildings,
and existing buildings at time of renovation pending
results of a local economic impact analysis.

6. Expediate EV charger permits

7. Additionally, continue to install and provide EV charger access at City-owned facilities
Phase 1
Measure T-5 By 2030, electrify or otherwise decarbonize 12% of applicable SORE off-road equipment and replace 35% of
fossil diesel consumption with renewable diesel in
alignment with EO N-79-20
CCSP AI-30
CCSP AI-10
Low Low (City)
Action Identify potential users of fossil fuel-based equipment and target education and incentives for replacement with SORE zero emissions alternatives.

Phase 1
Action Implement and promote CARB’s Small-Off Road Engines (SORE) regulations, requiring most newly manufactured
small off-road engines (e.g., leaf blowers, lawn mowers) to be zero emission starting in Model Year 2024, with Phase 2 targeting zero emissions for generators and large pressure washers by Model Year 2028.

Phase 1

A-11
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action Coordinate with California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Mendocino County Air Quality Management District
(MCAQMD) to notify affected fleets and establish a
compliance tracking system for diesel vehicles over 25
horsepower to use R99 or R100 renewable diesel. Partner with regional fuel suppliers to support and promote the increased procurement of renewable diesel.

Phase 2
Measure T-6 Decarbonize the municipal fleet in compliance with the California Advanced Clean Fleet Rule and EO N-79-20 offroad requirements 2040 GP AG-M
2040 GP ES-M
CCSP AI-10
Low2 Moderate (City)
Action Align the City’s Sustainable Purchasing Policy by 2025 to require all new and replacement municipal fleet vehicle purchases to be EVs or ZEVs, where commercially viable.

Implement a schedule to comply with the California
Advanced Clean Fleet rule for low population counties,
mandating that 100% of medium and heavy-duty vehicle
purchases be zero-emission beginning in 2027, where
commercially viable.

Phase 1
Action Evaluate opportunities for procuring renewable diesel for all applicable jurisdiction-owned equipment while replacing end-of-life off-road equipment with zero-emission
alternatives, where feasible.

Phase 1
Action Obtain the necessary resources to install additional ZEV chargers and renewable fueling stations in municipal
parking lots for use by the fleet, employees, and the public.

Phase 2

A-12
Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Water Resources
Measure WR-1 Continue to implement wastewater recycling and water conservation projects and reduce per capita potable water consumption
2040 GP PI-A
2040 GP SF-W
2040 GP ES-J
2040 GP ES-B
2040 GP ES-K
2040 GP ES-L
CCSP AI-23
CCSP AI-15
Low2 Low/Moderate
(City)
Action The City of Ukiah’s water utility department will update the Ukiah Urban Water Management Plan every 5 years, as
required by the State, and implement the identified demand reduction actions to ensure compliance with the State’s Making Water Conservation a Way of Life regulations.

Include new actions in the UWMPs as needed to achieve
State regulations, which may include:

1. Develop or amend Water Shortage Contingency Plans
in the region to develop water waste restrictions for
households, businesses, industries, and public
infrastructure.

2. Work with large water users, and other interested
parties to develop an On-Site Water Reuse Plan to
maximize utilization of local water supplies.

3. In conjunction with the Community Development
Department, revisit and update the Model Water
Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), as needed.

Engage, through regional partnerships, with builders
and developers to provide information on the
requirements for development projects.

4. Develop an ordinance for installation of dual-plumbing water systems that utilize greywater or recycled water
for irrigation at new residential and commercial
construction.

5. Increase engagement with the community, specifically low-to-moderate income residents, to understand
available incentives or rebates, options, and programs
to reduce per capita water use.

6. Revise water and wastewater rates as necessary to
ensure the cost of service is covered.

Phase 1

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Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action Continue to require the use of low-impactdevelopment (LID)4 strategies as specified by the Ukiah LID Technical Manual for new construction and
development.

Ongoing
Solid Waste
Measure SW-1 Achieve and maintain SB 1383 requirements to reduce organic waste sent to landfills by 75% by 2030
2040 GP HO-1e
2040 GP PI-E
CCSP AI-2
CCSP AI-21
Moderate Moderate (City)
Low (Com)
Action Meet the requirements of SB 1383 to reduce organics in the waste stream by 75% below 2014 levels by 2030 and
achieve through activities such as:

1. Implement enforcement and fee for incorrectly sorted materials with sensitivity to shared collection. Utilize funding to implement programs and efforts to increase
communitywide organic waste diversion.

2. Assure adequate bin signage across commercial and
residential areas of acceptable landfill, recyclable, and compostable materials.

3. Identify public areas for adding organics collection and recycling bins where needed.

4. Work with C&S Waste Solutions5 and Mendocino Solid
Waste Management Authority (MSWMA) to conduct
free food scrap collection pail giveaways and promote
curbside organics collection service offered in
applicable communities.

5. Evaluate opportunities to have community compost
hubs that are easily accessible for community
members. Partner with regional community gardens to
increase community wide access to local compost bins.

6. Identify long-term and alternate solutions for the
community’s wastewater bio-solids and develop local,
beneficial reuse. Facilitate meeting SB 1383
requirements by identifying and obtaining the resources necessary for implementation of solid waste diversion
projects by 2027, such as increased funding and/or
MSWMA staffing and capacity.

Phase 3

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Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Measure SW-2 Achieve SB 1383 procurement requirements (0.08 tons recovered organic waste per person) by 2030
2040 GP AG-M
2040 GP AG-I
Low Moderate (City)
Low (Com)
Action Establish and execute an implementation plan for meeting procurement requirements. This may include:

1. Enforcing compliance with SB 1383, aiming to exceed
baseline requirements by establishing a minimum
annual level of compost or mulch application on
appropriate land throughout the region.

2. Maintaining procurement policies to purchase
recovered organic waste products in accordance with
SB 1383 requirements.

3. Expansion/creation of community composting
programs paired with community gardens.

Phase 3
Carbon Sequestration
Measure CS-1 Preserve existing trees and plant at least 200 new trees per year or an equivalent amount of high-emissions
reduction potential land cover throughout the community, beginning in 2025 and through 2045
2040 GP ES-B
2040 GP ES-A
2040 GP ES-E
2040 GP ES-C
2040 GP ES-F
2040 GP SF-U
CCSP AI-4
Low Low (City)
Low (Com)
Action Prepare an Urban Forest Master Plan, update the Tree Management Guidelines and create a Tree Protection Plan to promote public tree health, enhancing resiliency, and increasing the environmental benefits and co-benefits of street trees and shading. The City will continue to conduct an urban tree canopy study every 5-8 years to track
progress and identify new priority areas.

Phase 1
Action Optimize natural carbon sequestration through
regenerative land and water management. Advance naturebased climate solutions that sequester carbon, restore ecosystems, and conserve biodiversity. Enhance ongoing
conservation and wildfire prevention efforts in the western hills and in forested areas within the City’s Area of Interest (AoI).

Phase 2

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Measure/Action
Number Goal/Measure
Implementation
Timeframe
City Plan
Alignment
Magnitude of
GHG Reduction
Potential1 Magnitude of Cost
Action Conduct carbon sequestration farming pilot projects within the community and across the City’s AoI.

Phase 3
Measure CS-2 Pursue opportunities to support the City’s sustainable economic development goals with an emphasis on
circularity and creating green jobs within the region
2040 GP AI-13
CCSP AI-11
CCSP AI-17
CCSP AI-30
Low Low (City)
Action Integrate climate action strategies into the City’s long-term economic development goals to grow a more local,
resilient, self-sufficient, and circular economy.

Phase 1
Action Conduct a feasibility study to identify the potential of converting organic materials such as food and yard waste, woody biomass, and wastewater sludge to energy. In
addition to identifying technology opportunities, the
feasibility study will include research on regional land-use management opportunities and potential financing
pathways.

Phase 1
Action Develop and adopt a sustainable purchasing policy for municipal operations that emphasize localism. Work with businesses, community organizations, and surrounding
jurisdictions to implement reuse, refill, and repair programs to repurpose materials and capture value before disposal.

Phase 2
Note: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents; CCSP = City Council Strategic Plan; GP = General Plan; MCOG= Mendocino Council of Governments; MSWMA = Mendocino Solid Waste Management Authority

1. GHG reduction potential will be quantified upon finalization of measures and actions list.

2. The measure is considered supportive such that associated GHG reductions are encompassed in other measures within the sector and thereby does not result in additional GHG reductions. To avoid double counting, GHG reductions associated with the measure will not be quantified in the CAP.

3. The City generates sufficient geothermal and hydroelectric power to meet 80% of the community's current electricity needs; however, at times, the City sells Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) (the environmental attribute associated with this energy) to other entities through the City's membership in Northern California Power Agency (NCPA). Though this creates a more renewable regional grid mix and helps keep local utility costs low, sale of the RECs by the City results in a higher GHG emissions grid profile for Ukiah. (https://www.ncpa.com/about/ncpa-members/city-of-ukiah/)

4. Low Impact Development (LID) refers to systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater in order to protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat (https://www.epa.gov/nps/nonpoint-source-urban-areas).

5. C&S Solutions operates as Ukiah’s curbside garbage, recycling, and organics collection service provider.

Appendix B
Climate Legislation and Executive Orders
60

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1 Climate Regulatory Context
As the impacts of climate change are being recognized, many strategies that address climate change have emerged at several different levels of government. This appendix provides an overview of the regulatory context at the international, State, and local levels relative to Ukiah’s actions toward reducing its communitywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

1.1 International Climate Action Guidance
1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The primary international regulatory framework for GHG reduction is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC is an international treaty adopted in 1992 with the objective of stabilizing atmospheric GHG concentrations to prevent disruptive anthropogenic climate change. The framework established non-binding limits on global GHG emissions and specified a process for negotiating future international climate-related agreements.1
1997 Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that was adopted in 1997 to extend and operationalize the UNFCCC.

The protocol commits industrialized nations to reduce GHG emissions per county-specific targets, recognizing that they hold responsibility for existing atmospheric GHG levels. The Kyoto Protocol involves two commitment periods during which emissions reductions are to occur, the first of which took place between 2008-2012 and the second of which has not entered into force.2
2015 The Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement is the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate agreement that was adopted in 2015 and has been ratified by 189 countries worldwide.3 The Paris Agreement establishes a roadmap to keep the world under 2° C of warming with a goal of limiting an increase of temperature to 1.5° C. The agreement does not dictate one specific reduction target, instead relying on individual countries to set nationally determined contributions (NDCs) or reductions based on GDP and other factors. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) limiting global warming to 1.5° C will require global emissions to reduce through 2030 and hit carbon neutrality by mid-century.4

1.2 California Regulations and State GHG Targets
California remains a global leader in the effort to reduce GHG emissions and combat climate change through mitigation and adaptation strategies. With the passage of Assembly Bill (AB) 32 in 2006, California became the first state in the United States to mandate GHG emission reductions across its entire economy. To support AB 32, California has enacted legislation, regulations, and executive orders (EOs) that put it on course to achieve robust emission reductions and address climate change impacts. Following is a summary of executive and legislative actions relevant to this CAP Update.
1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf 2 UNFCCC. What is the Kyoto Protocol? https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol 3 UNFCCC. Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification. https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification 4 IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5 C. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/

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2002 Senate Bill 1078
In 2002, SB 1078, established the California Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS) Program and was accelerated in 2006 by SB 107, requiring that 20 percent of retail electricity sales be composed of renewable energy sources by 2010. EO S-14-08 was signed in 2008 to further streamline California's renewable energy project approval process and increase the State's RPS to the most aggressive in the nation at 33 percent renewable power by 2020. 2002 Assembly Bill 1493
In 2002, AB 1493, also known as Pavley Regulations, directed the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to establish regulations to reduce GHG emissions from passenger vehicles to the maximum and most cost-effective extent feasible. CARB approved the first set of regulations to reduce GHG emissions from passenger vehicles in 2004, initially taking effect with the 2009 model year.
2005 Executive Order S-3-05
EO S-3-05 was signed in 2005, establishing Statewide GHG emissions reduction targets for the years 2020 and 2050.

The EO calls for the reduction of GHG emissions in California to 2000 levels by 2010, 1990 levels by 2020, and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. The 2050 emission reductions target would put the State’s emissions in line with the worldwide reductions needed to reach long-term climate stabilization as concluded by the IPCC 2007 Fourth Assessment Report.
2006 Assembly Bill 32
California’s major initiative for reducing GHG emissions is outlined in AB 32, the “California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006,” that was signed into law in 2006. AB 32 codifies the Statewide goal of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and requires CARB to prepare a Scoping Plan that outlines the main State strategies for reducing GHG emissions to meet the 2020 deadline. AB 32 also requires CARB to adopt regulations requiring reporting and verification of Statewide GHG emissions. Based on this guidance, CARB approved a 1990 Statewide GHG baseline and 2020 emissions limit of 427 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MMT CO2e). The Scoping Plan was approved by CARB on December 11, 2008, and included measures to address GHG emission reduction strategies related to energy efficiency, water use, and recycling and solid waste, among other measures. Many of the GHG reduction measures included in the Scoping Plan (e.g., Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Advanced Clean Car standards, and Capand-Trade) have been adopted since approval of the Scoping Plan. In May 2014, CARB approved an updated Scoping Plan that defined CARB’s climate change priorities for the next five years and set the groundwork to reach post-2020 Statewide goals. The update highlighted State progress toward meeting the 2020 GHG emission reduction goals defined in the original Scoping Plan. It evaluated how to align State longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other State policies for water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use. 2007 Executive Order S-1-07
Also known as the Low Carbon Fuel Standard, EO S-1-07, issued in 2007, established a Statewide goal that requires transportation fuel providers to reduce the carbon intensity of California’s transportation fuels by at least 10 percent by 2020. EO S-1-07 was readopted and amended in 2015 to require a 20 percent reduction in carbon intensity by 2030, the most stringent requirement in the nation. The new requirement aligns with California’s overall 2030 target of reducing climate changing emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, which was set by Senate Bill 32 and signed by the governor in 2016.
2007 Senate Bill 97
Signed in August 2007, SB 97 acknowledges that climate change is an environmental issue that requires analysis in California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) documents. In March 2010, the California Natural Resources Agency adopted amendments to the State CEQA Guidelines for the feasible mitigation of GHG emissions or the effects of GHG emissions. The adopted guidelines give lead agencies the discretion to set quantitative or qualitative thresholds for the assessment and mitigation of GHG and climate change impacts.

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2008 Senate Bill 375
SB 375, signed in August 2008, enhances the State’s ability to reach AB 32 goals by directing CARB to develop regional GHG emission reduction targets to be achieved from passenger vehicles by 2020 and 2035. In addition, SB 375 directs each of the State’s 18 major Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), including the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), to prepare a “sustainable communities’ strategy” (SCS) that contains a growth strategy to meet these emission targets for inclusion in the MPO’s Regional Transportation Plan (RTP). On March 22, 2018, CARB adopted updated regional targets for reducing GHG emissions from 2005 levels by 2020 and 2035. 2009 California Green Building Code
The California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) is Part 11 of the California Building Standards Code or Title 24 and is the first Statewide “green” building code in the nation. The purpose of CALGreen is to improve public health, safety, and general welfare by enhancing the design and construction of buildings. Enhancements include reduced negative impact designs, positive environmental impact designs, and encouragement of sustainable construction practices. The first CALGreen Code was adopted in 2009 and has been updated in 2013, 2016, 2019, and 2022. The CALGreen Code will have subsequent, and continually more stringent, updates every three years. 2009 Senate Bill X7-7
In 2009, SB X7-7, also known as the Water Conservation Act, was signed, requiring all water suppliers to increase water use efficiency. This legislation sets an overall goal of reducing per capita urban water use by 20 percent by 2020.
2011 Senate Bill 2X
In 2011, SB 2X was signed, requiring California energy providers to buy (or generate) 33 percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020.
2012 Assembly Bill 341
AB 341 directed the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) to develop and adopt regulations for mandatory commercial recycling. As of July 2012, businesses are required to recycle, and jurisdictions must implement a program that includes education, outreach, and monitoring. AB 341 also set a Statewide goal of 75 percent waste diversion by the year 2020. 2014 Assembly Bill 32 Scoping Plan Update
In 2014, CARB approved the first update to the Scoping Plan. This update defines CARB’s climate change priorities and sets the groundwork to reach the post-2020 targets set forth in EO S-3-05. The update highlights California’s progress toward meeting the near-term 2020 GHG emissions reduction target, defined in the original Scoping Plan. It also evaluates how to align California’s longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other Statewide policy priorities, such as water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use. 2014 Assembly Bill 1826
AB 1826 was signed in 2014 to increase the recycling of organic material. GHG emissions produced by the decomposition of these materials in landfills were identified as a significant source of emissions contributing to climate change. Therefore, reducing organic waste and increasing composting and mulching are goals set out by the AB 32 Scoping Plan. AB 1826 specifically requires jurisdictions to establish organic waste recycling programs by 2016, and phases in mandatory commercial organic waste recycling over time.

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2015 Senate Bill 350
SB 350, the Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act of 2015, has two objectives: to increase the procurement of electricity from renewable sources from 33 percent to 50 percent by 2030 and to double the energy efficiency of electricity and natural gas end users through energy efficiency and conservation. 2015 Executive Order B-30-15
In 2015, EO B-30-15 was signed, establishing an interim GHG emissions reduction target to reduce emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The EO also calls for another update to the CARB Scoping Plan. 2016 Senate Bill 32
On September 8, 2016, the governor signed SB 32 into law, extending AB 32 by requiring the State to further reduce GHGs to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (the other provisions of AB 32 remain unchanged). The bill charges CARB to adopt the regulation so that the maximum technologically feasible emissions reductions are achieved in the most cost-effective way.
2016 Senate Bill 1383
Adopted in September 2016, SB 1383 requires CARB to approve and begin implementing a comprehensive strategy to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants. The bill requires the strategy to achieve the following reduction targets by 2030:
• Methane – 40 percent below 2013 levels
• Hydrofluorocarbons – 40 percent below 2013 levels
• Anthropogenic black carbon – 50 percent below 2013 levels SB 1383 also requires CalRecycle, in consultation with CARB, to adopt regulations that achieve specified targets for reducing organic waste in landfills. The bill further requires 20% of edible food disposed of at the time to be recovered by 2025.
2017 Scoping Plan Update
On December 14, 2017, CARB adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan, which provides a framework for achieving the 2030 goal set by SB 32. The 2017 Scoping Plan relies on the continuation and expansion of existing policies and regulations, such as the Cap-and-Trade Program, as well as implementation of recently adopted policies, such as SB 350 and SB 1383. The 2017 Scoping Plan also puts an increased emphasis on innovation, adoption of existing technology, and strategic investment to support its strategies. As with the 2014 Scoping Plan Update, the 2017 Scoping Plan does not provide project-level thresholds for land use development. Instead, it recommends that local governments adopt policies and locally appropriate quantitative thresholds consistent with Statewide per capita goals of six metric tons (MT) CO2e by 2030 and two MT CO2e by 2050. As stated in the 2017 Scoping Plan, these goals may be appropriate for plan-level analyses (city, county, subregional, or regional level), but not for specific individual projects because they include all emissions sectors in the State. 2018 Senate Bill 100
Adopted on September 10, 2018, SB 100 supports the reduction of GHG emissions from the electricity sector by accelerating the State’s Renewables Portfolio Standard Program, which was last updated by SB 350 in 2015. SB 100 requires electricity providers to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 33 percent of total retail sales by 2020, 60 percent by 2030, and 100 percent by 2045.

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2018 Executive Order B-55-18
Also, on September 10, 2018, the governor issued Executive Order B-55-18, which established a new Statewide goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and maintaining net negative emissions thereafter. This goal is in addition to the existing Statewide GHG reduction targets established by SB 375, SB 32, SB 1383, and SB 100. 2020 Advanced Clean Trucks Regulation
The Advanced Clean Trucks Regulation was approved on June 25, 2020. The regulation establishes a zero-emissions vehicle sales requirement for trucks or on-road vehicles over 8,500 lbs gross vehicle weight and set a one-time reporting requirement for large entities and fleets. Under the regulation, manufacturers who certify Class 2b-8 chassis or complete vehicles with combustion engines are required to sell zero-emission trucks as an increasing percentage of their annual California sales from 2024 to 2035. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales need to be 55% of Class 2b – 3 truck sales, 75% of Class 4 – 8 straight truck sales, and 40% of truck tractor sales. Additionally, the regulation established a one-time reporting requirement for large entities and fleets where fleet owners, with 50 or more trucks, are required to report about their existing fleet operations by March 15, 2021. 2022 Scoping Plan Update
In November 2022, CARB adopted the 2022 Scoping Plan, which provides a framework for achieving the 2045 carbon neutrality goal set forth by AB 1279. The 2022 Scoping Plan relies on the continuation and expansion of existing policies and regulations, such as the Cap-and-Trade Program, as well as implementation of recently approved legislation, such as AB 1279. The 2022 Scoping Plan includes discussion of the Natural and Working Lands sector as both an emissions source and carbon sink. The Plan centers equity in terms of State climate investments and climate mitigation strategies.
2022 Senate Bill 1020
Adopted in September 2022, SB 1020 advances the State’s trajectory to 100 percent clean energy procurement by 2045 by creating clean energy targets of 90 percent by 2035 and 95 percent by 2040. SB 1020 builds upon SB 100, which accelerated the State’s RPS and requires electricity providers to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 60 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045. 2022 Assembly Bill 1279
Adopted in September 2022, AB 1279, codifies the Statewide carbon neutrality goal into a legally binding requirement for California to achieve carbon neutrality no later than 2045 and ensure 85 percent GHG emissions reduction under that goal. AB 1279 builds upon EO B-55-18 that originally established California’s 2045 goal of carbon neutrality. 2022 Advanced Clean Cars II
The Advanced Clean Cars II regulation was adopted in August 2022. The regulation amends the Zero-emission Vehicle Regulation to require an increasing number of zero-emission vehicles, and relies on advanced vehicle technologies, including battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell electric and plug-in hybrid electric-vehicles, to meet air quality, climate change emissions standards, and Executive Order N-79-20, which requires that all new passenger vehicles sold in California be zero emissions by 2035. The regulation also amends standards for gasoline cars and heavier passenger trucks to continue to reduce smog-forming emissions. 2023 Advanced Clean Fleet
Approved by CARB on April 28, 2023, the Advanced Clean Fleets Regulation requires fleets, businesses, and public entities that own or direct the operation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles in California to transition to 100 percent zero-emission capable utility fleets by 2045. Under the regulation, fleet operators may choose to purchase only ZEVs beginning in 2024 and remove internal combustion engine vehicles at the end of their useful life or fleet operators may elect to meet the State’s ZEV milestone targets as a percentage of the total fleet starting with vehicle types that are most suitable for electrification.

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1.3 Local Policies
Mendocino Multi-Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan
Adopted in November 2020, the Mendocino County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) provides a comprehensive framework to reduce risks from natural hazards, such as wildfires, earthquakes, floods, and droughts, across the county and its participating jurisdictions, including the City of Ukiah. The plan identifies key vulnerabilities, outlines mitigation goals, and details actionable strategies to protect lives, property, and infrastructure. For Ukiah, the MJHMP emphasizes localized risk assessments and mitigation actions tailored to the city's specific vulnerabilities, including wildfire risk and earthquake resilience. By adopting the MJHMP, Ukiah remains eligible for federal funding under FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Assistance programs to implement projects that enhance community safety and disaster preparedness.

Climate Resolution 2022-24
Adopted by the City of Ukiah on October 19, 2022, Resolution No. 2022-44 declares a climate emergency and outlines the City’s commitment to achieving carbon neutrality no later than 2045. The resolution recognizes the urgent need to address the climate crisis and prioritizes equitable and sustainable policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build climate resilience. Under the resolution, the City establishes targets across key sectors, such as energy, transportation, and solid waste, while committing to reducing emissions from municipal operations and embedding climate considerations into planning and decision-making processes. The resolution also emphasizes community engagement and equity in implementing climate actions to ensure benefits are shared across all populations.

City of Ukiah's 2040 General Plan
Adopted in December 2022, the City of Ukiah’s 2040 General Plan serves as a long-term blueprint for guiding sustainable growth, development, and resource management through 2040. The plan emphasizes a vision for a vibrant, resilient, and inclusive community, addressing key priorities such as housing, economic development, transportation, public services, and environmental stewardship. It includes policies and strategies to support renewable energy adoption, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote multi-modal transportation options, and preserve natural resources. The General Plan also integrates climate adaptation and equity considerations to ensure a sustainable and equitable future for all residents.

City Council Strategic Plan
The City of Ukiah’s Strategic Plan outlines a focused framework to guide decision-making and prioritize initiatives that address the needs of residents and businesses. Centered on five key priorities—enhance neighborhood, develop quality infrastructure, plan for the future, grow businesses, value the team—the plan establishes clear goals and actionable strategies to foster a thriving, safe, and sustainable community. It emphasizes enhancing public services, investing in critical infrastructure, supporting economic vitality, and promoting community engagement. The Strategic Plan serves as a living document, ensuring adaptability to emerging challenges and opportunities while remaining aligned with the City’s long-term vision.

Appendix C
GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Methodology and
Modeling
61

Ukiah Community GHG Inventories
Final Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Report
prepared by
City of Ukiah
Community Development Department
300 Seminary Ave
Ukiah, California 95482
Contact: Craig Schlatter, Community Development Director prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15th Street, Suite 303
Oakland, California 94612
January 12, 2024

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Report Overview and GHG Inventory Purpose...............................................................................................1

1.2 GHG Inventories Approach.............................................................................................................................1 2 2022 Community GHG Inventory .................................................................................................................................3

2.1 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Activity Data and Emissions Factors ....................................3

2.1.1 Global Warming Potential................................................................................................................3

2.1.2 Energy...............................................................................................................................................4

2.1.3 Transportation .................................................................................................................................9

2.1.4 Solid Waste ....................................................................................................................................14

2.1.5 Water..............................................................................................................................................15

2.1.6 Wastewater....................................................................................................................................16

2.2 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results..................................................................................19 3 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory Update ........................................................................................................22

3.1 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory Updates.........................................................................................22

3.1.1 Global Warming Potential..............................................................................................................22

3.1.2 Energy.............................................................................................................................................22

3.1.3 Transportation ...............................................................................................................................24

3.1.4 Solid Waste ....................................................................................................................................25

3.1.5 Water..............................................................................................................................................26

3.1.6 Wastewater....................................................................................................................................26

3.2 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory Results ..........................................................................................27 4 Community GHG Inventories Comparison................................................................................................................31 Tables
Table 1 2022 Inventory GHGs and GWPs .....................................................................................................................3 Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use BE.2.1 ...........................................5 Table 3 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss .............................................6 Table 4 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use BE.1.1........................................7 Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks................................................8 Table 6 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation TR.1.A and TR.2.B ......10 Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation EV ................................11 Table 8 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment TR.8 ..................................12 Table 9 Community Off-road Equipment Sector Attributions....................................................................................13 Table 10 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste SW.4.1............................................14 Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste SW.5 ...............................................15 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water WW.14......................................................16 Table 13 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1.(alt)......................................17 Table 14 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.(alt)......................................17 Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7..............................................18 Table 16 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory .................................................................................................21 Table 17 2005/2010 Electricity GHG Emissions Update .............................................................................................23

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Table 18 2005/2010 Natural Gas GHG Emissions Update ..........................................................................................23 Table 19 2005/2010 On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Update.......................................................................24 Table 20 2005/2010 Off-road Transportation GHG Emissions Update ......................................................................25 Table 21 2005/2010 Solid Waste GHG Emissions Update ..........................................................................................26 Table 22 2005/2010 Wastewater GHG Emissions Update..........................................................................................26 Table 23 2005 Community GHG Emissions Inventory .................................................................................................28 Table 24 2010 Community GHG Emissions Inventory .................................................................................................30 Table 25 Comparative Community GHG Emissions Inventories Summary ................................................................33 Figures
Figure 1 2022 Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector.....................................................................................................19 Figure 2 2022 Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector .............................................................................................20 Figure 3 2005 Updated Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector......................................................................................27 Figure 4 2010 Updated Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector......................................................................................29 Figure 5 Ukiah Community Inventory GHG Emissions Comparison by Sector ..........................................................32

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1 Introduction

1.1 Report Overview and GHG Inventory Purpose
This Ukiah community greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories report includes the following information by section:
• Section 1: report sections overview and GHG inventories approach; • Section 2: Ukiah’s new 2022 community GHG emissions inventory methodology, activity data, emissions factors, and results by sector;
• Section 3: Ukiah’s 2005 and 2010 community GHG inventories including updates to methodology, activity data, emissions factors, and results by sector; and
• Section 4: comparison of updated 2005/2010 inventories and the new 2022 inventory.

The 2005 and 2010 community GHG inventories previously completed for the Ukiah 2014 Climate Action Plan (CAP) were updated to leverage the latest available models and best available data in accordance with the Community Protocol to be consistent with the 2022 GHG inventory. Updating the 2005 and 2010 inventories provides a comparable baseline utilizing a consistent methodology, which is a crucial measure for the City of Ukiah staff to be able to accurately track Ukiah’s progress towards achieving its community GHG emissions reduction goals.

1.2 GHG Inventories Approach
GHG Emissions Accounting Protocol
Ukiah’s 2005, 2010, and 2022 community GHG inventories were developed in alignment with accounting protocols provided by the Local Governments for Sustainability International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) as recommended by the Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP) and the California Office of Planning and Research (OPR).1 ICLEI protocols are designed for local-scale accounting of GHG emissions that contribute to climate change and provide authoritative guidance to account for GHG emissions accurately and consistently. The ICLEI U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2 (Community Protocol) serves to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions in a standardized way and is used by other jurisdictions to support their own inventory, forecast, and climate action planning efforts. Use of Community Protocol methodology for GHG accounting aligns with statewide GHG inventory methods and focuses on analyzing sectors which are within jurisdictional control of cities or counties. The Community Protocol also includes steps to evaluate the relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy of data used in the GHG inventory.

GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data in each GHG emissions sector (e.g., transportation, energy, waste, water and wastewater) by an associated emission factor. Activity data refer to the relevant measured or estimated level of GHG-generating activity (e.g., energy consumption, miles traveled). Emission factors are observation-based conversion factors used to equate activity data to generated GHG emissions. The 2022 community GHG Inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of the community’s current GHG emissions. The following sections contain further information on the inventory approach, calculation methodologies, data used, and results.
1 Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP). 2013. AEP Climate Change Committee’s “The California Supplement to the United States Community-Wide Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Protocol”. Available at:
https://califaep.org/docs/California_Supplement_to_the_National_Protocol.pdf

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Emissions Geographic Boundary
Ukiah’s community inventories cover the relevant emissions sources within the boundary of the City (i.e., City limits).

The inventory, thereby, reflects emissions sectors over which the City of Ukiah has jurisdictional control and influence. Sectors where the jurisdiction has limited influence are generally excluded from the 2005, 2010, and 2022 community GHG inventories, as the City of Ukiah does not have the power to develop measures to impact associated emissions. This method of exclusion for the emissions boundary aligns with Community Protocol standards and is recommended by State guidance for inventory, forecast, and targets accounting.2 Emissions Inventory Scope
The Community Protocol recommends reporting GHG emissions from five basic reporting activities in a community inventory that include:
• Use of electricity by the community
• Use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment • On-road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel
• Use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution • Generation of solid waste by the community
The Community Protocol also provides recommendations for additional GHG emissions source reporting for activities that can be influenced by the accounting agency. Based on reporting practices in California, it is recommended that GHG emissions from off-road equipment fuel combustion and wastewater treatment processes are also included in community GHG emissions inventories. GHG emissions sources can be categorized more generally into the following five activity sectors:
• Electricity
• Natural Gas
• Transportation
• Water and Wastewater
• Solid Waste
All Ukiah community GHG inventories discussed in this report include an assessment of communitywide GHG emissions associated with these five sectors that also serve as the basis for the GHG emissions forecast and target setting.
2 Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR). 2023. Chapter 8, Climate Change. Available at:
https://www.opr.ca.gov/docs/OPR_C8_final.pdf

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2 2022 Community GHG Inventory
The 2022 GHG emissions assessment (2022 Community GHG Inventory) completed for Ukiah includes GHG emissions from activities within the Ukiah’s jurisdictional boundaries during 2022.

A GHG emissions inventory provides a comprehensive understanding of a community’s GHG emissions and is developed to serve the following purposes:
• Establish perspective of GHG emissions conditions in an applicable inventory year. • Provide an understanding of where the highest sources of GHG emissions in the community originate and where the greatest opportunities for emissions reduction exist. • Create a GHG emissions baseline from which the jurisdiction can track community emissions progress over time.

2.1 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
Activity Data and Emissions Factors

2.1.1 Global Warming Potential
The Community Protocol assesses GHG emissions associated with the six internationally recognized GHGs, as outlined in Table 1. The 2022 inventory focuses on the three GHGs most relevant to the City’s operations: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The other gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluorides) are emitted primarily in private sector manufacturing and electricity transmission and are therefore omitted from the inventory. This approach is consistent with typical community inventory approaches, as industrial emissions are typically outside of the City’s jurisdictional control. Table 1 also includes the global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas. The 2022 inventory used 100-year global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas that are consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report,3 which were also used by the State in their latest GHG emissions inventory. The GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of methane gas has 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of carbon dioxide gas. GHG emissions are reported in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MT CO2e).

Table 1 2022 Inventory GHGs and GWPs
Greenhouse Gas Primary Source 100-year GWP
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Combustion 1
Methane (CH4) Combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (e.g., in landfills, wastewater treatment plants)
28 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 4 - 12,400 Perfluorocarbons Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, HVAC equipment manufacturing
6,630 - 11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SH6) Transmission and distribution of power 23,500 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Accessed January 5, 2023 at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

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2.1.2 Energy
Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Electricity
The community of Ukiah relies on electricity sourced exclusively from the City. By establishing its own utility service, the City is able to provide the community of Ukiah with lower cost electricity and better manage energy profiles which affect Ukaih’s renewable energy goals. GHG emissions associated with electricity are intricately tied to the energy generation sources from which it is procured such as coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. Wind and solar are considered carbon-free renewable sources, while biomass and geothermal emit GHGs but are deemed eligible renewables by the State as they produce significantly less emissions compared to fossil-based sources. These eligible renewables typically provide additional benefit by increasing grid resilience as carbon-free sources such as wind and solar are subject to variable conditions for energy generation.

In the context of Ukiah's energy landscape, the City manages the Lake Mendocino Hydroelectric Plant and is an active participant in the Northern California Power Agency (NCPA), a joint powers association (JPA). The hydroelectric plant is a significant contributor to the region's power supply. Hydroelectric power is considered a carbon-free and renewable energy source, as it does not produce direct GHG emissions during the generation process. Furthermore, as a member municipality in the NCPA, the City is actively involved in both selling to, and purchasing power from, the NCPA electric grid mix as well as participating in power generation projects. The NCPA incorporates a diverse array of energy sources, including eligible renewables such as geothermal energy,4 to increase energy resilience in the region while also reducing GHG emissions. By supplying carbon-free hydroelectric power to the NCPA energy supply, the City is contributing to the overall regional objective to meet and exceed State renewable energy portfolio goals.

Activity data for community electricity consumption was provided by the City through electricity usage reports for the residential sector and nonresidential sector (including commercial and industrial sectors). As industrial electricity use was included as aggregated nonresidential activity data in the Ukiah 2005 and 2010 GHG inventories completed for the Ukiah 2014 CAP (see Section 3), industrial emissions are included in the 2022 Community GHG Inventory to align the scope of the previous inventories.

Emissions from residential and nonresidential electricity were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.2.1.

To account for electricity only consumed in the built environment, equation 2.1 subtracts electricity consumed by electric vehicles (EVs) from total purchased electricity by removing passenger car EV electricity use from residential electricity consumption and commercial and bus EV electricity consumption from nonresidential consumption.

Electricity use from passenger, commercial, and bus EVs are instead accounted for under the transportation sector of the inventory to provide a more thorough differentiation between building and transportation sector emissions. More information regarding EV energy use can be found in Section 2.1.3. Equation 2.1 and Table 2 provide the equation and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community electricity consumption.

EQUATION 2.1
BE.2.1 RESIDENTIAL/NONRESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,𝑗 = ∑(𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 − 𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗) × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗
𝑖

2.1 4 Northern California Power Agency (NCPA). 2023. NCPA Geothermal. Available at:
https://www.ncpa.com/about/generation/geothermal/

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Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use BE.2.1 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions
from electricity
consumption per building
type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,𝑗 See Table 16 MT
CO2e/year
Calculated
Electricity consumption per
building type per energy
provider
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 See Table 16 kWh/year City of Ukiah Electricity Report1
Attributed electric vehicle
electricity consumption
𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗 See Table 16 kWh/year EMFAC20212
Electricity emission factor
based on energy provider3
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 16 MT
CO2e/kWh

2. City of Ukiah 2022 Power
Content Label4

3. CEC Power Source
Disclosure Regulations5
Energy Providers 𝑖 City of Ukiah Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential6
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour

1. City of Ukiah Electricity Report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

2. California Air and Resources Board (CARB). 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

3. The electricity emissions factor was calculated according to regulatory guidance established by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and based on the Ukiah 2022 power label grid mix. According to CEC guidance, emissions factors for each fuel source are to be sourced from MRR requirements, which in turn stipulates the use of Energy Information Administration (EIA) or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions factors depending on fuel type. More information regarding MRR regulation requirements are available here: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/reporting/ghgrep/regulation/mrr-2018-unofficial-2019-4-3.pdf

4. City of Ukiah. 2023. 2022 Power Content Label, City of Ukiah Electric Utility. Available at: https://cityofukiah.com/wpcontent/uploads/2023/09/City-of-Ukiah-2022-PCL.pdf

5. California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Modification of Regulations Governing the Power Source Disclosure Program.

Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/power-source-disclosure-program/power-sourcedisclosure-resources

6. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial and industrial sources.

Energy: Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses Electricity Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses arise from electricity lost during delivery to the buildings and associated end-uses in Ukiah. Electricity T&D losses occur in the electricity transmission and distribution system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located within Ukiah jurisdictional boundaries. This means that this electricity is lost before it is counted. However, T&D losses are estimated and included in the 2022 Community GHG Inventory as they are associated with energy usage in Ukiah and thereby directly impacted by the community’s electricity consumption. Additionally, emissions from T&D losses are recommended for inclusion in community GHG inventories by the Community Protocol. Equation 2.2 and Table 3 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community T&D losses from electricity consumption. T&D losses associated with EV electricity use are considered negligible and therefore are included in the quantification of residential and nonresidential electricity T&D.

EQUATION 2.2
BE.4 ELECTRICITY T&D LOSS SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑇&𝐷,𝑗 = ∑𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 × 𝐿𝑇&𝐷 × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗
𝑖

2.2

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Table 3 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
transmission and distribution
losses per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑇&𝐷,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 See Table 16 kWh/year City of Ukiah Electricity Report1
Electricity emissions factor
per energy provider and
building type2
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 16 MT CO2e/kWh 2. City of Ukiah 2022 Power Content Label3

3. CEC Power Source
Disclosure Regulations4
Electricity loss factor 𝐿𝑇&𝐷 4.12% Percent City of Ukiah Electricity Report Energy Providers 𝑖 City of Ukiah Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour

1. City of Ukiah Electricity Report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

2. The electricity emissions factor was calculated according to regulatory guidance established by the California Energy Commission (CEC) and based on the Ukiah 2022 power label grid mix. According to CEC guidance, emissions factors for each fuel source are to be sourced from MRR requirements, which in turn stipulates the use of Energy Information Administration (EIA) or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions factors depending on fuel type. More information regarding MRR regulation requirements are available here: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/reporting/ghgrep/regulation/mrr-2018-unofficial-2019-4-3.pdf

3. City of Ukiah. 2023. 2022 Power Content Label, City of Ukiah Electric Utility. Available at: https://cityofukiah.com/wpcontent/uploads/2023/09/City-of-Ukiah-2022-PCL.pdf

4. California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Modification of Regulations Governing the Power Source Disclosure Program.

Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/power-source-disclosure-program/power-sourcedisclosure-resources

5. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial and industrial sources.

Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas
GHG emissions from natural gas result from the stationary combustion of natural gas in both the residential and nonresidential building sectors. Ukiah’s natural gas is supplied by Pacific Gas and Electric (PGE) which provided activity data through natural gas usage reports. GHG emission calculations are based on natural gas used in residential and nonresidential buildings (i.e., commercial and industrial). However, data provided by PG&E did not report natural gas use associated with industrial sector consumption, and therefore there was no natural gas use attributable to industrial operations in the 2022 Community GHG Inventory.

Emissions from residential and nonresidential natural gas use were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.1.1. Though the majority of GHG emissions result from the combustion of natural gas, not all the natural gas purchased is combusted. Natural gas that leaks from pipes and processing plants has a larger GHG impact compared to combusted natural gas due to the higher global warming potential of methane. Some natural gas also leaks from fittings and appliances within a building, after the natural gas meter which is used to quantify total gas usage. Therefore, Community Protocol has been adjusted to remove this small percentage of “behind the meter” natural gas from the combustion calculation, and instead count it as leakage. More information regarding emissions associated with natural gas leaks can be found under “Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks” subsection below.

Equation 2.3 and Table 4 provide the equation used, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community natural gas consumption in residential and nonresidential buildings.

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EQUATION 2.3
BE.1.1 RESIDENTIAL/NONRESIDENTIAL NATURAL GAS SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑡𝐺𝑎𝑠,𝑖 = (𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 − [1 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒])
× [(𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂2× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂2
) + (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻4
× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
)
+ (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂 × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂)] × 10−1 × 10−3

2.3 Table 4 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use BE.1.1 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
stationary combustion of
natural gas per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑡𝐺𝑎𝑠,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 See Table 16 therms/year PGE Natural Gas Report1 Percent natural gas lost
during consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.50% Percent Environmental Defense
Fund2
Carbon dioxide emission
factor for natural gas
combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂253.06 kg CO2/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub3
Methane emission factor for
natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻40.001 kg CH4/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Nitrous oxide emission factor
for natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂 0.0001 kg N2O/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Global warming potential of
carbon dioxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂21 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report4
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻428 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Conversion factor 10−1 0.1 mmBTU/therm
Conversion factor 10−3 0.001 MT/kg
Building type (i.e. residential
or nonresidential)
𝑖 Residential
Nonresidential
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit; mmBTU = metric million British thermal unit; kg = kilograms

1. Pacific Gas and Electricity (PGE) Natural Gas Report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

2. Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub (April, 2022). Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub

4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

5. Nonresidential includes natural gas consumption from commercial and industrial sources.

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Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks
Natural gas methane leaks occur during delivery to the buildings and during associated end-uses in the community.

Gas methane leaks from delivery occur in the pipeline distribution system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located in Ukiah and not reflected in reported total natural gas purchased. While natural gas pipeline distribution leakage is technically outside of the Ukiah jurisdictional boundaries, the leakage is directly impacted by natural gas consumption in the community. As leakage is directly connected to the community’s natural gas consumption, it is best practice to include leakage as an emissions sector and is therefore included in the Ukiah 2022 Community GHG Inventory. Methane leaks from end-use discussed previously occur at the point of use in Ukiah and therefore occur within Ukiah’s jurisdictional boundaries. Though it is best practice to include emissions from natural gas leakage, the Community Protocol does not provide a specific calculation methodology for determining GHG emissions from natural gas leakage. Therefore, emissions from natural gas leaks were calculated using Equation 2.4 which aligns with energy calculation principles set forth by the Community Protocol and the guidance provided under Community Protocol Section BE.5 Upstream Emissions from Energy Use. Table 5 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 2.4 which were used to quantify GHG emissions from natural gas distribution and end-use leakage.

EQUATION 2.4

NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘,𝑖 = 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 × (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 + 𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡) 2.4 Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
natural gas distribution
leakage per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 See Table 16 therms/year PGE Natural Gas Report1 Emission factor for natural
gas leakage
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm Calculated2
Percent natural gas lost
during distribution
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 2.3% Percent Alvarez, Ramón et al.
(2018)3
Percent natural gas lost
during consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.5% Percent Environmental Defense
Fund4
Building type (i.e. residential
or nonresidential)
𝑖 Residential
Nonresidential5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit

1. Pacific Gas and Electricity (PGE) Natural Gas Report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

2. Emission factor is calculated using the following equation:

2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚
∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 0.7
𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
∗ 28
𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝐶𝐻4
∗ 0.001
𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔

3. Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361.

Available at: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204

4. Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf

5. Nonresidential includes natural gas consumption from commercial and industrial sources.

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2.1.3 Transportation
Transportation: On-road
On-road vehicles in the community produce GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels (i.e., internal combustion engines) and up-stream from the production of electricity (i.e., electric vehicles). GHG emissions from the on-road transportation sector were calculated in accordance with Community Protocol TR.1.A and TR.2.B. The methodology leverages on-road transportation emission factors and EV penetration data from CARB’s 2021 EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021) model.5 EMFAC2021 provides data on the county-wide data level and does not differentiate data according to cities. This assessment assumes county-wide data reported by EMFAC2021 is representative of city-level on-road transportation emission factors and EV penetration rates.

The Community Protocol recommends use of regional travel demand models to differentiate passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle miles travelled activity data attributed to the community. This assessment utilizes vehicle miles travelled (VMT) data provided by GHD.
6 The VMT allocation study provided by GHD is based on data pulled from the Mendocino Council of Governments (MCOG) travel demand model7 which generates attributable daily average VMT for participating communities in Mendocino County. VMT data provided by GHD for the purposes of this inventory were derived from the MCOG travel demand model using the SB 375 Regional Targets Advisory Committee (RTAC) origin-destination methodology.8 The GHD study provides VMT data from trips occurring within Ukiah city limits (internal-internal), traversing city limits (internal-external), and trips which are entirely outside city limits (externalexternal). Weekday VMT accounted for 100 percent of internal-internal trips and 50 percent of internal-external trips and was annualized9 to determine 2022 VMT activity data for Ukiah. As the MCOG model does not differentiate between passenger, commercial, and bus VMT, activity data was allocated to these sectors based on percent VMT share which was determined using data provided by the EMFAC2021 model. Equation 2.5 and Table 6 define the equations, parameters, and data sources used to convert resulting GHD VMT activity data to GHG emissions from onroad transportation fuel combustion.

EQUATION 2.5
TR.1.A & TR.2.B ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION COMBUSTION EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖 = (𝑇 +
1 2
𝑇𝑂 +
1 2
𝑇𝐷) × %𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖

2.5 5 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 6 https://www.ghd.com/en-US
7 https://www.mendocinocog.org/
8 California Air and Resources Board (CARB). 2018. Appendix F, Final Environmental Analysis. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/SB375_Final_Target_Staff_Report_%202018_AppendixF.pdf 9 Daily VMT is scaled based on a 347 days per year in alignment with methodology specified in the CARB AB 32 Scoping Plan methodology summary, available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/measure_documentation.pdf. The conversion factor accounts for difference between weekend vs weekday transportation activities.

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Table 6 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation TR.1.A and TR.2.B Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community onroad GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑂𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries
𝑇 83,249 miles MCOG Travel Demand Model
(GHD)1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries
𝑇𝑂 122,583 miles MCOG Travel Demand Model
(GHD)
VMT originating outside of
and terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries
𝑇𝐷 526,526 miles MCOG Travel Demand Model
(GHD)
Percent share of total VMT
for each vehicle class
%𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑖 See Table 16 % EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Emissions factor for on-road
vehicles per vehicle class
𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.1
Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT = vehicle miles travelled

1. Mendocino Council of Governments (MCOG) Travel Demand Model activity data provided by GHD via email on October 27, 2023. Further information regarding the regional transportation model is available at: https://www.mendocinocog.org/

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 In addition to mobile combustion emissions accounted under Community Protocol Equations TR.1.A and TR.2.B, GHG emissions from electric vehicles were included in the 2022 Community GHG Inventory for more accurate accounting of on-road transportation trends. This was achieved through modifying Equation 2.5 to account for EV modeshare estimates based on total VMT (see Equation 2.6). Note that Equation 2.5 was not adjusted above to account for EV share of VMT data due to use of the EMFAC2021 weighted emissions factors which attribute GHG emissions to be zero for EV activity. Due to this zero emissions attribution, application of the EMFAC2021 emissions factor to total VMT data in Equation 2.5 in effect excludes EV GHG emissions. As such, GHG emissions associated with EV VMT quantified according to Equation 2.6 below does not result in double counting of emissions resulting from Equation 2.5 methodology. The equation, parameters, and data sources used to estimate GHG emissions attributable to on-road EV activity is provided in Equation 2.6 and Table 7 below.

EQUATION 2.6

ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIC VEHICLE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐸𝑉,𝑖 = (𝑇 +
1 2
𝑇𝑂 +
1 2
𝑇𝐷) × %𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑖 × 𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖 × 𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖
× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗

2.6

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Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation EV Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community onroad EV GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑂𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐸𝑉,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries
𝑇 83,249 miles MCOG Travel Demand Model
(GHD)1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries
𝑇𝑂 122,583 miles MCOG Travel Demand Model
(GHD)
Vehicle miles travelled
originating outside of and
terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries
𝑇𝐷 526,526 miles MCOG Travel Demand Model
(GHD)
Percent share of total VMT
for each vehicle class
%𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑖 See Table 16 % EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Percent share of VMT
attributable to EVs
𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖 See Table 16 % EMFAC2021 v1.0.1
Average rate of electricity
consumption per EV-mile per
vehicle class
𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖 Various3 kWh/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.1
Weighted average electricity
emissions factor per
building type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗 See Table 16 MT CO2e/kWh See Table 2
Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles; VMT = vehicle miles travelled; kWh = kilowatt hour

1. Mendocino Council of Governments (MCOG) Travel Demand Model activity data provided by GHD via email on October 27, 2023. Further information regarding the regional transportation model is available at: https://www.mendocinocog.org/

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

3. The electricity consumption per EV-mile (EPM) in 2022 is as follows: Passenger = 0.3647, Commercial = 0.0000, and Bus =

1.7498
Transportation: Off-road
Off-road equipment and vehicles in the community generate GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels. Off-road fuel usage results from equipment operation for sectors such as agricultural, construction, lawn and garden, or recreational equipment. Community Protocol Equation TR.8 was used to quantify GHG emissions from offroad equipment fuel consumption and is shown under Equation 2.7 below. Table 8 lists the parameters, values, and data sources used to quantify emissions in according with the Community Protocol.

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EQUATION 2.7
TR.8 OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗 = 𝐸𝐹𝑗 ×∑𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖,𝑗
𝑖
× 𝐴𝐹𝑖

2.7 Table 8 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment TR.8 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
offroad equipment
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Annual fuel consumption in
the County per sector per fuel
type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 16 Gallons/year OFFROAD20211
Fuel attribution factor per
equipment type
𝐴𝐹𝑖 See Table 9 Percent California Department of
Finance2
Emission factor per fuel type 𝐸𝐹𝑗 See Table 16 MT CO2e/gallon EPA Emission Factors Hub3 Equipment Type 𝑖 See Table 9 Categorical OFFROAD2021
Fuel type 𝑗 Gasoline
Diesel
Natural Gas
Categorical OFFROAD2021
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. California Air Resource Board (CARB). Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Off-road (OFFROAD2021) v.1.0.5. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory/msei-road-documentation-0

2. California Department of Finance. 2023. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State, 2020-2023.

Available at: https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-countiesand-the-state-2020-2023/

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub The OFFROAD2021 model is in alignment with Community Protocol standards, though the model only reports offroad equipment fuel consumption on a county-wide basis. Attribution factors per equipment type used to allocate Ukiah off-road fuel usage were determined based on demographic data and land use data relating to population size, number of jobs, and agricultural acreage where applicable. The demographic attribution metrics and percent attribution used for each off-road equipment type is shown in Table 9.

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Table 9 Community Off-road Equipment Sector Attributions Equipment Type Attribution Metric Attribution Data Source Agricultural Excluded – Other1 0.00% Not Applicable
Airport Ground Support Employment2 19.07% California Department of Finance3
Cargo Handling Equipment Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Commercial Harbor Craft Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Construction and Mining Employment 19.07% California Department of Finance
Industrial Employment 19.07% California Department of
Finance
Lawn and Garden Population 17.86% California Department of Finance
Light Commercial Employment 19.07% California Department of Finance
Locomotive Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Ocean Going Vessel Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Oil Drilling Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Outboard Marine Tanks Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Pleasure Craft Population 17.86% California Department of Finance
Portable Equipment Employment 19.07% California Department of Finance
Transport Refrigeration Unit Employment 19.07% California Department of Finance
Recreational Population 17.86% California Department of Finance
Military Tactical Support Excluded - Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Forestry Excluded - Other 0.00% Not Applicable
Notes:

1. Agricultural excluded as acres of farmland within Ukiah boundaries are anticipated to be negligible based on incorporated Ukiah land use identified in the General Plan 2040, available here: https://cityofukiah.com/wpcontent/uploads/2023/01/General-Plan-2040-122922_Signed.pdf

2. The City owns and operates the Ukiah Airport and therefore has jurisdictional control over its operations:
https://cityofukiah.com/departments/ukiahairport/#:~:text=Ukiah%20Municipal%20Airport&text=The%20airport%20is%20comprised%20of,87%20aircraft%20based%20on% 20site.

3. California Department of Finance. 2023. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State, 2020-2023.

Available at: https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-countiesand-the-state-2020-2023/

4. Though forestry occurs withing the County of Mendocino, there appears to be minimal opportunity for forestry within Ukiah’s boundaries. Therefore, it is assumed that offroad fuel consumption for forestry activities is negligible and thereby excluded.

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2.1.4 Solid Waste
GHG emissions associated with the waste sector result from the decomposition of waste at a landfill as well as landfill operation processes. C&S Waste Solutions10 provides solid waste, recycling, and mixed organic waste collection services for Ukiah. Once collected, solid waste is ultimately processed at the following landfills: Eastlake Sanitary Landfill, Forward Landfill Inc, Potrero Hills Landfill, Recology Hay Road, Redwood Landfill. 11 GHG emissions
from waste decomposition were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4.1. Equation 2.8 and Table 10 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions in accordance with Community Protocol SW.4.1.

EQUATION 2.8
SW.4.1 SOLID WASTE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4× (1 − 𝐶𝐸) × (1 − 𝑂𝑋) × 𝑀 ×∑𝑃𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑖 𝑖

2.8 Table 10 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste SW.4.1 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual community
generated waste GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 3,764 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Methane global warming
potential
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
28 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report1
Default LFG collection
efficiency
𝐶𝐸 0.75 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Oxidation rate 𝑂𝑋 0.10 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol Total mass of waste
entering landfill
𝑀 9,957 Wet short
tons
C&S Waste Solutions2
Proportion of total waste
material per material type
𝑃𝑖
1 Fraction
Emission factor per material
type3
𝐸𝐹𝑖

0.060 MT CH4/wet
short ton
ICLEI Community Protocol
Material type 𝑖 Multiple Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

2. C&S Waste Solutions 2022 Solid Waste tonnage report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

3. For mixed municipal waste streams where the proportion of material type is unknown, ICLEI specifies a default value of 0.060 MT CH4 per wet short ton may be used.

Landfill process emissions were quantified according to Equation SW.5 of the Community Protocol. Equation 2.9 and Table 11 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions from landfill operations.
10 https://candswaste.com/locations/california/mendocino-county/ukiah-waste-solutions/ 11 California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). 2019. Jurisdiction Disposal and Alternative Daily Cover (ADC) Tons by Facility. Available at: https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/DisposalReporting/Destination/DisposalByFacility

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EQUATION 2.9
SW.5 SOLID WASTE PROCESS EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀 × 𝐸𝐹𝑝 2.9
Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste SW.5 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual landfill process GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 110 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Total mass of solid waste
that enters the landfill in the
inventory year
𝑀 9,957 Wet short
tons/year
C&S Waste Solutions1
Emissions factor for landfill
process emissions
𝐸𝐹𝑝 0.011 MT CO2e/wet
short ton
ICLEI Community Protocol
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. C&S Waste Solutions 2022 Solid Waste tonnage report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

2.1.5 Water
Water consumption generates GHG emissions from the electricity used to extract, convey, treat, and deliver water to the community. The City provides the entirety of the community’s water needs. The City’s potable water supply consists of groundwater pumped from the Ukiah Valley Groundwater Basin and surface water sourced from the Russian River. Well pumps used to extract groundwater are located within Ukiah boundaries, while surface wells are located along the Russian River which lies outside of Ukiah’s boundaries. Additionally, the City owns and operates a water treatment plant located within Ukiah city limits which treats extracted surface water.12 As the City supplies all of the community’s water needs and the majority of processes occur within Ukiah city limits, electricity consumption associated with local groundwater and surface water management is anticipated to be included under nonresidential electricity use. Therefore, to avoid double counting water management GHG emissions are excluded from the 2022 Community GHG Inventory. However, GHG emissions associated with City groundwater and surface water management is quantified and presented below for information purposes. Table 12 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 2.10 which were used to quantify GHG emissions from local and imported water sources.

EQUATION 2.10
WW.14 WATER SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖 ×∑𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗 × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗
𝑗

2.10 12 City of Ukiah. 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

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Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water WW.14 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
water consumption per water
district
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖 See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Volume of water supplied to
the community per water
district
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖
See Table 16 AF City of Ukiah 2022 Water
Production Report1
Energy intensity of water
distribution per water district
𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗
See Table 16 kWh/AF 1. City of Ukiah 2020 UWMP2

2. ICLEI Community Protocol
Electricity emissions factor
per water process stage per
source type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 0.000278 MT
CO2e/kWh
See Table 2
Water district 𝑖 City of Ukiah Categorical
Water process stage 𝑗 Extraction
Conveyance
Treatment
Distribution
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour; UWMP = Urban Water Management Plan

1. City of Ukiah 2022 Water Production Report provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023

2. City of Ukiah. 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023.

2.1.6 Wastewater
Management of wastewater produces emissions through every stage of the process from collection to final use or discharge. The City owns and operates the City of Ukiah wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) which provides treatment services for Ukiah as well as the Ukiah Valley Sanitation District (UVSD) which lies just outside of the incorporated Ukiah boundaries. The WWTP has a dry-weather capacity of 3.01 million gallons per day (MGD) and a wet weather capacity of 24.5 MGD. The WWTP was upgraded to produce recycled water in 2019 using primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. This upgrade allows the City to avoid wastewater effluent discharge by either utilizing recycled water for irrigation and agriculture or by storing excess treated wastewater in percolation ponds.13 GHG emissions from the City’s WWTP operations are a result of stationary combustion of digester gas, process emissions which occur with nitrification/denitrification, and electricity use.14 As the WWTP is located within Ukiah boundaries, the facility’s electricity use is anticipated to be included under nonresidential electricity consumption. To avoid double counting, WWTP electricity use is excluded and only process related emissions are quantified. The set of methods used to quantify stationary combustion emissions is outlined in Equation 2.11 and Table 13 as well as Equation 2.12 and Table 14 below.

EQUATION 2.11
WW.1 WASTEWATER DIGESTER GAS STATIONARY COMBUSTION EMISSIONS (CH4) 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖
= (𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝑓𝐶𝐻4 × 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4 × 10−6 × 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻4
× 365.25 × 10−3
) × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4

2.11 13 City of Ukiah. 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023 14 Ibid

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Table 13 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1.(alt) Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
devices designed to combust
digester gas
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝐶𝐻4
See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 21,319 std ft3 /day City of Ukiah 2022
Wastewater Production
Report1
Fraction of methane in
digester gas
𝑓𝐶𝐻4

0.60 Fraction City of Ukiah 2022
Wastewater Production
Report
Default higher heating value
of methane
𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4
1,028 BTU/ft3 ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10−6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Methane emissions factor 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻40.0032 kg
CH4/mmBTU
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10−3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
28 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Ukiah Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. City of Ukiah. 2023. City of Ukiah 2022 Wastewater Production Report. Provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023.

EQUATION 2.12
WW.2 WASTEWATER DIGESTER GAS STATIONARY COMBUSTION EMISSIONS (N2O) 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖
= (𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝑓𝐶𝐻4 × 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4 × 10−6 × 𝐸𝐹𝑁2𝑂
× 365.25 × 10−3
) × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂

2.12 Table 14 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.(alt) Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
devices designed to combust
digester gas
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝑁2𝑂
See Table 16 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 21,319 std ft3day City of Ukiah 2022
Wastewater Production
Report1
Fraction of methane in
digester gas
𝑓𝐶𝐻4

0.60 Fraction City of Ukiah 2022
Wastewater Production
Report
Default higher heating value
of methane
𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4
1,028 BTU/ft3 ICLEI Community Protocol

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Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Conversion factor 10−6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Nitrous Oxide emissions
factor
𝐸𝐹𝑁2𝑂

0.00063 kg N2O/mmBTU ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10−3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Ukiah Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; MMBtu = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. City of Ukiah. 2023. City of Ukiah 2022 Wastewater Production Report. Provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023 Equation 2.13 shows the calculation method use to quantify process emissions with nitrification/denitrification in accordance with Community Protocol WW.7. Table 15 show the parameter definitions, default factors, and data sources used.

EQUATION 2.13
WW.7 CENTRALIZED WWTP W/ NITRIFICATION/DENITRIFICATION
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 × 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑−𝑐𝑜𝑚 × 𝐸𝐹𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡 × 10−6 × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 2.13 Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖

29.55 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population 𝑃𝑖15,929 People California Department of
Finance1
Factor for insignificant
industrial or commercial
discharge
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑−𝑐𝑜𝑚

1.00 ICLEI Community Protocol
Emissions factor for a
WWTP without nitrification
or denitrification
𝐸𝐹𝑤/𝑜 𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡 7.00 g N2O/person/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10−6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report2
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Ukiah
WWTP
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. California Department of Finance. 2023. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State, 2020-2023.

Available at: https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-countiesand-the-state-2020-2023/

2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

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2.2 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
Results
The 2022 community inventory provides Ukiah with current communitywide GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting. The results of the 2022 community GHG inventory are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 summarized in detail in Table 16.

Figure 1 2022 Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector

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Figure 2 2022 Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector

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Table 16 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Energy Residential
Electricity
35,413,493 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 9,847
Residential
Electricity T&D
1,504,429 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 418
Nonresidential
Electricity
69,671,948 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 19,372
Nonresidential
Electricity T&D
2,872,337 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 799
Residential Natural
Gas
2,324,152 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 12,345
Residential Natural
Gas Leaks
65,403 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 3,471
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
1,780,588 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 9,458
Nonresidential
Natural Gas Leaks
50,107 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 2,659
Transportation Passenger VMT 123,285,957 VMT 0.000356 MT CO2e/mile 43,890 Commercial VMT 17,898,549 VMT 0.001228 MT CO2e/mile 21,979 Bus VMT 323,308 VMT 0.001406 MT CO2e/mile 455
Passenger EVMT 1,079,053 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 300
Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT 1,584 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Off-road Diesel 166,350 Gallons 0.010471 MT CO2e/gal 1,742 Off-road Gasoline 183,909 Gallons 0.009158 MT CO2e/gal 1,684 Off-road Natural
Gas
0 Gallons 0.000000 MT CO2e/gal 0
Solid Waste Landfill Methane 9,957 Wet short
tons

0.378000 MT CO2e/ton 3,764
Process Emissions 9,957 Wet short
tons

0.011000 MT CO2e/ton 110
Water1 Groundwater 860,648 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 332 Surface Water 796,852 kWh 0.000278 MT CO2e/kWh 680
Wastewater Stationary
Combustion
7,786,765 scf 0.0000002 MT CO2e/scf 1
Process N2O
Emissions
15,929 people 0.001855 MT CO2e/person 30
Total 132,323
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons

1. Water sector activity data is included for informational purposes but is not included in total inventory GHG emissions to avoid double counting

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3 2005/2010 Community GHG
Inventory Update
The Ukiah community GHG Inventory for 2005 and 2010 (2005/2010 Inventory) was completed in support of the Ukiah CAP, a draft of which was prepared on March 12, 2014 but not adopted. Though the 2005/2010 Inventory was completed in accordance with the ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability Community Protocol, some of the data sources used in Ukiah’s 2005/2010 Inventory have recently been updated based on best available information and regulatory updates. These model changes may introduce artificial trends in Ukiah’s GHG emissions progress when comparing the 2005/2010 Inventory to the 2022 Community GHG Inventory quantified in the above sections of this report. To allow cross-comparison of Ukiah’s GHG inventories, the 2005/2010 Inventory was updated to use the latest data sources and align accounting methods with those used in the Ukiah 2022 Community GHG Inventory.

Additionally, fugitive emissions from the closed City landfill were excluded in the process of updating the 2005/2010 Inventory based on best practice GHG accounting and standards set by the Community Protocol. Updating the 2005 and 2010 inventories to align with 2022 Community GHG Inventory methodology provides a more accurate baseline of comparison which is critical for City of Ukiah staff to accurately track Ukiah’s progress towards achieving its community GHG emissions reduction goals. The sections below outline the data sources and accounting methods used to update the Ukiah 2005/2010 GHG Inventory.

3.1 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory Updates

3.1.1 Global Warming Potential
The 2005/2010 Inventory was completed using GWPs from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.15 The GWPs used in the inventory are outdated and inconsistent with the AR5 GWPs used in the CARB 2022 Scoping Plan and the 2022 Community GHG Inventory (see Section 2.1.1). Therefore, the 2005/2010 Inventory was updated across all GHG emission sectors to use AR5 GWPs to improve consistency and traceability of emissions with State GHG reduction goals.

3.1.2 Energy
Electricity
The 2005/2010 Community Inventory included electricity consumption from residential and nonresidential buildings as well as electricity transmission and distribution losses, however, emissions factors were calculated using ICLEI default factors and excluding emissions from non-carbon free eligible renewable sources (i.e. geothermal and biomass), which resulted in under-reporting emissions associated with electricity consumption by approximately 50 percent. The CEC includes fossil-based GHG emissions as well as emissions from non-carbon-free renewable energy when determining the emissions factor for an electric grid portfolio.16 To align with CEC methodology and current best practices used to quantify the 2022 Community GHG Inventory, electricity emissions factors were updated following fuel and feedstock type emissions factor determination methods outlined in Table 2 and using 2005 and 2010 grid mix data as provided the City. The results of the 2005/2010 Community Inventory update for electricity sector emissions is provided in Table 17.
15 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1995. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf 16 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Modification of Regulations Governing the Power Source Disclosure Program.

Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/power-source-disclosure-program/power-sourcedisclosure-resources

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Table 17 2005/2010 Electricity GHG Emissions Update
Sector
GHG Emissions [MT CO2e]
Original Update
2005 Inventory
Residential Electricity 1,918 3,733
Residential Electricity T&D1 – 131
Nonresidential Electricity 4,323 8,418
Nonresidential Electricity T&D1 – 295
2010 Inventory
Residential Electricity 1,679 3,720
Residential Electricity T&D1 – 130
Nonresidential Electricity 3,212 7,119
Nonresidential Electricity T&D1 – 249
Notes:

1. T&D in the original 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory is included but aggregated into total GHG emissions.

Natural Gas
The 2005/2010 Community Inventory included emissions attributable to the combustion of natural gas, but excluded losses associated with natural gas distribution and end use. Though ICLEI does not provide a recommended methodology for estimating natural gas distribution losses, it is a recommended source of emissions under the Community Protocol to be included in community inventories as it may be directly impacted by community activities.

Thus, the 2005/2010 Community Inventory was updated to include natural gas losses associated with distribution and end use in accordance with Equation 2.3 and Equation 2.4 above using natural gas residential and commercial activity data from the Ukiah 2014 Climate Action Plan. A comparison of original inventory natural gas GHG emissions and the results of the 2005/2010 Community Inventory update are summarized in Table 18 below.

Table 18 2005/2010 Natural Gas GHG Emissions Update
Sector
GHG Emissions [MT CO2e]
Original Update
2005 Inventory
Residential Natural Gas 14,370 14,265
Residential Natural Gas Leaks – 4,011
Nonresidential Natural Gas 9,658 9,587
Nonresidential Natural Gas Leaks – 2,696
2010 Inventory
Residential Natural Gas 14,490 14,384
Residential Natural Gas Leaks – 4,044
Nonresidential Natural Gas 9,231 9,164
Nonresidential Natural Gas Leaks – 2,576

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3.1.3 Transportation
On-road
On-road vehicle transportation emissions in the original 2005/2010 Community Inventory were quantified based on vehicle miles travelled (VMT) data pulled from the 2010 baseline year MCOG Travel Demand model and allocated into speed bins. The inventory used weighted average CO2 emissions factors from the CARB EMFAC2011 model, while CH4 and N2O emissions factors were sourced from the Community Protocol default factors and weighted according to Community Protocol default vehicle class mix values.

The 2005/2010 Community Inventory was updated to quantify on-road transportation GHG emissions in alignment with methods used in the Ukiah 2022 Community GHG Inventory (see Equation 2.5). Though the model has not been updated since the 2010 version, updated activity data for 2005 and 2010 based on MCOG Travel Demand model was provided by GHD based on current best practices in VMT accounting and allocated to passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle categories according EMFAC202117 percent vehicle share of total VMT. Activity data for 2010 was adjusted by GHD to reflect fewer daily trips due to reduced employment during the recession that followed the 2008 financial collapse. Emissions factors pulled from EMFAC2021 per vehicle class type were used to align on-road transportation GHG emissions with the latest vehicle emissions accounting methods. Table 19 summarizes the results of the 2005/2010 inventory updates for on-road transportation emissions.

Table 19 2005/2010 On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Update Sector
GHG Emissions [MT CO2e]
Original Update
2005 Inventory
Passenger Total VMT
74,477
53,592
Commercial Total VMT 24,880
Bus Total VMT 352
Passenger EVMT – 2
Commercial EVMT – 0
Bus EVMT – 0
2010 Inventory
Passenger Total VMT
73,896
50,580
Commercial Total VMT 22,389
Bus Total VMT 598
Passenger EVMT – 3
Commercial EVMT – 0
Bus EVMT – 0
Off-road
The 2005/2010 Inventory was developed using the CARB OFFROAD2007 model to estimate GHG emissions in the off-road sector. Emissions from lawn and garden equipment activity data were apportioned to Ukiah based on the proportion of households in Ukiah compared to the county, while construction, industrial, and light commercial equipment were apportioned based on population. The 2005/2010 Inventory was updated to use activity data from the latest OFFROAD202118 model and apportion fuel use across all off-road equipment classes according to Table 9 in alignment with the 2022 Community GHG Inventory. GHG emissions were quantified using emissions factors 17 California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 18 California Air Resource Board (CARB). Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Off-road (OFFROAD2021) v.1.0.5. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory/msei-road-documentation-0

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provided by the EPA Emission Factors Hub19 for each equipment category. Table 20 summarizes the results of the 2005/2010 inventory updates for off-road transportation emissions.

Table 20 2005/2010 Off-road Transportation GHG Emissions Update Sector
GHG Emissions [MT CO2e]
Original1 Update
2005 Inventory
Diesel
8,530
422
Gasoline 1,519
Natural Gas 0
2010 Inventory
Diesel
8,436
508
Gasoline 1,474
Natural Gas 0
Notes:

1. GHG emissions includes off-road agricultural equipment which was quantified as a separate sector in the original inventory

3.1.4 Solid Waste
The 2005/2010 Community Inventory included fugitive emissions from solid waste generated by the community as well as fugitive emissions from a closed landfill that exists within the boundaries of Ukiah. To avoid double counting emissions, the Community Protocol recommends only including fugitive emissions associated with community waste generation. Therefore, the 2005/2010 Community Inventory was updated to exclude emissions from the closed landfill. Additionally, in the 2005/2010 Community Inventory the EPA LandGEM model was used to quantify fugitive emissions from generated solid waste. Though the EPA’s LandGEM model uses the first order decay method as recommended by the Community Protocol, it is inconsistent with the 2022 Community Inventory which utilizes Community Protocol quantification methods and default factors. To establish consistency in Ukiah’s waste sector emissions, adhere to Community Protocol recommendations, and align with State emissions reporting methods, the 2005/2010 Community Inventory was updated to quantify fugitive GHG emissions in accordance with Equation 2.8.

The 2005/2010 Community Inventory did not take into consideration landfill process emissions which is a recommended GHG emissions source under the Community Protocol. To align with Community Protocol recommendations and maintain consistency with the 2022 Community Inventory, landfill process emissions were included in the inventory update and quantified according to Equation 2.9. A comparison of the original solid waste GHG emissions estimates and the results of the 2005/2010 Community Inventory update are summarized in Table 21 below.
19 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub

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Table 21 2005/2010 Solid Waste GHG Emissions Update
Sector
GHG Emissions [MT CO2e]
Original Update
2005 Inventory
Landfill Methane 4,722 6,332
Process Emissions – 184
Landfill Methane (closed) 36,934 –
2010 Inventory
Landfill Methane 2,641 3,541
Process Emissions – 103
Landfill Methane (closed) 30,543 –

3.1.5 Water
As described in Section 2.1.5, the City provides the entirety of the community’s water needs and therefore GHG emissions from water processes was excluded from the 2022 Community GHG Inventory to avoid double counting with emissions from nonresidential electricity consumption. It is similarly anticipated that nonresidential electricity use reported in the original 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory includes electricity consumption attributable to City water supply operations. Therefore, water sector GHG emission were removed from the 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory update to avoid double counting.

3.1.6 Wastewater
Prior to completion of its 2019 treatment operation upgrades, the City’s wastewater treatment plant processed wastewater using digesters with stationary combustion and treatment processes without nitrification/denitrification.

Treated wastewater produced by the plant was discharged as effluent into the Russian river.20 Wastewater sector GHG emissions in the original 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory were calculated appropriately according to the Community Protocol and were not updated. However, the population demographic activity data used to quantify GHG emissions from wastewater process N2O and effluent discharge was updated to be consistent with demographic data sources used in the 2022 Community GHG Inventory. Table 22 below summarizes the results of the 2005/2010 inventory updates for wastewater emissions.

Table 22 2005/2010 Wastewater GHG Emissions Update
GHG Emissions [MT CO2e]
Sector Original Update
2005 Inventory1
Stationary Combustion
377.3

0.7 Process N2O Emissions 13.5
Effluent Discharge Fugitive N2O 309.8
2010 Inventory
Stationary Combustion 0.7 0.7
Process N2O Emissions 15.6 13.5
Effluent Discharge Fugitive N2O 356.1 308.3
Notes:

1. Solid Waste emissions for the 2005 inventory were back-casted from total wastewater sector 2010 GHG emissions based on population and housing demographic data and therefore does not report GHG emissions per sector.
20 City of Ukiah. 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Provided by the City via email on August 31, 2023.

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3.2 2005/2010 Community GHG Inventory Results
Figure 3 2005 Updated Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector

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Table 23 2005 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Energy Residential Electricity 32,643,291 kWh 0.000114 MT CO2e/kWh 3,733 Residential Electricity
T&D
1,143,166 kWh 0.000114 MT CO2e/kWh 131
Nonresidential
Electricity
73,612,798 kWh 0.000114 MT CO2e/kWh 8,418
Nonresidential
Electricity T&D
2,576,448 kWh 0.000114 MT CO2e/kWh 295
Residential Natural
Gas
2,685,714 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 14,265
Residential Natural
Gas Leaks
75,578 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 4,011
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
1,805,047 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 9,587
Nonresidential
Natural Gas Leaks
50,795 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 2,696
Transportation Passenger VMT 120,431,986 VMT 0.000445 MT CO2e/mile 53,592 Commercial VMT 19,590,355 VMT 0.001270 MT CO2e/mile 24,880 Bus VMT 226,557 VMT 0.001555 MT CO2e/mile 352
Passenger EVMT 18,599 kWh 0.000057 MT CO2e/kWh 2
Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000057 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT 0 kWh 0.000057 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Off-road Diesel 40,261 Gallons 0.010472 MT CO2e/gal 422 Off-road Gasoline 166,107 Gallons 0.009146 MT CO2e/gal 1,519 Off-road Natural Gas 0 Gallons 0.000000 MT CO2e/gal 0
Solid Waste Landfill Methane 16,750 Wet short
tons

0.378000 MT CO2e/ton 6,332
Process Emissions 16,750 Wet short
tons

0.011000 MT CO2e/ton 184
Wastewater Stationary
Combustion
4,140,432 scf 0.0000002 MT CO2e/scf 1
Process N2O
Emissions
15,960 persons 0.000848 MT
CO2e/person
14 Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
15,960 persons 0.019413 MT
CO2e/person
310
Water1 Groundwater - kWh - MT CO2e/kWh -
Surface Water - kWh - MT CO2e/kWh -
Total 130,743
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons

1. Water sector activity data is included for informational purposes but is not included in total inventory GHG emissions to avoid double counting

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Figure 4 2010 Updated Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector

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Table 24 2010 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Energy Residential Electricity 36,583,840 kWh 0.000102 MT CO2e/kWh 3,720 Residential Electricity
T&D
1,281,379 kWh 0.000102 MT CO2e/kWh 130
Nonresidential
Electricity
70,017,335 kWh 0.000102 MT CO2e/kWh 7,119
Nonresidential
Electricity T&D
2,450,609 kWh 0.000102 MT CO2e/kWh 249
Residential Natural
Gas
2,708,159 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 14,384
Residential Natural
Gas Leaks
76,210 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 4,044
Nonresidential Natural
Gas
1,725,280 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 9,164
Nonresidential Natural
Gas Leaks
48,551 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 2,576
Transportation Passenger VMT 116,543,060 VMT 0.000434 MT CO2e/mile 50,580 Commercial VMT 18,321,286 VMT 0.001222 MT CO2e/mile 22,389 Bus VMT 382,721 VMT 0.001562 MT CO2e/mile 598
Passenger EVMT 26,994 kWh 0.000044 MT CO2e/kWh 3
Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000044 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT 67 kWh 0.000044 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Off-road Diesel 48,514 Gallons 0.010473 MT CO2e/gal 508 Off-road Gasoline 161,156 Gallons 0.009146 MT CO2e/gal 1,474 Off-road Natural Gas 0 Gallons 0.000000 MT CO2e/gal 0
Solid Waste Landfill Methane 9,369 Wet short
tons

0.378000 MT CO2e/ton 3,541
Process Emissions 9,369 Wet short
tons

0.011000 MT CO2e/ton 103
Wastewater Stationary Combustion 4,119,418 scf 0.0000002 MT CO2e/scf 1 Process N2O
Emissions
15,879 persons 0.000848 MT CO2e/person 13
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
15,879 persons 0.019413 MT CO2e/person 308
Water1 Groundwater - kWh - MT CO2e/kWh -
Surface Water - kWh - MT CO2e/kWh -
Total 120,905
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons

1. Water sector activity data is included for informational purposes but is not included in total inventory GHG emissions to avoid double counting

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4 Community GHG Inventories
Comparison
The table below presents the comparative summary of GHG emissions results for the Ukiah 2005, 2010, and 2022 Community GHG inventories. Emissions dropped significantly between the years of 2005 and 2010 primarily due to a large decrease in the tons of waste sent to landfill as well as decreased VMT in 2010 that occurred as a result of increased unemployment related to the 2008 economic recession. Notably, community GHG emissions rose to above 2005 levels in 2022 largely as a result of increased electricity sector emissions. This increase is attributable to significant changes in Ukiah’s electric utility grid mix in which 46.20 percent of energy was sourced from unspecified power supplies in the 2022 inventory year. The notable rise may be attributable to the passing of Assembly Bill 1110, which changes CEC methodology for classifying unspecified power beginning in the 2019 power disclosure reporting year. According to these changes, unspecified power encompasses electricity that lacks traceability to specific generation sources through an auditable contract trail or equivalent. This includes energy initially obtained as a bundled eligible renewable product, where the associated Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) are subsequently resold separately as unbundled RECs. It also includes electricity from traceable open market transactions which have no upfront contractual intention to procure electricity from a specified resource. Despite diverse electricity sources falling under unspecified power, unspecified power is attributed to an emissions factor akin to that of a natural gas generator by the CEC.21 Therefore, as Ukiah brings more traceable renewable energy sources online to meet regional renewable portfolio goals, a decrease in Ukiah’s future electric grid emissions factor and, thus, a decrease in overall GHG emissions is anticipated.
21 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. PSD Frequently Asked Questions. Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/programsand-topics/programs/power-source-disclosure-program/psd-frequently-asked-questions

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Figure 5 Ukiah Community Inventory GHG Emissions Comparison by Sector

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Table 25 Comparative Community GHG Emissions Inventories Summary GHG Emissions
Sector GHG Emissions Subsector
GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
2005 2010 2022
Energy
Residential Electricity 3,733 3,720 9,841
Residential Electricity T&D 131 130 418
Nonresidential Electricity 8,418 7,119 19,372
Nonresidential Electricity T&D 295 249 799
Residential Natural Gas 14,265 14,384 12,345
Residential Natural Gas Leaks 4,011 4,044 3,471
Nonresidential Natural Gas 9,587 9,164 9,458
Nonresidential Natural Gas Leaks 2,696 2,576 2,659
Transportation
Passenger VMT 53,592 50,580 43,890
Commercial VMT 24,880 22,389 21,979
Bus VMT 352 598 455
Passenger EVMT 2 3 300
Commercial EVMT 0 0 0
Bus EVMT 0 0 0
Off-road Diesel 422 508 1,742
Off-road Gasoline 1,519 1,474 1,684
Off-road Natural Gas 0 0 0
Solid Waste
Landfill Methane 6,332 3,541 3,764
Process Emissions 184 103 110
Wastewater
Stationary Combustion 1 1 1
Process N2O Emissions 14 13 30
Effluent Discharge Fugitive N2O 310 308 -
Water
Groundwater - - -
Surface Water - - -
Total 130,743 120,905 132,323
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons

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M E M O R A N D U M
Date: July 30, 2024
To: City of Ukiah (Craig Schlatter, Blake Adams)
Via: email
From: Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Kelsey Bennett, Joanna Thelen, Erica Linard) Subject: Final Ukiah GHG Forecast-Targets Memorandum
This memorandum has been prepared for the City of Ukiah (City) and presents the data, methods, and results for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions forecast and targets. Included is an analysis of findings and trends in Ukiah communitywide GHG emissions developed to support the 2024 Ukiah Climate Action Plan (CAP).

California (the State) has set Statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to mitigate negative climate change impacts and transition the State to a low-carbon economy. In particular, the State has established goals to reduce Statewide GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, as established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and achieve net zero GHG emissions as soon as possible, but no later than 2045, as established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the agency responsible for addressing these goals and developing strategies to achieve them. Local jurisdictions throughout the State are completing local GHG inventories, forecasts, and CAPs to align with SB 32 and AB 1279.

Local governments play a fundamental role in reducing local GHG emissions and preparing for a more resilient future. Local government policies can influence high-emissions behavior and mitigate climate change effects.2 To this end, Ukiah is building upon its draft 2014 CAP to develop a 2024 CAP that aligns with SB 32 and AB 1279 goals, increases resilience and climate change preparedness, maintains healthy air and water resources, and improves community health and the local economy. Development of the 2024 CAP also serves to meet climate goals established by the City’s Endorsing Climate Emergency Action Resolution adopted in 2022.3 The 2024 CAP will include Ukiah’s updated 2005 and 2010 GHG Inventories with current accounting methodologies, the 2022 GHG inventory update,
4 and the associated GHG emissions forecast and targets included in this memorandum.

Based on the 2022 GHG inventory memorandum prepared for by Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) for the City of Ukiah (City) and dated January 12, 2024, Rincon developed forecasted emission levels in 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

The emissions forecast provides an up-to-date projection of how GHG emissions are expected to change for Ukiah based on forecasted changes in population and employment, as well as existing State and federal legislation aimed at reducing GHG emissions through 2045. This memorandum also presents provisional GHG targets and a gap analysis that identifies the level of GHG emissions reduction that will need to be achieved through local action to meet the GHG emissions reduction targets.

Ukiah does not have a 1990 forecast. Therefore, to set Ukiah emissions targets in alignment with State goals, Ukiah GHG emission levels were back cast from the 2022 GHG inventory to estimate a 1990 level. The analysis in this memorandum relies on the best available data and calculation methodologies currently available. 1 AB 1279 defines net zero GHG emissions as reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels. California also set a goal to reach 1990 levels by 2020, as established by AB 32, The 2020 goal set by AB 32 was achieved by the State in 2016. CARB.

Frequently Asked Questions – California’s 2022 Climate Scoping Plan. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022- 06/2022_Scoping_Plan_FAQ_6.21.22.pdf
2 CARB. California’s 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/2022-sp_1.pdf 3 City of Ukiah. 2022. Endorsing Climate Emergency Action Resolution. Available at: https://cityofukiah.com/wpcontent/uploads/2022/10/2022-44-Climate-Resolution.pdf 4 Ukiah Community GHG Inventories: Final Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Report. Published January 12, 2024.

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GHG Forecast
A GHG emissions inventory sets a reference point for a single year; however, annual GHG emissions change over time due to factors such as population and job growth as well as new technologies and policies. A GHG emissions forecast estimates future GHG emission changes by accounting for projected community growth. Calculating the difference between the GHG emissions forecast and GHG emissions reduction targets set by a jurisdiction determines the gap in GHG emissions that needs to be closed through the implementation of local GHG reduction policies. This section includes an estimate of the future emissions for Ukiah in the years 2030, 2035, 2040 and 2045 in a business-as-usual scenario (BAU) forecast and a legislative adjusted scenario (adjusted) forecast that are defined as follows:
• Business-as-usual scenario: Provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change if current activities continued as they did in 2022 absent of any policies or legislation that would reduce local emissions. The BAU forecast is based on growth trends projected in population, housing, employment, and transportation activity over time, consistent with regional projections.
• Legislative-adjusted scenario: Provides a forecast of how currently adopted State legislation would reduce GHG emissions from the business-as-usual scenario. The legislative adjusted scenario represents the State’s contribution to reducing local GHG emissions to meet state goals.

Business-as-usual GHG Forecast Scenario
For the BAU forecast, future GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying projected activity data with the baseline emission factors utilized in the 2022 community GHG emissions inventory. Several indicator growth rates were developed from 2022 activity data and applied to demographic projections to project future activity data.

Demographics applied to the growth factors are based on projected estimates provided by GHD for population and employment.5 GHD estimated Ukiah’s 2045 population based on Department of Finance (DOF) 2022 data and population growth rates established in the 2022 Ukiah General Plan.6 Employment projections from GHD are based on 2022 data from the State of California Employment Development Department (EDD)7 and projected land use outlined in the 2022 Ukiah General Plan.8 Household growth was estimated using GHD population projects and assuming the proportion of people per household in 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045 is consistent with 2022 proportions, approximately 2.42 people per household. Projected number of households were then adjusted to account for the 6th Cycle Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) allocation for Ukiah between 2019 and 2027. As such, the number of households in Ukiah is expected to grow by 239 units between 2019 and 2027 and was applied to 2030- 2045 projected number of households.9
On-road transportation VMT projections utilize data provided by GHD and allocated to passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle types based on the percent of total vehicle miles travelled (VMT) as provided by the CARB EMission FACtor (EMFAC 2021) model. Off-road fuel use was projected using data provided in the CARB OFFROAD 2021 model. A summary of the demographics and projection metrics for each forecast year in the BAU forecast are provided in Table 1.
5 GHD. Population and employment projections for Ukiah provided via email on May 21, 2024. 6 Ukiah, City of. 2022. Ukiah 2040 General Plan. Available:
https://ukiah2040.com/images/docs/202212_release/UKGP_EntireGP.pdf 7 Employment Development Department, State of California. Labor Market Information. https://labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/data/labor-force-and-unemployment-for-cities-and-census-areas.html 8 Ukiah, City of. 2022. Ukiah 2040 General Plan. https://ukiah2040.com/images/docs/202212_release/UKGP_EntireGP.pdf 9 City of Ukiah. 2019. Housing Element Update 2019-2027, Table 3.1. https://cityofukiah.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/City-ofUkiah-2019-2027-Housing-Element-Update-full-CERTIFIED-120519.pdf

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Table 1 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year Metric Data Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Population1 DOF and GHD 15,929 17,834 19,025 20,216 21,407 Employment1 EDD and GHD 6,800 9,632 11,402 13,172 14,942 Service Population2 Calculated 22,729 27,466 30,427 33,388 36,349 Households3 Calculated with
6th Cycle RHNA
Allocation
6,589 7,616 8,109 8,601 9,094
Passenger Annual
VMT4
GHD 123,285,957 150,757,738 166,979,012 182,605,717 197,679,597 Commercial Annual
VMT4
GHD 17,898,549 18,643,436 20,053,455 22,060,076 24,622,799 Bus Annual VMT4 GHD 323,308 341,396 352,702 364,007 375,312 Off-road gasoline
usage (gallons)
CARB
OFFROAD2021
183,909 202,942 212,707 222,277 232,457
Off-road diesel usage
(gallons)
CARB
OFFROAD2021
166,350 170,014 176,372 182,227 189,030
Off-road natural gas
usage (gallons)
CARB
OFFROAD2021
– – – – –
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; RHNA = Regional Housing Needs Allocation; Demographics for 2030 and 2045 are quantified assuming growth rate remains consistent between the years of 2035-2045

1. Projection data for 2030, 2035, and 2040 are determined based on a linear interpolation between 2022 and 2045 data points.

2. Service population is calculated as the combined total number of employees and residents.

3. Households are estimated based on multiplying the proportion of people per household with GHD provided population projection data. The number of people per household was determined using Department of finance 2022 population and household data (https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/) consistent with the Ukiah 2022 Community GHG Inventory.

4. GHD VMT data is reported as an aggregate weekday total VMT across vehicles classes attributable to Ukiah using origindestination methodology. VMT was linearly interpolated between 2022 (407,804 miles/weekday) and 2045 (641,723 miles/weekday) and then annualized using 347 days per year to estimate the total VMT for the years 2030, 2035, and 2040.

The total VMT for each year was then allocated to passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle classes based on their respective proportions of VMT in the given year as provided by the EMFAC2021 v1.1 model.

A description of the demographic metrics used to project activity data and associated growth factors for each forecasted GHG emission source in the 2022 community GHG emissions inventory are provided in Table 2.

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Table 2 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast GHG Emissions Source
Demographic
Projection Metric Growth Factor Value Units
Energy1
Residential Natural Gas
Consumption
Households Natural Gas Consumption per
Household
353 therms
Non-residential Natural
Gas Consumption
Employment Natural Gas Consumption per
Job
262 therms
Residential Electricity
Consumption
Households Electricity Consumption per
Household
5,375 kWh
Non-residential Electricity
Consumption
Employment Electricity Consumption per Job 10,246 kWh
Residential Natural Gas
Leaks
Households Natural Gas Leakage per
Household
10 therms
Non-residential Natural
Gas Leaks
Employment Natural Gas Leakage per Job 7 therms
Transportation
On-Road Passenger
Vehicles2
N/A N/A N/A miles
On-Road Commercial
Vehicles2
N/A N/A N/A miles
On-Road Buses2 N/A N/A N/A miles
Off-Road Equipment3 N/A N/A N/A gallons
Water & Wastewater4
Imported Water Supply
Electricity Consumption5
Service Population Imported Potable Water Supply
Electricity Consumption per
Service Person
N/A kWh
Wastewater Electricity
Consumption6
Service Population Wastewater Electricity
Consumption per Service Person
N/A kWh
Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions
Service Population Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions per Service
Person

0.0014 MT CO2e
Solid Waste
Solid Waste Disposal Service Population Solid Waste Disposed per Service Person

0.17 tons
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; N/A = Not Applicable; SP = Service Population – the combined total number of employees and residents in Ukiah

1. Electricity T&D growth factor is not included as GHG emissions from electricity T&D are added to each forecasted year’s total electricity amount.

2. Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) for each forecast year are obtained from GHD’s VMT analysis.

3. Fuel consumption for each forecasted year are obtained from the CARB OFFROAD2021 Model. https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/offroad/emissions-inventory/1e9a074105b677b748642cf9845d36da67986744

4. According to the Ukiah 2022 Community GHG Inventory Report, electricity emissions associated with local water consumption and wastewater generation are captured within the energy sector, thus GHG emissions were not quantified to avoid double counting. As such, forecasted GHG emissions from water and wastewater are included in the energy sector of this memorandum.

5. Imported Water Supply Electricity Consumption was excluded in Ukiah’s inventory to avoid double counting.

6. Wastewater Electricity Consumption was excluded in Ukiah’s inventory to avoid double counting.

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Using the above demographic and projection metrics in Table 1, multiplied by the growth factors in Table 2 and the 2022 community GHG inventory emission factors, the BAU forecast can be calculated. In the BAU forecast, GHG emissions are expected to increase through 2045. A summary of the BAU forecast results by GHG emission sector is provided in Table 3.

Table 3 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector GHG Emissions Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 58,368 75,882 86,236 96,591 106,946
Residential Electricity + T&D 10,265 11,866 12,634 13,402 14,170 Nonresidential Electricity + T&D 20,171 28,572 33,822 39,073 44,323 Residential Natural Gas 12,345 14,269 15,192 16,115 17,038 Residential Natural Gas Leaks 3,471 4,012 4,271 4,531 4,790 Nonresidential Natural Gas 9,458 13,396 15,858 18,320 20,781 Nonresidential Natural Gas Leaks 2,659 3,766 4,459 5,151 5,843 Transportation 70,050 81,050 88,768 96,998 105,728
On-road Passenger Vehicles 44,190 54,037 59,851 65,452 70,855 On-road Commercial Vehicles 21,979 22,894 24,626 27,090 30,237 On-road Buses 455 480 496 512 528
Off-road Equipment 3,426 3,639 3,795 3,944 4,108
Water and Wastewater 31 37 41 45 49
Imported Water Supply N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Process and Fugitive
Emissions
31 37 41 45 49
Wastewater Electricity + T&D N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Solid Waste 3,873 4,681 5,185 5,690 6,195
Solid Waste Disposal 3,873 4,681 5,185 5,690 6,195
Total GHG Emissions 132,323 161,649 180,231 199,324 218,918 Notes: All values are presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) Legislative-adjusted GHG Forecast Scenario
Several federal and State regulations have been enacted that would reduce Ukiah’s GHG emissions below the BAU forecasted levels in 2030, 2035, 2040 and 2045. The impact of these regulations was quantified and incorporated into the adjusted forecast to provide a more accurate depiction of future emissions growth and the GHG emission reduction responsibility of Ukiah. State legislation included in the adjusted forecast reduce GHG emissions associated with transportation, building efficiency and renewable electricity. A brief description of each regulation and the methodology used to calculate associated reductions is provided in the following, as well as a description of why specific legislation was included or excluded from this forecast analysis.

GHG Reduction Legislation and Programs
Additional legislative programs are expected to reduce GHG emissions in specific sectors throughout California, as identified in the 2017 Scoping Plan Update. Many of these programs were incorporated into this forecast analysis and are summarized below.

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Transportation Legislation
Advanced Clean Cars Program
In January 2012, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) approved a new emissions-control program (the Advanced Clean Cars program) combining the control of smog, soot causing pollutants, and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars and light trucks model years 2017 through 2025. The 2012 standards will reduce California’s GHG emissions by 34 percent in 2025 and is modeled under the CARB EMFAC2021 Model and included in this GHG forecast.10
Advanced Clean Cars II was approved by CARB in August 2022 and expands the program’s roadmap so that by 2035 all new cars and passenger trucks will be zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). While these legislations will lead to an expedited timeline for ZEV adoption in California, modeling data is not yet available in CARB’s EMFAC Model, and emissions reductions attributable to the Advanced Clean Cars II program were, therefore, excluded from this GHG forecast.

Advanced Clean Trucks was approved by CARB in June 2020 that sets a zero emission vehicle (ZEV) percent-of-sales requirement on medium- and heavy- duty vehicle manufacturers to promote increased truck ZEV sales from 2024 to 2035. EMFAC models the effect of the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation on ZEV truck penetration and associated GHG emissions and is included in this forecast.

Assembly Bill 1493
Signed into law in 2002, AB 1493 (Pavley Standards) required vehicle manufacturers to reduce GHG emissions from new passenger vehicles and light trucks from 2009 through 2016. The impacts of the Pavley Standards on zero emission vehicle market penetration were incorporated into the EMFAC model starting in 2014 and is included in this forecast.

Innovative Clean Transit
Public transit GHG emissions will be reduced in the future through the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation, which was adopted in December 2018. The effects of the ICT regulation on GHG emissions are modeled in EMFAC2021 and are included in this forecast.

Energy Legislation
Title 24
In December 2022 the California Energy Commission (CEC) published the new Title 24 2022 Building Efficiency Standards.11 Due to the complexity of the new code there is currently no available model establishing projected efficiency increase as a result of the standard; therefore, the updated 2022 code was not included to provide a conservative estimate of forecasted GHG emissions reductions resulting from efficiency increases and not included in this forecast.

Renewables Portfolio Standard, Senate Bill 100, & Senate Bill 1020 Established in 2002 under SB 1078, enhanced in 2015 by SB 350, and accelerated for the first time in 2018 under SB 100, California’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) requires investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50 percent of total procurement by 2026 and 60 percent of total procurement by 2030. The RPS program further requires that by 2045 that 100 percent of total energy procured be a combination of eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources.
10 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2019. Advanced Clean Cars Summary.. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/acc%20summary-final_ac.pdf 11 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. https://www.energy.ca.gov/programsand-topics/programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards/2022-building-energy-efficiency

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California’s RPS was further accelerated in 2022 by SB 1020 that established additional requirements that procurement from eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources increase to 90 percent of total procurement by 2035 and 95 percent of total procurement by 2040. The RPS program and SB 1020 were incorporated into this GHG forecast by adjusting the electricity emissions factors for future years.

The City of Ukiah currently provides electricity to Ukiah and is subject to RPS requirements. The City of Ukiah’s emission factors adjusted for RPS requirements were used to project emissions through 2045. As the City of Ukiah currently provides all of Ukiah’s electricity at a single supply standard, current and forecasted emissions factors remain the same across residential and nonresidential sectors. Table 4 provides the estimated electricity emission factors that would result from SB 100 and SB 1020.

Table 4 City of Ukiah Forecasted RPS and Electricity Emission Factors Metric 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Ukiah Renewables Mix 25.9% 60% 90% 95% 100%
Ukiah Emission Factor (MT CO2e/kWh) 0.00028 0.00015 0.000038 0.000019 0 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour Waste Legislation
Assembly Bill 939 & Assembly Bill 341
In 2011, AB 341 set the target of 75 percent recycling, composting, or source reduction of solid waste by 2020 calling for the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (also known as CalRecycle) to take a Statewide approach to decreasing California’s reliance on landfills. As actions under AB 341 are not assigned to specific local jurisdictions, potential future reductions from the bill were conservatively not included in this forecast.

Assembly Bill 1826
In 2014, AB 1826 set regulations in place requiring California businesses to recycle all of their organic waste starting in April 2016. The bill also required jurisdictions across the State to provide organic waste recycling programs to accommodate diverted waste from local businesses. As Ukiah has already implemented an organics collection program, implementation of AB 1826 compliance is reflected in Ukiah’s 2022 community inventory solid waste activity data and is also included in this forecast.

Senate Bill 1383
SB 1383 established a methane emission reduction target for short-lived climate pollutants in various sectors of the economy, including waste. Specifically, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50 percent reduction in the level of the Statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75 percent reduction by 2025.12 Additionally, SB 1383 requires a 20 percent reduction in “current”13 edible food disposal by 2025. Although SB 1383 has been signed into law, compliance with this Senate Bill must occur at the local jurisdiction level rather than the State level. Due to current limitations in local jurisdictions’ ability to comply with organic waste targets set by SB 1383, anticipated emissions reductions attributable to the bill are conservatively excluded from this forecast.

Legislative-adjusted Scenario Forecast Results
In the adjusted emissions forecast, the electricity sector experiences a strong downward trend, approaching zero in 2045 due to stringent RPS requirements from SB 100 and SB 1020. Natural gas emissions are expected to continue on an upward trajectory until 2045 due to housing and employment growth projections. This trend is partially offset due to the increasingly stringent efficiency requirements for new residential construction from Title 24.

Transportation emissions are expected to continue on an upward trajectory until 2045. As most current regulations 12 CalRecycle. California’s Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy. https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/ 13 SB 1383 does not specify a baseline year for the 20 percent food recovery target, however, CalRecycle’s 2018 Statewide waste characterization studies will be used to help measure the baseline for the State to meet its SB 1383 goals. https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/faq/foodrecovery/#:~:text=SB%201383%20requires%20the%20state,for%20individual%20ju risdictions%20to%20achieve.

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expire in 2025 or 2030, emissions standards will experience diminishing returns while VMT continues to increase, leading to lower rates of emissions reduction in the transportation sector as 2045 is approached. Wastewater emissions and solid waste emissions are projected to increase through 2045. A detailed summary of the projected GHG emissions under the adjusted forecast by sector and year through 2045 can be found in Table 5.

Table 5 Legislative-adjusted Scenario Forecast Results
GHG Emissions Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 58,368 55,303 45,083 46,832 48,031
Residential Electricity + T&D1 10,265 5,963 1,541 796 0 Nonresidential Electricity + T&D1 20,171 14,070 4,017 2,258 0 Residential Natural Gas 12,345 14,134 14,993 15,851 16,709 Residential Natural Gas Leaks 3,471 3,974 4,215 4,457 4,698 Nonresidential Natural Gas 9,458 13,396 15,858 18,320 20,781 Nonresidential Natural Gas Leaks 2,659 3,766 4,459 5,151 5,843 Transportation 70,050 71,106 71,669 74,301 78,482
On-road Passenger Vehicles 44,190 45,323 46,276 48,323 51,001 On-road Commercial Vehicles 21,979 21,732 21,252 21,738 23,145 On-road Buses 455 412 347 296 227
Off-road Equipment 3,426 3,639 3,795 3,944 4,108
Water and Wastewater 31 37 41 45 49
Imported Water Supply N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Process and Fugitive Emissions 31 37 41 45 49 Wastewater Electricity + T&D N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Solid Waste 3,873 4,681 5,185 5,690 6,195
Solid Waste Disposal 3,873 4,681 5,185 5,690 6,195
Total GHG Emissions 132,323 131,128 121,979 126,868 132,758 Notes: All values are presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e)

1. Emissions are estimated to reduce to zero due to RPS requirements established by SB100 and SB1020 which specify electricity must be procured from 100 percent renewable and carbon free sources by 2045.

Legislative GHG Emissions Reduction Contribution
A summary of the reductions from the BAU forecast that can be expected under the adjusted forecast are provided in Table 6.

Table 6 Summary of Legislative GHG Emission Reductions
Metric 2030 2035 2040 2045
California RPS 17,662 37,529 45,051 53,121
Title 24 3,526 5,608 7,678 9,752
Transportation Legislation (Pavley,
Innovative Clean Transit, etc.) 9,334 15,115 19,728 23,287 Total 30,522 58,252 72,456 86,160
Notes: All values are presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e)

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Provisional GHG Emissions Targets
GHG reduction targets are used in climate action planning to establish metrics that guide the community’s commitment to achieve GHG emissions reductions and help gauge progress reducing emissions over time. California has established Statewide GHG reduction goals for 2030 and 2045, relative to a baseline emissions level. The CARB 2022 Scoping Plan encourages local agencies to take ambitious, coordinated climate action that is consistent with and supportive of the State climate goals.14 Thus, local agencies are recommended to establish equivalent reduction targets at the local level by establishing communitywide GHG reduction goals for climate action that will help California achieve its 2030 and 2045 goals. CARB has issued several guidance documents concerning the establishment of GHG emission reduction targets for Climate Action Plans (CAP) to comply with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines section 15183.5(b). CARB also recommends that local targets be a part of the process of developing, monitoring, and updating a CAP. 1990 Level GHG Emissions Back-Cast
Ukiah does not have a 1990 GHG emissions inventory against which to develop GHG reduction targets consistent with SB 32. However, 1990 GHG emissions can be estimated for the community relative to Ukiah’s 2022 inventory using a State-level emissions change metric.

Since the 2022 State inventory has not yet been published, Ukiah 1990 GHG emissions have been calculated using the State 2021 GHG emissions inventory15 as compared to the State GHG emissions inventory in 1990 to calculate approximate percent reduction in Ukiah between 2022 and 1990. This approach assumes that Ukiah communitywide GHG emissions have generally tracked with State GHG emissions over the same timeframe. The calculation is developed using the published Statewide emissions results from CARB16 after removing emissions from sectors not included in the Ukiah 2022 inventory (i.e., agriculture, aviation, non-specified, industrial). The 1990 GHG emissions back-cast for Ukiah is shown in Table 7.

Table 7 1990 GHG Emissions Back-Cast Calculations
1990 Back-Cast Calculations
2021 Statewide GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 231,118,393
1990 Statewide GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 281,045,086
2021 to 1990 Statewide GHG Emissions Change (%) 17.76%
2022 Ukiah GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 132,323
1990 Ukiah GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 160,907
GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting and Gap Analysis The purpose of GHG emissions reduction target setting is to develop a trajectory for achieving the State 2030 goal (SB 32) and prepare for the deep decarbonization needed by 2045 in a cost-effective manner by setting an incremental path toward achieving AB 1279 targets. CARB guidance is for jurisdictions to first strive to exceed the SB 32 target of reducing GHG emissions by 40 percent below 1990 levels, while establishing a policy framework to achieve the longer-term target of carbon neutrality by 2045. Target setting is an iterative process that must be informed by the GHG emissions reductions that can realistically be achieved through the development of feasible GHG reduction measures. As part of the ongoing CAP process, Ukiah will develop measures and actions to achieve GHG reductions through regionally applicable and quantifiable strategies. Therefore, targets identified herein should remain provisional until the quantification and analysis of potential GHG reduction measures has been completed. 14 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p.268. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf 15 The State 2021 GHG emissions inventory was used, given it’s the most recent available Statewide inventory from CARB. It is assumed that the 1990-2021 Statewide emissions change is similar to the 1990-2022 Statewide emissions change, therefore it can be used to estimate 1990 level GHG emissions for Ukiah based on the 2022 community GHG emissions inventory. 16 CARB. 2023. California GHG Emission Inventory Program. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf

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Achieving established targets will require major shifts in how communities within California obtain and use energy, transport themselves and goods, and how the population lives and builds. CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b) requires qualified GHG reduction plans (i.e., plans that allow for CEQA GHG emissions analysis streamlining) to “Establish a level, based on substantial evidence, below which the contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable”. A defensible way (as shown through litigation) to identify such levels is to demonstrate consistency with State targets. To maintain consistency with State targets, Ukiah’s provisional GHG emissions reduction targets are:
• Reduce GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32 target year) • Make substantial progress towards carbon neutrality by 2045 (AB 1279 target year) With GHG emission reduction targets in place, the communitywide GHG emissions reduction gap that Ukiah will be responsible for through local action can be calculated. Ukiah’s GHG emissions reduction gap is based on the difference between the adjusted forecast and the established GHG emission reduction targets.

Table 8 provides a summary of the GHG emission reduction targets.

Table 8 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis Emissions Forecast or Pathway 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Mass Emissions Target Pathway Scenario (MT CO2e)
Adjusted Forecast 132,323 131,128 121,979 126,868 132,758 SB 32 Mass Emissions Target Pathway1 132,323 96,544 64,363 32,181 0 Remaining Emissions Gap 0 34,583 57,616 94,686 132,758
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Emissions have been rounded to the nearest whole number and therefore sums may not match.

1. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 mass emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

Figure 1 provides a visual representation of forecasted future GHG emissions along with the effects of established State legislation and the remaining gap that Ukiah will be responsible for in order to meet the GHG emission reduction targets set by the State.

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Figure 1 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways (Mass Emissions)

Appendix D
GHG Reduction Measures Methodology, Modeling, and Evidence 62

Ukiah Climate Action Plan Appendix D
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Measure Reduction
Quantification and Substantial Evidence
prepared for
City of Ukiah
Community Development Department
300 Seminary Ave
Ukiah, California 95482
Contact: Craig Schlatter, Community Development Director prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
66 Franklin Street, Suite 300
Oakland, California 94612
January 23, 2024

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 GHG Emission Reduction Targets..................................................................................................................1

1.2 Measures and Actions Organization..............................................................................................................1

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions ...........................................................................................................................2 2 Sector BE: Building Energy...........................................................................................................................................6 3 Sector T: Transportation............................................................................................................................................25 4 Sector WR: Water Resources.....................................................................................................................................42 5 Sector SW: Solid Waste..............................................................................................................................................44 6 Sector CS: Carbon Sequestration ..............................................................................................................................48 Figures
Figure 1 Ukiah GHG Emissions Reduction Pathway...................................................................................................... 5 Tables
Table 1 CAP GHG Emissions Reduction Summary by Measure.................................................................................. 2 Table 2 Ukiah GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway.................................................................................................... 4 Table 3 Sector BE: Building Energy GHG Emissions Reduction Summary.................................................................. 6 Table 4 Renewable Energy Procurement Parameters and Data Sources ................................................................... 8 Table 5 Renewable Energy Procurement GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations.................................................... 9 Table 6 Existing Building Zero-NOx Threshold Parameters and Data Sources ........................................................ 12 Table 7 Existing Building Zero-NOx Threshold GHG Emission Reduction Calculations........................................... 14 Table 8 Existing Building Voluntary Replacement Parameters and Data Sources ................................................... 17 Table 9 Existing Building Voluntary Replacement GHG Emission Reduction Calculations ..................................... 20 Table 10 All-electric New Building Construction Parameters and Data Sources ....................................................... 22 Table 11 All-electric New Building Construction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations .......................................... 24 Table 12 Sector T: Transportation GHG Emission Reduction Summary..................................................................... 25 Table 13 Active Transportation Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources ............................................................. 27 Table 14 Active Transportation Mode Share GHG Emission Reduction Calculations................................................ 29 Table 15 Public Transit Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources .......................................................................... 31 Table 16 Public Transit Mode Share GHG Emission Reduction Calculations............................................................. 32 Table 17 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources ............................................. 34 Table 18 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources ............................................. 35 Table 19 Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Parameters and Data Sources ................................................................. 36 Table 20 Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption GHG Emission Reduction Calculations ................................................... 37 Table 21 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources ............................................................................ 39 Table 22 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emission Reduction Calculations............................................................... 41 Table 23 Sector WW: Water Resources GHG Emissions Reduction Summary........................................................... 42 Table 24 Sector SW: Solid Waste GHG Emission Reduction Summary ...................................................................... 44 Table 25 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources .................................................................... 45 Table 26 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....................................................... 46

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Table 27 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources ................................................................................ 47 Table 28 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....................................................... 47 Table 29 Sector CS: Carbon Sequestration GHG Emissions Reduction Summary ..................................................... 48 Table 30 Tree Plantings Parameters and Data Sources .............................................................................................. 49 Table 31 Tree Plantings Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations............................................................... 50

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1 Introduction
This technical report presents the quantification and substantial evidence that supports the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of Ukiah’s Climate Action Plan (CAP). This report also supports the CAP’s classification as a qualified GHG reduction plan. The CAP is Ukiah’s community plan to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change. It includes Measures with numeric targets to reduce GHG emissions and Actions under each Measure that the City will implement through 2045 to reduce GHG emissions and make substantial progress towards the State’s carbon neutrality goal.

Section 15183.5(b)(1) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines establishes several criteria which a plan must meet to be considered a qualified GHG reduction plan and allow for programmatic CEQA streamlining of project GHG emissions. This report details the evidence substantiating the GHG emissions reduction associated with the CAP measures pursuant to Subsection (D) which requires measures or a group of measures, including performance standards, that substantial evidence demonstrates, if implemented on a project-by-project basis, would collectively achieve the specified GHG emissions level. This report demonstrates the Measures in the CAP provide the GHG emissions reduction necessary to meet Ukiah’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target, which aligns with the State’s GHG emission reduction goal established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and make substantial progress towards the region’s 2045 target which aligns with the State’s goal established Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1 Mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the CAP and progress toward achieving the Ukiah’s GHG emission reduction targets are included in the CAP, as required in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b)(e). If, based on the tracking of community GHG emissions, Ukiah is not on track to reach the 2030 GHG emissions reduction specified in this report, the CAP as a whole or specific Measures and Actions will be amended. Based on these amendments, a CAP Update will be prepared that includes altered or additional Measures and Actions supported by substantial evidence, that with implementation can achieve the region’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target and make substantial progress towards Ukiah’s 2045 target.

1.1 GHG Emission Reduction Targets
The City of Ukiah’s GHG emissions reduction targets align with California’s goal to reduce GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32) and California’s goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 (AB 1279) defined as achieving carbon neutrality by reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing or sequestering the remaining GHG emissions.

Ukiah’s short- and long-term GHG emission reduction targets are:
• Reduce GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; and • Achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.

1.2 Measures and Actions Organization
As part of the CAP process, the City of Ukiah has developed a comprehensive set of Measures and Actions to reduce communitywide GHG emissions to achieve the Ukiah’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target and make substantial progress towards Ukiah’s 2045 target. The Measures are organized around a set of five Sectors to reduce GHG emissions. Each Measure is then supported by a set of Actions. The structure of the mitigation Sectors, Measures, and Actions are as follows:
1 SB 32 established the State goal to reduce GHG emission 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. AB 1279 established the State goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The State defines carbon neutrality as net zero carbon emissions, which is achieved by reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing the remaining emissions.

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• Sector: Sectors define the GHG emissions category in which the GHG reductions will take place and include Building Energy; Transportation; Solid Waste; Water Resources; and Carbon Sequestration. • Measures: Measures are long-range policies that the City has established to ultimately reduce GHG emissions in line with the State’s goals.
• Actions: Actions are the discrete steps that the region will take to achieve the established Measures.

The Measures and Actions can be either quantitative or supportive, defined as follows:
• Quantitative: Quantitative Measures result in direct and measurable GHG emissions reductions when their Actions, backed by substantial evidence, are implemented. GHG emissions reductions from these Measures and Actions are justified by case studies, scientific articles, calculations, and other third-party substantial evidence that establish the effectiveness of the reduction Actions. Quantitative Measures can be summed to quantify how the Ukiah will meet its 2030 GHG emission reduction target and demonstrate progress towards the 2045 target. • Supportive: Supportive Measures may also be quantifiable and have substantial evidence to support their overall contribution to GHG emissions reduction. However, due to one of several factors – including a low GHG emission reduction benefit, indirect GHG emission reduction benefit, or potential for double-counting– they have not been quantified and do not contribute directly to achieving and making progress towards the region’s GHG emission reduction targets. Despite not being quantified, supportive Measures are nevertheless critical to the overall success of the CAP and provide support so that the quantitative Measures will be successfully implemented.

This report outlines both the quantitative and supportive Measures, detailing how each contributes to achieving Ukiah’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target and advancing significant progress toward the City’s 2045 target.. This report primarily focuses on the quantitative Actions that enable each Measure; however, it does also detail some of the supportive Actions that will aid in implementation. While these supportive Actions do not quantitatively contribute to achieving and making progress towards Ukiah’s GHG emission reduction targets, they are nevertheless critical to the overall success of each Measure. Detail on all supportive Actions can be found in the CAP.

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions
Table 1 summarizes the Measures and the GHG emissions reductions they would achieve in 2030 and 2045 upon the implementation of their Actions.

Table 1 CAP GHG Emissions Reduction Summary by Measure
Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Building Energy
Measure BE-11 Procure 77% of electricity from renewable and zero-carbon sources by 2030 and 100%
renewable and carbon-free no later than 2045
10,971 0
Measure BE-2 Decarbonize 15% of existing buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045
4,258 27,920
Measure BE-3 Decarbonize 95% of new building construction by 2026
2,704 15,608
Measure BE-4 Decarbonize 50% of municipal buildings by
2030 and 100% by 2045
Supportive Supportive
Transportation
Measure T-1 Increase the total mode share of active
transportation to 15% by 2030, and 30% by
2045
373 2,164
Measure T-2 Increase total public transportation mode
share to 5% by 2030, and 20% by 2045
997 5,319

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Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Measure T-3 Reduce local vehicle miles traveled (VMT) from single passenger vehicles
Supportive Supportive
Measure T-4 Achieve zero-emission vehicle adoption rates of 30% for passenger vehicles and 25% for
commercial vehicles by 2030 and 100% for all
vehicles by 2045
11,847 66,664
Measure T-5 By 2030, electrify or otherwise decarbonize 12% of applicable SORE off-road equipment
and replace 35% of fossil diesel consumption
with renewable diesel in alignment with EO N79-20
606 1,541
Measure T-6 Decarbonize the municipal fleet in compliance with the California Advanced Clean Fleet Rule
and EO N-79-20 off-road requirements
Supportive Supportive
Water Resources
Measure WR-1 Continue to implement wastewater recycling and water conservation projects and reduce
per capita potable water consumption
Supportive Supportive
Solid Waste
Measure SW-1 Achieve and maintain SB 1383 requirements to reduce organic waste sent to landfills by 75%
by 2030
3,511 4,646
Measure SW-2 Achieve SB 1383 procurement requirements
(0.08 tons recovered organic waste per
person) by 2030
190 228
Carbon Sequestration
Measure CS-1 Preserve existing trees and plant at least 200 new trees per year or an equivalent amount of
high-emissions reduction potential land cover
throughout the community, beginning in 2025
and through 2045
149 1,635
Measure CS-2 Pursue opportunities to support the City’s sustainable economic development goals with
an emphasis on creating green jobs within the
region
Supportive Supportive
Total 35,606 125,726
Notes:

1. SB 100 requires the State’s electricity sector to achieve 100% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2045. By that time, the electricity emission factor will be 0 MTCO2e/kWh. As estimated emissions reductions are based on reductions applicable in the target year, as opposed to cumulative GHG emissions reductions, this results in no additional reductions in 2045 beyond the state-mandated baseline.

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Together, the Measures and Actions in the CAP provide Ukiah with the GHG emissions reduction necessary to achieve Ukiah’s 2030 GHG emissions reduction target (see Table 2). However, the 2045 GHG emissions reduction quantified at the time of this report are not sufficient to meet Ukiah’s 2045 target of carbon neutrality. This projected shortfall2 is due to a combination of limitations at this time in the regulatory and technological capacity for GHG reductions at this time and future regional growth and the assoicated GHG emissions. 3 Additionally, the expiration of
transportation-related State requirements between 2025 and 2030 results in diminishing returns in GHG emissions reduction, especially as vehicle miles travelled (VMT) continues to increase in the community as a result of expected regional growth. This trend further contributes to the challenge of meeting Ukiah’s 2045 carbon neutrality target.

Achieving carbon neutrality will require a combination of new or updated local and state-level policies targeting GHG emissions across all sectors, new direct emissions reduction technologies, implementation of carbon capture and sequestration innovations, and strengthened Measures and Actions that emphasize carbon sequestration, land use management, and insights gained from implementing this CAP. While the CAP may not achieve full carbon neutrality by 2045, it is consistent with the guidance from the Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP) for making “substantial progress” toward long-term GHG reduction targets, as outlined in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5.4 This approach allows CEQA tiering from GHG Reduction Plans that demonstrate substantial progress in reducing emissions on a path toward long-term reduction goals without requiring full compliance with 2045 targets. Future CAP updates will include new Measures and Actions that the City will implement to close the remaining gap to achieve carbon neutrality.

Table 2 Ukiah GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway
GHG Emissions Forecast or Reduction Target
2030 GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Projected GHG Emissions (Adjusted Forecast)1 131,128 132,758 GHG Emissions Reduction from Measure Implementation (35,606) (125,726) GHG Emissions Remaining2 95,522 7,032
GHG Emissions Reduction Target 96,544 0
Forecasted GHG Emissions Gap3 (1,022) 7,032
Target anticipated to be met? Yes No
Notes: Numeric numbers denoted in parentheses represent negative numbers.

1. See Ukiah Forecast – Targets Memorandum, publish on July 30, 2024, for more information on the adjusted forecast.

2. GHG Emissions Remaining reflects the subtraction of GHG Emissions Reduction from Measure Implementation from Projected GHG Emissions.

3. Forecasted GHG Emissions Gap reflects the difference between GHG Emissions Reduction Target and the GHG Emissions Remaining after measure implementation. Negative values signify that measures achieve GHG reductions beyond the set GHG target.

Figure 1 shows Ukiah’s GHG emissions reduction targets in relation to Ukiah’s GHG emissions after implementation of the Measures and Actions included in the CAP. A complete description of each Measure and the quantitative Action is included within the remainder of the report.
2 Table 2 shows the projected 2045 GHG emissions reduction shortfall for the City of Ukiah, amounting to 7,032 MT CO2e. This shortfall represents just 5.3% of the total GHG emissions forecast for 2045, which the City must address to achieve its carbon neutrality goals. For context, 7,032 MT CO2e is equivalent to either a) 2.1 utility scale wind turbines running for a year or b) 42 acres of U.S. forests preserved from conversion to cropland in one year (EPA Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator). While this projected shortfall poses a challenge, it is relatively manageable and can be addressed by additive GHG emissions reduction and/or carbon sequestration measures not yet incorporated in this document. 3 For more information regarding impacts of projected regional growth on the community’s GHG emissions, see the Ukiah GHG Forecast - Targets Memorandum published July 30, 2024.
4 Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP). 2016. Final White Paper, Beyond 2020 and Newhall: A Field Guide to New CEQA Greenhouse Gas Thresholds and Climate Action Plan Targets for California. Available at: https://califaep.org/docs/AEP2016_Final_White_Paper.pdf

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Figure 1 Ukiah GHG Emissions Reduction Pathway

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2 Sector BE: Building Energy
The City of Ukiah’s Building Energy strategy focuses on decarbonizing residential and commercial buildings by leveraging the GHG reduction benefits that come from replacing natural gas with increasingly carbon-free and renewable electricity provided by the City. When coupled with renewable and zero-carbon electricity, all-electric buildings eliminate GHG emissions and transition the building system to a zero-emission operational energy footprint. The first measure emphasizes decarbonizing the City’s electricity supply at increasing rates up until 2030, after which the City will support the state in achieving 100% renewable electricity, consistent with the SB 100 regulation.

Electrifying Ukiah’s building stock consists of transitioning natural gas appliances—the equipment that traditionally heats our water, heats the spaces we live and work in, cooks our food, and dries our clothes —to efficient electric alternatives. Based on this approach, the CAP’s Building Energy strategy consists of the Measures presented in Table 3. The table also indicates which Measures are quantitative and which Measures are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies for the quantitative Measures and the role of the supportive Measures.

Table 3 Sector BE: Building Energy GHG Emissions Reduction Summary Measure ID Measure
2030 GHG
Emissions
Reduction
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emissions
Reduction
(MT CO2e)
Measure BE-11 Procure 77% of electricity from renewable and zero-carbon sources by 2030 and 100% renewable and carbon-free no later than 2045
10,971 0
Measure BE-2 Decarbonize 15% of existing buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045 4,258 27,920 Measure BE-3 Decarbonize 100% of new building construction by 2026 2,704 15,608 Measure BE-4 Decarbonize 50% of municipal buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045
Supportive Supportive
Total 17,934 43,528
Notes:

1. SB 100 requires the State’s electricity sector to achieve 100% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2045. By that time, the electricity emission factor will be 0 MTCO2e/kWh. As estimated emissions reductions are based on reductions applicable in the target year, as opposed to cumulative GHG emissions reductions, this results in no additional reductions in 2045 beyond the state-mandated baseline.

Measure BE-1: Procure 77% of electricity from renewable and zerocarbon sources by 2030 and 100% carbon-free no later than 2045.

Measure BE-1 aims to increase the share of electricity supplied to Ukiah that is sourced from renewable and carbonfree sources such that 77 percent of all electricity consumed is zero-carbon by 2030, and 100 percent of all electricity is renewable and carbon-free by 2045. The primary Actions that enable this target are:
• Action BE-1a which commits the City to evaluate utility-scale battery storage solutions; • Action BE-1b which directs the City to increase local renewable energy supply through increased community adoption of renewable energy solutions, such as residential solar, wind, and battery storage; and, • Action BE-1c which aims to formalize Ukiah's Electric Utility Department resource plan and renewable energy procurement schedule to meet renewable resource targets for 2030 through 2045.

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To monitor progress towards the City’s procurement goals the City will track completion of the resource plan identified in Action BE-1c which will aid in planning procurement schedules to meet 2030 and 2045 goals. The City will also track the percent renewable content of their utility electricity mix, which is required to be reported to the California Energy Commission (CEC) annually, as the primary performance standard for this measure.

The City of Ukiah provides electricity to its residents through its municipally owned electricity utility, which operates as a department of the City. Under this Measure, the City is committing to increasing the share of electricity procured from eligible renewable and carbon-free sources to 77 percent by 2030, up from 70 percent under existing conditions.
5,6 Currently, the energy sources supplying Ukiah’s grid mix is largely obtained from hydroelectric power generated by the City’s own facilities and geothermal energy provided through the Northern California Power Agency (NCPA). The remaining energy needs are supplied by natural gas power plants operated by NCPA, a member utility coalition that includes the City of Ukiah.7
The NCPA is a not-for-profit joint powers agency that assists its member communities in delivering reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy. Its mission includes advancing renewable energy procurement and resource planning, with a focus on transitioning to cleaner energy sources. To support long-term resource planning, the NCPA is currently developing an Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), which is anticipated to be released in 2025. Currently, Ukiah primarily relies on NCPA for power procurement outside of the City’s hydroelectric generation. However, as a municipally owned utility, Ukiah has the unique flexibility to diversify their energy procurement options. NCPA’s IRP will help the City further refine its strategy for achieving an increased renewables energy mix by 2030, though Action BE-1c of this plan includes consideration of additional energy procurement options.

As part of its commitment to increasing renewable energy use, NCPA is actively working to decarbonize its operations by transitioning its natural gas power plants to hydrogen fuel. This effort was recently bolstered by NCPA’s selection as a recipient of federal hydrogen hub funding through the Alliance for Renewable Clean Hydrogen Energy Systems (ARCHES) program8. The funding will support the development of on-site hydrogen infrastructure at natural gas power plants to accelerate the transition to hydrogen-based power generation, directly contributing to the City’s efforts to reduce emissions associated with the portion of its energy mix currently supplied by natural gas.9 In addition to this transition, the City plans to achieve its 77 percent renewable and carbon-free energy goal by implementing strategies such as expanding community solar adoption (Action BE-1b).

To support the goal of increasing renewable energy procurement, the City is focusing on expanding incentives for the adoption of alternative energy solutions, including solar, wind, and battery storage. Battery storage plays a crucial role in advancing renewable energy goals by enabling the City to store excess energy generated from intermittent sources like solar and wind. This helps maximize the use of renewable energy and ensures grid resilience during extreme weather events or disruptions.10,11 Increased adoption of battery storage, as well as solar installations, will be supported through Actions BE-1a, BE-1b, and BE-1c which include integrating storage solutions into long-term planning and providing incentives to encourage community-wide participation.

Reducing the cost of solar and battery storage systems is expected to drive greater adoption by making these technologies more accessible, with demand for each likely increasing as adoption of the other grows. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the combination of lower battery costs and the high value of backup power are key factors driving the installation of distributed storage systems. This trend illustrates how solar and battery storage technologies mutually reinforce each other’s adoption. As battery storage becomes more affordable, solar energy systems become increasingly viable for homeowners and businesses, as storage helps 5 The Ukiah Daily Journal. Renewable energy: Ukiah ’70 percent carbon free’. Available at:
https://www.ukiahdailyjournal.com/2015/07/03/renewable-energy-ukiah-70-percent-carbon-free/ 6 Ukiah currently procures and generates enough renewable energy to supply 70 percent of Ukiah’s grid mix. However, it is important to note that in 2022, the inventory year for Ukiah’s Community GHG Inventory, a portion of this supply was designated as unspecified power. Ukiah’s power content label is available at: https://cityofukiah.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/City-of-Ukiah2022-PCL.pdf 7 Information about the generation sources and procurement rates supplying Ukiah’s electric grid mix is supported by data developed as part of NCPA’s member utility Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), which is currently under development and expected to be released in 2025.
8 Alliance for Renewable Clean Hydrogen Energy Systems (ARCHES). 2024. Powering California’s Transition to Renewable Energy.

Available at: https://archesh2.org/
9 Northern California Power Alliance (NCPA). 2023. California’s Alliance for Renewable Clean Hydrogen Energy Systems Awarded Hydrogen Hub Funding by the U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://www.ncpa.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/NCPAPress-Release-ARCHES-Decision-10132023.pdf 10 Department of Energy (DOE). 2024. Energy Storage RD&D. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/oe/energy-storagerdd#:~:text=Improved%20stability%20and%20reliability%20of,of%20renewable%20energy%20generation%3B%20and 11 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2019. Grid-Scale Battery Storage, Frequently Asked Questions. Available at:
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/74426.pdf

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manage the intermittent nature of solar energy and maximizes the value of the energy generated. Similarly, as solar installations increase, the demand for battery storage grows to provide backup power and optimize energy use.12 As part of Action BE-1b, the City will offer financial incentives, such as subsidies for low-income households and small businesses in the form of rebates or vouchers, to encourage technology adoption. Additionally, the City may explore other incentive strategies, including streamlined permitting and installation processes and the development of educational materials. By incentivizing solar and battery storage system installations, particularly through financial supports, the City can foster broader community participation in renewable energy adoption, safeguarding equitable access to clean energy solutions. These actions, combined with careful planning and an energy demand forecast, will create a roadmap for long-term growth while addressing equity and reliability concerns.

Table 4 shows the parameters and data sources that support these clean energy GHG emissions reduction and Table 5 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 1 through 1.1.

Renewable Energy Procurement Equations
Equation 1 CO2e ReductionElec,y,i=Total Elecy,i*Supply Ratei*(EFelec,y,i-EFCF,y) Equation 1.1 Total Elecy,i=(Elecy,i+Total Elec Convertedy,i)*(1+LT&D) Table 4 Renewable Energy Procurement Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 1
CO2e
ReductionElec,y,i
Electricity GHG
emissions reduction
See Table 5 MT CO2e Calculated
Total Elecy,i Total electricity
consumption
See Table 5 kWh Calculated
Carbon-free
Percenty,i
Percent of electricity
obtained from carbonfree sources
See Table 5 percentage —
Supply Ratei Percent of electricity
supplied by Ukiah
— — —
Supply
Rateresidential
— 100.00% percentage Ukiah supplies all electric utility Supply
Ratenonresidential
— 100.00% percentage Ukiah supplies all electric utility EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See Table 5 MT
CO2e/kWh
Calculated
EFCF,y Electricity emission
factor of carbon-free
electricity
— — —
EF CF,2030 — 0.00008631 MT
CO2e/kWh
Measure BE-1 2030 target of 77%
renewable and zero-carbon
sources
EF CF,2045 — 0.00 MT
CO2e/kWh
Measure BE-1 target, carbon-free
by 2045
i Subsector Residential or
Nonresidential
— —
12 National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2021. Lower Battery Costs, High Value of Backup Power Drive Distributed Storage Deployment. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2021/lower-battery-costs-high-value-of-backup-power-the-keydrivers-of-distributed-storage-deployment.html

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Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 1.1
Elecy,i Forecasted electricity
consumption
See Table 5 kWh —
Elec Convertedy,i Total electricity usage
from conversions
See Table 5 kWh —
LT&D Electricity transmission
and distribution loss
percentage

4.12% Percentage —
Notes: “—“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows Table 5 Renewable Energy Procurement GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Definition Definition Units Sector 2030 20451
Equation 1.1
Elecy,i Forecasted electricity
consumption
kWh Residential 41,659,804 48,686,195
Nonresidential 91,093,980 135,359,852
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage from
conversions, including
T&D losses (i.e., building
energy and
transportation measures)
kWh Residential 19,678,907 101,481,101
Nonresidential 12,745,534 72,952,897
Total Elecy,i Total electricity
consumption
kWh Residential 63,867,440 156,358,042
Nonresidential 108,120,367 216,900,580
Equation 1
Supply Ratey,i Percent of electricity
supplied by Ukiah
percentage Residential 100% 100%
Nonresidential 100% 100%
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT
CO2e/kWh
Residential 0.0001501 0.00
Nonresidential 0.0001501 0.00
CO2e
ReductionElec,y,i
Electricity GHG
emissions reduction
MT CO2e Residential 4,074 0
Nonresidential 6,897 0
Notes:

1. SB 100 requires the State’s electricity sector to achieve 100% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2045. By that time, the electricity emission factor will be 0 MTCO2e/kWh. As estimated emissions reductions are based on reductions applicable in the target year, as opposed to cumulative GHG emissions reductions, this results in no additional reductions in 2045 beyond the state-mandated baseline.

Measure BE-2: Decarbonize 15% of existing buildings by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure BE-2 puts Ukiah on a path to reduce residential and commercial natural gas consumption 15 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045 to reduce GHG emissions through both mandatory and voluntary actions. The primary Actions that enable this level of adoption include:
• Action BE-2a which commits the City to adopt a zero-NOx threshold requiring replacement of water heaters and HVAC appliances in residential and commercial buildings upon burnout by 2026; and, • Action BE-2b which directs the City to promote and incentives energy efficient solutions including heat pumps, “cool” building strategies, trees, green roofs, and other nature-based solutions. • Action BE-2d which directs the City to work with PG&E to develop a strategy for the equitable decommissioning of the City’s natural gas system by 2045.

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As an initial performance standard, the City will monitor that the energy performance standard is implemented by 2026 following local adoption. Additionally, to gauge the measure’s performance in reducing GHG emissions, the City will annually track the natural gas reduced by existing buildings via PG&E’s Energy Data Request Portal.

Mandatory Electrification Actions
Action BE-2a commits the City to develop and adopt a zero-nitrogen oxides (zero-NOx) threshold for existing buildings by 2026. A zero-NOx threshold establishes a performance-based emissions limit for existing building systems such as water heating and space heating, requiring these systems to produce no nitrogen oxide emissions13. Zero-NOx thresholds developed by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD) established limits such that no natural gas appliances currently available on the market meet the threshold.14 BAAQMD’s zero-NOx thresholds underscore this strategy as an effective means of promoting the adoption of allelectric equipment, such as heat pumps for heating and water heating, which inherently produce zero on-site NOx emissions.

The zero-Nox threshold developed under Action BE-2a assumes that appliances reaching the end of their useful life will require a retrofit and must comply with the zero-NOx threshold. By regulating emissions rather than banning specific fuel sources, a zero-NOx standard provides a legally robust strategy for reducing GHG emissions in light of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit’s decision to overturn the City of Berkeley’s natural gas regulation.15 Unlike direct bans, a zero-NOx threshold complies with federal preemption under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) by focusing on the emissions performance of equipment rather than dictating energy type. Additionally, developing a zero-NOx threshold aligns with State initiative as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is currently developing zero-NOx rules which are anticipated to come into effect by 2030.16 The zero-emissions standards are being developed by CARB in alignment with 2022 Scoping Plan goals for achieving GHG emissions reductions, and would establish emissions requirements for water and space heating equipment sold in California. Although the State’s standards are still under development, it is anticipated that Measure BE-2 will be aligned with the State’s standard and stimulate adoption of zero-emissions technologies for building operations.

The quantification of emissions reduction associated with Action BE-2a assesses the impact of electrification of water heating and cooling systems. Although there are a range of electric alternatives (e.g. electric resistance space heating, heat pumps), heat pump HVAC and heat pump water heaters are the most cost-effective option on the market due to their significantly higher efficiency (200 to 400 percent) and resulting lower operating costs.17,18 Action BE-2a is thus assumed to set thresholds that promote installation of electric heat pump HVAC and water heaters at the time of their replacements and save homeowners and property owners costs from duplicative infrastructure upgrades.

Implementing thresholds for electrification of appliances under Measure BE-2 is expected to face challenges with permit compliance, which are required for many energy efficiency improvements (e.g., water heaters, insulation, HVAC systems, duct replacement), as many jurisdictions report that only 8 to 30 percent of HVAC installations are properly permitted.
19,20 This trend in permit evasion means jurisdictions may face issues achieving compliance with 13 Nitrogen oxide emissions, specifically in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O), have a significant warming potential roughly 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of contributing to global warming over a 100-year timeframe; meaning that even though it's present in smaller quantities, a single unit of N2O has a much greater impact on warming the planet compared to carbon dioxide (CO2).
14 Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). 2022. Electric Infrastructure Impacts from Proposed Zero NOx Standards.

Available at: https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/dotgov/files/rules/reg-9-rule-4-nitrogen-oxides-from-fan-type-residential-centralfurnaces/2021-amendments/documents/20221220_sr_appd_rg09040906- pdf.pdf?rev=2c9ddef1ee9e4d5f8fafea0f68c9c932&sc_lang=en 15 CRA V. City of Berkeley, No. 21-16278. Accessed at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/21-16278/21- 16278-2023-04-17.html.
16 California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2024. Zero-Emission Space and Water Heater Standards. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/zero-emission-space-and-water-heater-standards 17 U.S Department of Energy. 2024. Air-Source Heat Pumps. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/air-source-heatpumps?utm_source=chatgpt.com 18 U.S Department of Energy. 2024. Heat Pump Water Heaters. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-waterheaters 19 Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing SingleFamily Buildings – User Guide (2021). Accessed at: https://www.bayren.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/bayren-policy-calculatoruser-guide_10.29.2021.pdf 20 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017). Accessed at:
http://www.calmac.org/publications/HVAC_WO6_FINAL_REPORT_VolumeI_22Sept2017.pdf

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building ordinances and codes. While permit compliance is critical to enforcing building codes and ordinances, it does not directly correlate to the adoption of electric appliances. Market trends indicate substantial growth in electric appliance technology in California. According to Opinion Dynamics’ California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022), electric space heaters have grown from a 5 percent market share in 2009 to a 20 percent market share in 2019. Likewise, electric water heaters have grown from a 6 percent market share in 2009 to a 12 percent market share in 2019.21 With the growing number of incentives available for electric appliances and State initiatives to encourage electrification through efforts such as establishing zero-NOx thresholds, it is anticipated that market representation of electric alternatives will continue to rise.

To amplify these efforts and increase the efficacy of Action BE-2a, incentives provided under Action BE-2b will play a critical role in overcoming key barriers to adoption which include upfront costs and low program awareness. 22,23 Studies have shown that financial incentives and demonstrated long-term savings are key motivators for consumer adoption of electric technologies. For instance, a study by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) found that while only 18 percent of participants were aware of electrification programs, 59 percent of those aware were either participating or planning to participate. Providing financial support, education, and robust program outreach through Action BE-2b will help bridge these gaps and align adoption with the zero-NOx thresholds. 24 These combined efforts—clear performance thresholds, financial incentives, community outreach, and growing market trends—are expected not only to increase the rate of appliance adoption but also to improve permit compliance. Though permits are sometimes used to monitor Measure performance, the City will track reductions in natural gas usage as a more accurate measure of success in achieving the goals of Measure BE-2. To address challenges related to rates of adoption and permit compliance, the GHG emissions associated with Measure BE-2 are estimated using a conservative 85 percent zero-NOx threshold compliance for end-of-life replacement of natural gas appliances in existing buildings. Together, the Actions of Measure BE-2 are anticipated to reduce residential natural gas consumption by 12.5 percent and commercial natural gas consumption by 12.2 percent by 2030 through the adoption and enforcement of the zero-NOx threshold and time of burnout. Table 6 shows the parameters and data sources that support this Action’s GHG emissions reduction and Table 7 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 2 through 2.6.

Existing Building Zero-NOx Threshold Equations
Equation 2 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i*(1+LT&D))
Equation 2.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*ReductionNG,y,i Equation 2.2 ReductionNG,y,i=(EOLNG,y,i,wh*Fuel ShareNG,i,wh)+(EOLNG,y,i,HVAC*Fuel ShareNG,i,HVAC) Equation 2.3 EOLNG,y,i,wh=1/LSPi,wh*(y-imp.yi)*(1-NCRi) Equation 2.4 EOLNG,y,i,HVAC=1/LSPi,HVAC*(y-imp.yi)*(1-NCRi) Equation 2.5 Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i=Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*(LPipeline NGL+LEnd-use NGL) Equation 2.6 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec 21 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Accessed at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view.
22 University of California Davis. 2024. Innovative Approaches to Residential Heat Pump Promotion. Available at:
https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/0oa771tyj63qaqi2f8beitora56k78ll 23 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Marketing and Promoting Electrification Using Behavioral Science:

Results from a National Survey. Available at: https://www.aceee.org/research-report/b2406 24 Ibid

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Table 6 Existing Building Zero-NOx Threshold Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 2
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG
emissions reduction
See Table 7 MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas
consumption avoided
See Table 7 therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor

0.005311 MT CO2e/therm See references in Appendix GHG
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets
Technical Report
Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i Natural gas leakage
avoided
See Table 7 therms Calculated
EFNGL Natural gas leakage
emission factor

0.053067 MT CO2e/therm See references in Appendix GHG
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets
Technical Report
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage from
conversion
See Table 7 kWh Calculated
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See Table 7 MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
LT&D Electricity
transmission and
distribution loss
percentage

4.12% percentage See references in Appendix GHG
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets
Technical Report
y Year 2030 or 2045 year –
i Subsector Residential or
Nonresidential
– –
Equation 2.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural
gas consumption after
new building
electrification
See Table 7 therms See references in Appendix GHG
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets
Technical Report
ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas reduction
percent
See Table 7 percentage –
Equation 2.2
EOLNG,y,i,wh Percent of water
heaters reaching endof-life
See Table 7 percentage –
Fuel ShareNG,i,wh Percent of sector
natural gas
consumption from
water heaters
– – –
Fuel ShareNG,Residential,wh Percent of residential
natural gas
consumption from
water heaters
38% percentage Decarbonization of Heating
Energy Use in California
Buildings1
Fuel
ShareNG,Nonresidential,wh
Percent of
nonresidential natural
gas consumption from
water heaters
28% percentage Decarbonization of Heating
Energy Use in California
Buildings1
EOLNG,y,i,HVAC Percent of HVAC units
reaching end-of-life
See Table 7 percentage –

D-13
Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Fuel ShareNG,i,HVAC Percent of sector
natural gas
consumption from
HVAC units
– – –
Fuel ShareNG,i,HVAC Percent of residential
natural gas
consumption from
HVAC units
39% percentage Decarbonization of Heating
Energy Use in California
Buildings1
Fuel ShareNG,i,HVAC Percent of
nonresidential natural
gas consumption from
HVAC units
42% percentage Decarbonization of Heating
Energy Use in California
Buildings1
Equation 2.3
LSPi,wh Average water heater
lifespan in sector
– – –
LSPresidential,wh Average residential
water heater lifespan
13 years EIA2
LSPnonresidential,wh Average nonresidential
water heater lifespan
10 years EIA2
imp.yi Threshold
implementation year
– – –
imp.yresidential Threshold
implementation year
for residential
buildings
2026 year Measure BE-2 target
imp.ynonresidential Threshold
implementation year
for nonresidential
buildings
2026 year Measure BE-2 target
NCRi Threshold
noncompliance rate
15% percentage Estimate based on permit
evasion rates and strategies to
increase building code
compliance2,3,4
Equation 2.4
LSPi,HVAC Average HVAC unit
lifespan in sector
– – –
LSPresidential,HVAC Average residential
HVAC unit lifespan

21.5 years EIA5
LSPnonresidential,HVAC Average nonresidential
HVAC unit lifespan
23 years EIA5
Equation 2.5
LPipeline NGL Natural gas pipeline
leakage percentage

2.3% percentage See references in Appendix GHG
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets
Technical Report
LEnd-use NGL Natural gas end-use
leakage percentage

0.5% percentage See references in Appendix GHG
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets
Technical Report
Equation 2.6
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions6

D-14
Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Effelec Efficiency factor of
electric equipment
relative to natural gas
equipment
3 unitless European Copper Institute7
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows

1. Synapse Energy Economics, Inc. Decarbonization of Heating Energy Use in California Buildings (2018). Accessed at:
https://www.synapse-energy.com/sites/default/files/Decarbonization-Heating-CA-Buildings-17-092-1.pdf

2. 8-29% of HVAC projects are permitted, but implementing certain strategies can help increase permit compliance rate.

Assumption is set to 15% non-compliance. See above for further explanation.

3. Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing Single-Family Buildings – User Guide (2021). Accessed at: https://www.bayrencodes.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/11/BayREN-Policy-Calculator-User-Guide_10.29.2021.pdf

4. California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017). Accessed at:
http://www.calmac.org/publications/HVAC_WO6_FINAL_REPORT_VolumeI_22Sept2017.pdf

5. EIA. Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies (2023). https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/buildings/equipcosts/pdf/full.pdf

6. Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.

7. European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018). Accessed at:
https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf Table 7 Existing Building Zero-NOx Threshold GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 2.1 & 2.2
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
building electrification
therms Residential 2,501,051 2,525,290
Nonresidential
2,169,909 2,239,430
ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas reduction
percent
percentage Residential 16.11% 61.60%
Nonresidential 15.73% 53.29%
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption
avoided
therms Residential 402,817 1,555,461
Nonresidential 341,298 1,193,422
Equation 2.3 & 2.4
EOLNG,y,i,wh Percent of water heaters
reaching end-of-life since
ordinance implementation
percentage Residential 26.15% 85.00%
Nonresidential

34.00% 85.00%
EOLNG,y,i,HVAC Percent of HVAC units
reaching end-of-life since
ordinance implementation
percentage Residential 15.81% 75.12%
Nonresidential

14.78% 70.22%
Equation 2.5
Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i Natural gas leakage
avoided
therms Residential 11,279 43,553
Nonresidential 9,556 33,416
Equation 2.6
Elec Converted y,i Electricity usage from
conversion
kWh Residential 3,934,178 15,191,671
Nonresidential 3,333,347 11,655,751
Equation 2
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT
CO2e/kWh
Residential 0.0001501 0.0000000
Nonresidential 0.0001501 0.0000000
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG
emissions reduction
MT CO2e Residential 2,123 10,573
Nonresidential 1,799 8,112

D-15
Voluntary Electrification
Based on market trends, the remaining 2.5 percent of residential natural gas consumption and 2.8 percent of nonresidential natural gas consumption that are planned to be reduced by 2030 is assumed to occur through voluntary replacement of gas appliances with electric appliances reaching end of life. Voluntary adoption of electric appliances will be supported by the City through Action BE-2b, which calls for pursuing incentives for community adoption. Such incentives may include strategies such as providing subsidies to reduce cost or distributing educational materials to increase community awareness of the availability, benefits, and financial support related to purchasing of electric appliances. Targeted education and outreach programs can increase the likelihood of consumer adoption of energy related technologies, including energy efficiency solutions. 25 Additionally, awareness of
energy efficiency solutions such as heat pumps remains low in California, suggesting that investment in outreach campaigns would prove an effective strategy in increasing electric appliance adoption in the community.26 As previously discussed, awareness of available programs can result in upwards of 59 percent participation in energy efficiency programs, with potential for increased participation with programs tailored to address the availability of financial resources, long-term benefits, and instructions for easy installation.27 Currently available incentives will help continue the growth in the adoption of electric appliances and water heaters seen in California over the past decade. According to Opinion Dynamics’ California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022), electric space heaters have grown from a 5 percent market share in 2009 to a 20 percent market share in 2019. Likewise, electric water heaters have grown from a 6 percent market share in 2009 to a 12 percent market share in 2019.28 Given market trends showing a 5-15 percent growth in electric alternatives over the last 10 years, it is reasonable to assume that market trends will at least achieve the 2.5 percent growth in electric alternatives in the next 5 years. These growth trends are driven by California’s decarbonization goals, supported by local equipment emissions thresholds and state-level initiatives like the Building Initiative for Low-Emissions Development (BUILD) and Technology and Equipment for Clean Heating (TECH) programs.

Additionally, growing consumer demand for dual-purpose heating and cooling systems, financial incentives, and advancements in heat pump performance are further accelerating adoption.29 This trend is not only expected to continue through 2030 as electric appliances become more efficient and more cost-effective, but will also be accelerated when coupled with sufficient funding for community members to replace their space and water heating appliances with electric or heat pump alternatives. While the total amount of funding available will change with sunset dates and budget cycles, the currently available federal (i.e., High Efficiency Electric Home Rebate [HEEHRA], Homeowner Managing Energy Savings [HOMES] Rebate, Inflation Reduction Act), state (i.e., TEHC Clean California), and local (i.e., the City of Ukiah’s Energy Efficiency Rebates30) funding options make it so that low- and middleincome residents in Ukiah can install electric space and water heaters at no additional cost compared to gas space and water heaters. In some cases, such customers will even be able to install the heat pump water heaters for free.31 Furthermore, it is anticipated that current funding available to Ukiah residents and businesses, as well as Action BE2b’s new incentives, will remove the current hinderance to electrification in Ukiah and thereby help drive the voluntary market trend for electric space and water heating appliances through 2030.

Additionally, the emissions associated with natural gas consumption from PG&E are expected to decrease due to Senate Bill 1440, which mandates gas utilities, including PG&E, to replace pipeline-supplied natural gas with renewable natural gas (RNG). In 2022, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) set RNG supply requirements for California utilities, requiring them to increase the amount of RNG in the pipeline supplied to residential and commercial customers by 12% by 2030.32 RNG is derived from organic waste materials, such as landfill waste, sewer, and agricultural waste through processes like anaerobic digestion. Because organic waste naturally releases biogenic carbon dioxide during decomposition, conversion of organic waste into RNG means that any carbon dioxide released during combustion of RNG is considered part of the natural carbon cycle and does not contribute a net increase in carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere like combustion of fossil derived natural gas 25 Andolfi, Laura and Ortega, Boris. 2024. Smart Choices: The Influence of Energy Literacy on Energy Technology Adoption. Available at: https://www.energy-proceedings.org/wp-content/uploads/icae2024/1732537915.pdf 26 University of California Davis. 2024. Innovative Approaches to Residential Heat Pump Promotion. Available at:
https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/0oa771tyj63qaqi2f8beitora56k78ll 27 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Marketing and Promoting Electrification Using Behavioral Science:

Results from a National Survey. Available at: https://www.aceee.org/research-report/b2406 28 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Accessed at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view.
29 Ibid
30 City of Ukiah. Energy Efficiency Rebates. Available at: https://www.directefficiency.com/ukiah-electric-rebates/ 31 Rincon Consultants, Inc. Installation Costs for Zero-NOx Space and Water Heating Appliances (2024). 32 Pacific Gas and Electric Company's (PG&E). (2022) Draft Renewable Gas Procurement Plan in Compliance with Commission Decision 22-02-02. Available at: https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M500/K435/500435651.PDF

D-16
does. Production and consumption of RNG still releases non-biogenic GHG emissions, but to a lesser extent than extraction and consumption of fossil derived natural gas.33 The information on SB 1440 provided here is for informational purposes only. The potential GHG emissions reductions associated with SB 1440's RNG procurement requirements are not included in the adjusted forecast or quantified in this CAP as it is unclear how extensively SB 1440 might affect emissions linked to natural gas sourced from pipelines. This provides a conservative estimate of GHG reductions attributable to the decarbonization of existing buildings in Ukiah.

In addition to direct building decarbonization efforts, as part of this Measure, the City is committed to pursuing the equitable decommissioning of natural gas infrastructure to discourage investments in new natural gas systems, avoid stranded assets and disproportionate cost burdens, and promote the decarbonization of the community’s building stock. Decommissioning natural gas pipelines typically involves capping or removing inactive lines and safely retiring infrastructure to prevent methane leaks, a potent GHG that significantly contributes to climate change.

Action BE-2d aligns with California’s regulatory landscape, in which the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) is actively limiting new investments in natural gas infrastructure.34 Additionally, as part of the Gas System Decarbonization Rulemaking (R.20-01-007), the CPUC is investigating short-term steps to decarbonize and equitably decommission natural gas services, supporting the state’s broader transition to clean energy.35,36 However, along with these efforts, state legislators and the CPUC will need to eliminate the existing utilities’ “obligation to serve,” which currently requires that utilities invest in and provide natural gas and the required infrastructure to new and existing residences and neighborhoods. To be able to initiate the equitable decommissioning of natural gas infrastructure and discourage further investments in new natural gas systems, cities like Ukiah will need to initiate strategic neighborhood electrification and advocate for the removal of the obligation to serve. Then, the gas utility will be able to decommission the appropriate parts of the system and right size infrastructure to fit the new, smaller number of gas customers.

This process is not without challenges, including overcoming financial barriers and addressing community energy preferences. While decarbonizing the building stock through electrification remains the primary driver of GHG reductions under this Measure, Action BE-2d plays a supportive role by fostering community independence from natural gas. As a supportive action, it is not directly included in the calculation of GHG reductions attributable to Measure BE-2 but remains a critical element in achieving the City’s broader climate goals.

Table 8 shows the parameters and data sources that support these electrification programs and incentives for voluntary replacement, and Table 9 shows the GHG emissions reductions as outlined in Equation 3 through 3.4. The emissions reductions in Table 9 represent calculations occurring after the ordinance calculations (Table 7), ensuring there is no doubling counting between the two.

Existing Building Voluntary Replacement Equations
Equation 3 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=Σ((Fuel Avoidedj,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel Avoidedj,y,i*(LPipeline+LEnd-use)*EFNGL))-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i*(1+LT&D))
Equation 3.1 Elec Converty,i = Σ (Fuel Avoidedj,y,i*CFelec/Effelec,j) Equation 3.2 Fuel Avoidedj,y,i=(Fuely,i-Fuelreduced,y,i)*(EOLNG,j,y,i*Fuel Sharej,i*MSelec,j,y) Equation 3.3 EOLNG,j,y,i=1/LSPj,i*(y-imp.yi)
Equation 3.4 Effelec,j = Σ Effelec,j,k * Propelec,j,k
33 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). An Overview of Renewable Natural Gas from Biogas. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/documents/lmop_rng_document.pdf 34 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). 2022. CPUC Creates New Framework To Advance California’s Transition Away From Natural Gas. Available at: https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-creates-new-framework-to-advancecalifornia-transition-away-from-natural-gas 35 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). 2020. Long-Term Gas Planning Rulemaking. Available at:
https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/natural-gas/long-term-gas-planning-rulemaking 36 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). 2024. Long-Term Gas Planning Rulemaking Issues Joint Agency White Paper and Draft Scope and Schedule for Comment. Available at: https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energydivision/documents/natural-gas/long-term-gas-planning-oir/acr-and-white-paper-one-pager.pdf

D-17
Table 8 Existing Building Voluntary Replacement Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 3
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emissions reduction See Table 9 MT CO2e Calculated Fuel Avoidedj,y,i Natural gas consumption avoided See Table 9 therms Calculated EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm See references in Appendix GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Technical Report
EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission factor 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm See references in Appendix GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Technical Report
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage from conversion See Table 9 kWh Calculated EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity emission factor See Table 9 MT CO2e/kWh Forecast Lpipeline Natural gas pipeline leakage percentage 2.3% percentage See references in Appendix GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Technical Report
LEnd-use Natural gas end-use leakage percentage 0.5% percentage See Appendix GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Technical Report
LT&D Electricity transmission and distribution
loss percentage

4.12% percentage See references in Appendix GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Technical Report
y Year 2030 or 2045 year —
i Subsector Residential or
Nonresidential
— —
j Electric equipment type HVAC or water heater — —
Equation 3.1
CFelec Electricity to therms conversion factor 29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions1 Effelec,j Efficiency factor of electric equipment
relative to natural gas equipment
See Table 9 unitless Calculated
Equation 3.2
Fuely,i Forecasted natural gas consumption after
new building electrification
See Table 9 therms See references in Appendix GHG Inventory, Forecast, and Targets Technical Report
Fuelreduced,y,i Natural gas reductions from ordinances See Table 9 therms Calculated EOLNG,j,y,i Percent of equipment reaching end of life See Table 9 percentage Calculated Fuel Sharej,i Percent of sector natural gas
consumption
— — —
Fuel Sharewh,Res Percent of residential natural gas
consumption from water heaters
38% percentage Synapse2

D-18
Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Fuel Sharewh,Nonres Percent of nonresidential natural gas consumption from water heaters
28% percentage Synapse2
Fuel ShareHVAC,Res Percent of residential natural gas
consumption from HVAC units
39% percentage Synapse2
Fuel
ShareHVAC,Nonres
Percent of nonresidential natural gas
consumption from HVAC units
42% percentage Synapse2
MSelec,j,y Market share of electric equipment — — —
MSelec,wh, 2030 Market share of electric water heaters 12% percentage Opinion Dynamics3 MSelec,HVAC,2030 Market share of electric space heating units
22% percentage Opinion Dynamics4
MSelec,wh, 2045 Market share of electric water heaters 100% percentage Assuming 100% electric market share by 20455 MSelec,HVAC,2045 Market share of electric space heating units
100% percentage Assuming 100% electric market share by 20455 Equation 3.3
LSPi,wh Average water heater lifespan in sector — — —
LSPresidential,wh Average residential water heater lifespan 13 years EIA6 LSPnonresidential,wh Average nonresidential water heater lifespan
10 years EIA6
LSPi,HVAC Average HVAC unit lifespan in sector — — —
LSPresidential,HVAC Average residential HVAC unit lifespan 21.5 years EIA6 LSPnonresidential,HVA
C
Average nonresidential HVAC unit
lifespan
23 years EIA6
imp.yi Ordinance implementation year — — —
imp.yresidential Ordinance implementation year for
residential buildings
2026 year BE-2 target
imp.ynonresidential Ordinance implementation year for
nonresidential buildings
2026 year BE-2 target
Equation 3.4
Effelec,HVAC Efficiency factor of HVAC systems
relative to natural gas equipment
See Table 9 unitless —
Effelec,HVAC,HP Efficiency factor of heat pumps 3 unitless U.S. Department of Energy7 and European Copper Institute9
Effelec,HVAC,ER Efficiency factor of electric resistance 1 unitless Energy.gov8 and Schnackle Engineering10