Agenda packet — Upland City Council, July 27, 2026 (part 6 of 7)

receives notice from the city of a break or leak,is a reasonable time within which to correct such break or leak, or, at a minimum,to stop the flow of water from such break or leak.

4. Outdoor irrigation of landscape by sprinklers is permitted only on even days of the month for those locations having a street address with an even last digit. Outdoor irrigation by sprinklers is permitted only on odd days of the month for those locations having a street address with an odd last digit. Outdoor irrigation for locations not having a street address shall occur on even days of the month if located west of San Antonio Avenue or only on odd days of the month if located east of San Antonio Avenue.No outdoor irrigation shall take place between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Irrigation by hand-held hose, drip irrigation, hand-held bucket, or similar container or by use of a cleaning machine equipped to recycle any water used are permitted anytime. In no event shall any water so used be permitted to run off into adjacent property, streets, alleys or storm drains.

5. Washing of Vehicles,Trailers,Boats,Airplanes and Mobile Equipment. a. The washing of automobiles,trucks,trailers,boats, airplanes and other types of equipment(mobile or otherwise)is prohibited except on the designated outdoor water use days pursuant to subsection(A)(4) of this section between the hours of 12:00 midnight to 12:00 noon and sundown to 12:00 midnight. Such washing,when allowed, shall be done with a hand-held bucket or hand-held hose equipped with a positive shutoff nozzle for quick rinses. The nozzle shall be removed when the hose is not in use to ensure the water supply is shutoff
b. No individual, firm or business that regularly washes vehicles for remuneration or provides facilities for customers to do so through coin-operated machinery shall be permitted to operate such a business unless their place of business is equipped and operating to approved city standards with equipment to recycle water for use within their facility.
c. Washing trucks,trailers and other types of mobile equipment(such as garbage trucks and vehicles used to transport food and other perishables),when such washing is necessary in order to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public, shall be restricted to the hours of sundown to noon. Such washing,when allowed, shall be done with a hand-held bucket or hand-held hose equipped with a positive shutoff nozzle for quick rinses. The nozzle shall be removed when the hose is not in use. d. Nonprofit and community based organizations' fundraising car washes shall be allowed,provided they are otherwise in accordance with all other provisions of the Upland Municipal Code and this section,and have obtained a permit to operate a nonprofit carwash from the finance department,the cost of same to be$5.00, which sum is found to cover the city's costs to issue the permit. Such activities shall be limited to no more than two times in one month. Permit shall become void upon the effective date of the declaration of severe shortage.

6. All eating and drinking establishments of any kind including,but not limited to, any restaurant,hotel, café, cafeteria,bar or club,whether public or private, shall not provide drinking water to any person unless it is expressly requested.

7. The refilling or adding of water to swimming pools is prohibited except on designated outdoor water use days,which shall be the same days as outdoor watering is permitted pursuant to subsection(A)(4)of this section.

Page 704 of 1000 ends

8. Any non-business,operation-related pond, ornamental fountain or other structure making similar use of water is prohibited.

9. The irrigation of golf course fairways is prohibited. This section shall not apply to the irrigation of any golf course solely with reclaimed wastewater.

10. The use of water from fire hydrants shall be limited to firefighting and emergency- related activities and/or other activities necessary to maintain the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of Upland. This restriction shall not apply to businesses which require the use of water for land development and building construction processes,pursuant to prior written approval by the review board as defined in Section 13.16.070.

B. Exceptions.None of the moderate shortage restrictions shall apply to the following uses of water:

1. The routine and necessary use of water, other than for landscape irrigation,by a governmental entity in pursuit of its governmental functions for the benefit of the public, such as construction projects and for the cleaning of streets to prevent debris and harmful substances from entering water systems via storm drains;

2. The routine and necessary use of water, other than for landscape irrigation, for land development(e.g.,roadway base preparation, flushing of utility lines, dust control, concrete and asphalt work)and for building construction processes;

3. The necessary use of water for the routine maintenance and/or repair of water distribution facilities,residential and commercial plumbing and permanently installed landscape irrigation systems;

4. The use of water necessary to irrigate large, landscaped areas in commercial and institutional establishments as authorized by the terms and conditions of an approved compliance agreement issued by the review board, as defined in Section 13.16.070;

5. The use of water pursuant to the approved terms and conditions of a variance granted by the review board as defined in Section 13.16.070. (Ord. 1786 § 1,2005: prior code § 7733.00)

13.16.050 Conservation program—High shortage stage.

A. In the event the city council determines that the measures outlined in Section 13.16.040 fail to produce a sufficient reduction in demand so as to produce a sufficient supply,the use of water within the city shall be additionally restricted and the following provisions shall become effective upon a declaration by the city council and publication of same as follows:

1. The washing of sidewalks,walkways, driveways,public and private parking areas and other impervious hard surfaced areas by direct hosing when runoff water directly flows to a gutter or storm drain, except as may be necessary to properly dispose of flammable or other dangerous liquids or substances,wash away spills that present a trip and fall hazard, or to prevent or eliminate materials dangerous to the public health and safety is prohibited.

2. Excessive runoff of water or unreasonable spray of the areas being watered is prohibited.

Every customer is deemed to have his or her water system under control at all times,to know the manner and extent of this water use and any runoff,and to employ available alternatives to apply irrigation water in a reasonably efficient manner.

Page 705 of 1000 ends

3. Allowing,permitting or causing the escape of water through breaks or leaks within the customer's plumbing or private water distribution system for any substantial period of time within which such break or leak should reasonably have been discovered and corrected. It shall be presumed that a period of 72 hours after the customer discovers such a break or leak or receives notice from the city of a break or leak, is a reasonable time within which to correct such break or leak, or, at a minimum,to stop the flow of water from such break or leak.

4. Outdoor irrigation of landscape by sprinklers is permitted only on Wednesday and Sunday for those locations having street address with an even last digit. Outdoor irrigation by sprinklers is permitted only on Tuesday and Saturday for those locations having a street address with an odd last digit. Outdoor irrigation for locations not having a street address shall occur on Wednesday and Sunday if located west of San Antonio Avenue or only on Tuesday and Saturday if located east of San Antonio Avenue.No outdoor irrigation shall take place between 6:00 a.m.until one hour before sundown. Irrigation by hand-held hose, drip irrigation, or handheld bucket or similar container or by use of a cleaning machine equipped to recycle any water used are permitted anytime. In no event shall any water so used be permitted to run off into adjacent property, streets, alleys or storm drains.

5. Washing of Vehicles, Trailers,Boats,Airplanes and Mobile Equipment. a. The washing of automobiles,trucks,trailers,boats, airplanes and other types of equipment(mobile or otherwise)is prohibited except on the designated outdoor water use days pursuant to subsection(A)(4)of this section between the hours of 12:00 midnight to 12:00 noon and sundown to 12:00 midnight. Such washing,when allowed, shall be done with a hand-held bucket or hand-held hose equipped with a positive shutoff nozzle for quick rinses. The nozzle shall be removed when the hose is not in use to ensure the water supply is shutoff
b. No individual,firm or business that regularly washes vehicles for remuneration or provides facilities for customers to do so through coin-operated machinery shall be permitted to operate such a business unless their place of business is equipped and operating to approved city standards with equipment to recycle water for use within their facility.
c. Washing trucks,trailers and other types of mobile equipment(such as garbage trucks and vehicles used to transport food and other perishables),when such washing is necessary in order to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public, shall be restricted to the hours of sundown to noon. Such washing,when allowed, shall be done with a hand-held bucket or hand-held hose equipped with a positive shutoff nozzle for quick rinses. The nozzle shall be removed when the hose is not in use. d. Nonprofit and community-based organizations' fundraising car washes shall be allowed,provided they are otherwise in accordance with all other provisions of the Upland Municipal Code and this section, and have obtained a permit to operate a nonprofit carwash from the finance department,the cost of same to be$5.00,which sum is found to cover the city's costs to issue the permit. Such activities shall be limited to no more than two times in one month. Permit shall become void upon the effective date of the declaration of severe shortage.

Page 706 of 1000 ends

6. All eating and drinking establishments of any kind whatsoever including,but not limited to, any restaurant,hotel, café, cafeteria,bar or club,whether public or private, shall not provide drinking water to any person unless it is expressly requested.

7. The refilling or adding of water to existing swimming pools is prohibited except on designated outdoor water use days which shall be the same days as outdoor water is permitted pursuant to subsection(A)(4)of this section.New pool construction filling shall be by permit only.

8. Any non-business,operation-related pond,ornamental fountain or other structure making similar use of water is prohibited.

9. The watering of golf course tee areas and fairways is prohibited unless done with reclaimed wastewater.

B. Exceptions.None of the high shortage restrictions shall apply to the following uses of water, provided there is prior written approval by the review board as defined in Section 13.16.070:

3. The necessary use of water for the routine maintenance and/or repair of water distribution facilities,residential and commercial plumbing and permanently installed landscape irrigation systems;

4. The use of water necessary to irrigate large landscaped areas in commercial and institutional establishments as authorized by the terms and conditions of an approved compliance agreement issued by the review board, as defined in Section 13.16.070. (Ord. 1786 § 1,2005: prior code § 7734.00)

13.16.060 Conservation program—Severe shortage stage.

In the event the city council determines that the measures outlined in Section 13.16.050 fail to produce a sufficient reduction in demand so as to produce a sufficient supply,then the use of water within the city shall be additionally restricted and the following provisions shall become effective upon a declaration by the city council and publication of same as follows:

A. The washing of sidewalks,walkways, driveways,public and private parking areas and other impervious hard surfaced areas by direct hosing when runoff water directly flows to a gutter or storm drain, except as may be necessary to properly dispose of flammable or other dangerous liquids

Page 707 of 1000 ends

or substances,wash away spills that present a trip and fall hazard, or to prevent or eliminate materials dangerous to the public health and safety is prohibited.

B. Excessive runoff of water or unreasonable spray of the areas being watered is prohibited.

Every customer is deemed to have his or her water system under control at all times,to know the manner and extent of this water use and any runoff, and to employ available alternatives to apply irrigation water in a reasonably efficient manner.

C. Allowing,permitting or causing the escape of water through breaks or leaks within the customer's plumbing or private water distribution system for any substantial period of time within which such break or leak should reasonably have been discovered and corrected. It shall be presumed that a period of 72 hours after the customer discovers such a break or leak or receives notice from the city of a break or leak, is a reasonable time within which to correct such break or leak,or,at a minimum,to stop the flow of water from such break or leak.

D. Outdoor irrigation of landscape by sprinklers is permitted only on Sunday for those locations having street address with an even last digit. Outdoor irrigation by sprinklers is permitted only on Saturday for those locations having a street address with an odd last digit. Outdoor irrigation for locations not having a street address shall occur on Sunday if located west of San Antonio Avenue or only on Tuesday and Saturday if located east of San Antonio Avenue.No outdoor irrigation shall take place between 6:00 a.m.until one hour before sundown. Irrigation by hand-held hose,drip irrigation, or hand-held bucket,or similar container or by use of a cleaning machine equipped to recycle any water used are permitted anytime. In no event shall any water so used be permitted to run off into adjacent property, streets,alleys or storm drains.

E. Washing of Vehicles, Trailers,Boats,Airplanes and Mobile Equipment.

1. The washing of automobiles,trucks,trailers,boats, airplanes, and other types of equipment(mobile or otherwise)is prohibited except as provided elsewhere in this section.

2. No individual, firm or business that regularly washes vehicles for remuneration or provides facilities for customers to do so through coin-operated machinery shall be permitted to operate such a business unless their place of business is equipped and operating to approved city standards with equipment to recycle water for use within their facility. Washing of vehicles in such facilities shall occur only between the hours of 6:00 a.m. and 12:00 noon.

3. Washing trucks,trailers, and other types of mobile equipment(such as garbage trucks and vehicles used to transport food and other perishables),when such washing is necessary in order to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public, shall be restricted to the hours of sundown to 12:00 noon. Such washing when allowed, shall be done with a hand-held bucket or hand-held hose equipped with a positive shutoff nozzle for quick rinses. The nozzle shall be removed when the hose is not in use.

F. All eating and drinking establishments of any kind including,but not limited to, any restaurant,hotel,café, cafeteria,bar or club,whether public or private, shall not provide drinking water to any person unless it is expressly requested.

G. Washing sidewalks,driveways,public and private parking areas,tennis courts,patios, or other paved areas, except to alleviate an immediate health hazard,is prohibited.

H. The refilling or adding of water to existing swimming pools is prohibited except on designated outdoor water use days which shall be the same days as outdoor water is permitted pursuant to subsection D of this section.New pool construction filling shall be by permit only.

Page 708 of 1000 ends

I. Any non-business, operation-related pond,ornamental fountain or other structure making similar use of water is prohibited.

J. The watering of golf course tee areas and fairways is prohibited unless done with reclaimed wastewater. (Ord. 1786 § 1,2005:prior code § 7735.00)

13.16.070 Implementation.

A. Review Board—Variances,Permits and Compliance Agreements. A review board is established to review special cases which cannot follow the letter of this chapter. The review board shall consist of the water utility director,the city engineer,the fire chief,the city planning director and the city attorney, or their appointed representative.

B. Appeal of review board decisions shall be made to the city council. It is the purpose of the review board to review special cases and to determine whether or not such cases warrant a variance, permit or compliance agreement including conditions of approval. The board shall consider the facts of each case and decide whether to grant a variance or a permit or to enter into a compliance agreement within five working days of the receipt of a properly completed application for variance/permit/compliance agreement form.

C. A variance shall be granted only for reasons of economic hardship,which is defined as a threat to an individual business's primary source of income. (Under no circumstances shall inconvenience or the potential for damage of landscaping be considered an economic hardship, which justifies a variance.)The board shall authorize only the implementation of equitable water use restrictions which further the purpose and intent of the water conservation plan. The special water use restrictions authorized by the board in each case shall be set forth on the face of the variance, permit or compliance agreement. A nonrefundable fee of$50.00 per permit application for all requests shall be assessed to reimburse the city for administrative costs.

D. 1. A variance or permit issued under moderate shortage shall not be valid upon implementation of high or severe shortage stages unless the permit specifically addresses either or both of those stages upon initial issuance. The multistage permit would have to reflect significant additional savings of water, or nonuse of water,under progressively more critical shortage stages.A variance or permit shall expire under its own terms and conditions and/or when another water conservation stage is in effect.

2. Exception. If,within the period of the permit,the conservation stage for which the permit was originally issued is reinstated,the permit will be considered valid until the original expiration date, as long as that conservation stage is in effect.

E. Any person,corporation or association who is issued a variance or permit and makes use of water pursuant to the variance,permit or compliance agreement shall provide proof of the variance, permit or compliance agreement upon demand by any peace officer or person authorized by the city to enforce this title.

F. Upon conviction of a person, corporation or association of violating any provision of this chapter,the review board shall revoke any permit,variance, or compliance agreement previously granted. However,the board shall notify applicant of the proposed revocation five working days before taking such action, and applicant shall be given the opportunity to be heard by the review board prior to its taking such action.

Page 709 of 1000 ends

G. Persons wishing to appeal the decision of the review board shall have the right of appeal to the city council.Appeal shall be made in writing within 10 working days of the review board decision.

The decision of the city council shall be final. (Ord. 1786 § 1,2005: prior code § 7736.00)

Page 710 of 1000 ends

City of Upland City of Upland Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix H City of Upland Local
Hazard Mitigation Plan
2025 Urban Water Management Plan — Public Draft Page 71111iof 1000

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Page 712 of 1000 ends

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Page 713 of 1000 ends

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1
Plan Purpose and Authority 1
Plan Organization and Use 3
Plan Goals 4
Planning Process 5
Plan Resources 11
CHAPTER 2 - COMMUNITY PROFILE 13
Setting and Location 13
History 13
Demographics 16
Disabilities and Access and Functional Needs 18 Climate 19
Economy 19
Development Profile 21
Infrastructure 24
CHAPTER 3 - RISK ASSESSMENT 26
Hazard Identification 26
Hazard Profile: Seismic Hazards 34
Hazard Profile: Fire 43
Hazard Profile: Human-Caused Hazards 49
Hazard Profile: Severe Weather 66
Hazard Profile: Infrastructure Failure 75
Hazard Profile: Flood 81
CHAPTER 4 - THREAT AND VULNERABILITY 90
Threat Assessment Process 90
Threat Profile: Seismic Hazards 96
Threat Profile: Fire 102
Threat Profile: Human-Caused Hazards 107
Threat Profile: Severe Weather 120
Threat Profile: Infrastructure Failure 125
Threat Profile: Flood 126

Page 714 of 1000 ends

CHAPTER 5 — HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGY 132
Strategy Development Process 132
Capabilities Assessment 132
Hazard Mitigation Strategies 148
Hazard Mitigation Actions 151
2025 Hazard Mitigation Actions Plan Error! Bookmark not defined.

National Flood Insurance Program 169
CHAPTER 6 — PLAN MAINTENANCE 171
Plan Adoption 171
Plan Implementation 171
Coordinating Body 171
Plan Maintenance Process 173
Incorporation into Existing Planning Mechanisms 175 Continued Public Involvement 176
Point of Contact 176
APPENDIX A — HMPC Meeting Materials Al
APPENDIX B — Outreach Engagement Materials B1
APPENDIX C — Resolution of Adoption Cl
APPENDIX D — Hazard Mitigation Implementation Handbook D1 ;; Page 715 of 1000

CHAPTER 1 -

INTRODUCTION
Plan Purpose and Authority
A hazard event is an emergency created by a natural or human-caused event that has the potential to cause harm. These events can lead to injuries or death, affect the overall health and safety of a community, damage or destroy public and private property, harm ecosystems, and disrupt key services. Although hazard events often get the most attention, it is only part of a larger emergency management cycle.

Emergency planners and responders can take steps during the cycle's response, recovery, mitigation, and , . ' ' preparedness phases to minimize the harm caused by a ^ dleness - ' disaster. The City of Upland 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation e ` - n{^sq -- Plan (LHMP) focuses on optimizing the mitigation phase of f f the process. o
Hazard mitigation is "any sustained action taken to reduce . RESILIENCY or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from yQ natural or human-caused hazards and their effects."1 This mitigation involves making a community more resilient so Recover-1 that when hazard events do ultimately occur, the community suffers minor damage and can recover quickly
and effectively. Mitigation differs from preparedness, which Cye Emergency Management Cycle
involves advanced planning for how best to respond when a disaster occurs or is imminent. For example, a policy to entityencyisthe "capacity of any entity—an individual, a
make homes structurally stronger so they suffer minor community, an organization, ora damage during an earthquake is a mitigation action, while natural system—to prepare for fullydequipping emer enc shelters to accommodate shocksions, stresses,to res frdm emergency shocks and and to adapt
people who lose their homes in an earthquake is a and grow from a disruptive preparedness action. Some activities may qualify as both.2 Like other communities, the City of Upland (City) could suffer severe harm from hazard events.

Although large disasters may cause widespread devastation, minor disasters can have more substantial effects. The City cannot make itself completely immune to hazard events, but this LHMP can help make the community a safer place to live, work, and play. This LHMP provides a comprehensive assessment of the city's threats from natural and human-caused hazard events and a coordinated strategy to reduce these threats. It identifies resources and information to help community members, City staff, and local officials understand local threats and make informed decisions. The LHMP can also support increased coordination and ' California Governor's Office of Emergency Services.2017. State of California Emergency Plan. https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wp- content/uploads/Preparedness/Documents/California State Emergency Plan2017.pdf 2 Rodin,J.2014.The Resilience Dividend: Managing Disruption,Avoiding Disaster,and Growing Stronger in an Unpredictable World. New York: Public Affairs.
1 Page 716 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland collaboration between the City, other public i agencies, local employers, service providers,
community members, and other key stakeholders. - FEDERAL AUTHORITY "
The City is not required to prepare an LHMP, but
state and federal regulations encourage it. The , federal Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and = - Emergency Act, amended by the Disaster Local Mitigation Planning Management Act of 2000, creates a federal Policy Guide framework for local hazard mitigation planning. It
FP 206-21-0002
states that jurisdictions seeking eligibility for federal Released April 19,2022,Effective April 19,2023
hazard mitigation grant funding must prepare a OMB Collection#1660-0062 hazard mitigation plan that meets a set of guidelines
and submit it to the Federal Emergency FEMA Management Agency (FEMA) for review and
approval. These guidelines are outlined in the Code FEMA's Local Mitigation Planning of Federal Regulations, Title 44, Part 201, and Policy Guide discussed in greater detail in FEMA's Local This guide provides the official policy and Mitigation Plan Review Tool. interpretation of the applicable statutes and mitigation planning regulation in 44 Code
STATE AUTHORITY of Federal Regulations.

California Government Code Sections 8685.9 and 65302.6
The California Disaster Assistance Act (CDAA) Section 8686 limits the State of California's share of disaster relief funds paid to local governments to 75 percent of the funds not covered by federal disaster relief efforts. California Government Code Section 8685.9 (also known as Assembly Bill 2140) adds a caveat: If a jurisdiction has adopted a valid hazard mitigation plan consistent with the Disaster Management Act of 2000 and has incorporated the hazard mitigation plan into the jurisdiction's General Plan, the state may cover over 75 percent of the remaining disaster relief costs.

All cities and counties in California are required to prepare a General Plan, including a Safety Element that addresses various hazard conditions and other public safety issues. The Safety Element may be a stand-alone chapter or incorporated into another section, as the community wishes. California Government Code Section 65302.6 indicates that a community may adopt an LHMP into its Safety Element if the LHMP meets applicable state requirements. This enables communities to use the LHMP to fulfill state requirements for Safety Elements. As the General Plan is an overarching long-term plan for community growth and development, incorporating the LHMP into it provides a stronger mechanism for implementing it.

California Government Code Section 65302 (g)(4)
California Government Code Section 65302 (g)(4), also known as Senate Bill (SB) 379, requires that the safety element of a community's general plan address the hazards created or exacerbated by climate change. The safety element must identify how climate change is 2 Page 717 of 1000

expected to affect hazard conditions in the community and include measures to adapt and be more resilient to these anticipated changes.

Because the LHMP can be incorporated into the safety element, including these items in the LHMP can satisfy the state requirement. SB 379 requires that climate change be addressed in the safety element when the LHMP is updated after January 1, 2017, for communities that already have an LHMP or by January 1, 2022, for communities without an LHMP.

This LHMP is consistent with current standards and regulations, as outlined by the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) and FEMA. It uses the best available science, and its mitigation actions/strategies reflect best practices and community values. It meets the requirements of current state and federal guidelines and makes the City eligible for all appropriate benefits under state and federal law and practices. Note that while FEMA is responsible for reviewing and certifying this LHMP, and Cal OES is responsible for conducting a preliminary review, it does not grant FEMA or Cal OES an increased role in the governance of the city or authorize either agency to take any specific action in the community.

Plan Organization and Use
The Upland LHMP is both a reference document and an action plan. It has information and resources to educate readers and decision-makers about hazard events and related issues, and a comprehensive strategy that the City and community members can follow to improve resilience in the city. It is divided into the following chapters:
• Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter describes the Plan's background, its goals and objectives, and the process used in its development.
• Chapter 2: Community Profile. This chapter discusses Upland's history, physical setting, land use, demographics, and other important community characteristics. • Chapter 3: Hazard Assessment. This chapter identifies and describes the hazards that threaten Upland and discusses past and future events and the effects of climate change. • Chapter 4: Vulnerability Assessment. This chapter describes each hazard's threat to Upland's key facilities and community members, including socially vulnerable individuals.
• Chapter 5: Mitigation Strategy. This chapter lists the mitigation actions to reduce Upland's vulnerability to hazard events and provides an overview of the community's existing capabilities to improve hazard resilience.
• Chapter 6: Plan Maintenance. This chapter summarizes the implementation, monitoring, and updating of the LHMP, as well as opportunities for continued public involvement.

PREVIOUS UPLAND LHMP-2016
This is an update to Upland's 2016 LHMP. This update, once approved and adopted by the City Council, will reinstate the City's eligibility to apply for FEMA grants for hazard mitigation projects and monetary relief during emergency situations. The content from the previous Plan has been included in this document and updated accordingly. As for integrating the previous Plan into 3 Page 718 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
other planning mechanisms, the City successfully incorporated one aspect: hiring an emergency manager. Key modifications in this plan focus on expanding the risk assessment (understanding potential losses and vulnerable populations) in Chapter 4 and on revising and modifying mitigation strategies and actions in Chapter 5.

Key updated elements from the previous Upland LHMP include the following:
• Updated demographic information for Upland residents • Updated hazard categories
• Descriptions of recent hazard events
• An updated threat assessment that incorporates recent data • Updates to the Capabilities Assessment to reflect the most recent framework • New and revised hazard mitigation actions to better meet current priorities of the City Since the adoption of the 2016 LHMP, community priorities in Upland have increasingly focused on climate resilience, wildfire preparedness, infrastructure reliability, drought response, emergency communications, and protection of vulnerable populations. Increased awareness of prolonged drought, extreme heat, severe wind events, public safety power shutoffs, and regional wildfire activity influenced updates to the 2026 LHMP. As a result, the updated plan expands climate adaptation discussions, enhances vulnerability assessments, incorporates additional focus on access and functional needs populations, and revises mitigation actions to better address current community concerns and emerging hazard conditions.

PREVIOUS PLAN INTEGRATION
As this is an update to Upland's LHMP, the City will be looking to integrate this document into other planning documents and processes. To ensure this future integration occurs, Chapter 6 of this Plan provides additional guidance on how best to integrate the LHMP into the General Plan Safety Element, Emergency Operations Plan, and other planning mechanisms the City uses. The previous plan was not integrated into other City planning documents/efforts. In response, the City views this update as an opportunity to begin this practice.

Plan Goals
The overarching intent of this updated LHMP is to increase resiliency to hazard events in Upland. This LHMP has six distinct goals to achieve this purpose:
1) Protect against threats from natural hazards to life, injury, and property damage within the Upland Community.
2) Increase public awareness of potential hazard events. 3) Preserve critical services and functions by protecting key facilities and infrastructure for the community.
4) Protect natural systems from current and future conditions. 5) Coordinate mitigation activities among City departments, neighboring jurisdictions, and with state and federal agencies.
6) Prepare for long-term changes in hazard conditions. 4 Page 719 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Planning Process
State and federal guidance for LHMPs does not require that jurisdictions follow a standardized planning process. FEMA encourages communities to create a planning process that reflects local values, goals, and characteristics. FEMA does suggest a general planning process that follows the steps identified below.

The planning process used to create this plan for the City of Upland is described as follows:

Identify the
planning and the Build the planning Create an outreach resources it team team
contains
Identify the risks Review the Develop a hazard
and threats to the - > community's
community capabilities mitigation strategy
Review and adopt Implement the plan Keep the plan the plan > to create a safe and > current
resilient community

HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE
The City established a Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (hereafter referred to as the HMPC). The HMPC comprises representatives from key city departments and stakeholders from local and regional agencies and companies that are key to hazard mitigation activities.

Table 1-1 identifies the members who were invited and/or attended HMPC meetings.

TABLE 1-1: UPLAND HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE (HMPC) Name Title Department
Jessica Gordon Deputy Director Public Works Department, Operations Richard Gonzales Deputy Director Public Works Department, Utilities Division
Damien Arrula Assistant City Manager City Manager's Office Marcelo Blanco Chief of Police Upland Police Department Bob Critchfield Engineering Manager Public Works Department, Engineering Division
Robert Dalquest Director Development Services Department Ed Diggs Interim Utilities Manager Public Works Department, Utilities Division
Jessica Escoto Parks and Recreation Manager Community Services Department, Recreation and Community Services
Division
5 Page 720 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Mr. TABLE 1-1: UPLAND HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE (HMPC) Name Title Department
Loralee Farris Planning Manager Development Services Department, Planning Division
Norberto Ferreira Chief Water Treatment Operator Public Works Department, Water Quality Division
Tanya Garcia Management Analyst Public Works Department, Utilities Division
Richard Jeganathan IT Manager Administrative Services Department, Information Technology Division
Jason Lara Utilities Supervisor Public Works Department Tracy Montez Dispatch Supervisor Upland Police Department Christopher Morgan Building Official Development Services Department, Building and Safety Division
Stephen Parker Assistant City Manager City Management Klasha Ray Emergency Services Officer San Bernardino County of Emergency Services
Justin Salgado Emergency Services Officer San Bernardino County of Emergency Services
Richard Smiderle Operations Manager Public Works Department, Operations Division
Staci Sullivan Finance Manager Finance
Lon Teague Patrol Operation Commander Upland Police Department Cecilia Todd Deputy Director of Human Administrative Services Department, Resources and Risk Management Human Resources/Risk Management Division
Marc Warner Utilities Supervisor Public Work Department Aaron Pfannenstiel Consultant Atlas Planning Solutions Crystal Stueve
Robert Jackson
The Planning Committee held two meetings throughout the plan update development process to lay out the Plan's methods and approach, draft and review content, make revisions, and engage members of the public.
• Kick Off Meeting (December 2, 2024): The initial meeting with HMPC coordinators and the consultants to discuss the schedule, potential HMPC members, timeline, and initial research materials gathering.
• HMPC Meeting #1 (May 14, 2025): The Planning Team members confirmed the project goals and responsibilities. They revised the community engagement and outreach strategy, confirmed and prioritized the hazards to be included in the Plan, and identified critical facilities for the threat assessment.
• HMPC Meeting #2 (June 5, 2025): Members discussed the results of the hazards assessment and mapping that showed the areas facing an elevated risk. The HMPC also reviewed the hazard prioritization results. The team reviewed the risk assessment results to identify populations and assets that may be at greater risk in a hazard event and discussed potential hazard mitigation actions to address vulnerabilities. 6 Page 721 of 1000

2(
• HMPC Meeting #3 (August 11, 2025): This was a follow-up meeting on mitigation actions.

Invitations and meeting materials were provided via email. Appendix A contains copies of invitations, meeting agendas, sign-in sheets, and other relevant materials distributed for these meetings.

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
Under FEMA guidelines, local hazard mitigation planning processes should create opportunities for public involvement in Plan development—at a minimum, during the initial drafting stage and Plan approval. Due to the policy changes in the post-COVID-19 pandemic world, some in- person public workshops and meetings were replaced with virtual workshops, meetings, and discussion groups. The HMPC developed a community engagement and outreach strategy to guide all public engagement activities. To ensure all residents were aware of the project, City staff conducted the following activities:
• City social media: posts via Instagram, Facebook
• LHMP City webpage (see below)
• English flyers at City facilities
• Promotion at City Meetings/Events (see below)
• Promotion at City Facilities (City Hall, etc.) with signage on Plan review content and QR codes for the Hazard Mitigation Survey were posted at the front desk. • Information shared with businesses via the Chamber of Commerce Stakeholder Engagement
As part of the plan update process, the City invited stakeholders to review and comment on the Public Review Draft of the LHMP. These stakeholders included neighboring jurisdictions, medical centers, utility providers, the local school district, railroads, and County agencies.

Information on this engagement opportunity is in Appendix B.All jurisdictions and stakeholders were invited via email and/or by direct telephone communication from the HMPC project manager, the City of Upland's Assistant City Manager, Public Works. The following is a list of stakeholders invited to participate in the plan development process and review. • American Red Cross
• Cable Airport
• California Highway Patrol
• Caltrans
• Neighboring Jurisdictions:
o City of Claremont
o City of Montclair
o City of Ontario
o City of Rancho Cucamonga
• San Antonio Regional Hospital
• San Bernardino County Fire District
• San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services • San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department
7 Page 722 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland • San Bernardino County Planning and Land Use
• San Bernardino County Public Health Department
• San Bernardino County Public Works
• San Bernardino County Transportation Authority
• Southern California Edison
• Southern California Gas
• Upland Chamber of Commerce
• Upland Unified School District
Vulnerable Populations Outreach
Signage was posted at City facilities with information on both the Public Review LHMP and the Hazard Mitigation Survey. Having the signage and information on the LHMP and the feedback survey posted at community centers was a key focus, ensuring this portion of the community was made aware of the Plan and the City's request for feedback. It was important that the City didn't solely rely on online sources to publicize LHMP process and plan.

Future Outreach Opportunities
Recognizing that other vulnerable populations may exist in the City, this Plan focuses on these populations. Opportunities to share information, such as the annual Upland Birthday Celebration, the Halloween Festival, Winter Wonderland, and the National Night Out, become great opportunities for outreach. Continued outreach occurs during the implementation of the Plan, and future updates will continue to refer to this resource to help identify vulnerable populations and key issues affecting their vulnerability.

Community Meetings and Events/Public Engagement Opportunities The City regularly conducts community meetings and events intended to provide useful information to participants/attendees. During the planning process, three outreach meetings and events were held, during which City staff discussed the Plan and process currently underway and provided opportunities for feedback. The following information provides dates for each meeting:
• City Council Meeting (In Person) — March 23, 2026
• Stakeholder Meeting (Virtual) —April 13, 2026
• Community Meeting (Virtual) —April 14, 2026
Online Engagement
The City conducted a variety of online engagement activities that support the hazard mitigation planning process. The following are key activities conducted. 8 Page 723 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland LHMP Project Webpage
The City created a page on its website dedicated to the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to reach a broad audience and increase public engagement and participation. The webpage is a simple, one-stop location for community
members to learn about the LHMP. UPLAND M..�..:

The webpage explains what an LHMP • _ p is, why the City should have one, how
7roERAPrM_Ns -_
it is developed, and how the public can %niim1 SS Local Hazard Mitigation Plan(LHMP) participate in the planning process, op ° Local Hazard Mitigation Plan including a link to the LHMP survey o`,:;h°:';:— ' ((*)) (see below). The webpage is available
at [ https://www.uplandca.gov/local-
hazard-mitigation-plan-Ihmp].

LHMP Website
Online Survey
The City released an online survey to community members to gather feedback on the planning process and hazards of concern. The City advertised the survey on their social media channels and on the City website. Flyers were also posted at City facilities in both English and Spanish and at community events and meetings.

At the time of the Public Review Draft release, the City received a total of 32 responses from community members and stakeholders during the survey period. Due to the small number of survey responses, the City recognizes that the method by which the survey was shared may not have been the most effective means to engage with the community. Future outreach will look to identify additional strategies to improve survey response. Based upon those survey responses, the following information was gathered and shared with the HMPC:
• Approximately 52% of responders have been impacted by a natural hazard event in their current residence.
• The top three hazards of concern that have impacted residents in their homes are: (1) High Winds, (2) Drought, and (3) Extreme Heat.
• The top three hazards of greatest concern according to responders are: (1) Earthquakes, (2) High Winds, and (3) Wildfire.
• Approximately 53.1% of responders are very concerned that climate change may exacerbate or create new hazardous situations in Upland, while approximately 9.4% aren't concerned at all.
• Approximately 57% of responders indicated that they are familiar with the special needs of neighbors in the event of a disaster(special needs may include limited mobility, severe medical conditions, and memory impairments).
• Approximately 47% of responders are trained members of the Upland Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), and 31% of responders would like to learn more about CERT.
9 Page 724 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland As part of the outreach strategy, a QR code was created for use on 0 • -• .. 0 promotional materials and handouts at fairs and booths operated by _ T° •_...

City staff at community events. This QR code provided quick access to • -iti •. the City's Online Survey. • o' o
The survey results were provided to the HMPC. The data was then .•• _I 11::
analyzed, reviewed, and incorporated into the LHMP content by the °• L..o• HMPC. The survey provided unique local insight into hazard concerns 01 and assessed the public's overall opinion and perception of the hazards affecting Upland. The full hazard mitigation survey results and copies of all materials used for public outreach are provided within Appendix B of the LHMP, including the survey questions and answers.

Social Media Outreach
The City promoted and provided information on both the Hazard Mitigation Survey and the LHMP Public Review Draft on multiple social media platforms. Social Media analytics are provided in Appendix B (upon completion of the public review period).

Public Outreach Summary
Stakeholder feedback informed the hazard prioritization process, the development of mitigation actions, and the vulnerability assessment narratives within the LHMP. Community concern regarding earthquakes, wildfire, high winds, drought, and extreme heat contributed to the prioritization scoring reflected in Table 3-4 and reinforced the inclusion of mitigation actions related to infrastructure resilience, emergency communications, defensible space, drought resilience, and public outreach. Public comments on climate change also informed the climate adaptation discussions throughout the hazard profiles and vulnerability assessments.

PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT
On March 24, 2026, the Public Review Draft of the Plan was distributed to the residents and businesses of Upland for a public review period. The City's LHMP website [ https://www.ci.upland.ca.us/820/Local-Hazard-Mitigation] hosted public electronic copies of the Plan open to comment until April 15, 2026.

Hardcopy versions of the Plan were made available at the following locations:
• City Hall —460 N. Euclid Ave
• City Public Works Yard — 1370 N. Benson Ave
During the public review period, the City received zero comments from the public.

CALOES AND FEMA REVIEW (UPDATED AFTER PUBLIC

REVIEW)
Upon completion of the public review period and adoption, the City transmitted the document to the California Office of Emergency Services for their review and approval on April 30, 2026.

Upon Cal OES approval, the plan was transmitted to FEMA for review and approval. 10 Page 725 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

PLAN ADOPTION (UPDATED AFTER FEMA APPROVAL)
On Month, Day, Year, the Upland City Council adopted the 2026 Upland Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. The resolution of adoption is included in Appendix C.

Plan Resources
The City referred to several plans, studies, technical reports, datasets, and other resources to prepare the Plan's hazard assessment, mapping, threat assessment, and other components.

Table 1-2 provides some of the HMPC's primary resources to prepare this Plan.

TABLE 1-2: KEY RESOURCES FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Section Key Resources Reviewed Data Incorporated from Resource
Multiple • City of Upland 2016 Hazard Mitigation Plan • Science and background • City of Upland Climate Action Plan information on various • City of Upland General Plan hazard conditions
• City of Upland reports • General data about hazard mitigation plans
• California Department of Water Resources • Records of past disaster • FEMA Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Guidance events in and around • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Upland and San Bernardino Administration County
• West End Consolidated Water Company: Urban • Projected climate conditions Water Management Plan in and around Upland
• San Antonio Water Company: Urban Water • Information on the City's Management Plan history and current
• National Weather Service demographics and
• U.S. Census Bureau characteristics
Community Profile • California Energy Commission • Information about utility • Western Regional Climate Center services in Upland • Current climate conditions
in and around Upland
Hazard Assessment
Drought • Safeguarding California • History of drought events • US Drought Monitor • Current and projected future drought conditions
Flood • San Bernardino County Flood Control District • Records of past floods in • FEMA Map Service Center and around Upland
• Locations of flood hazard
zones in Upland
Human-Caused • California Department of Toxic Substances • Locations and status of Hazards Control hazardous material facilities • California Office of Emergency Services spill • Historic records of terrorism release reports and hazardous material
• Global Terrorism Database releases
• State Water Resources Control Board
• US Environmental Protection Agency
11 Page 726 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 1-2: KEY RESOURCES FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Section Key Resources Reviewed Data Incorporated from Resource
Seismic Hazards • Southern California Earthquake Data Center • Locations of fault zones and • U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake seismic hazard areas Archive • Records of past seismic
• USGS ShakeMap scenarios events
• USGS Third Uniform California Earthquake • Future seismic event Rupture Forecast scenarios
Wildfires • California Department of Forestry and Fire • Records of past fire events Prevention • Locations of fire zones in
and around Upland
Note: Sections not individually identified in this table relied primarily on sources identified in multiple sections. 12 Page 727 of 1000

CHAPTER 2 -

COMMU N ITY PROFILE
The Community Profile section of the LHMP describes Upland, including information about the community's physical setting, history, economy and demographics, current and future land uses, and key infrastructure. The Community Profile helps establish the baseline conditions in Upland, which informs the development of the hazard mitigation strategies and actions in Chapter 5.

Setting and Location
The City of Upland (population approximately 78,940) is located 27 miles west of San Bernardino and 35 miles east of Los Angeles, nestled at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains in San Bernardino County. The city is bounded by Ontario to the south, Rancho Cucamonga to the east, Claremont, and Montclair to the west, and on the north and east by mountainous terrain. It uses the council/mayor form of government common across the state.

The City of Upland covers 15.84 square miles. It's located within the Santa Ana River watershed, which includes much of Orange County, the northwestern corner of Riverside County, the southwestern corner of San Bernardino County, and a small portion of Los Angeles County. Its 2,800-square-mile watershed is bounded to the south by the Santa Margarita watershed, to the east by the Salton Sea and Southern Mojave watersheds, and to the north and west by the Mojave and San Gabriel watersheds.

Upland's sphere of influence includes the small, unincorporated community of San Antonio Heights, bordered by the San Bernardino National Forest to the north. This community is primarily residential and is primarily built out.

History
The area that is now Upland used to be the home of the Tongva people, who inhabited most of the San Bernardino and western San Bernardino regions. The 1771 founding of Mission San Gabriel and its establishment as a major supply hub on the trail blazed by the Anza expedition in 1774 led to the Spanish colonizers expanding their cattle-grazing range to the east, engulfing the Tongva tribal lands around the future Upland. In 1810, a party under Padre Dumetz left Mission San Gabriel to find a suitable location for an eastern supply outpost along the Anza Trail. They entered a large valley on San Bernardino's feast day and named the valley for the saint. They also bestowed the name "Cucamonga" (Tongva for "sand place") on the area that would eventually become Upland.

Anglo settlers began to carve out farms and ranches from the Cucamonga rancho after the Mexican War took California into the United States. Canadian brothers George and William Chaffey arrived in the early 1880s, establishing the Etiwanda irrigation colony in 1881 and the Ontario Model Colony in 1882, along with the San Antonio Water Company to provide water from the nearby mountains.
13 Page 728 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 2-1. Upland General Plan Land Use Map
1 - i-26th Street '
;�- MCunt�aln Ave
{f
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s z leR_— . U6LIE nee. �►
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Source:Chi of Upland
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£' iet FC/R-Flood Control/Recharge

FIGURE LU-I

GENERAL PLAN LAND USE
14 Page 729 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland What is now Upland was known as "North Ontario" or "Magnolia" at that time.

The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad established a stop in North Ontario in 1887, linking the future Upland to its vast network to the east and west. When Ontario incorporated in 1891, it left North Ontario. By 1901,
however, Ontario's power structure , '-
feared that North Ontario might
ir
incorporate and, coveting the district's
rail line, train depot, and bustling 1,:__ • packing houses, pushed through a I T
huge expansion of the city. North T
p Y ' _" - -
Ontario residents fought back andiii;,,
approved a vote for incorporation in - - _ _ Y 1906. The City of Upland was born on _ ; • �._ ..

May 15, 1906, stopping Ontario's } � '� "' ` =Y�:." per• march north. It didn't regain its prized Downtown Upland, looking north, 1890s rail line and station until 1935.

Between 1880 and 1920, the citrus industry dominated Upland's economy. Profits from the industry were distributed across the board, from wealthy growers to town businesses to field hands. The growers' disposable incomes fueled investment in land development. Within two decades, new construction in the commercial district continued steadily with all services needed to sustain the city. As new mechanized fruit packing and handling technology arrived between 1925 and 1945, the citrus industry tripled in size. In the 1930s, construction of modernized packing houses with large administrative offices began to replace the older establishments.

Citrus continued to prosper during WWII.

However, returning WWII veterans caused
the population to soar, with housing
subdivisions rapidly replacing orchards. A
boom in the construction of schools and
shopping centers followed. Within a few �� , years, citrus growing, once the leading # : a. e,
business, played a steadily diminishingjj
]
role in the city's wealth. The economy has 4 ` t`, l ^ flourished, and the population has grown
over the decades. Commercial and --- --- - industrial development continues to meet
Modern downtown Upland
the community's needs.

Present-day Upland retains many of the same features it had in the past, most notably Euclid Avenue (designed by George Chaffey), the primary north-south, tree-lined street that runs through town, as well as many of the older adobe and ranch-style houses. Other Upland features include Upland Town Center—an open-air mall in the downtown area at the intersection of 9th Street and 2nd Avenue—and a clear view of Mount Baldy. Upland has two sister cities:

Mildura, Victoria, Australia, and Caborca, Sonora, Mexico. 15 Page 730 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Demographics
This section paints a portrait of Upland through data. Basic demographics data (Table 2-1) comes from the most comprehensive American Community Survey 2018-2023 (ACS), administered by the United States Census Bureau (U.S. Census) completed in 2023, and from the California Department of Finance (CDOF).

Upland's population is 3.6% of San Bernardino County's total population and forms 3.8% of the County's total households.

TABLE 2-1: BASIC DEMOGRAPHICS—UPLAND & SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY Demographic Upland San Bernardino County
Total Population 78,940 2,187,816
Percent of children who are less than 10 years old 11% 10.9% Percent of residents who are senior citizens (65+) 15% 14.7% Median Age 37.5 34.4
Total households 28,366 738,535
Median household income $101,407 $82,184
Percent of residents 25+ HS graduate or higher 90.5% 82.1 Percent of rental households 43.1% 38.4%
Source:American Community Survey,ACS 2023 5-Year Projections On average, the City's residents tend to be slightly older than the county as a whole (median age of 37.5 years for the city vs. 34.4 years for the county). Figure 2-2 shows a distribution of the City's population into five age brackets.

Figure 2-2. Age Distribution of Residents

15.0% ■Under 18 Years

21.6%
• 18 to 24 Years
•�24:8°�:
9 2% ■25 to 44 Years
■45 to 64 Years
•65 Years and
.2%3.%n Over
Source:U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey(ACS). Percentage values are rounded to the nearest tenth decimal.
16 Page 731 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Non-Hispanic Whites constitute a larger share of Upland's population than of the county's (45.2% vs. 39.1%). Conversely, Black people and Asians are less represented in the City.

Figure 2-3 breaks down the City's population into five categories.

Figure 2-3. Racial Composition of Residents
■White Alone

18.2%
• Black or African
American Alone

45.2% •American Indian or

18.1% Alaska Native Alone
■Asian Alone

10.4% •Some Other Race Alone

1.2%6.9%
•Two or More Races
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey(ACS). Percentage values are rounded to the nearest tenth decimal. In this dataset, "Latino/Hispanic"is not included as a race. Survey respondents may use "Some Other Race Alone"as an analog for "Latino/Hispanic."
Over 91% of the City's residents speak either Spanish or English at home, with over two-thirds preferring English. Figure 2-4 details language usage in the City.

Figure 2-4. Languages Spoken at Home (Residents Aged 5+)

1.6% 1.2%
1 8% •English

1.0%

2.5°„
•Spanish
it_
t21.1% •Other Indo-European
languages
•Chinese(incl. Mandarin,
Cantonese)

70.7% •Tagalog(incl. Filipino)
•Other Asian and Pacific
Island languages
■Arabic
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey(ACS). Percentage values are rounded to the nearest tenth decimal.
17 Page 732 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Slightly over 90% of City residents have achieved at least a high school diploma, a higher proportion than the county. Over 44% hold some level of college degree. This may account for the City's 23.4% higher median income than the counties. Figure 2-5 shows educational attainment details for the City's residents.

Figure 2-5. Educational Attainment of Residents Aged 25+ •Less than 9th Grade

13.7% 3.6% 5.9%
•9th to 12th Grade, No
Diploma

22.2% •High School Graduate

22.0% (includes equivalency)
•Some College, No Degree
•Associate's Degree

9.1%

23.4% •Bachelor's Degree
•Graduate or Professional
Degree
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey(ACS). Percentage values are rounded to the nearest tenth decimal.

Disabilities and Access and Functional Needs
No two disasters are ever the same. However, virtually all incidents disproportionately affect individuals with disabilities and access and functional needs (DAFN). This term refers to individuals who have:
• Physical, developmental, or intellectual disabilities • Chronic conditions or injuries
• Limited English proficiency
• Older adults
• Children
• Pregnant women
• Low income, homelessness, and/or transportation-disadvantage (i.e., people dependent on public transit)
These are often the most overlooked parts of our populations; city and emergency planners may not even know the size of these communities or where they live or work. The data presented in Table 2-2 are intended to provide a general overview of the prevalence of DAFN communities in Upland, enabling the city to engage them during mitigation planning and implementation.
18 Page 733 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 2-2: DAFN COMMUNITIES IN UPLAND
Number Percentage
Residents below 15 years of age 13,869 17.7% Residents 65+ years of age 11,880 15.1%
Residents 65+ years living alone 2,207 2.8% Residents with incomes below the poverty level in the past 9,167 11.7% 12 months
Total residents with a disability* 8,763 11.1% Under 18 with a disability 534 0.6%
65+ with a disability 4,377 5.6%
Residents 5+who speak English less than very well 7,308 9.8% Residents 16+who depend on public transportation 579 1.4% Households that have no access to a vehicle 1,049 3.8%** Households with no telephone service 261 0.96%** Households with no internet access 870 3.2%** Source:American Community Survey,ACS 2023 5-Year Projections * Defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as vision difficulty, hearing difficulty, cognitive difficulty, ambulatory difficulty, self-care difficulty, or independent living difficulty. ** Percentage of households.

Climate
Like much of Southern California, Upland enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild winters. The warmest month of the year is August, with an average maximum temperature of 90.7° F; the coldest month of the year is December, with an average minimum temperature of 41.2° F. Temperatures vary up to 25° F between daytime and nighttime in summer, and about 22° F in winter. The annual average precipitation is 16.5 inches.

Economy
Upland's economic base has fully transitioned from an agricultural focus (which is now the smallest industry sector in the city) to services (including healthcare and education), retail, and professional occupations.

Unlike other San Gabriel Valley and Inland Empire cities, Upland never had a significant concentration of defense or aerospace industries and thus was relatively untouched by the post- Cold War crash in that sector. Its relatively low dependence on manufacturing and construction also mostly shielded it from recurring boom/bust cycles in those industries.

The U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimate for 2018-2023 says 62.6% of Upland residents 16 years and older are employed in a range of industry sectors, as shown in Table 2-4. 19 Page 734 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 2-4: EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY SECTOR, RESIDENTS 16 YEARS AND OLDER -11111 Number
Industry Sector Employed Percent
Educational services and health care and social assistance 11,111 27.7% Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and 4,322 10.8% waste management services
Retail trade 4,259 10.6%
Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 3,881 9.7% Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 3,496 8.7% Manufacturing 2,695 6.7%
Construction 2,598 6.5%
Public administration 2,187 5.5%
Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing 2,032 5.1% Other services, except public administration 1,986 5.0% Wholesale trade 755 1.9%
Information 583 1.5%
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 215 0.5% Total 40,120 100.0%
Source:American Community Survey,ACS 2023 5-Year Projections The City's median household income has increased by 134.3% since 2000, faster than the county's median household income growth of 106.5% over the same period. Table 2-5 shows the distribution of household income over the past twelve months.

TABLE 2-5: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN LAST 12 MONTHS (2023 DOLLARS) Income Range Number of Households Percent Less than $10,000 1,081 4.0%
$10,000 to $14,999 668 2.5%
$15,000 to $24,999 1,045 3.8%
$25,000 to $34,999 1,276 4.7%
$35,000 to $49,999 2,181 8.0%
$50,000 to $74,999 3,678 13.5%
$75,000 to $99,999 3,448 12.7%
$100,000 to $149,999 5,242 19.3%
$150,000+ 8,566 31.5%
Total 27,185 100.0%
Source:American Community Survey,ACS 2023 5-Year Projections Like many communities in Southern California, most local residents commute outside the City to work. Upland experiences a net outflow of over 5,400 workers during the daily going-to-work commute (29,540 outbound vs. 24,128 inbound).
20 Page 735 of 1000

City of Upland
The City's top ten public and private-sector employers are concentrated on retail and services, as shown in Table 2-6.

TABLE 2-6: TOP 10 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE-SECTOR EMPLOYERS (2024) of Total City
Employer Type of Business # Employees Employment* San Antonio Regional Hospital Healthcare 2,000 5.3% Upland Unified School District Public Education 1,272 3.4% VCI Construction Construction 458 1.2%
Holliday Rock Co. Inc Construction Materials 350 0.9% Upland Rehabilitation & Care Center Healthcare 343 0.9% Home Depot Retail 324 0.9%
Lewis Group Property Development 314 0.8%
City of Upland Local Government 280 0.7%
Target Retail 264 0.7%
Walmart Retail 201 0.5%
Total 5,806 15.4%
Source: Upland FY 2024 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report.

Total City private-sector employment is 40,120.

Development Profile
Upland has reached development levels close to complete build-out. Developers view the remaining small parcels as primarily commercial and industry usages.

The San Bernardino County Mapping Division completed a land-use survey for the County on a parcel-by-parcel basis. The land uses were characterized based on the County's land-use code categories. The summary of information on existing land use is shown on the General Plan Land Use Summary. According to data collected:
• Most of the City's land is dedicated to residential uses (3,427.92 acres, or 43.05 percent of the land surveyed).
• The next largest category of land is vacant or non-taxed land (2,236.77 acres, or 28.44 percent of the land in the City). This category includes public owned properties, open- space land, flood control, water recharge areas, and mineral resources areas. • Industrial uses comprise 822.38 acres (10.40 percent), of which 817.83 acres are committed to light industrial uses and 4.55 acres are occupied by heavy industrial use. • Office and retail uses are located on 513.12 acres of land (6.51 percent). These uses include small office (157.03 acres or 1.99 percent), medium office (.27 acres), and retail uses (355.83 acres or 4.52 percent).
• The City has 71 acres of land (.90) percent) committed to airport uses. • The land surveyed includes parking (9.82 acres) and special public facilities, including San Antonio Community Hospital, churches, and publicly owned buildings. 21 Page 736 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

HOUSING
Like most Southern California communities, Upland's housing stock and land usage are dominated by single-family detached homes. This type of development is one of the greatest contributors to our current housing shortage and its attendant high prices and homelessness.

However, the wood-frame, single-family detached house is one of the most seismically resilient building types in our cities, though its performance during urban conflagrations leaves much to be desired. Table 2-7 shows the details.

TABLE 2-7: HOUSEHOLD TENURE BY NUMBER OF UNITS IN STRUCTURE Number of
Households Percent
Owner-occupied units
1 unit, attached/detached 14,416 53.0%
2-4 units 87 0.3%
5 or more units 132 0.5%
Mobile homes, RVs, boats, etc. 834 3.1% Renter-occupied units
1 unit, attached/detached 3,517 12.9%
2-4 units 2,247 8.3%
5 or more units 5,874 21.6%
Mobile homes, RVs, boats, etc. 78 0.3%
Total households 27,185 100%
Source:American Community Survey,ACS 2023 5-Year Projections

COMMERCIAL
Upland's 2nd Avenue commercial area has historically functioned as Upland's "main street" since its founding. Other major commercial strips are Foothill Boulevard and Mountain Avenue in the City's south, and the strip of Highway 210 east of Euclid Avenue. Most of the City's industrial development is next to the airport in the southwest.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
The development of infrastructure and residential and commercial structures is ongoing to keep up with the resulting demands. However, the city's land area is relatively small, 15.84 square miles, and will thus serve to limit growth in the future. The lack of opportunity to build out will force a denser population per acre in residential developments.

The overall intention is to preserve the city's scale and general character. Current strategies focus on opportunities to recapture commercial and industrial development along with employment-generating land uses. The emphasis is on projects such as the Colonies at San Antonio, a mixed-use, master-planned community of residential, commercial, and recreational development. Other planned development projects include:
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2( City of Upland
• An Opportunity Zone bordered by Benson Avenue on the west, Foothill Boulevard and 11th Street on the north, San Antonio Avenue and Mountain Avenue on the east, and 9th Street on the south.
• A mixed-use, commercial/residential development north of Highway 210 and east of Benson Avenue, across from the mall.
• The Harvest at Upland residential development on Monte Vista Avenue south of Foothill Boulevard.

All future development will be built in compliance with current development codes and standards, taking all hazards into account.

OPEN SPACE
The City operates at least eight public parks, most of which are south of Highway 210. The public Upland Hills Country Club offers an 18-hole golf course east of North Campus Avenue along East 16th Street, and the private Red Hill Country Club hosts an 18-hole course next to Upland's eastern border north of Foothill Boulevard. Aside from this, the bulk of outdoor recreation opportunities lies in the mountains north of San Antonio Heights and in the watershed along San Antonio Creek immediately west of Upland.

HISTORICAL RESOURCES
Upland has no registered National Historic Landmarks and only one State Historical Landmark:
the "Madonna of the Trail," a 1929 statue commemorating the westward expansion. Three other areas in the City form informal historic districts:
1) Period structures still dot Foothill Boulevard (previously known as Historic Route 66), including the 1929 Buffalo Inn and an original "golden arches" McDonald's. 2) Euclid Avenue entered the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Pre-1950s homes lined much of the road from north of Interstate 10 to Foothill Boulevard. The three-mile-long Bridle Trail, which separates the northbound and southbound lanes, remains a linear park for joggers and walkers.
3) Historic Downtown Upland encompasses the area east of Euclid Avenue between 8th Street and Arrow Highway. An eponymous business organization seeks to preserve the remaining period structures in Upland's traditional downtown, once known as "Old Magnolia."
4) Carnegie Library located at 123 East D Street, was completed in 1913 and holds the distinction of being the city's first public building. Funded in part by a $10,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie, the building served as the town's public library until 1969. It currently serves as a community center and hosts the city's Literacy Program.

The City website hosts a catalog of over 600 houses built in or before 1950. None of them is currently listed in federal or state registries, but the City is committed to acknowledging, protecting, and enhancing them as historic resources.

General Plan goals and policies support this commitment by recommending the protection of these sites, subject to further study of their historical significance. 23 Page 738 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Infrastructure
Infrastructure plays a vital role in mitigating the effects of hazard events. When infrastructure fails, it can exacerbate the effects of a hazard event or complicate rescue efforts to reach victims. For example, fallen utility poles resulting from strong winds or seismic activity can obstruct roadways and prevent emergency vehicles from reaching affected areas.

ELECTRIC POWER
Southern California Edison is the primary provider of electrical power in Upland. SCE's service area includes portions of 15 counties and hundreds of cities and communities across a 50,000- square-mile region in central, coastal, and Southern California. It operates the electrical transmission paths across Upland as well as the substations and switching yards in the distribution system.

NATURAL GAS
SoCalGas is the natural gas service provider for most of Southern California, including Upland.

In addition to providing natural gas service, it owns and operates the natural gas infrastructure in and around the City.

WATER
The City's Water Division has access to local and imported water supply resources. City water interests are a result of either a direct water right or indirectly through its shareholder interest (entitlement) in two private mutual water companies. Locally, the City has adjudicated groundwater water rights in the Chino, Cucamonga, and Six Basins. The City has a 93% shareholder interest in West End Consolidated Water Company's (WECW Co's) local groundwater operations. The City has a 68% shareholder interest in San Antonio Water Company (SAW Co.), which provides both local groundwater and surface water from San Antonio Canyon. Local surface water is treated at the City's San Antonio Water Treatment Plant.

In addition to the local surface and groundwater supplies, the City invested in and owns a 22% interest in an 81-million-gallon imported water treatment plant, the Water Facilities Authority (WFA-JPA)Agua de Lejos, located on Benson Avenue north of 17th Street.

WASTEWATER / STORMWATER
The City's Environmental Division is responsible for the collection of wastewater within the city limits and delivery to the Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA). IEUA provides wastewater treatment and is the wholesale distributor of imported water and recycled water for the San Bernardino Valley. Upland is in IEUA Division 1.

The San Bernardino County Flood Control District provides flood protection within its boundaries. The District has developed and operated an extensive system of dams, conservation basins, channels, and storm drains to intercept and convey flood flows through and away from the major developed areas of the county.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

TRANSPORTATION
Two major freeways provide direct access to Upland: 1-10 (along Upland's southern border) and State Highway 210 (cutting across the City's north end). Euclid Avenue, which connects Upland with Chino via Ontario, is also partly a state highway (CA-83). Foothill Boulevard is part of CA-

66. The regional surface street grid continues largely without interruption through the city.

Omnitrans, the San Bernardino Valley's bus transit system, provides bus transportation in and through Upland.

Metrolink owns the former ATSF right-of-way through Upland. The San Bernardino Line stops at the historic Upland train station. BNSF runs freight operations on the same trackway.

Cable Airport, the world's largest family-owned, public-use, general aviation airport, is located next to the primary industrial area in Upland's southwest corner.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AT&T and Frontier Communications provide landline phone and data service to a steadily dwindling number of customers in Upland. The three major wireless communications companies operate cell sites in the City.
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CHAPTER 3 -

RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment is the process of measuring the potential impact on life, property, and the economy resulting from natural hazards. The intent of the risk assessment is to identify—as much as practicable, given existing, available data—the qualitative and quantitative vulnerabilities of a community. The results of the risk assessment provide a foundation for developing and prioritizing mitigation actions to reduce damage from natural hazards by improving preparedness and response times and better allocating resources to areas of greatest vulnerability.

This risk assessment section evaluates the potential loss from each hazard by assessing the vulnerability of buildings, infrastructure, and people to its effects. It identifies the characteristics and potential consequences of hazards, how much of the community a hazard could affect, and its impact on the community's population and assets. The risk assessment approach consists of two components:
1) Hazard Identification: Identification and screening of hazards. 2) Hazard Profiles: Review of historical occurrences and assessment of the potential for future events.

Hazard Identification

HAZARD SCREENING CRITERIA
FEMA guidance identifies several hazards that communities should evaluate for inclusion in a hazard mitigation plan. Communities may also consider additional hazards for their plans. The HMPC reviewed an extensive list of hazards and excluded those that don't pose a significant threat to Upland. Table 3-1 lists the hazards considered and explains the reasoning for inclusion or exclusion. For context, this table shows whether a hazard is recommended for consideration by FEMA, if it's included in the 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan (SHMP), and if it's included in the San Bernardino County Hazard Mitigation Plan (SBC HMP). This table doesn't include all potential impacts; the table is based upon FEMA and state guidance and the most probable impacts within Upland. As a result, some hazards—like war or foreign invasion—are better addressed at the federal level.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 3-1: HAZARD EVALUATION FOR UPLAND LHMP
Hazard Source of Included in Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Recommendation LHMP?
Agricultural SHMP No The Planning Committee did not Pests consider the LHMP to be the
appropriate place to address disease
and pest management hazards.

Air Pollution SHMP No While air pollution remains a chronic hazard for Upland's residents, its
mitigation is the domain of regional,
state, and federal agencies.

Aircraft SHMP Yes Transportation incidents, including Incident vehicle, air, and rail mass casualties, are identified as a hazard of concern
for the City.

Aquatic SHMP No There are no standing bodies of water Invasive in Upland large enough to host invasive Species aquatic species.

Avalanche FEMA guidance No Not applicable. Snowfall is not a typical SHMP occurrence in Upland, and there is no
historical record of this hazard in the
region.

Civil SHMP Yes Civil disturbances are included under Disturbance or human-caused hazards; however, they Riot may be related to mass casualty
incidents, some of which may be
outgrowths of extreme civil
disturbances. MCIs are included in the
"Human-Caused Hazards" profile.

Climate SHMP Yes Climate change can affect the Change SBC HMP (as a frequency, intensity, and/or location of component of different hazards. It is not a stand-
other alone hazard and will be discussed as
hazards) a factor of other hazards rather than as
a distinct event.

Coastal FEMA guidance No Not applicable. Coastal erosion and Flooding and SHMP storms occur within the coastal Storm communities. Upland is not a coastal community.

Cyber Threats SHMP Yes Cybercrime and cyberterrorism are hazards of concern for all levels of
government in the state and nation.

Dam Failure FEMA guidance Yes Upland lies within the inundation zone SHMP for dams.

SBC HMP
Drought SHMP Yes Droughts are a recurring and SBC HMP potentially severe hazard in Upland.

Energy SHMP No The Planning Committee did not Shortage consider the LHMP to be the
appropriate place to discuss energy
shortages.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 3-1: HAZARD EVALUATION FOR UPLAND LHMP
Hazard Source of Included in Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Recommendation LHMP?
Epidemic, SHMP No While epidemics and pandemics are Pandemic, potential hazards of concern for
Vector-Borne Upland, their mitigation is the domain Disease of county, state, and federal agencies.

Erosion FEMA guidance No There are no known erosion hazards in SHMP the City.

Expansive Soil FEMA guidance No There is no known expansive soil in Upland.

Extreme Cold FEMA guidance No Extreme cold events are not a hazard SHMP to the community.

Extreme Heat FEMA guidance Yes Extreme heat events are a recurring SHMP hazard in Upland.

Fault Rupture FEMA guidance Yes Upland is in a seismically active area SHMP and has experienced past earthquakes.

SBC HMP
Flooding FEMA guidance Yes Floods are a hazard in Upland.

SHMP
Fracking SHMP No Fracking does not occur in Upland.

Hail FEMA guidance No The Planning Committee found that hail severe enough to constitute a
hazard in Upland is too rare to be
included in this Plan.

Hazardous SHMP Yes Various modalities of hazardous Materials materials released are potential threats Release to the City.

Hurricane FEMA guidance No Hurricanes do not occur in Upland.

SHMP
Infrastructure SHMP Yes Reservoir replacement due to faulty Failure design. Closed landfill.

Landslide FEMA guidance No Landslide-prone areas are outside and SHMP to the north of the City.

Levee Failure SHMP Yes Certain levees along the City's eastern border may pose a hazard during high-
water-flow events. This is addressed as
part of the Flood Hazard profile.

Lightning FEMA guidance No Lightning is not a sufficient hazard to be addressed in this Plan.

Liquefaction FEMA guidance No Liquefaction is not considered to be a SHMP hazard of concern for the City.

SBC HMP
Methane- SBC HMP No There are no known methane- containing containing soils in Upland.

Soils
Natural Gas SHMP Yes A natural gas transmission pipeline Pipeline crosses the City's downtown and
Hazards industrial areas.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 3-1: HAZARD EVALUATION FOR UPLAND LHMP
Hazard Source of Included in Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Recommendation LHMP?
Oil Spills SHMP No Hazardous materials release is identified as a City concern; however,
significant oil spills were not included.

Power Failure SHMP Yes Public Safety Power Shutoffs may affect the northern part of the City
during Red Flag events.

Radiological SHMP No Hazardous materials release is Accidents identified as a City concern; however, radiological materials release was not
included.

Sea-level Rise FEMA guidance No Upland is not a coastal community and SHMP so is not susceptible to sea level rise.

Seiche FEMA guidance No There are no standing bodies of water SHMP in Upland large enough to create a
significant seiche.

Seismic FEMA guidance Yes Upland is in a seismically active area Shaking SHMP and has been impacted by earthquakes SBC HMP in the past.

Severe Wind FEMA guidance Yes Severe winds occur in Upland and may pose a threat to the community.

Severe Winter FEMA guidance No Severe winter storms are not identified Storms SHMP as a threat to Upland

SBC HMP
Storm Surge FEMA guidance No Upland is not a coastal community and so is not susceptible to storm surge.

Subsidence FEMA guidance Yes While subsidence in general is not a concern for the City, the presence of a
former landfill is. Former landfills can
often experience subsidence as the
materials below the surface settle or
decompose.

Terrorism SHMP Yes Since active-shooter incidents and (Mass-Casualty terrorism may happen anywhere, the Incident) Planning Committee determined that
mass-casualty incidents should be
addressed in the Plan.

Thunderstorm SHMP No The San Bernardino Valley rarely experiences thunderstorms severe
enough to pose a threat to Upland.

Tornadoes FEMA guidance No Tornadoes do not pose a threat to SHMP Upland.

Transportation SHMP Yes Major transportation routes, heavy Incidents road, air, and rail traffic, and a gas pipeline put Upland at risk from
transportation-related incidents.

Tree Mortality SHMP No The City currently manages its urban forest effectively and does not feel it
constitutes a hazard of concern.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 3-1: HAZARD EVALUATION FOR UPLAND LHMP
Hazard Source of Included in Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Recommendation LHMP?
Tsunami FEMA guidance No Tsunamis are a coastal hazard, and SHMP Upland is not a coastal community.

Urban Fire SHMP Yes Wildland/Urban Interface fires can SBC HMP become urban conflagrations under
extreme weather conditions.

Volcano SHMP No There are no volcanoes near enough to Upland to reasonably pose a risk to the
community.

Wildfire FEMA guidance Yes Upland is located approximately one SHMP mile below the San Bernardino
National Forest, and wildfires have
affected the City in the past.
* Federal disasters are declared at the county level. A disaster declared for San Bernardino County did not necessarily cause any harm to Upland.

After hazard evaluation and the organizational changes were made by the HMPC, this Plan discusses seven broad hazard types with their respective sub-categories, including climate change, which is discussed in each hazard profile, these are depicted in Table 3-2.

TABLE 3-2: HAZARD CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES
Hazard Category Sub-Categories
Seismic Hazards • Fault Rupture
• Seismic Shaking
Fire • Wildland Fire
• Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
Human-Caused Hazards • Hazardous Materials Release
• Landfill Subsidence
• Transportation Incidents (Rail, Aircraft, Highway)
• Cybercrime Incidents
• Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
Severe Weather • Extreme Heat
• Drought
• Severe Wind
Infrastructure Failure • Power Failure
• Public Safety Power Shutoff
Flood • Surface Flooding
• Dam and Levee Failure

HAZARD SCORING AND PRIORITIZATION
The HMPC followed FEMA guidance for hazard mitigation plans, prioritizing each of the eight hazards and their respective subcategories. In the initial step, it assigned a score of 1 to 4 for each of the hazards for the following criteria:
• Probability: The likelihood that the hazard will occur in Upland in the future. • Magnitude/Severity: The severity of the direct damage of the hazard to Upland. • Warning Time: The time the city has before a disaster event/hazard impacts Upland. 30 Page 745 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland • Duration: The time that the disaster event will affect Upland.

The HMPC assigned a weighting value to each criterion, giving a higher weight to the criteria deemed more important and multiplied the score for each criterion by weighing the factor in determining the overall score for each criterion. FEMA recommends these weighting values:
• Probability: 2.0
• Location: 0.8
• Maximum Probable Extent (Primary Impact): 0.7
• Secondary Impacts: 0.5
After calculating the total impact score for each hazard (sum of the location, maximum probable extent, and the secondary impact), FEMA guidance recommends multiplying the total impact score by the overall probability to determine the final score for each hazard. A final score between 0 and 12 is considered a low-threat hazard, 12.1 to 42 is a medium-threat hazard, and a score above 42 is considered a high-threat hazard. This final score determines the prioritization of the hazards. Table 3-3 depicts the criteria for scoring each hazard previously discussed, including probability, location, primary impact, and secondary impacts.

In compliance with the Disaster Mitigation Act (and as further specified by Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Section 206.401(c)(2)(i)), this LHMP addresses, in substantial detail, the primary hazards facing the City. Lower-priority hazards are addressed at a lesser level of detail due to their relatively reduced impacts, as identified in the hazard assessment discussion. Table 3-4 shows each hazard's criterion scores, final score, and threat level based on the above prioritization process.
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TABLE 3-3: CRITERION SCORING
Category Description Score Weighting
Factor
Extremely rare with no documented history of
Unlikely occurrences or events. Annual probability of less 1 than 0.1%
Rare with no documented history of occurrences or
Possible events. Annual probability of between 0.1% and 2 1% 2.0
o Occasional occurrence with at least two or more a Likely documented historic events. Annual probability of 3 between 1% and 10%
Highly Likely Frequent events with a well-documented history of 4 occurrence. Annual probability of greater than 10%
Ne li able The impact zone is a small part of the planning area 1 g g (a few structures).
o Limited The impact zone is a limited part of the planning 2 area (a neighborhood or city block). 0.8
o Significant The impact zone is a significant part of the planning 3 area (multiple blocks or neighborhoods; a district).

Extensive The impact zone covers much of the planning area 4 (multiple districts).

Negligible property damages (less than 5% of
Ne li able critical and non-critical facilities and infrastructure). 1 g g Injuries or illnesses are treatable with first aid, and there are no deaths
Slight property damages(greater than 5%and less
9 P P Y 9
W than 25% of critical and non-critical facilities and a, co Limited infrastructures). Injuries and illnesses do not result 2 7o a
E in permanent disability, and there are no deaths o L Moderate property damages (greater than 25% 0.7 a and less than 50% of critical and non-critical E E Critical facilities and infrastructures). Injuries or illnesses 3 E a result in permanent disability and at least one x death
ca
2 Severe property damages (greater than 50% of
Catastrophic critical and non-critical facilities and infrastructure). 4 Injuries or illnesses result in permanent disability
and multiple deaths
No loss of function, downtime, and/or evacuations.

Negligible Shutdown of critical facilities for less than 24 hours. 4 Negligible quality of life lost
Minimal loss of function, downtime, and/or
evacuations. Shutdown of critical facilities for more
Limited 3
E than 1 day and less than 1 week. Limited quality of life lost 0.5
Some loss of function, downtime, and/or
c evacuations. Shutdown of critical facilities for more Moderate 2
than 1 week and less than 1 month. Moderate
quality of life lost
Major loss of function, downtime, and/or
High evacuations. Shutdown of critical facilities for more 1 than 1 month. Significant quality of life lost
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ir 11.

TABLE 3-4: UPLAND HAZARD PRIORITIZATION SCORES AND THREAT LEVELS Impact (2.0) Hazard
Probability Location Primary Secondary Total Planning Hazard (2.0) (0.8) Impact(0.7) Impact(0.5) Score Consideration Seismic Hazards 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 36.0 Medium • Fault Rupture 3 2 3 2 28.2 Medium • Seismic Shaking 3 4 3 4 43.8 High Fire 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 1 39.0 Medium • Wildland Fire/
Wildland Urban 3 3 3 4 39.0 Medium Interface Fire
Human-caused 2.8 1.8 2.6 2.6 25.1 Medium Hazards
• Hazardous 3 2 2 3 27.0 Medium Materials Release
• Landfill 3 1 2 2 19.2 Medium Subsidence
• Transportation
Incidents (Rail, 2 2 3 3 20.8 Medium Aircraft, Highway)
• Cybercrime 4 2 3 2 37.6 Medium Incidents
• Mass Casualty/ 2 2 3 3 20.8 Medium Fatality Incidents
Severe Weather 2.7 3.0 2.0 2.7 28.0 Medium • Extreme Heat 2 3 2 3 21.2 Medium • Drought 2 (3) 2 2 3 18.0 Medium • Severe Wind 4 4 2 2 44.8 High Infrastructure 2.5 4.0 2.2 3.0 28.6 Medium Failure
• Power Failure 2 4 2 3 24.4 Medium • Public Safety 3 4 2 3 32.7 Medium Power Shutoff
Flood 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 20.3 Medium • Surface Flooding 3 2 2 3 27.0 Medium • Dam and Levee 1 4 3 3 13.6 Medium Failure
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Hazard Profile: Seismic Hazards

DESCRIPTION
An earthquake is a sudden motion or trembling caused by the release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of the Earth's tectonic plates. The effects of an earthquake can be felt far beyond the site of its occurrence. They usually occur without warning and can cause massive damage and extensive casualties after just a few seconds.

Common effects of earthquakes are ground motion and shaking, surface fault ruptures, and ground failure. Ground motion is the vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake.

When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter. This sudden discharge of energy into the crust can lead to rupturing of land that sits on top of fault lines, liquefaction in areas with wet soil, or landslides in hilly or mountainous areas.

Fault Rupture
The shifting and movement of the Earth's tectonic plates are responsible for seismic events.

These tectonic plates can pull away from, move toward, or pass by each other. As they do, the plates sometimes lock together. This creates tension, and the built-up tension is eventually released like a springboard. The tension dissipates into the Earth's crust.

The location at which two tectonic plates join is called a fault line. Fault lines are sometimes visible on the Earth's crust as sudden rifts or anomalies in the continuity of the landscape.

California's major north-south fault line is the San Andreas Fault, where the North American and Pacific Plates meet. Constant friction between the two plates over the millennia has caused the areas where they intersect to become fragmented, creating new, smaller faults.

The area near a fault line is at risk of damage due to the potential for a fault rupture, the deformation or displacement of land on either side of the fault, which may move a few inches to several feet in opposite directions. Any buildings or infrastructure situated around, on top of, or across a fault line could potentially be severely damaged or destroyed. The direction of the fault rupture depends upon the fault type: dip-slip faults produce vertical shearing, strike-slip faults produce horizontal shearing, and oblique-slip faults produce both vertical and horizontal shearing. A fourth kind of fault, called a "blind" fault, produces virtually no visible land displacement.

Some faults have emerged recently in geologic history. Quaternary faults have developed at any time between the Holocene Era and the present (within the last 1.8 million years). These faults are especially concerning because they are most likely to be active and to cause future earthquakes. The Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act enables the California State Geologist to designate zones surrounding active faults as Alquist-Priolo Special Study Zones, which are special regulatory zone that requires additional study to determine the location of the fault and the limits of the area prohibited from surface construction on top of the known location of an active fault.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Seismic Shaking
Seismic shaking is the motion felt on the Earth's surface caused by an earthquake. In most cases, earthquakes are not powerful enough to be felt. However, particularly powerful earthquakes can generate significant shaking, causing widespread destruction and property damage.

LOCATION AND EXTENT
Fault Rupture
The City of Upland is near several known active and potentially active earthquake faults. The San Jacinto Fault, approximately 15 miles from the City, experienced its most recent surface rupture on April 9, 1968 (M 6.5) on its Coyote Creek segment. The Cucamonga Fault is part of the Sierra Madre fault zone. It traverses the northern section of the City and runs directly through San Antonio Heights. Activity on this fault has been low.

The southern segment of the San Andreas Fault is located approximately thirty miles from the City of Upland. The current probability of a magnitude 8.3 or greater earthquake on this fault is between 2 and 5 percent.

New faults are continuously being discovered within the region. Scientists have identified almost 100 faults in the greater Los Angeles area known to be capable of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake. January 17, 1994, magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake (thrust fault), which produced severe ground motion, caused 57 deaths, 9,253 injuries, and displaced over 20,000 people.

Depending on the magnitude and duration of an earthquake along one of the region's faults, Upland can expect to see varying degrees of damage citywide. The city's natural topography means there are areas of the community built on slopes that may be subject to earthquake- induced landslides. Heavy rainfall in September 2025 prompted elevated concerns over possible debris flows near the Bridge Fire burn scar, located along the northern edge of the City.

Upland could potentially face localized risks of slope instability and debris movement triggered by heavy rain events.

Seismic Shaking
Southern California, including Upland, is a highly seismically active region due to the major faults that run through it and are subject to seismic shaking. The intensity of seismic shaking is usually measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, which is based on the observed damage. The MMI scale has replaced the Richter scale, which is no longer used since it loses effectiveness when measuring larger earthquakes. Since the degree of shaking, and consequently damage, generally decreases as the seismic energy travels further away from the fault rupture's point of origin, different sections of a city or region can report different MMI measurements in different locations. The MMI scale uses Roman numerals on a 12-point scale to measure shaking intensity by degree. Table 3-5 shows the MMI scale, while Table 3-6 lists earthquake faults that may affect the City.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 3-5: MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE
Intensity Description Description
I Instrumental Felt by very few people, under especially favorable conditions.

II Feeble Felt by a few people at rest, especially on the upper floors of buildings.

III Slight Noticeable by people indoors, especially on upper floors, but not always recognized as an earthquake.

IV Moderate Felt by many people indoors and by some people outdoors. Sleeping people may be awakened. Dishes, windows, and doors are disturbed.

V Slightly strong Felt by nearly everyone, and many sleeping people are awakened.

Some dishes and windows broken, and unstable objects overturned.

VI Strong Felt by everyone. Some heavy furniture is moved, and there is slight damage.

VII Very strong Negligible damage in well-built buildings, slight-to-moderate damage in ordinary buildings, and considerable damage in poorly built buildings.

Slight damage in well-built buildings, considerable damage and partial VIII Destructive collapse in ordinary buildings, and great damage in poorly built buildings.

Considerable damage to specially designed structures. Great damage IX Ruinous and partial collapse in substantial buildings, and buildings are shifted off their foundations.

X Disastrous Most foundations and buildings with masonry or frames are destroyed, along with some well-built wood structures. Rail lines are bent.

XI Very Most or all masonry structures and bridges are destroyed. Rail lines disastrous are greatly bent.

XII Catastrophic Damage is total. The lines of sight are distorted, and objects are thrown into the air.

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/modified-mercalli-intensit� mmi-scale-assigns-intensities TABLE 3-6: SELECTED SHAKING SCENARIOS FOR UPLAND
Magnitude Distance
Fault Name (Mw) (Miles) * MMI range in Upland San Jose 6.66 8.34 7.5—8.0
Cucamonga 6.88 9.37 7.5—8.0
San Jacinto (Lytle Creek) 6.72 13.47 6.0— 7.0 San Jacinto (San Bernardino) 6.96 17.02 6.5— 7.0 San Andreas NSB+SSB 7.21 26.87 6.5—7.0
Note: UCERF3 results consist of two individual models (3.1 and 3.2), each of which provides rupture probabilities for each segment of the fault. This table shows the maximum probability for a section of the fault in either model.

Another scale for measuring seismic shaking is the moment magnitude scale (MMS, denoted Mw or simply M). The MMS measures the energy released by the fault rupture, starting at 1.0 and increasing as the earthquake's energy grows. The MMS is a logarithmic scale, meaning that the difference between numbers on the scale increases as the numbers increase. An earthquake with 5.0 M is approximately 1.4 times greater than 4.9 M, 32 times greater than 4.0 M, and 1,000 times greater than 3.0 M.
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City of Upland
Seismic shaking can also be measured in relationship to the force of Earth's gravity (g) or percent g. This method is useful for displaying areas of seismic shaking potential on a map.

Percent g is computed by determining the acceleration of the earthquake's motion relative to the force of gravity. The acceleration of gravity is 980 centimeters per second, so if, for example, an earthquake's acceleration is measured at 765 centimeters per second, the shaking is modeled as 765/980, or .781 g (78.1% g). Figure 3-1 plots the seismic hazard zones and associated faults in and around Upland, while Figure 3-2 shows the seismic shaking potential in the City.

PAST EVENTS
Since seismologists began recording earthquakes, tens of thousands have been recorded in Southern California, most with magnitudes below 3. No community in Southern California is beyond the reach of a damaging earthquake.

Fault Rupture
There haven't been any recorded instances of fault rupture within Upland despite the occurrence of earthquakes.

Seismic Shaking
Upland has experienced two earthquakes in the last 40 years of a magnitude greater than 4.0. 1) June 26, 1988, Upland earthquake (Mw 4.7) caused minor damage in the epicenter area (3 km NW of Upland) and would have been of relatively little notice were it not for the possibility that it might have been triggered by the Whittier Narrows earthquake nine months earlier and 20 km away.3
2) February 28, 1990, Upland earthquake (Mw 5.4) displayed similar behavior as its immediate predecessor. It was much more damaging than the 1988 quake, causing considerable damage near the epicenter and triggering landslides that blocked roads in the Mount Baldy area. It also caused some damage to the San Antonio Dam, which lies across the path of the main watershed coming south from Mount Baldy. Thirty-eight people sustained minor injuries. The quake was felt as far northeast as Las Vegas and as far south as Ensenada.4
In both cases, the causative fault was the San Jose fault, an 18-km-long concealed fault that splays west-southwest from the frontal fault of the central Transverse Ranges.

Other strong regional earthquakes have occurred in Southern California, but their epicenters have been so distant from Upland that seismic shaking generated by the event did not cause significant property damage or harm to the City.

The most recent significant earthquake affecting the Southern California region was the Northridge Earthquake in 1994. At 4:31 A.M. on Monday, January 17, a 6.7 earthquake struck the San Fernando Valley. Thousands of aftershocks occurred in the following days and weeks, causing additional damage to affected structures and the populace:

SCEDC(2013): Southern California Earthquake Center.Caltech. Dataset.doi:10.7909/C3WD3xH1 4 Ibid.
37 Page 752 of 1000

2(
• Fifty-seven people were killed, and more than 1,500 people were seriously injured. • For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses were without electricity; tens of thousands had no gas, and nearly 50,000 people had little or no water. • Approximately 15,000 structures were moderately to severely damaged, leaving thousands of people temporarily homeless; 66,500 buildings were inspected, nearly 4,000 were severely damaged, and over 11,000 were moderately damaged. • Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system. Extensive damage was caused by ground shaking, but the earthquake triggered liquefaction, and dozens of fires also caused additional severe damage. • Due to the impact in neighboring counties, San Bernardino County experienced transportation disruptions and some economic losses.

Table 3-7 shows significant earthquakes—magnitude 6.0 Mw or greater—that have occurred within 100 miles of Upland since 1933. Upland had no significant reported incidents of damage.

Authorities made disaster declarations in Los Angeles County for the 1994 Northridge Earthquake and the 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake.

TABLE 3-7: SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES (MW 6.0+) WITHIN 100 MILES OF UPLAND Date Name Magnitude Fault
3/11/1933 Long Beach 6.4 Newport-Inglewood 3/25/1937 Terwilliger Valley 6.0 San Jacinto 4/10/1947 Manix 6.5 Manix
12/4/1948 Desert Hot Springs 6.0 Banning (San Andreas S) 7/21/1952 Kern County 7.5 White Wolf
2/9/1971 Sylmar (San 6.6 San Fernando
Fernando)
7/8/1986 North Palm 6.0 Banning or Garnet Hill Springs
4/23/1992 Joshua Tree 6.1 Eureka Peak
6/28/1992 Landers 7.3 Johnson Valley, Landers, Homestead Valley, Emerson, Camp Rock
6/28/1992 Big Bear 6.3 Unknown
1/17/1994 Northridge 6.7 Northridge Thrust 10/16/1999 Hector Mine 7.1 Lavic Lake, Bullion Source: Southern California Earthquake Data Center. 2025. Earthquake Catalogs SCSN Catalog Search (1933— Present). http://service.scedc.caltech.edu/eq-catalogs/radius.php 38 Page 753 of 1000

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39 Page 754 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 3-2. Seismic Shaking Potential in Upland
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40 Page 755 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

RISK OF FUTURE EVENTS
Fault Rupture
Given the presence of faults within the City, it is likely that fault rupture could occur in the future.

As depicted in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), fault rupture is considered likely. An occasional occurrence with at least two or more documented historic events, with an annual probability of Likely (see Table 3-3).

Seismic Shaking
Historical and geological records show California has a long history of seismic events. Southern California is probably best known for the San Andreas Fault, a 750-mile-long fault running from the Mexican border to an offshore point west of San Francisco. Geologic studies show that over the past 1,400 to 1,500 years, large earthquakes have occurred at about 130-year intervals on the Southern San Andreas Fault. As the last large earthquake on the Southern San Andreas occurred in 1857, that section of the fault is considered a likely location for an earthquake within the next few decades. The Third Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF3) was released in 2015 and is the most recent assessment of the probability of a major earthquake on various faults between 2015 and 2044. Table 3-8 shows the results for Upland's nearby and regional fault lines.

TABLE 3-8: EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES FOR KEY FAULTS NEARBY (2015-2044) Probability t
Distance
Fault (Miles) * 6.7+ Mw 7.0+ Mw 7.5+ Mw 8.0+ Mw
San Jose 2.62 0.30 0.20 0.03 Negligible Cucamonga 3.57 1.09 0.97 0.61 0.03 Sierra Madre 5.52 1.10 1.06 0.72 0.03 Chino Alt 1 7.12 1.42 0.15 0.08 Negligible Fontana 7.84 0.23 Negligible Negligible Negligible San Jacinto (Lytle Creek) 7.89 1.13 1.13 1.12 0.49 San Gabriel 9.34 0.46 0.42 0.18 https://wgcep.org/UCERF3 41 Page 756 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland The entirety of California is prone to earthquake effects. Figure 3-3 represents the UCERF3 probabilities of having a nearby earthquake rupture (within 3 or 4 miles) of magnitude 6.7 or larger in the next 30 years. As shown in the table, the chance of having such an event somewhere in California exceeds 99%. The 30-year probability of an even more powerful quake of magnitude 7.5 or larger is about 4%.As in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), seismic shaking is considered likely. An occasional occurrence with at least two or more documented historic events, with an annual probability of Likely (see Table 3-3).

Figure 3-3. UCERF3 Probabilities of a Nearby Earthquake �� ' 4 CALIFORNIA AREA
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.'

CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Fault Rupture
Generally, there's no known direct connection between earthquake fault rupture and climate change. Some evidence suggests that increased oceanic pressure on tectonic plates due to melting land ice could influence the behavior of seismic events. Still, little indicates that this would play a major factor in any seismic event, including fault rupturing.

Seismic Shaking
There's no direct link between climate change and seismic activity, so climate change isn't expected to cause any changes to the frequency or intensity of seismic shaking. Some research indicates that climate change could result in "isostatic rebounds," or a sudden upward movement of the crust due to reduced downward weight from glaciers. As glaciers are known to melt when global temperatures increase, climate change could indirectly lead to increased seismicity in Southern California.5
5 Masih,A.January 2018."An Enhanced Seismic Activity Observed Due to Climate Change: Preliminary Results from Alaska." lOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.doi :10.1088/1755-1315/167/1/012018. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/167/1/012018/pdf 42 Page 757 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Hazard Profile: Fire

DESCRIPTION
Wildland Fire
Wildland fires (wildfires) are fires that burn in largely undeveloped and natural areas. They are a regular feature of ecosystems throughout California. These fires help to clear brush and debris from natural areas and are necessary for the health of many ecosystems and various species' life cycles. However, since the early twentieth century, the common practice was to suppress naturally occurring fires in wildland areas, allowing dry plant matter and other fuels to build up.

Lightning, accidents, or arson can spark wildfires. The size and severity of any fire depend on fuel, weather conditions, and topography availability. However, wildfires in the WUI do not need to be large to be damaging. In Oakland, the 1991 Tunnel Fire was relatively small—only 1,600 acres—but it was one of California's deadliest and most destructive wildfires.6 The flames from wildfires create severe risks to property and lives. Smoke and other particulate matter from wildfires pose a health risk, even to those not near the blaze. Burned areas can be more susceptible to flooding and landslides because wildfires destroy the vegetation that helps slow down water runoff and hold slopes together.' The ground may repel water rather than absorb it when faced with ash deposits. Due to the change in the landscape structure after a fire, repelled water can carry debris into water reservoirs.8 Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
Human activity has caused changes in the buffer zone between urbanized and undeveloped areas, known as the wildland-urban interface (WUI). The more natural setting of a WUI can make these zones highly desirable places to live. In many parts of California, the WUls have become developed, sometimes at densities approaching those of urbanized areas. This development activity has brought more people into wildfire-prone areas. The availability of fuel and increasing encroachment into WUI, together with a changing climate, have made wildfires among California's most common and dangerous natural hazards. Additionally, invasive pests such as the polyphagous shot hole borer can kill trees, creating more dead material that will potentially provide additional fuel for wildfires.

An urban fire is a fire that causes damage to buildings or infrastructure in an urban area. In some minor situations, the fire prompts the evacuation of the building's occupants, and the fire is contained within a short amount of time by firefighting teams or the building's fire suppression systems. In severe cases, the fire can destroy the building and spread to surrounding properties.

Common causes of urban fires include stoves that are accidentally left on, short-circuited electrical equipment, or mishandling of household tools. Breaches in gas pipelines may cause s Cal OES.2016. https://webservices.caloes.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Top20Deadliest.pdf EPA.2019."Wildfires: How Do They Affect Our Water Supplies?" https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/wildfires-how-do-they- affect-our-water-supplies
$ Bichell, R.2019."How Wildfires May Muck Up the West's Reservoirs."Colorado Public Radio. https://www.cpr.org/2019/09/25/how-wildfires-may-muck-u p-the-wests-reservoirs/ 43 Page 758 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
larger urban fires, large transportation accidents, or downed electrical transmission wires.

Arsonists may intentionally start fires.

When urban fires get out of control, they may become urban conflagrations, burning hundreds or even thousands of structures. The two most likely causes of urban conflagration are major earthquakes and wildfires that move through the WUI. The twin firestorms in Pacific Palisades and Arcadia in January 2025 show graphically what can happen when wildland fires driven by severe winds push through the WUI and reached developed areas.

LOCATION AND EXTENT
Wildland Fire
Wildfires are not measured on a specific scale and are usually classified by size (e.g., acres burned) or impact (buildings destroyed or damaged, injuries or deaths, cost of damage, etc.).

The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) defines the wildfire hazard zones on a three-tier scale of fire hazard severity zones (FHSZs): very high, high, and moderate.

These zone classifications don't correspond to a specific risk or intensity of fire but are qualitative terms that consider many factors.

Fire-prone areas are also classified by the agency responsible for fire protection. Federal Responsibility Area (FRAs)fall to federal agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the National Park Service. State Responsibility Areas (SRA), which includes unincorporated land within counties with statewide watershed value, fall to the Cal Fire.

Local Responsibility Areas (LRA), which include portions of incorporated cities with identified wildfire hazard zones, fall to local governments.

Due to the topography adjoining San Antonio Heights, Upland's sphere of influence is in an area susceptible to wildfires, and portions of the community are within the WUI. Wildfires present a significant threat to the city and the county in or near the WUI, as they have relatively high temperatures, low humidity, and low precipitation during the summer. Fall brings with it the Santa Ana winds to exacerbate the area's already dry conditions, increasing the foothills and canyons' susceptibility to wildfire. Fire threat assessment and Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping for Upland identify the WUI as the area within the City with the highest fire risk.

Figure 3-4 identifies portions of the City located within the WUI and historic fire perimeters in the City.

According to county and Cal Fire FHSZ mapping of the city, the northern border of San Antonio Heights is adjacent to an SRA Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone (VHFHSZ). San Antonio Heights itself is part of a county Fire Safety Overlay that regulates how structures may be built to present the least fire risk. The San Antonio Creek scrublands along the western border of Upland proper are in an LRA VHFHSZ, as is the partly developed area north of Highway 210 and east of 2nd Avenue.

The potential for a wildfire to begin in the SRA and spread into the city's LRA is highly probable if the fire can't be contained with the SRA. The SRA located in unincorporated San Bernardino County falls under the jurisdiction of CAL Fire, while the LRA is under the control of the San Bernardino County Fire Protection District.
44 Page 759 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 3-4. Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) and Historical Wildlife Perimeters Y /,
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45 Page 760 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
A fire can ignite only if three elements are present: heat, fuel, and oxygen. Lacking any one of these elements, a fire will extinguish itself. Thousands of structures In Upland provide copious amounts of fuel, making them extremely flammable. Activity that creates intense, unmonitored, or unregulated heat may lead to the ignition of a fire. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fire Research Division, has developed a scale that measures the increase in temperature and the kind of fire response that develops. Table 3-9 shows the progression of temperature relative to fire response.

TABLE 3-9: FIRE SUSCEPTIBILITY BASED ON TEMPERATURE INCREASE Temperature (°F) Response

98.6 °F Average normal human oral/body temperature. 101 °F Typical body core temperature for a working firefighter. 109 °F Human body core temperature that may cause death. 111 °F Human skin temperature when pain is felt. 118 °F Human skin temperature causes a first-degree burn injury. 130 °F Hot water causes a scald burn injury with 30 s exposure.

Once a fire has ignited, it can conceivably grow indefinitely if abundant fuel and oxygen are available. For example, a fire that ignites in one house could hypothetically continue to expand and spread to other adjacent houses due to ember casting or fuel linking the structures. Fires in confined spaces may occasionally burn so intensely that they consume all the oxygen available and burn out before they can expand.

Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
Most of Upland's buildings are wood-frame construction and are susceptible to catching fire.

Even structures that don't have wooden frames, such as large medical facilities or office towers, are at risk of urban fires. These locations contain furniture, papers, plant material, textiles, and other objects that can ignite. Given that nearly all of Upland is developed, urban fires can occur at any location in the City since any of these structures can potentially burn.

Fires are also likely to occur where significant pieces of infrastructure are located, such as gas pipelines, power lines, or highways.
• SoCalGas operates a large, high-pressure gas pipeline across the southern edge of the City. If the pipeline breaches and the released gas ignites, any structures located along the extent of the breach would likely catch fire.
• SoCal Edison owns and operates above-ground, high-voltage transmission lines strung from towers on rights-of-way through the City. While there are no structures directly beneath the towers in the utility right-of-way, trees or opportunistic plants (weeds) could ignite if a downed power line comes into contact with them. If this open space catches fire, it could spread to surrounding homes and buildings if hot cinders from the fire encounter the buildings.
46 Page 761 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

PAST EVENTS
Wildland Fire
The 2003 Old Fire grew to historic proportions as it spread across the San Bernardino Mountains for more than a week. In addition to the normally dry brush, the fire was fueled by thousands of dead, bark beetle-infested trees caused by several years of drought. The Old Fire spread west, where it crossed the 1-15 freeway and merged with the expanding Grand Prix Fire.

The combined fires created a path of destruction more than 30 miles wide. During the course of the Old Fire, six lives were lost and 70,000 citizens were evacuated. The fire consumed 91,281 acres and destroyed 940 residences, 30 commercial buildings, and 300 outbuildings. At the height of the blaze, more than 4,000 firefighters battled the flames. The Grand Prix Fire burned 69,894 acres and destroyed 194 residences; one life was lost.9 The September 8, 2024, Bridge Fire broke out near the Cattle Canyon Bridge in San Gabriel Canyon and spread quickly through dense brush resulting from an abnormally wet winter earlier in the year. It grew to 56,030 acres before becoming 100% contained on November 26. While it remained within the San Bernardino National Forest and the San Gabriel Mountains, its southern extent reached to within 3-4 miles north of Upland, Claremont, and Laverne.

Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
Upland has no recent history of large, multi-structure fires within its city limits. However, the proximity of San Antonio Heights to the San Gabriel foothills closely parallels that of Altadena, an unincorporated Los Angeles County community 28 miles west of Upland. In January 2025, the Eaton wildfire, driven by extreme Santa Ana and downslope winds, roared out of the San Gabriel Mountains and engulfed Altadena, destroying over 9,000 structures and killing 17 residents. Like Upland, Altadena was mostly built out in a typical suburban zoning pattern. This tragedy suggests that a similar conflagration may be only a bad windstorm away in Upland.

RISK OF FUTURE EVENTS
Wildland Fire
The probability of future wildfires is influenced by weather and fuel conditions. Typically, October represents the beginning of the primary time of concern for offshore flow across California.

These dry, windy conditions can lead to very significant fire events in areas of high population.

Fuels continue to be very dry in California because of long-term drought and increased vegetation stress and mortality. Under windy conditions, these fuels can become extremely volatile and can support extreme fire behavior. Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above) shows the HMPC-set annual wildfire probability to be Likely (see Table 3-3), though with the rapid progression of climate change, this estimate may understate the growing risk. 9 San Bernardino County Fire Chiefs'Association. Lessons Learned Report:Fire Storm 2003"Old Fire." https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013239/http://www.firescope.org/training/aars/2003/2003-old-fire-lessons-learned- report.pdf
47 Page 762 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
The conditions for a major urban fire exist in Upland as they do in most other Southern California cities. Given that each fire event has a unique origin, it's impossible to predict the precise likelihood of an urban fire emerging in the city. Some areas, however, are at an increased risk of an urban fire igniting, including the San Antonio Heights development and the scrublands along the San Antonio Creek channel. As with wildland fire, the HMPC-estimated annual WUI fire probability is Likely (see Table 3-3), though with the rapid progression of climate change, this estimate may also understate the growing risk.

CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Wildland Fire
Climate change is expected to cause an increase in temperatures and more frequent and intense drought conditions. This will likely increase the amount of dry plant matter available for fuel, worsening wildfire risk statewide. Climate change is expected to increase the number of acres burned annually in mountains and foothills that are already highly prone to wildfires.

However, increases in fuel supplies could cause wildfires to move faster or spread into more developed areas, increasing the future threat to Upland and other surrounding communities.

Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
While climate change has been linked to a potential increase in wildfire events, it is unclear exactly how climate change could influence the ignition or behavior of urban fires in Upland except as extensions of a WUI fire.
48 Page 763 of 1000

Hazard Profile: Human-Caused Hazards

DESCRIPTION
Hazardous Materials Release
The State of California defines hazardous materials as substances that:
• Are toxic, ignitable, or flammable, reactive, and/or corrosive • Show high acute or chronic toxicity
• Are carcinogenic (cause cancer)
• Have bioaccumulative properties (accumulate in the body's tissues) • Are persistent in the environment
• Are water-reactive
Hazardous materials release refers to an event whereby harmful concentrations of hazardous or toxic substances are released into the environment. This occurs when storage containers of hazardous materials leak or fail. This can happen due to industrial accidents, vehicle crashes, as a direct result of other disasters (e.g., a flood or earthquake), or as a deliberate act.

The primary concern associated with hazardous materials release is short- and/or long-term effects on the public from exposure to hazardous materials.

The threat that hazardous materials pose to human health depends on the type of material, frequency, and duration of exposure, and whether chemicals are inhaled, penetrate the skin, or are ingested, among other factors. Exposure to hazardous materials can result in short-or long- term effects, including death or major damage to organs and systems in the body. Hazardous waste is any material with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment and is no longer of use, requiring disposal. Hazardous materials can also cause health risks if they contaminate soil, groundwater, and air, potentially posing a threat long after the initial release.

Landfill Subsidence
Subsidence is a general term for the downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface. It can be caused by both natural processes and human activities. Subsidence involves little or no horizontal movement, which distinguishes it from slope movement.

Processes that lead to subsidence include:
• Dissolution of underlying carbonate rock by groundwater • Gradual compaction of sediments
• Mining
• Settling of poorly consolidated soil
• Pumping of subsurface fluids, such as groundwater or petroleum • Warping of the Earth's crust by tectonic forces
49 Page 764 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Subsidence resulting from tectonic deformation of the crust is known as tectonic subsidence and can provide accommodation for sediment accumulation and eventual lithification into sedimentary rock.

Transportation Accidents
For the purposes of this Plan, "transportation accident" includes incidents involving:
• Commercial air carrier (airline) aircraft
• Air taxi, charter airline, air cargo carrier, air tour, or aeromedical aircraft • General aviation aircraft
• Passenger or freight trains
• Bulk goods pipelines
• Passenger motor carriers (buses)
Any of these modes of transportation can be upset in any number of ways. Aircraft can collide with each other or the ground; trains can crash into each other or derail because of natural or human-caused forces; pipelines can be breached by digging, land subsidence, seismic forces, or age; buses can hit or be hit by other vehicles or run off the road due to bad conditions or driver inattention. Transportation-related accidents happen countless times a day all across the nation. In most cases, the results are minor, with few casualties and little damage to anything other than the vehicles themselves and their occupants.

However, major transportation accidents do happen on a regular basis. A major transportation accident occurring in a heavily populated area can result in considerable loss of life and property. There's no controlling where a train travels once it leaves its track or when an airplane falls from the sky; it may leave a trail of wreckage, hit buildings, or collide with normal street traffic.

The aftermath of a major transportation emergency presents responders with many threats:
hazardous materials releases, fire, severe damage to buildings or vehicles, and loss of life to passengers or people in adjacent buildings, in vehicles, or otherwise near the accident.

Cybercrime Incidents
The United Nations defines cybercrime as "an act that violates the law, which is perpetrated using information and communication technology (ICT)to either target networks, systems, data, websites, and/or technology or facilitate a crime."10
Cyberterrorism is a subset of cybercrime. The UN defines cyberterrorism as "a cyber-dependent crime perpetrated for political objectives to provoke fear, intimidate and/or coerce a target government or population, and cause or threaten to cause harm (e.g., sabotage)."11 Cybercrime is typically committed for profit or personal gain; cyberterrorism is to make a statement.

Digital information systems—a discrete set of information resources organized for collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information, and over the past forty years have become central to nearly every aspect of advanced society. Computers 1° United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. E4J University Module Series: Cybercrime Module 1:Cybercrime in Brief. https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-1/key-issues/cybercrime-in-brief.html 11 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. E4J University Module Series: Cybercrime Module 14: Cyberterrorism. https://www.unodc.org/e4j/zh/cybercrime/module-14/key-issues/cyberterrorism.html 50 Page 765 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland and networks facilitate virtually all commercial activity, telecommunications, transportation, process control, logistics, business and governmental situational awareness, mass entertainment, healthcare, and education. Entire industries now exist entirely in the digital realm, employing millions and generating trillions of dollars in wealth.

While this technological explosion has brought into everyday use capabilities that not so long ago were pure science fiction, it's also introduced an unprecedented vulnerability to the global economy. Anyone sufficiently skilled and equipped can, from anywhere in the world, attack the very underpinnings of our society without firing a shot or dropping a bomb, either for profit or in the service of ideology.

Unlike natural disasters that occur because of some impersonal geophysical process—seismic activity, atmospheric conditions, climate change—cybercrime and cyberterrorism are the products of people willfully subverting our infrastructure to achieve their own ends. Over the past ten years, the number and type of threat factors have grown wildly as knowledge and tools have spread worldwide.

Cybercriminals can be individual thieves of various kinds, extortionists, blackmailers, vandals, members of organized crime groups, and spies (private- and public-sector). Cyberterrorists can be lone political or religious zealots, activists, members of organized terrorist groups, private hacking teams supported by or affiliated with governments, or military personnel conducting cyber warfare operations.

Each of these factors has a different motive, objective, and modus operandi. This makes prevention and protection (a.k.a. mitigation) exceptionally hard.

Just as the varieties of threat actors have proliferated over time, so have the ways they can attack information systems and their users. Each type of attack exploits a particular weakness in the system involved: a design or manufacturing flaw, incompetence, or inattention on the part of the system's administrators, missing or insufficient security practices, or the endless ignorance and gullibility of the user community.

Civil Disturbances (Description only, not profiled further) Civil disturbances range from posting a protest sign on a telephone pole to staging a violent riot or an armed takeover of public or private property. The vast majority of"civil disturbances"are peaceful exercises of First Amendment rights to free assembly and expression and aren't of any concern to this Plan.

As defined for this Plan, civil disturbance is an event that threatens or temporarily interrupts normal City operations through violent protests, riots, shootings, or armed standoffs. Civil disturbances of this sort may be single events or a string of related events. Property damage to businesses, public facilities, or homes can occur during these events. In some situations, death or injury may result.

Riot control and the containment of armed standoffs are the province of law enforcement and are best overseen through mutual aid and established police procedures. If the disturbance leads to multiple casualties or fatalities, however, it's considered a mass casualty or mass fatality incident, which this Plan addresses separately (below). For the purposes of this plan, the only discussion related to civil disturbance is provided in the mass casualty/mass fatality incident profile.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
A mass casualty incident (MCI) is any incident that produces casualties (living and dead) in such number and severity of injuries that it overwhelms the available emergency medical services resources. A mass fatality incident (MFI) is a specialized form of MCI in which most or all of the resulting casualties are deceased. An MFI is always an MCI, but an MCI isn't always an MFI; the difference lies in who is responsible for the scene, what operations they undertake (for example, rescue versus recovery), and the follow-on effects.

MCIs tend to come in several forms, both prosaic (train or bus crashes, industrial accidents, HAZMAT releases) and uncommon (floods, landslides, earthquakes, violent protests, or riots).

The events more likely to cause MFIs are marked by their violence: mass shootings, airplane crashes, building collapses, mass poisonings (accidental or deliberate), or terrorist attacks.

Most of these causes are self-explanatory. Two require further definition:
1) Mass shootings. The FBI defines an active shooter as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area."12 The Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 201213 defines mass killings as "3 or more killings in a single incident." Put together, they describe a phenomenon that has become common in America: one (usually) or more people arrive at a public place and start shooting everyone they see. The FBI's list of U.S. active shooter incidents between 2000 and 201814 cites 289 cases from all across America, with a notable increase in numbers in recent years. Unfortunately, this is likely a severe undercount. 2) Terrorism. Executive Order 13224, signed by President George W. Bush on September 23, 2001, defines terrorism as "an activity that (1) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, property, or infrastructure; and (2) appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, kidnapping, or hostage-taking."15 This term is broken down into two categories, defined by the FBI:16
a. Domestic terrorism is "[v]violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature." b. International terrorism is "[v]violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (state-sponsored)."
12 FBI Active Shooter Safety Resources. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/active-shooter-safety-resources 13 S.1793-Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012. https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/senate- bill/1793/text
14 FBI.Active Shooter Incidents in the United States from 2000-2018. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/active-shooter- safety-resources/active-shooter-i ncidents-from-2000-to-2018 15 U.S. Department of State. Executive Order 13224. https://www.state.gov/executive-order-13224/ 16 FBI What We Investigate:Terrorism. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism 52 Page 767 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

LOCATION AND EXTENT
Hazardous Materials Release
Hazardous materials and chemicals are used daily in households and businesses throughout Upland. In addition to the locations of large commercial and industrial uses, sources of hazardous materials can originate from seemingly harmless places such as gas stations, auto repair shops, dry cleaners, medical centers, and almost any industrial business. Hazardous waste can take the form of liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludge. It can be the by-product of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids and pesticides.

In severe situations, Upland may also be at risk of HAZMAT release events on a regional level.

With the right prevailing wind conditions, airborne toxic material could spread to and impact various parts of the air basin, including areas of Upland.

Figure 3-5 identifies stationary hazardous materials locations within Upland that store, use, or produce hazardous materials regulated by the state. While these locations are fixed, roadways throughout the community are commonly used to transport hazardous materials and waste.

These facilities are common locations for spills and releases. While there's no scale for hazardous materials release, the probability of an incident is anticipated to be occasional (less than 10% chance of occurrence) each year.

Landfill Subsidence
The Upland Landfill was closed in 1979 when it reached its capacity and failed to meet the more stringent environmental standards established by the Resource and Recovery Act of 1976.

Storage of waste in the landfill caused hazardous methane gas production, increased the risk of groundwater contamination, including the potential presence of unregulated toxins and hazardous materials. Located between 14th and 15th Streets along Campus Avenue, the landfill served the community for decades before its closure. The sites' closure followed the standard regulatory pattern of phasing out older, unlined disposal sites in favor of modern sanitary facilities. Following its closure, the site was utilized for landfill gas management, with a reciprocating engine burner for landfill gas being listed as "defeated" later in 1983. Closure of the site was intended to avoid contact with hazardous materials within the community and the people living there. Subsidence can affect the area formerly occupied by the site due to landfill compaction, which can create voids and compact the underlying soil as waste (especially organic materials) decompose over time. The site is currently used as a storage facility for recreational vehicles.

Today, the City of Upland manages its waste disposal needs through modern facilities and programs, such as the Household Hazardous Waste Collection Center located on N. Benson Ave.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 3-5. Stationary Hazardous Materials Locations Within Upland Mountain # t ci •
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54 Page 769 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Transportation Accidents
The City has one airport inside its borders and lies beneath the flight paths and control zones of several nearby airports.
• Cable Airport (CCB) is a non-towered general aviation airport located two miles northwest of Upland's central business district and adjacent to its industrial area. It bases over 270 aircraft and generates over 92,000 flight operations a year. The FAA CAROL database shows reports of five fatal accidents out of 26 reported incidents since 2000.

Departure and approach patterns fly at low altitudes directly over central Upland. • Ontario International Airport (ONT) is located south of Upland, two miles east of downtown Ontario. The easternmost of Los Angeles's major airports, it generated 106,715 flight operations in 2024 involving 7.08 million passengers and over 793,000 tons of cargo. It services various scheduled airlines and is the regional hub for UPS and a major distribution depot for FedEx. While typical departure and arrival patterns take traffic west or east, some air routes overfly Upland. The FAA CAROL database lists ten reported incidents since 2000 with no reported fatalities. • San Bernardino International Airport (SBD) is 23.7 miles east of Upland near downtown San Bernardino. Once a major Air Force base, SBD now services a commuter airline and various Part 291 air cargo services, generating 52,218 flight operations in 2024. Like ONT, it can accommodate Boeing 747s and Airbus 380s. SBD also hosts an executive terminal for business jets. The FAA CAROL database lists 11 reported accidents since 2000, including one fatal accident, although it's unclear how many involved the airport. Approach and departure patterns may take aircraft directly over Upland.
• March Air Reserve Base (RIV) in Moreno Valley is 26.7 miles southeast of Upland. It's the sole military airfield left in the Inland Empire and serves as a transit point for various military aircraft as well as the base for the 452nd Air Mobility Wing operating C-17s and KC-135s. California Air National Guard squadrons operate F-15s and MQ-9 Reaper drones from the field. The greatest threat posed by RIV's operations lies not in the volume of its operations, but in their type: high-performance military aircraft, potentially armed fighter jets and helicopters, and cargo aircraft possibly carrying hazardous payloads.
• Other airports that contribute to the crowded sky above Upland include:
o Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)
o John Wayne Airport (SBD) (initial approach begins over the San Bernardino Valley and proceeds over the San Gabriel Valley)
o Chino Airport (CNO), a three-runway general aviation, executive, and reliever airport, which generates over 164,000 flight operations a year o A host of smaller general aviation airfields, such as Riverside Municipal, Corona Municipal, Redlands Municipal, and Brackett Field.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Freight and passenger trains cross Upland 24 hours a day, seven days a week, serving businesses, commuters, and tourists. These trains may travel over 60 mph. A Metrolink commuter passenger car can hold 147 seated passengers and many more standing; Amtrak passenger cars can hold anywhere from 65 to 95 passengers each.

A Southern California Gas transmission pipeline cuts across the southern edge of Upland just north of Interstate 10.17 Figure 3-6 shows the approximate route this pipeline takes across the City.

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17 National Pipeline Mapping System. https://pvnpms.phmsa.dot.gov/PublicViewer/ 56 Page 771 of 1000

Cybercrime Incidents
We can predict what areas a flood will damage or the kinds of buildings that will fail in an earthquake. However, there are far too many ways to misuse or abuse an information system, and far too many objectives to be served by doing so, to let us do anything more than guess at how and why any particular system may be attacked, and by whom.

There's no central authority in charge of cataloguing hardware and software vulnerabilities or publicizing them to users. (If there were, it would be the number one target for hackers worldwide.) Each individual manufacturer discovers these flaws through internal testing, customer trouble reports, hacking incidents, or notices issued by third parties, such as the makers of security hardware or software, academic researchers, or white-hat hackers. The manufacturer then has to devise a patch (if possible), notify its customers (if possible), and hope that the customers will quickly apply the fix to close the vulnerability. With this process, the wonder isn't that there are so many vulnerable information systems, but that there are no secure systems at all.

Some major hardware and software manufacturers aggressively assess their products for vulnerabilities and push out regular updates to fix them. For example, Microsoft issues numerous security and quality updates every month for its Windows operating system and other products. Smaller companies may not patch their products regularly or may wait to roll out security fixes with product updates they issue every few months or every year. Some vulnerabilities (such as passwords embedded in loT device firmware) may never be fixed because the systems themselves aren't designed to allow it. Of course, patches and updates are only useful if the users or system administrators install them—a common failing that's been at the root of several major cyberattacks.

System administrators are ultimately responsible for the security of their systems. They may find vulnerabilities through manufacturers' notices, articles in the specialized press, alerts generated by cybersecurity software or hardware installed on the system, and bulletins issued by agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security's National Cyber Awareness System.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
MCIs and MFIs can occur anywhere, although public spaces and locations where many people congregate are most common. A list of the places where mass shootings and terrorist attacks have happened since 2000 is a description of our everyday world: offices, parks, schools, daycare centers, places of worship, grocery stores, shopping centers, restaurants, movie theaters, nightclubs, airports, festivals, athletic events...the list goes on endlessly.

While it's commonly thought that terrorists of whatever stripe will try to attack infrastructure or government-related targets, the reality is that they are far more likely to attack the same soft targets as do mass shooters. The only difference is their motivation.

MCIs are typically measured by the fatalities, injuries, and destruction they cause; no universal scale is used to measure these events.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

PAST EVENTS
Hazardous Materials Release
Upland has experienced an average of 5.57 hazardous materials spills reported annually to the Cal OES Spill Release Reporting database. Table 3-10 displays this data. Most of these incidents involve the release of sewage and petroleum products.

TABLE 3-10: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE REPORTING
Year Reported Releases
2010 9
2011 3
2012 8
2013 3
2014 7
2015 5
2016 6
2017 3
2018 5
2019 5
2020 7
2021 4
2022 9
2023 4
2024 2
Annual Avg. 5.57
Source: https://www.caloes.ca.gov/cal-oes-divisions/fire-rescue/hazardous-materials/spill-release-reporting Landfill Subsidence
No incidents of general subsidence have been identified within the City. The closed landfill location is annually inspected for signs of disturbance, which can range from cracking in the asphalt cover to ground movement (subsidence). The City frequently monitors these activities and conducts repairs as occurred in 2023.

Transportation Accidents
Transportation accidents happen regularly across the country. Some examples from California:
• On August 31, 1986, a four-seat Piper Archer aircraft originating from Torrance Airport collided with Aeromexico Flight 498, a DC-9 on descent into Los Angeles International Airport. Both aircraft crashed into northeastern Cerritos. All 67 people on both aircraft and another fifteen people on the ground died; the crash also destroyed four houses and damaged seven more.
58 Page 773 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland • At 4:22 p.m. on September 12, 2008, a Southern California Regional Rail Authority (Metrolink) passenger train ran a red signal and collided head-on with a Union Pacific freight train in Chatsworth. Twenty-five people died, 135 were injured (46 critically), and the crash caused over $7 million in damage.
• A thirty-inch Pacific Gas & Electric natural gas pipeline exploded on September 9, 2010, in San Bruno, California. The explosion and resulting fire in the suburban Crestmoor neighborhood killed eight people, blew a 167-foot-long, 40-foot-deep crater in the street, and destroyed 35 homes. Over 200 firefighters battled the resulting eight-alarm fire, which burned for over 12 hours.
• On October 23, 2016, a USA Holiday tour bus returning to Los Angeles from the Red Earth Casino near the Salton Sea crashed into a tractor-trailer rig near Palm Springs, killing the driver and 12 passengers and injuring dozens of others.18 Cybercrime Incidents
Cybercrime is geography independent. Threat factors can conduct their attacks from anywhere in the world that has a sufficiently robust information infrastructure to support their activities.

Profit-seeking threat actors may not even know or care where their victims are; their attacks seek out particular vulnerabilities in systems. Brett Callow, a threat analyst at Emsisoft, told the Washington Post, "Most ransomware attacks are spray-and-pay in nature, and those hit are the ones with the weakest systems. Local governments seem to have the weakest systems."19 For example, an August 2019 mass ransomware attack against 22 Texas state and local government information systems mauled Wilmer, a town of 4,000 people on the far fringes of Dallas that had neither the financial nor the personnel resources to meet the criminals' demands.

DDoS and TDoS attacks are motivated by "an interest in obtaining financial reward, making an ideological statement, creating a geopolitical advantage, or exacting revenge for a particular government action, corporate campaign, or policy stance."20 They're still a favorite tool of ideological threat actors who often aim their attacks at government information and communication systems. The victimized government entity may not have done anything to earn the attackers' ire other than being part of a class of disfavored entities (law enforcement, public health, military, foreign policy, etc.).

Upland is in no way immune to cyberattacks by being small, semi-obscure, inoffensive, or in a "nice" neighborhood.

Another difficulty in sizing the threat is that victims report only some small fraction of cyberattacks. No one can even agree on how small that fraction is; estimates range from less than 10% to perhaps 25%. What reporting there is, is fragmented among various public and private organizations and databases. The public is more likely to hear about attacks against 18 "Police: 'No appearance of braking'in deadly bus crash." CNN, Oct.24, 2016. https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/23/us/california- bus-accident/
19 "Ransomware poses threat to vulnerable local governments." Washington Post,Aug.22,2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/09/07/cybersecurity-202-ransomware-is-wreaking-havoc-us-cities/ 20 "The risks of DDoS attacks for the public sector."Government Computer News,Jan. 15,2021. https://gcn.com/2021/01/the- risks-of-ddos-attacks-for-the-publ ic-sector/315952/
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland public-sector victims because of state and federal transparency laws, though smaller agencies in states with weak transparency laws may be able to slide by without releasing this information.

With this in mind, following are some national statistics and specific cyberattacks against small- to-medium-sized jurisdictions to provide insight into the possible costs and consequences for Upland in a potential future attack.
• At least one reported ransomware attack against a U.S. city, county, or state government happened each month in 2022. Somerset County, NJ (population 330,151) and Quincy, IL (pop. 40,111) were May's victims. Quincy spent over $600,000 countering its attack and restoring its systems (out of a $47.8 million budget) in an attempt to avoid paying a ransom of less than $500,000.21
• In 2020, at least 1,794 U.S. governmental and educational organizations reported experiencing a ransomware attack.22 At least 113 of these were against governmental organizations at all levels, including Tillamook County, OR (pop. 26,782), Hall County, GA(pop. 203,136), and Torrance, CA(pop. 145,000).
• Tillamook County lost the use of its network for nearly two weeks and eventually paid the hackers $300,000 for a decryptor after discovering its backups were also compromised.23
• The Hall County incident provides an unusually detailed view of the cost of responding to a ransomware attack. The attack started on October 7, 2020, causing the county to shut down all its information systems...too late. While its public safety systems still worked, around 2,000 workstations needed to be wiped and reconfigured, leaving the parts of the county government not associated with public safety "back to 1980," in the words of Assistant County Administrator Zach Propes—including the county's response to Hurricane Zeta. The county's network finally returned to service on December 15. All told, Hall County spent $1.7 million to avoid paying ransom to restore its systems: $1.13 million for infrastructure changes, $478,000 for recovery activities, $85,000 for security monitoring, and $30,590 for force-account overtime.24 (The 2020 Hall County budget was $103 million.)
• A ransomware attack on the City of Torrance on 1 March 2020 took down the city's website, email system, and credit card processing system. The DopplePaymer attackers demanded 100 bitcoin ($689,147) in ransom from the city, claiming they had encrypted 150 servers and 500 workstations to steal more than 200 gigabytes of files.25 While the city claims it never paid the ransom, it spent $50,000 on an insurance deductible, and DopplePaymer put over 200GB of stolen data on the dark web, including personal 21 "May ransomware attacks strike municipal governments, IT firms." TechTarget,Jun.2,2022. https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecu rity/news/252521021/May-ransomware-attacks-stri ke-m u n icipal-governments-IT-firms 22 "The State of Ransomware in the US: Report and Statistics 2020."Emsisoft Malware Lab,Jan. 18,2021. https://blog.emsisoft.com/en/37314/the-state-of-ransomware-i n-the-us-report-and-statistics-2020/ 23 "Top 10 cybersecurity incidents in 2020."ZDNetLive,Sep.4,2020. https://www.znetlive.com/blog/top-10-cybersecurity- incidents-in-2020/
24 "Hall County's'crippling'cyberattack last year cost$1.7M. Here's what else we've learned since then." Gainesville Times, Dec. 18,2021. https://www.gainesvilletimes.com/news/government/hall-countys-crippling-cyberattack-last-year-cost-l7m- heres-what-else-weve-learned-since-then/
25 "Cyberattacks continue amid COVID-19 pandemic."Daily Breeze,Apr.23,2020. https://www.dailybreeze.com/2020/04/23/cyberattacks-conti nue-amid-covid-19-pandemic/ 60 Page 775 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland information about city employees.26 No estimates of lost revenues or productivity, excess overtime, or tort claims are available.
• An attack using Maze ransomware took down the email, phones, 311 customer service, and online electric and sanitation payment systems belonging to the City of Pensacola, FL (pop. 52,918) for several days in December 2019. While the attackers took pains to not affect 911 service—the city was still dealing with the NAS Pensacola mass shooting—they did steal 6GB of city data and demanded $1 million in Bitcoin for a decryptor.27 Pensacola didn't pay the ransom, but it did pay for a systems audit by Deloitte &Touche and identity protection services for 57,000 people affected by the data loss.28 Similar attacks in June 2019 affected Lake City, FL (pop. 12,166), which paid $460,000 to the cybergang that encrypted its systems, and Riviera Beach, FL (pop. 35,025), which paid $600,000.29
Ransomware isn't the only threat. DDoS and TDoS attacks against vital services can be as damaging but are easier to launch and harder to block. TDoS attacks can last for several days.

As the transition to Next Generation 911 (NG911) proceeds, Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs)will become more vulnerable to DDoS attacks as well as more traditional TDoS attacks; NG911 is based on Voice-over-IP architecture using the Internet, providing hackers with more avenues of attack.
• On Oct. 26, 2016, a junior hacker experimenting with Apple iOS exploits accidentally unleashed code that caused a TDoS attack against PSAPs in twelve states.30 During that attack, it took only a hundred spurious calls arriving in a few minutes to shut down 911 service for Surprise, AZ (pop. 139,007) and Peoria, AZ (pop. 172,109).31 While this discussion focuses on direct attacks against U.S. city and county governments, there's no need for cybercriminals or cyberterrorists to go after a government agency's systems to damage that agency. Over 1,300 of those 2020 ransomware attacks mentioned previously affected public schools and colleges. Compromised system vendors (Microsoft Exchange Server, 2021), utilities (Delta-Montrose Electric Association, CO, 2021), communications providers (T-Mobile, 2018-21; Bandwidth.com, 2021), or hospitals (too many to mention) can interrupt vital services, expose confidential personal data, or both.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
The following MCIs/MFIs have occurred within San Bernardino County, the state, or the nation and may be relevant to the community:
26 "Hackers post Calif.city's data online after it denied leak."Statescoop,Apr. 22, 2020. https://statescoop.com/hackers-post- torrance-california-data-online-after-denied-leak/
27 "Maze Ransomware Behind Pensacola Cyberattack,$1M Ransom Demand."Bleeping Computer, Dec. 11,2019. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/maze-ransomware-behind-pensacola-cyberattack-1 m-ransom-demand/ 26 "Cyberattack postmortem reveals Florida city lost 6GB of data."Insurance Business America, Feb. 12, 2020. https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/us/news/cyber/cyberattack-postmortem-reveals-florida-city-lost-6gb-of-data- 213486.aspx
29 "Pensacola Ransomware Attack Update:Cybercriminals Release Data."MSSPAlert, Dec.26,2019. https://www.msspalert.com/cybersecurity-breaches-and-attacks/ransomware/pensacola-ransomware-attack-data-released/ 30 "DHS:Teenager's malware disrupted 911 call centers in 12 states."Cyberscoop, Nov. 14,2016. https://www.cyberscoop.com/911-call-center-ddos-dhs-maricopa-county/ 31 "Young hacker arrested for disrupting 911 Service with a TDoS attack."Security Affairs, Oct. 31, 2016. https://securityaffai rs.co/wordpress/52895/cyber-cri me/911-service-attacks.html 61 Page 776 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland • April 19, 1995: Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, OK. The blast was so powerful that the Federal Building was destroyed, and more than 300 nearby buildings were damaged or destroyed. The bombing killed 168 people, including 19 children. Timothy McVeigh's motive for bombing the Federal Building was that he hoped to inspire a revolution against the federal government.32
• April 15, 2013: Two bombs detonated near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. The explosion killed three spectators and wounded more than 264 other people. Police captured 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in connection with the bombing; the second suspect, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, died following a shootout with law enforcement.

Investigators concluded that the Tsarnaev brothers planned and conducted the attack on their own and were not connected to any specific terrorist group.33 • December 2, 2015: A terrorist attack consisting of a mass shooting and an attempted bombing occurred at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California. The perpetrators—Syed Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, a married couple living in the city of Redlands—targeted a San Bernardino County Department of Public Health training event and Christmas party of about 80 employees in a rented banquet room.

Fourteen people were killed and 22 others were seriously injured. Farook was a U.S.- born citizen of Pakistani descent who worked as a health department employee.34 • October 1, 2017: Stephen Paddock opened fire on the Route 91 Harvest Festival concert in Las Vegas from an elevated position at the Mandalay Bay Hotel. The attack resulted in 61 people killed (including two victims who died in 2019 and 2020 and Paddock himself) and 867 injured. Paddock shot and killed himself before responding officers reached him. The FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit determined no clear motivation for the attack. Although this attack did not occur in California, many California residents were affected by the event, as more than half of the 61 people killed were from California.35
• January 21, 2023: A 72-year-old shooter, Huu Can Tran, committed the deadliest mass shooting in the history of Los Angeles County in Monterey Park. Tran killed eleven people and injured nine others at the Star Ballroom Dance Studio after a nearby, all-day Lunar New Year Festival, and at the Lai Lai Ballroom in nearby Alhambra. He died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound during a standoff with police in Torrance the next day.36 • October 25, 2023: Forty-year-old Robert Card conducted a spree shooting in Lewiston, Maine, United States, killing 18 people and wounding 13 others. The initial attack occurred at the Just-In-Time Recreation bowling alley during a youth league event, 32 Federal Bureau of Investigation. Famous Cases and Criminals. https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/oklahoma-city- bombing
33 History.com Editors.June 2019. Boston Marathon Bombing. https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/boston-marathon- bombings
34 Bringing Calm to Chaos:A Critical Incident Review of the San Bernardino Public Safety Response to the December 2,2015, Terrorist Shooting Incident at the Inland Regional Center. (2016).Office of Community Oriented Policing Services(COPS Office), U.S. Department of Justice. https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/Home.aspx?page=detail&id=COPS- W0808&utm
35 Los Angeles Times Staff."Las Vegas Shooting Victims: Portraits of the Fallen."October 2017. https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-las-vegas-shootings-victims-list-20171002/ 36 "2023 Monterey Park Shooting."Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023 Monterey Park shooting 62 Page 777 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland followed shortly by a second shooting at the Schemengees Bar & Grille Restaurant.

Following an organized search, police found Card dead from a self-inflicted wound.37 • January 1, 2025: Shamsud-Din Bahar Jabbar drove a pickup truck into a Bourbon Street crowd celebrating New Year's Eve in New Orleans. He killed 14 people and injured over

57. He may also have delivered or set two IEDs prior to his attack on the crowd, none of which are known to have exploded. The investigation is still ongoing as of this writing, but it appears Jabbar may have become radicalized through the Internet and may have been inspired by Islamic State-linked vehicle attacks in Europe.38

RISK OF FUTURE EVENTS
Hazardous Materials Release
Most of the release events within Upland have occurred due to human error, malfunctioning equipment, or a deliberate act. Given this, it is anticipated that future events within Upland will include minor incidents like some of the past occurrences identified above in Table 3-10.

Activities to prevent future releases, as well as response strategies, should take this into consideration. As identified in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the future probability of hazardous materials release is Likely (see Table 3-3).

Landfill Subsidence
Subsidence can potentially remain a concern for the City due to decomposition of waste at the former site. It is anticipated that minor events could occur in the future. As identified in Table 3- 4, the future probability of subsidence events is Likely (see Table 3-3).

Transportation Accidents
As mentioned before, because the different transportation-related modalities are so omnipresent, transportation accidents happen regularly and typically don't result in much more than a localized cleanup problem, a short-lived traffic tie-up, or a handful of injuries. However, a significant transportation accident can be highly destructive and costly in lives and property.

As identified in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the future probability of a significant transportation accident is considered Possible (see Table 3-3).

Cybercrime Incidents
Cybercrime and cyberterrorism will only grow in scope and capability over time. As organized crime and national actors (militaries and intelligence agencies) become more involved and cyber warfare becomes established doctrine among nation states, highly skilled and well- resourced hackers will pose an ever-greater threat to IT systems of all stripes. State and local governments will continue to be targets, especially as they are known to be soft targets. As identified in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the probability of cybercrime incidents occurring is Highly Likely (see Table 3-3).
37 "2023 Lewiston Shootings."Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023Lewistonshootings 38 FBI. Bourbon Street Attack Investigation Updates. https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/bourbon-street-attack- investigation-updates
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City of Upland
Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
Given that MCIs and MFIs can stem from a variety of factors—infrastructure decay, extreme weather, industrial accidents, economics, societal pressures, warfare, mental health, geopolitics, national or local politics, religion, etc.—it's impossible to predict when an incident will occur. Upland doesn't host any significant national or state facilities and is unlikely to attract the attention of international terrorist groups. However, most MCIs and MFIs in the U.S. are caused by disasters or by "the guy next door."39 Unfortunately, these events are increasingly common and can happen anywhere. As identified in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the future probability of an MCl/MFI incident is considered Possible (see Table 3-3).

CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Hazardous Materials Release
Climate-related natural hazard events, such as increased precipitation and subsequent flooding, could cause an increase in hazardous materials release. Some of these incidents could result from transportation crashes (due to poorer road conditions) or damage to storage containers or vessels containing these substances. Climate-related hazards could also exacerbate the effects and impacts of such events. For example, heavier rains could lead to more runoff from a contaminated site with hazardous materials. These issues should be monitored during the five-year implementation period of this plan.

Landfill Subsidence
Climate change may bring about an increase in subsidence associated with warmer temperatures and increased precipitation. While the site appears to be stable, if temperatures increase over time and the asphalt cap on top of the landfill degrades more quickly, or experiences more cracking due to the temperature changes, the landfill materials could be exposed more easily. In addition, more cracking could allow water infiltration to become easier, impacting settlement. Increased temperatures and more intense precipitation could impact operations and maintenance of the landfill cap, increasing potential exposure of underlying materials, which could increase settlement.

Transportation Accidents
Climate change may bring about an increase in transportation accidents in a number of ways. • Over-pumping groundwater sources can cause ground subsidence (this is already happening in California's Central Valley). Sinking land can damage bridges and roadways and break pipelines, leading to vehicle crashes or explosive pipeline breaches.
• More numerous and severe storms could cause or contribute to more air accidents, especially in general aviation operations in which less-experienced pilots may find themselves overmatched by conditions they aren't used to and can't cope with. 39 "Of the 172 individuals who engaged in public mass shootings covered in the database, 97.7%were male."National Institute of Justice,"Public Mass Shootings: Database Amasses Details of a Half Century of U.S. Mass Shootings with Firearms, Generating Psychosocial Histories," February 3,2022, nij.ojp.gov: https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/public-mass-shootings- database-amasses-details-half-century-us-mass-shootings 64 Page 779 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland • Likewise, more severe storms, high-volume rains, and flooding may undermine roads, creating hazards that contribute to more road accidents involving high-profile and high- weight vehicles.
• High winds generated by extreme storms can and do knock over high-profile vehicles, including those carrying hazardous cargo.

Cybercrime Incidents
As with MCIs/MFIs, it's possible but as yet unproven that the ill effects of climate change may aggravate existing societal tensions and inspire more people to lash out in bloody ways.

Restrictions on water or power supply, spiraling food costs due to reduced availability, or rises in utility rates or gas prices could cause people already on edge to take out their frustrations on their schools, offices, or stores.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
The link between MCIs/MFIs and climate change isn't well understood. However, it has been suggested that the impacts of a changing climate may exacerbate existing social, political, religious, and ethnic tensions. For example, longer, more intense droughts may restrict food supply or limit economic growth for cities, regions, or even whole countries. Nevertheless, the likelihood of climate change impacting MCIs/MFIs in Upland is negligible since these changes are more likely to impact developments on the national or international level. 65 Page 780 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Hazard Profile: Severe Weather
Severe weather poses a risk to life and property in Upland by disrupting essential systems, including public utilities, telecommunications, and transportation routes. Severe weather is generally any destructive weather event, but in Upland, it usually occurs as extreme heat, drought, or severe wind.

DESCRIPTION
Extreme Heat
Extreme heat is a period when temperatures are abnormally high relative to the normal temperature range. There are generally three types of extreme heat events:
1) Extreme Heat Days: A day during which the maximum temperature surpasses 98 percent of all historic high temperatures for the area, using the time between April and October from 1950 to 2005 as the baseline.
2) Warm Nights: A day between April and October when the minimum temperature exceeds 98 percent of all historic minimum daytime temperatures observed between 1950 and 2005.
3) Extreme Heat Waves:A successive series of extreme heat days and warm nights where extreme temperatures do not abate. While no universally accepted minimum length of time for a heatwave event exists, Cal-Adapt considers four successive extreme heat days and warm nights to be the minimum threshold for an extreme heatwave.

Drought
Drought is a prolonged deficiency of rainfall, usually over a season or more. This results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector. "Drought" as a condition is relative to some long-term average balance between precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration in a particular area, what residents consider"normal." It's also related to the timing (e.g., principal season of occurrence, delays at the start of the rainy season, occurrence of rains in relation to principal crop growth stages) and the effectiveness of the rains (such as rainfall intensity and the number of rainfall events). Drought is often associated with other climatic factors—such as high temperatures, high wind, and low relative humidity—that can significantly aggravate its severity.

Drought isn't merely a physical phenomenon or natural event. Its impacts on society result from the interplay between a natural event (less precipitation than expected resulting from climatic variability) and the demand people place on the water supply. Humans often aggravate the drought's impact. The economic and environmental effects and personal hardships caused by recent droughts in both developing and developed nations have underscored the vulnerability of all societies to this "natural" hazard.

A single dry year may not constitute a drought in California; however, it can serve as a reminder that droughts are a natural part of the state's water cycle. California's extensive water supply infrastructure—its reservoirs, groundwater basins, pipelines, aqueducts, and so on—mitigates the effect of short-term dry periods for most water users. 66 Page 781 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Defining when a drought begins is a function of drought impacts to water users. Drought is highly variable depending on location. Hydrologic conditions constituting a drought for water users in one location may not constitute a drought for water users elsewhere, or for water users having a different water supply. Individual water suppliers may use criteria such as rainfall/runoff, amount of water in storage, or expected supply from a water wholesaler to define their water-supply conditions.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the California Department of Water Resources (DWR), and academic institutions such as the University of Nebraska- Lincoln's National Drought Mitigation Center generally agree that there's no clear definition of when a drought begins or ends.

Severe Wind
Windstorms and severe weather pose a risk to life and property in the region by creating conditions that disrupt essential systems such as public utilities, telecommunications, and transportation routes. High winds can and do occasionally cause tornado-like damage to local homes and businesses. Severe windstorms can present a very destabilizing effect on the dry brush that covers local hillsides and urban-wildland interface areas. High winds can have destructive impacts, especially on trees, power lines, and other utility services. In Upland, severe weather patterns, such as Santa Ana Wind conditions (Figure 3-7), are recognized as hazards.

Figure 3-7. Santa Ana Winds Description

SANTA ANA WINDS
Hot,Dry Winds Of Southern California 4 '.
•Caused by large pressure gradient h e /
•Funnel through mountain passes
•Accelerate downhill to high speeds . r
•Can spread wildfires
WIND
AccuWeather 111111111111
Wind is simply the movement of air caused by differences in atmospheric temperature. High- pressure air will naturally move to areas of low pressure. Usually, the distance between these high- and low-pressure zones is far; however, these low- and high-pressure zones may occasionally be near one another. When this happens, air will flow dramatically, creating high- speed winds. The most common wind events in Southern California are the "Santa Ana" wind conditions that typically occur in the fall and winter.

When winds are fast enough, they can cause property damage to homes, public facilities, utilities, and other infrastructure. They can also uproot or topple mature trees or pick up debris and send it careening through the air. This debris can injure or even kill bystanders who may find themselves stranded outside. High-speed winds can deposit this debris in the middle of rights-of-way, such as roads, freeways, and railways, blocking exit routes for would-be evacuees or impeding access to first responders trying to reach wounded people. 67 Page 782 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

LOCATION AND EXTENT
Extreme Heat
Extreme heat events will differ from region to region since different areas have historically high temperatures. For example, an extreme heat day on the coast will feel different than an extreme heat day in the High Desert. The reason for this is how humidity affects the perceived heat that people feel. Humid conditions will make a day feel hotter than non-humid conditions, even though the temperature may be the same. The difference between the perceived and actual temperatures is known as the "heat index." To illustrate the effect of the heat index, a 90-degree day with 50 percent humidity feels like 95° F, whereas a 90° F Day with 90 percent humidity feels like 122° F. Figure 3-8 illustrates the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service Heat Index.

Extreme heat events are not limited to any part of the city. They occur with the same intensity and duration at the same time across all locations in Upland. For Upland, an extreme heat day involves a temperature that exceeds 99.7° F, and a warm night involves a temperature that exceeds 66.9°F.40 These thresholds are based on a 2% probability event.

Figure 3-8. National Weather Service Heat Index
NWS Heat Index Temperature {°F)
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 40 80 81 83 65 88 91 94 97 101 105 109 114 119 124 45 80 82 84 87 89 93 96 100 104 109 114 119 124 50 81 83 85 88 91 95 99 103 108 113 118 124 55 81 84 86 89 93 97 101 106 112 117 124 60 82 84 88 91 95 100 105 110 116 120129 137 s= 85 82 85 89 93 98 103 108 114 121 128 136 _ 70 83 86 90 95 100 105 112 119 11T36 134 75 84 88 92 97 103 109 116 124 132
10 80 84 89 94 100 106 113 121 129
pe 85 85 90 96 102 110 117 135
90 86 91 98 105 113 122
95 86 93 100 108 117
100 87 95 103 112 121
Likelihood of Heat Disorders with Prolonged Exposure or Strenuous Activity ❑ Caution ❑ Extreme Caution • Danger • Extreme Danger Drought
Southern California's Mediterranean climate makes the region especially susceptible to variations in rainfall. The potential risk to Upland is in no way unique. Severe water shortages will affect the economic well-being of its community and that of all its neighbors. For a community like Upland drought can affect all locations within the City.

Comparison of rainfall records from Los Angeles with water well records beginning in 1930 from the San Gabriel Valley indicates the existence of wet and dry cycles on a 10-year scale as well 40 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/local-climate-change-snapshot 68 Page 783 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
as for much longer periods. The climate record for the Los Angeles region beginning in 1890 suggests increasingly dry conditions over the last century. Climate data also suggests that the last significant wet period was the 1940s. Well-level data and other sources seem to indicate the historic high groundwater levels (reflecting recharge from rainfall) occurred in the same decade. Since that time, rainfall and groundwater level trends appear to have declined. This decline may be part of a naturally occurring long-term wet/dry cycle, evidence of overuse of groundwater, or a harbinger of accelerating climate change; there's not yet clear evidence one way or another.

Climatologists compiled rainfall data from 96 stations in the state that spanned a 100-year period between 1890 and 1990. An interesting note: during the first 50 years of the reporting period, only one year (1890) had more than 35 inches of rainfall, but the second 50-year period recorded 5-year intervals (1941, 1958, 1978, 1982, and 1983) that exceeded 35 inches of rainfall in a single year. The year of maximum statewide rainfall was 1890, when the average annual rainfall was 43.11 inches; the second-wettest year on record occurred in 1983, when the state's average was 42.75 inches. The driest year of the 100-year study period was 1924, when the state's average rainfall was only 10.50 inches.

Drought is a chronic hazard, not an acute one. Its effects accumulate over months and years and are often subtle. Since there's no universally accepted definition for the beginning (or end) of a drought, we can be in the middle of a drought emergency before we know it's begun. The previously discussed hazards' damage modes can be described as demolition; drought's damage mode is closer to erosion.

Nearly every functioning process within the City depends on a reliable, safe water supply. This includes infrastructure, homes, businesses, places of employment, industry, and recreation.

Drought poses different levels of risk depending on the type of community it affects. A drought in an agricultural community may cause extensive—even fatal—damage to the local economy by killing crops or livestock. In a typical urban or suburban community such as Upland, drought's main effects are the slow degradation of the quality of life, a slowdown or end to development, and a loss of water-intensive industries.

Table 3-11 identifies the drought classifications used by the U.S. Drought Monitor program. This classification system synthesizes multiple different scales into a descriptive index.

TABLE 3-11: US DROUGHT MONITOR CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Category Description Possible Impacts
DO* Abnormally Dry Slower growth of crops and pastures D1 Moderate Some damage to crops and pastures. Water bodies and wells are low.

Drought Some water shortages may occur or may be imminent. Voluntary water use restrictions can be requested.

D2 Severe Likely crop and pasture losses. Water shortages are common, and Drought water restrictions can be imposed.

D3 Extreme Major crop and pasture losses. Widespread water shortages and Drought restrictions.

D4 Exceptional Exceptional and widespread crop and pasture losses. Emergency Drought water shortages develop.

Source: US Drought Monitor
" DO areas are those under"drought watch," but not technically in a drought. They are potentially heading into drought conditions or recovering from drought but are not yet back to normal. 69 Page 784 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland As of December 2024, about half of California is experiencing abnormally dry to extreme drought conditions. San Bernardino County is experiencing DO (Abnormally Dry)to D3 (Extreme Drought) conditions. Figure 3-9 illustrates the severity of the drought conditions experienced in the county over the past 24 years.

Figure 3-9. Area Percentage of San Bernardino County Within U.S.

Drought Monitor Categories
1Do.00%

00.00% 011ie

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%
O.DO%
Y A ? A D A A A D A A D A A A D D A D A D A Y A A A rt N N N N N N N N N N N N N rt N N N rv` N N N N N N N Pa Ot O P, Pa
`�j N W cP `�• �l '�j O � N W D cP C -1 0 0 O N 8 .3.

DO(Abnormally Dry) D2(Severe Drought) D4(Exceptional Drought) D1 (Moderate Drought) U D3(Extreme Drought)
USDA teoMc=
From the U,S,Drought Monitor wedsite, https://droughtmonito r.unl.edufDm Data/TimeSeries,aspx,3-31-2025 � �n Severe Wind
In Southern California, the most common type of windstorm event is called the Santa Ana winds.

During the fall and winter months, high pressure over Nevada and Utah forces air currents down from the high desert toward the ocean. As the winds descend, they heat up and increase in speed, sometimes carrying particulate matter and aggravating the respiratory health of those with allergies.41
The entire City can be affected by windstorms. Usually, they cause minimal damage; however, severe storms can cause massive damage to the City and personal property. Santa Ana winds blowing through the mountains and foothills often affect Upland. Santa Ana winds are a leading cause of wildfires in California.

Generally, winds are measured using the Beaufort scale, developed in 1805, categorizing wind events on a force scale from 0 to 12 using their speed and impacts.Any wind classified as force nine or above is generally considered a windstorm event. Table 3-12 details how the Beaufort scale classifies wind events.
41 Means,Tiffany."What Are the Santa Ana Winds?"Farmers'Almanac-Plan Your Day. Grow Your Life.,June 5, 2024. https://www.farmersalmanac.com/what-are-the-santa-ana-winds 70 Page 785 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 3-12: BEAUFORT SCALE
Force Speed (mph) Description
1 0 to 1 Calm: Smoke rises vertically, and the sea is flat 2 1 to 3 Light air: The direction of wind is shown by smoke drift, but not wind vanes
3 4 to 7 Light breeze: Wind is felt on the face, leaves rustle, and wind vanes are moved. Small wavelets appear on the ocean but do not rise 4 8 to 12 Gentle breeze: Leaves and small twigs are in motion, and light flags are extended. Large wavelets appear on the ocean, and crests begin to rise
5 13 to 18 Moderate breeze: Dust and loose paper become airborne, and small branches are moved. Small waves appear on the ocean
6 19 to 24 Fresh breeze: Small trees begin to sway and moderate waves form 7 25 to 31 Strong breeze: Large branches are in motion, and using an umbrella becomes difficult. Large waves begin to form
8 32 to 38 Near gale: Whole trees are in motion and walking against the wind can be hard. Foam from rising waves is blown in streaks
9 39 to 46 Gale: Walking is difficult, and twigs break off trees 10 47 to 54 Severe gale: Slight structural damage. Crests of waves begin to topple 11 55 to 63 Storm: Trees are uprooted and there is considerable damage to structures. Very high waves form in long, overhanging crests 12 63 to 72 Violent storm: Widespread damage. Exceptionally high waves form, and the ocean is completely covered in foam
Source: US Drought Monitor. https://www.weather.gov/mfl/beaufort

PAST EVENTS
Extreme Heat
Based on Cal-Adapt's historical information (1975 through 2004), the City experienced five extreme heat days yearly. During this same period, the City experienced a four-day heatwave approximately every four years.

In 2022, California experienced one of the worst heatwaves ever. From September 1st through September 9th, 2022, temperature records for September were shattered across the western portion of the United States, including Upland, where temperatures were reported as reaching 108° F. Prior to this, a heat wave in 1997 affected Southern California, causing five deaths.

Temperatures in Upland reached 108° F during this event. 71 Page 786 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Drought
The following sampling of droughts known to have affected the area we now call Southern California helps put the state's twentieth-century droughts into perspective. Most of the dates shown below are necessarily approximations.
• Griffin & Anchukaitis (2014) used reconstructed tree-ring data to estimate annual precipitation for California since 1200. Their study indicates there was a prolonged dry spell from about 1755 to 1820. Floods in 1825 were followed by a severe drought in 1827-29; drought returned in 1844-46.42
• The drought of 1862-64, following on the heels of the epic floods of 1861-62, drove home the final nail in the coffin of the rancho system in Southern California. More than 70% of cattle in Los Angeles County died of disease or starvation.43 • The great western drought of 1928-34 that gave us the term "Dust Bowl" was geographically centered in the Great Plains yet ultimately affected water supplies in California. The drought conditions in the Plains resulted in a large influx of people to the West Coast. Approximately 350,000 people from the Great Plains emigrated mainly to California's Central Valley.As more people moved into California, including Los Angeles County—increases in intensive agriculture led to overuse of the Santa Ana River watershed and groundwater, resulting in regional water shortages. • Yet another statewide drought began in 2012, featuring record-low Sierra snowpack, massive drawdowns of the State Water Project reservoirs, and rapid depletion of groundwater stocks that has led in some places (such as the San Joaquin Valley) to significant ground subsidence. A weak El Nino condition partly broke the drought in Northern California during the winter of 2015-16, but the drought continued in the southern part of the state for the better part of another year. According to the California Natural Resources Conservation Service, among the many effects of this drought was the extensive devastation of forests in the San Bernardino, San Jacinto, Palomar, and Sierra mountain ranges. The lack of rain and snow weakened millions of trees, making them susceptible to infestation by bark beetles.44 In turn, dry vegetation and beetle- infested trees are more susceptible to fire than healthy forests.

DWR-recorded hydrology shows that the most significant statewide droughts in the past century occurred during 1928-34 (mentioned above), 1976-77, 1987-92, 2007-09, and 2012-16.45 Figure 3-9 (above) shows that San Bernardino County has been in drought almost constantly over the past 24 years.
42 J.M. Guinn: Exceptional Years:A History of California Drought and Flood. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41167825.pdf 43 https://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-13/news/nc-7801cattle-industry 44 http://www.sbcounty.gov/calmast/sbc/cros/Docs/BarkBeetle112906ProgramLaunchFINAL2 .pdf 45 https://water.ca.gov/Water-Basics/Drought
72 Page 787 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Severe Wind
There have been several strong wind events recorded around the City of Upland. The following depicts some of these Santa Ana winds and other major windstorm events in the City, neighboring communities, San Bernardino County, and the surrounding region. Santa Ana wind events have been and will continue to be a hazard of concern for the City.46 • January 2-3, 2001: Santa Ana winds gusted at 52 mph in Ontario and 60 mph in Rialto.

The winds fan the Viejas Fire, which burned 5,500 acres. Trees and power lines were downed.
• February 8-10, 2002: Santa Ana winds gusted to 80 mph in Descanso, 78 mph in Fremont Canyon, and 76 mph in San Bernardino. On February 9, the winds blew over semis, felled trees, damaged several homes, destroyed 12 million pounds of avocados in northern San Diego County, and started numerous wildfires. Fallen power lines caused most of the wildfires, with the largest being the Gavilan Fire near Fallbrook that burned 5,763 acres and 45 homes.
• January 6-7, 2003: Very widespread Santa Ana winds blasted gusts of 100 mph in Fremont Canyon, 90 mph in Ontario, 80 mph in Upland, 72 mph in Trabuco Canyon, and 70 mph in Riverside. The storm left 2 dead and 11 injured, along with widespread property damage, road closures, power outages, fallen trees, wildfires, and crop damage.
• December 3, 2006: Offshore winds gusted to 92 mph, with seven gusts over 75 mph in northwest San Bernardino and gusts to 75 mph in Fremont Canyon. Downed power lines sparked a small fire in the Inland Empire. Sixteen power poles were downed in Valley Center.
• August 16, 2016: Gusty winds and low humidity swept through the Cajon Pass. Winds fanned the Blue Cut Fire into a fury on this day. The fire spread rapidly, forcing 84,000 mandatory evacuations and threatening 35,000 homes. Numerous roads were closed, including 1-15 in both directions for two days. The fire destroyed 105 homes and 313 smaller structures and scorched 36,274 acres before it was extinguished. • January 21-22, 2022: Strong Santa Anas peaked in the foothills of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains and adjacent valleys, ranging from 50 to 80+ mph. Numerous trees and power poles were downed in Upland, Ontario, and Claremont, crushing several vehicles, damaging homes, and knocking out power.
• October 29-31, 2023: Widespread, strong Santa Ana winds struck Southern California.

Worst hit were the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains and through northern portions of the Inland Empire and the Santa Ana Mountains. Top gusts touched 100 mph in the San Gabriels, and several foothill locations had gusts up to 70-80 mph. Very windy and dry conditions led to wildfires, including the Highland Fire, which burned nearly 2,500 acres near Aguanga.
46 "A History of Significant Weather Events in Southern California."National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 2017. https://www.weather.qov/media/sgx/documents/weatherhistory.pdf 73 Page 788 of 1000

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RISK OF FUTURE EVENTS
Extreme Heat
As temperatures rise throughout California, the number of extreme heat days will also increase.

According to Cal-Adapt data (which relies on NOAA data sources), the City historically (1965- 2004) experienced an average of five extreme heat days annually. That number increases to 17 days annually through 2035-2064. Cal-Adapt projects that the City may experience an annual average of 25 extreme heat days by 2070-2099, with a 30-year range of 4 to 50 days a year. For this planning period, the HMPC determined that the probability of extreme heat events was considered Possible (see Table 3-3), however the City anticipates that this probability will increase in future planning periods to come.

Drought
Given California's centuries-old boom/bust relationship with water and drought, it's nearly certain that Southern California in general and Upland in particular will continue to experience cycles of extreme drought punctuated by brief periods of torrential rain. Climate change (see below) will likely alter the specifics but won't change the overall theme. Drought conditions regularly affect Southern California and are expected to occur multiple times during the planning period. Based on historical drought declarations, regional climate projections, and US Drought Monitor trends, drought is considered a highly likely hazard affecting the entirety of Upland.

Upland relies on both local groundwater and imported water supplies; prolonged regional drought conditions could affect water availability within the planning area. For this planning period, the HMPC determined that the probability of drought was considered Possible to Likely (see Table 3-3). Based on these trends, the City anticipates this probability will increase in future planning periods to come.

Severe Wind
Given the region's history of windstorm events in nearby cities, it is highly likely that wind events will continue to impact the city. The most probable source of wind events in the future will likely originate from the Santa Ana winds or extreme storms. All expectations are that the probability of windstorm events occurring again in the future is Highly Likely (see Table 3-3).

CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Extreme Heat
The primary effect of climate change is warmer average temperatures. The hottest years on record have occurred since 2000, with 2024 and 2023 in the top spots.47 As climate change accelerates in the 21st century, extreme heat events are anticipated to become more frequent and intense in the city. The projection is that Upland's extreme heat days could increase between 14 and 20 days annually by 2100, and the City can expect a shift in residential and business needs for cooling and addressing heat-related issues. 47 "Topic:Temperature Rankings."NOAA. https://www.noaa.gov/topic-tags/temperature-rankings 74 Page 789 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Drought
If as predicted, climate change brings more of what Upland already has, the City can look forward to longer and deeper droughts, more punishing torrential rainstorms, more heat waves, and heavier winds. Drought may become a chronic scourge we endure rather than a periodic condition we manage.

Severe Wind
It is anticipated that the atmospheric rivers that deliver storms to Southern California may intensify because of climate change. While the average number of storms in Southern California will remain the same, storms are expected to increase in intensity between 10 and 20 percent.48 This increase in storm intensity may also bring more intense winds to the Southern California region, including Upland.

Studies indicate that climate change may affect Santa Ana wind events in varying ways, but it is unknown whether the frequency and intensity of events may be some of those ways.

According to one study that examined two global climate models, there's a projected increase in future Santa Ana events. However, other studies have found that the number of Santa Ana events may decrease by about 20% in the future.49 Given the anticipated increases in temperatures throughout the region, future events are expected to become more severe in some cases, even if the number of events decreases.

Hazard Profile: Infrastructure Failure

DESCRIPTION
Power Failure
A power failure is an event that occurs within an electric power system when the total real or reactive power of the power plants in the system is insufficient to supply all consumers with electric power of the required quality. These events are considered a lifeline system failure.

These failures can be the primary hazard or can directly result from another hazard, such as an earthquake, extreme weather event, or flood. These failures can also be simultaneous with other lifeline system failures such as natural gas, communication, drinking water, wastewater disposal, or transportation. Power failure can exacerbate and or create detrimental effects on these operational and lifeline systems. For this hazard profile discussion, energy/power failure incidents are the primary hazard of concern; however, power failure associated with other hazard events is a concern for many of the other hazards profiled in this Plan.

Generally, these power failure events are the direct result of events beyond the control of the City. These events often occur during a time of extreme demand/need for power, such as an extreme heatwave that creates an enormous strain on the power grid as residents try to stay cool. Most of these energy outages are short-term but can last for weeks if the situation is dire.

0.8 Oskin, B. (2014).Atmospheric Rivers to Soak California as Climate Warms. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/49225- atmospheric-rivers-double-climate-change.html
49 Hall,Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles).2018. Los Angeles Summary Report.

California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment. https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Reg%20Report- %20SUM-CCCA4-2018-007%20LosAngeles ADA.pdf
75 Page 790 of 1000

There are three types of power/energy failures or outages; each is categorized based on duration and the actual effect of the failure/outage event:
1) Permanent: A massive loss of power typically caused by a fault on a powerline.

However, power is restored automatically once the fault has been cleared. 2) Brownout: A sag (or drop) in voltage in an electrical power supply. They can cause equipment or various operational systems to perform poorly. 3) Blackout: A total loss of power in an area. The worst form of a power outage. Blackouts can last from a few minutes to multiple weeks, depending on the nature of the causal event and the configuration of the actual electric network.

Public Safety Power Shutoff
A Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) is a practice that Southern California Edison (SCE, provider of electricity for Upland) and other utility companies may use to preemptively shut off power in high fire hazard areas to reduce fire risk during extreme and potentially dangerous weather conditions (hot, dry, and windy). According to the SCE50, PSPS events are the last resort option in a line of operational procedures employed to mitigate fire risk when conditions warrant. In considering whether to shut off power to lines in affected areas, SCE considers the following factors, which may include, but are not limited to:
• The National Weather Service has issued Red Flag Warnings for counties with SCE circuits in High Fire Risk Areas.
• Ongoing assessments from the SCE in-house meteorologists regarding the local wind speed, humidity, and temperature conditions are informed by strategically deployed weather stations.
• Real-time situational awareness information from highly trained personnel positioned locally in High Fire Risk Areas identified as at risk for extreme weather conditions. • Input from SCE fire management experts regarding any ongoing firefighting efforts. • Specific concerns from local and state fire authorities regarding the potential consequences of wildfires in select locations.
• Awareness of mandatory or voluntary evacuation orders in place. • Expected impact of de-energizing circuits on essential services, such as public safety agencies, water pumps, traffic controls, etc.
• Other operational considerations to minimize potential wildfire ignitions.

In advance of PSPS events, SCE will inform local governments about the PSPS protocol, including the location of circuits in their jurisdictions that may be shut off during an event.

Notification is provided to residents 48 hours before the potential PSPS event, with follow-up notification occurring 24 hours before the power is shut off. Notifications will be made throughout the outage when power has been shut off and then finally again when it is restored. However, as extreme weather can be unpredictable, sometimes advance notification and coordination °° Wildfire and PSPS Fact Sheets. https://www.sce.com/wildfire/psps 76 Page 791 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland don't conform to this protocol. Notification may occur by phone call, text, the SCE.com website, email, and/or social media accounts.51

LOCATION AND EXTENT
Power Failure
The entire city of Upland is vulnerable to power failure. Most power failure events, as stated earlier, are not necessarily caused by humans. An overwhelming demand for power due to accidents, equipment malfunction/failure, weather conditions, or other natural hazards the City is susceptible to can be the catalyst that creates a loss of power.

According to the California Energy Commission, electricity is transmitted to the distribution network from transmission lines that originate from outside city limits from multiple 220-287kV transmission lines north of the City. The transmission lines terminate into the Upland Substation, and the neighboring city of Claremont (Figure 3-10). From these sources, power is then distributed to the City through a series of under 100kV distribution lines running through the city, generally in an east-west direction.

Figure 3-10. U.S. Electric Power Transmission Lines in Upland s
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Power failure can occur in only small areas of the City, such as a single location or neighborhood, or the entire grid could fail, suddenly causing the entire City to lose power. Power failure is indiscriminate in who, where, and what it affects; however, locations with older infrastructure or infrastructure located above ground may be more susceptible to weather- 51 "SCE's 2020 Planning for Public Safety Power Shutoffs(PSPS)". https://www.sce.com/sites/default/files/2020- 06/SCE%E2%80%99s%202020%2OPSPS%20Preparations.pdf
77 Page 792 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland related hazards. The duration of these power failures completely depends on the severity of the actual cause of the power loss and what's required to repair the issue or issues.

The electricity industry operated for years through "vertically integrated utilities" that owned generation, transmission, and distribution, and typically had monopolies in their designated service areas. In 1996, the Federal Regulatory Commission issued orders 888 and 889 requiring utilities with transmission infrastructure to provide nondiscriminatory access to all transmission customers. One way for a utility company to comply with this new requirement was to allow an independent system operator (ISO) to operate its transmission system for the company. ISOs don't own electricity transmitted over the grid, and they allow market participants to transmit electricity at the best available price. In 1998, because of Order 888 and California state legislation AB 1890, the California ISO was incorporated as a nonprofit public benefit corporation to fulfill this mission. ISOs are often compared to air traffic controllers, as they independently manage the traffic on a power grid they do not own, much like air traffic controllers manage airplane traffic in the airways and on airport runways.

California ISO is one of nine independent system operators in North America (Figure 3-11).

Collectively, they deliver over 2.2 million gigawatt-hours of electricity each year and oversee more than 26,000 miles of high-voltage power lines. These independent grid operators serve two-thirds of the United States.52
Figure 3-11. All Independent System Operators (ISOs) in North America

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Public Safety Power Shutoff
PSPS is based on circuits that provide power for certain areas. Each circuit has a name. During a Red Flag Warning or other weather event that poses a threat to a High Fire Risk Area, SCE will evaluate the state of its circuits in high-risk areas. If it finds an unacceptable risk in a particular circuit area, it will plan to de-energize that circuit when necessary. This will deprive the area served by that circuit of power until the PSPS conditions diminish. 52 California ISO website:"ISO History." http://www.caiso.com/about/Pages/OurBusiness/ISO-history.aspx 78 Page 793 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Customers who don't live in high fire risk areas may also be affected because of the way the electrical grid is interconnected.

There are five SCE circuits providing service to the City and the surrounding region: Ferrara, Faro, Parina, Santorini, and Tully. While the Ferrara circuit primarily serves Upland the remaining circuits can potentially impact portions of the city should a PSPS event occur in the greater region and neighboring cities.

The City faces potential PSPS events in these areas. This potential is exacerbated during the hot and dry summer/fall months, especially when significant Santa Ana wind events occur. The City needs to anticipate and prepare for the potential effects of these events, including power degradation, an influx of people from neighboring communities/cities affected by power loss and/or evacuation, and increased calls for service.

PAST EVENTS
Power Failure
Due to maintenance actions or infrastructure faults, small-scale power failures frequently occur throughout Southern California. On several occasions, Upland has lost power due to human- caused errors and natural hazards. These small-bore events may affect a few dozen to a few hundred people, typically for a few hours.

The most damaging power failures tend to occur on a regional scale, affecting Upland residents and businesses depending on the location of the failure. California has experienced some major statewide and regional energy failures due to various reasons, including:
• December 1982 (near Tracy, California): Loss of a transmission tower, two 500-kV lines, and a pair of 230-kV lines. Five million people were affected. (Equipment failure)53 • October 1989 (Loma Prieta Earthquake): Loss of substations; 1.4 million people impacted. (Seismic event)54
• August 1996 (region): Cascading impacts from loss of power from 1996 North American Blackouts.55
• December 1998 (San Francisco): Loss of substations, impacting 350,000 buildings and 940,000 people. (Infrastructure failure, human error)56 • 2000 (statewide): Power outages. (electricity crisis)57 53 "The 3 Worst Power Outages in the History of the U.S". https://www.a-1-electric.com/the-3-worst-power-outages-in-the- history-of-the-u-s/
54 Eguchi, R.T.;Seligson, H.A. (1994), "Lifeline perspectives"Practical lessons from the Loma Prieta earthquake, National Academies Press.
55 Venkatasubramanian, Mani V. (2003-08-20) "Analyzing Blackout Events: Experience from the Major Western Blackouts in 1996."
56 "Technician's error caused 1998 outage" https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Technician-s-error-caused-1998-outage-1- death-2595806.php
57 Sweeney,James L.2002."The California Electricity Crisis: Lessons for the Future." https://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/OurEnergyFuture/TheCaliforniaElectricityCrisisLessonsfortheFuture.aspx 79 Page 794 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland • 2011 (Southwest Blackout): Cascading impacts from the loss of power from the 23 distinct events on 5 separate power grids impacted 1.4 million people. This was the largest power failure in California history.58
• July 2017 (Los Angeles): An explosion at a power plant caused widespread outages in San Fernando Valley.59
Public Safety Power Shutoff
PSPS-related power losses have become a regular event during fire events throughout California and are nearly too many to mention. The latest major examples happened during the January 2025 Eaton and Palisades fires, when up to 1.2 million Los Angeles County residents were without power on January 8. Additional fires and PSPS activations in Ventura, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties affected more than 2.1 million customers at 11:30 a.m. that day.60 Hundreds of thousands of people remained without electrical service until late in January.

RISK OF FUTURE EVENTS
Power Failure
Today, several mechanisms are in place to monitor, manage, and adapt to changing conditions and demands to help reduce and/or eliminate energy failures. California and regional organizations such as Cal ISO, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Western Electricity Coordinating Council, North American Electric Reliability Corporation, California Public Utilities Commission, and the California Energy Commission are focused on energy production, use, and management. Each agency plays a role in planning, managing, and coordinating the allocation of energy within California.

Upland may experience a power failure anytime and anywhere throughout the year. The probability of it occurring again will always be present, as the City depends on electricity to function. As depicted in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the future probability of a significant power failure is considered Possible (see Table 3-3).

Public Safety Power Shutoff
As mentioned previously, PSPS operations have become common parts of the many wildfires California experiences each year. As electric utilities continue to be hit by multi-million-dollar fines when their equipment causes or contributes to the start of a fire, they will become more aggressive in shutting off circuits whenever conditions show the possibility of a fire near their transmission towers, transformers, and distribution lines. Those conditions aren't going away.

As depicted in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the future probability of a PSPS event is considered Likely (see Table 3-3).
58 Medina,Jennifer(September 10,2011)"Human Error Investigated in California Blackout's Spread to Six Million".The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/10/us/10power.html 59 DWP Plant Explosion Causes Massive Power Outage In San Fernando Valley, https://laist.com/news/dwp-plant-explosion- causes-massive
6o https://www.kget.com/news/millions-without-power-in-southern-california-map-shows-latest-outages/ 80 Page 795 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Power Failure
Projections of changing climatic conditions through the end of the century suggest that the City should address future power failure concerns. Energy demand is not expected to increase significantly throughout the City due to compliance with updated codes and requirements; however, electricity production occurs outside the City, reducing opportunities for Upland to be energy independent. To better address power failure, Upland's current and future climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts should prioritize energy efficiency measures, generating energy locally from clean and renewable sources, and building reliability & redundancy using the latest energy storage and backup systems technologies.

Public Safety Power Shutoff
As mentioned in the Hazard Profile: Fire section of this document, climate change is likely to intensify and accelerate the conditions that lead to major wildland and WUI fires. This means that more, larger fires will start more often and spread farther and faster. In turn, this will force increasingly risk-averse electric utilities to use PSPS more aggressively not only to lower the fire risk, but also to lower the risk of being held liable for the start or spread of fires.

Hazard Profile: Flood

DESCRIPTION
Surface Flooding
Flooding occurs when an area becomes inundated with more water than it can drain in a specified period. This can range from a small, confined area—such as a grassy field in a park that floods for a few hours after a rainstorm—to whole city sections, such as streets becoming impassable because of floodwaters.

When floods are small, they may represent only a minor inconvenience as some recreational pathways and curb cuts become flooded. These smaller instances of flooding, where water collects into pools of standing water, are referred to as "ponding." On the other hand, larger flood events can hamper a city's operations. For example, if multiple streets flood simultaneously, the results could prevent emergency workers from reaching people who need assistance. Flooding can also damage critical infrastructure. For instance, unprotected electronic equipment can short-circuit if it becomes inundated by floodwaters. This could lead to outages in street lighting, traffic signals, and even city and government computer systems.

Flooding has many potential causes. In Southern California, the primary cause of flooding is usually heavy rain occurring during the winter storm season. Most precipitation in California arrives either via atmospheric rivers or the ENSO cycle. Atmospheric rivers are channels of moist air located high in the atmosphere. The ENSO cycle is a regional meteorological phenomenon in the southern Pacific Ocean consisting of ocean water and air temperature variations. These variations give rise to two distinct phases: El Nino, the warm and wet phase, and La Nina, the dry and cold phase. When the El Nino phase is active, California will likely receive higher-than-normal precipitation levels. These higher-than-normal levels of rainfall can 81 Page 796 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland quickly overwhelm the capacity of certain sections of land to drain the precipitation before the rainwater begins to pool effectively.

A failure in infrastructure may also cause flooding. For example, a water main or sewage pipeline that bursts could cause flooding if left uncontained for a significant period of time. A more serious infrastructure failure, such as the failure of dams, reservoirs, or levees, could cause extensive flooding.

Dam and Levee Failure
Dam, reservoir, and levee failure can result from several causes, such as earthquakes, rapidly rising floodwaters, and structural design flaws. These hazards can occur instantaneously or very gradually, depending on the source of the failure. Inundation associated with these events can cause loss of life, damage property, and result in other impacts, such as displacement of persons residing in the inundation path and loss of critical infrastructure.

LOCATION AND EXTENT
Surface Flooding
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designates which areas in the United States are susceptible to flooding and how likely they are to experience flooding. FEMA uses a complex classification system to categorize the level of risk for each section of land. The two most well-known measures of flood event likelihood are the 100-year flood and 500-year flood zones. These designations don't refer to floods that occur every 100 or 500 years but to the likelihood of occurring yearly. For example, a 100-year flood zone has a 1 in 100—or 1 chance—of occurring in any given year, while a 500-year zone has a 1 in 500—or 0.2% chance—of occurring in any given year. These likelihood measures are combined with each locale's specific geography to produce specific flood "zone" designations. Table 3-13 shows a detailed list of all the flood zone categories used by FEMA.

TABLE 3-13: FEMA FLOODPLAIN ZONES
Zone Description
A Within a 100-year flood plain, but the water height of the 100-year flood is not known.

Al-30 or AE Within a 100-year flood plain and the water height of the 100-year flood is known.

AO Within a 100-year flood plain, and the water height of the 100-year flood is between one and three feet but not specifically known.

A99 Within a 100-year flood plain, protected by flood protection infrastructure I such as dams or levees.

AH Within a 100-year flood plain, and the water height of the 100-year flood is between one and three feet and is specifically known.

AR Within a 100-year flood plain, protected by flood protection infrastructure that is not currently effective, but is being rebuilt to provide protection.

V Within a 100-year flood plain for coastal floods, but the water height of the flood is not known.

V1-30 or VE Within a 100-year flood plain for coastal floods and the water height of the flood is known.
82 Page 797 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland VO Within a 100-year flood plain for shallow coastal floods with a height between one and three feet.
l3 Within a 500-year flood plain, or within a 100-year flood plain with a water height less than one foot (found on older maps)
C Outside of the 500-year flood plain (found on older maps) X Outside of the 500-year flood plain (found on newer maps) X500 Within a 500-year flood plain, or within a 100-year flood plain with a water height less than one foot (found on newer maps)
D Within an area with a potential and undetermined flood hazard.

M Within an area at risk of mudslides from a 100-year flood event.

N Within an area at risk of mudslides from a 500-year flood event.

P Within an area at risk of mudslides from a potential and undetermined flood event.

E Within an area at risk of erosion from a 100-year flood event.

FEMA also uses Base Flood Elevation (BFE)to determine the minimum depth of the floodwaters during one of these flood events. For example, an area with a three-foot BFE can expect to see a minimum floodwater depth of three feet with potentially additional depth in particularly severe flood events.

FEMA has designated most of Upland as lying within Zone "X," generally meaning the City isn't in danger of a 500-year flood. The City is at risk from the kind of urban flooding caused by unusually high amounts of rain, overwhelming the storm drains and flood control channels.

The City of Upland participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) with FEMA through annual mapping review and building compliance activities. The City continues to maintain compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program.

Table 3-14 identifies relevant data regarding Upland from the NFIP.

TABLE 3-14: NFIP DATA FOR UPLAND
Total Number of Policies: 23
Total Premiums: $17,861
Coverage in Force: $7,640,000
Total Number of Closed Paid Losses: 19
$ of Closed Paid Losses: $184,044.96
#of Repetitive Loss (RL) Properties 1
#of Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) Properties 0
CRS Class Rating —
Source: FEMA( https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets#nfip) , 2025 Figure 3-12 depicts the city's 100-year, and 500-year flood zones as mapped by FEMA.

Dam and Levee Failure
Inundation from the following dams and reservoirs could potentially result in flooding in Upland in the event of failure.
83 Page 798 of 1000

2( City of Upland
The San Antonio Dam, located at the northwest corner of San Antonio Heights, is owned and operated by the Los Angeles District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It's normally empty except during or immediately after periods of significant runoff. Inundation of Upland due to dam failure is considered unlikely unless dam failure occurs due to a combination of two relatively rare events: significant seismic activity on the Cucamonga Fault and unseasonal precipitation.

Other potential threats of water release come from four Ontario-owned/operated water reservoirs located within Upland's city limits:
• 13th Street and Campus Avenue
• 8th Street and Campus Avenue
• Euclid Avenue and 8th Street
• Fern Avenue and 8th Street
Figure 3-13 shows the projected inundation zones associated with uncontrolled releases from San Antonio and other local dams. Inundation zones shown in Figure 3-13 represent areas that could experience rapid flooding, high-velocity flows, debris impacts, roadway overtopping, and damage to structures and infrastructure following a catastrophic dam release event. Flood depths and velocities would vary depending on topography and proximity to flood conveyance paths. Low-lying areas nearest primary drainage channels and flood control facilities could experience the greatest inundation depths and flow velocities, while peripheral areas may experience shallower flooding, localized runoff, roadway closures, and utility disruptions.

Potential impacts include structural damage, erosion, transportation disruptions, and threats to life safety.

Table 3-15 summarizes the potential extent and severity of impacts associated with each dam affecting the planning area. San Antonio Dam has a Dam Safety Action Classification (DSAC) rating of II.

TABLE 3-15: DSAC RATINGS
Rating
Number Rating Name Description
I Urgent and Dams where progression toward failure is confirmed to be taking Compelling place under normal operations, and the dam is almost certain to (Unsafe) fail under normal operations within a time frame from immediately to within a few years without intervention; or the combination of life or economic consequences with probability of failure is extremely high.

II Urgent Dams where failure could begin during normal operations or (Unsafe or be initiated because of an event. The likelihood of failure from one Potentially Unsafe) of these occurrences before remediation is too high to ensure public safety, or the combination of life or economic
consequences with the probability of failure is very high.

III High Priority Dams that have issues where the dam is significantly inadequate, (Conditionally or the combination of life, economic, or environmental Unsafe) consequences with probability of failure is moderate to high.

IV Priority Dams are inadequate with low risk, such that the combination of (Marginally Safe) life, economic, or environmental consequences with a probability of failure is low, and the dam may not meet all essential USACE engineering guidelines.

V Normal Dams are considered adequately safe, meeting all essential (Adequately Safe) agency guidelines, and the residual risk is considered tolerable. 84 Page 799 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 3-12. FEMA-Designated 100- and 500- Year Flood Zones in Upland Aim.-4,sL
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85 Page 800 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 3-13. Projected Dam Inundation Zones In and Around Upland mountain -- ' - a�
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86 Page 801 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

PAST EVENTS
Surface Flooding
Upland has experienced repeated flooding incidents resulting from unusually high volumes of rain falling in a short period. Two occurrences in 2016 and 2019 saw flooding on Euclid Avenue and Mountain Avenue, respectively. In 2022, 9.14 inches of rain fell on Lytle Creek in the San Gabriel Mountains in the 48 hours prior to November 8, while 7.2 inches fell on San Sevane Flats nearby. Local creeks filled, joining the runoff from significant rains on the 8th (Ontario Airport reported 1.61 inches on that day) and causing storm channels to overflow. San Bernardino Fire reported making swift-water rescues in Devore, Upland, and Ontario. At least one person drowned during the storm.61
Ponding events can occur on any flat surface where sufficient drainage is unavailable. These include parking lots, landscaped areas, lawns, or roadways. Since ponding is so small in scale, it's impossible to predict exactly where in the City they will occur or how severe they will be.

Dam and Levee Failure
California's dam infrastructure varies in age (some are decades old, while others are more recently constructed), type, and size. While there have been no recorded dam failure events in Upland, there have been several catastrophic dam failure events in California. • San Francisquito Canyon Dam. One of the earliest dam failures in California history.

The dam experienced a structural failure due to insufficient geotechnical engineering analysis, resulting in inadequate construction by the then-Los Angeles Bureau of Water Works and Supply. At midnight on March 13, 1928, the 205-foot-tall structure failed catastrophically, unleashing a 120-foot-high wave of water traveling 18 miles per hour down the San Francisquito Canyon. By 5:30 AM, the wave had traveled 54 miles from the dam site to the Pacific Ocean, killing at least 438 people, razing towns, and destroying infrastructure. Victims' bodies were reportedly recovered from the ocean as far south as the Mexican border. The disaster is considered one of the worst engineering failures in US history.62
• Baldwin Hills Dam. December 14, 1963, a structural failure in the dam caused a breach that unleashed 250 million gallons of reservoir water. Diligent work by maintenance crews detected the developing failure in the dam four hours before it was breached. With the cooperation of local law enforcement, they successfully evacuated and saved nearly 1,500 people downstream from the reservoir. Five lives were lost, 65 homes were destroyed, and nearly $11 million worth of property damage was incurred.63 • Brea Dam. The Brea Dam failed on February 22, 2005, following an extensive episode of winter rains, causing water to spill over its crest. The Fullerton Golf Course and 61 Floodlist.com."USA—1 Dead,2 Missing After Record Rain Triggers Floods in California." https://floodlist.com/america/usa/floods-southern-california-november-2022 62 Riley, K. March 2018. 90 Years Later,the St. Francis Dam Failure Remains a Vital Safety Lesson.Association of State Dam Safety Officials. https://damsafety.org/sites/default/files/files/StFrancis DecadeAnniv%202018.pdf 63 Association of State Dam Safety Officials. Case Study: Baldwin Hills Dam. https://damfailures_org/case-study/baldwin-hills- dam/
87 Page 802 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland sections of Bastanchury Road were flooded with water, but no lives were lost. The golf course was damaged, and the floodwaters eroded an adjacent storm channel.64 • Oroville Dam. In February 2017, the collapse of concrete in the main spillway caused a 60-foot-deep hole to develop in the lower third of the spillway during normal operations undertaken to lower the reservoir before a moderately large storm. A subsequent storm and the inability to fully use the primary spillway led to the filling of the reservoir and its unlined (natural) emergency spillway for the first time. After two days of usage, erosion of the unlined hillside and head cutting (erosion upstream towards the earthen dam), as well as concerns regarding the stability of the emergency spillway, caused an evacuation of nearly 200,000 people downstream. This prompted immediate repairs and a re- evaluation of this dam facility and many others throughout the State of California.65

RISK OF FUTURE EVENTS
Surface Flooding
Localized instances of ponding occur at least annually or multiple times a year in cities across Southern California. During drought periods, precipitation levels may decrease and lower the likelihood of ponding. In most years, though, it is almost certain that Upland will experience some type of flood event. Larger-scale flood events have been rare in Upland. However, Upland could experience some degree of large-scale flooding with inundation levels greater than one foot in depth during a particularly severe rainstorm or after a dam failure. All expectations are that the probability of floods/storms occurring again in the future is likely.As discussed in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the annual probability of surface flooding occurring is Likely (see Table 3-3).

Dam and Levee Failure
Due to the presence of several dams and reservoirs near Upland, areas of the City could be at risk of inundation should a significant dam failure occur. The potential consequences of dam failure include death or injury, displacement of people from their homes, damage to existing public and private buildings and infrastructure, loss of utility services, loss of government services, and economic losses. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers evaluates and rates dams based on confirmed or unconfirmed safety issues, the probability of failure, and the potential consequences. Due to embankment erosion, the Army Corps of Engineers' Dam Safety Program has given the structure a DSAC II rating, which means it has a high risk of failure without remediation efforts. As depicted in Hazard Scoring Table 3-4 (above), the annual probability of dam/levee failure occurring is Unlikely (see Table 3-3). 64 Rancho Santiago Community College District. nd. Part IV-D—Dam Failure. https://rsccd.edu/Departments/Risk- Management/Documents/Risk%20Management/IV-D%20Dam%20Failure.pdf 65 California Office of Emergency Services.2023.California State Hazard Mitigation Plan. https://www.caloes.ca.gov/cal-oes- divisions/hazard-mitigation/hazard-mitigation-planning/state-hazard-mitigation-plan 88 Page 803 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

CLIMATE CHANGE CONSIDERATIONS
Surface Flooding
Climate change is expected to exacerbate the conditions leading to Upland's urban flooding.

Climate change will cause more intense local, regional, and global weather patterns, intensifying atmospheric rivers.At this time, it is unknown exactly how climate change will impact ENSO frequency, but its effects are anticipated to become more intense. Winter storm precipitation amounts in Southern California will increase based on atmospheric rivers and ENSO changes. This increases the likelihood of an exceptional rain event in Upland that could overwhelm the capacity of the region's flood control system to contain and drain all the precipitation.

Due to climate change, droughts are also expected to increase in length and frequency. Soils dried by extensive drought periods are less able to absorb and drain water, likely increasing the possibility of floods. Overall, climate change is expected to create conditions that will raise the likelihood of flooding in Upland.

Dam and Levee Failure
Climate change could increase the risk of dam failure in the future. More intense rainstorms may increase the likelihood of reservoir infrastructure becoming overwhelmed, including the dams that control floodwaters from inundating Upland and the rest of San Bernardino County.

Indirectly, increased climate change-induced rains may cause more erosion, compromising dams' structural integrity and the foundation on which they sit. 89 Page 804 of 1000

CHAPTER 4 -

THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Each of the hazards discussed in Chapter 3 can have varying effects on different populations and community assets in Upland. For example, while an extreme heat event will be equally severe across all of Upland and some people may be harmed more than others. This chapter analyzes how various hazard conditions may affect Upland and which populations and community assets face greater threats.

Threat Assessment Process
The threat assessment process looks at the harm that a hazard may cause to three different groups: the physical threat to key facilities, the threat to vulnerable populations, and the threat to any other community assets (noncritical facilities, key services, etc.).

CRITICAL FACILITIES AND FACILITIES OF CONCERN
Critical facilities (CFs) consist of properties and structures that play important roles in government operations and their services to the community. Examples of CFs include:
• Local government offices and yards
• Community centers
• Public safety buildings, such as police and fire stations • Schools
• Any other properties a city deems essential for its operations CFs may also serve dual roles if a city designates them as public assembly points during an emergency. A public entity often owns CFs, but many are owned and operated privately, such as utilities and telecommunication infrastructure. FOCs are facilities that play an important role in a city but aren't critical to its function. These can be city-owned or privately owned facilities, such as senior assisted living homes, parks, and storage facilities, to name a few.

The HMPC identified 87 CFs and 107 FOCs in Upland that fall into three categories based on their function or characteristics. Table 4-1 shows the number of CFs and FOCs in each category, the total estimated value of the facilities in each category, and examples of the facilities in each category.Appendix D has a complete list of the CFs and FOCs. Figure 4-1 displays the location of the CFs and FOCs in Upland.

The potential loss value is the total insured value of the CFs that fall within the hazard zone. It is intended to estimate a replacement cost if the property is completely or severely damaged.

The actual repair costs could be smaller or larger than the provided estimate. The data relies on the City's insured asset values; therefore, information about facilities not owned by the City isn't shown (e.g., bridges, private buildings). In some instances, replacement cost information wasn't made available. Where this occurs, "N/A" is used in the table. 90 Page 805 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland WinIIMIM TABLE 4-1: CRITICAL FACILITIES AND FACILITIES OF CONCERN Number of Facilities
Type Critical Concern Potential Loss
City facility 23 2 $33,997,380
Community Center/Facility 0 6 $11,450,650
Infrastructure 64 0 $76,640,650
Medical Facility 0 5 **
Parks Facility 0 23 $5,811,980
Schools 0 17 **
Transportation Infrastructure 0 4 $1,340,900
Other 0 50 $42,794,320
TOTAL 87 107 $172,035,880
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values ** Replacement values are unavailable as they are not City-owned.

Based on the available data provided by the City, there's a minimum of$172,035,880 worth of City-owned assets. The greatest potential for loss among the City-owned assets comes from the "Infrastructure" category. The next category with the greatest loss potential is the "Other Facilities of Concern" category, followed by the "City Facility" category.

To better understand the magnitude of impacts, this Plan identifies representative percentages of potential impact based on the total valuation of City assets. For planning purposes, it's reasonable to assume that impacts wouldn't exceed 50°/0 of the total asset value citywide. The following are parameters to help understand how much a proposed investment/improvement compares to the existing assets within the City:
• 1% Impact: $1,720,359
• 5% Impact: $8,601,794
• 10% Impact: $17,203,588
• 20% Impact: $34,407,176
• 50% Impact: $86,017,940
The likelihood of simultaneous 100% damage to all facilities is extremely remote. Most impacts are anticipated to be isolated to specific locations based on the hazard. This estimate doesn't include the value of the City's underground infrastructure and surface drainage facilities. 91 Page 806 of 1000

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92 Page 807 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
Factors such as age (children or elderly residents), physical and/or mental condition, socioeconomic status, access to key services, and many other factors affect the ability of people to prepare for and protect themselves and their property from a hazard event. Even though some hazard events may impact all parts of Upland equally, people may experience the impacts differently. Higher-income households, for instance, are more likely to afford the cost of retrofitting their homes to resist flooding or move to a location that's less prone to flooding than a lower-income household. As a result, a higher-income household is less likely to experience significant damage during a flood event than a lower-income household, even if the same amount of rain falls on both.

A social threat analysis examines how hazard events are likely to impact different demographic populations in Upland and where these different populations live in the City. This includes assessing whether the people in an area of an elevated hazard risk are more likely than the average person to be considered a threatened population. The social threat analysis uses the following criteria to assess the threat to vulnerable populations:
• Disability status: Persons with disabilities may have reduced mobility and experience difficulties living independently. As a result, they may have little or no ability to prepare for and mitigate hazard conditions without assistance from others. • Income levels: Lower-income households are less likely to have the financial resources to implement mitigation activities on their residences. Another challenge may be finding adequate time to research and access educational resources about hazard mitigation strategies. Furthermore, lower-income households are less likely to have the necessary resources to move to safer areas less at risk of being impacted by a hazard. The national poverty limit standard for the U.S. for a four-person family is approximately an income of$35,750 or less. For Orange County, the FY 2022 Low-Income Limit for a four-person family, according to Housing and Urban Development (HUD), is $108,400. • Seniors (individuals at least 65 years of age): Seniors are more likely to have reduced mobility, physical and/or mental disabilities, and lower income levels, all of which may decrease their ability to prepare for and mitigate a hazard event.

Table 4-2 shows the metrics for Upland residents who meet at least one of the criteria for threatened populations.

The social threat analysis also shows the threat other populations may encounter. For example, people experiencing homelessness or people without access to lifelines (vehicles or communication networks) may experience greater hardship in evacuating or recovering from a disaster. Since data for these groups aren't readily available, there's no definitive way to determine the number of people in areas of elevated risk. This assessment will discuss how these other threatened groups may also be affected on a general level. 93 Page 808 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 4-2: UPLAND VULNERABLE POPULATION METRICS I Vulnerable Population Metric Community-Wide Data Population 80,710
Households 28,775
Median household income $108,029
Renter households 43.1%
Percentage of households with at least one person living with a disability 24.7% Percentage of households living under the poverty limit 11.2% Percentage of households with one-member aged 65+ 31.0% Area affected by hazard 15.67 sq miles
Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau Estimates

DATA LIMITATIONS AND NOTES ON VULNERABILITY TABLES
Due to data limitations, the data comparing the hazard zone population with the citywide population comes from two separate sources. The citywide data comes from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS); the hazard-zone population data comes from ESRI's Business Analyst reports. As a result, there may be minor discrepancies when comparing the two data sets. The data relies on readily available 2024 U.S. Census Survey Projections and the 2018-2022 U.S. ACS. Chapter 2 identifies additional census-related information, which may differ from the data in this Chapter based on the data available for the analysis.

OTHER ASSETS
In addition to the City's designated inventory of CFs/FOCs and vulnerable populations, hazard events could threaten other important assets to Upland. These assets may include services, artistic or cultural landmarks, or local economic activities. The threat assessment describes the potential harm to these other assets based on available information.

DISASTER DECLARATION CONNECTIONS
FEMA has issued the following major disasters, emergency declarations, and fire management assistance grants (Table 4-3) in San Bernardino County. While none of these events directly affected the City or required the activation of the Emergency Operations Center(EOC), it should be noted that City staff did participate in online meetings with the Regional EOC and regularly updated WebEOC (software platform for emergency management) with new information. Any incident type not listed in the table indicates that there were no declarations in San Bernardino County of that incident type (since 2020). Past events identified in this Plan have been identified in connection with these events in the "Past Events" sections within each Hazard Profile located in Chapter 3 of this Plan.
94 Page 809 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland V TABLE 4-3. DISASTER DECLARATIONS — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY (2020-2025) Declaration Affected Activated EOC
Year Number Declaration Title Incident Type the City or Requested PA 2024 FM-5537-CA BRIDGE FIRE Fire No No 2024 FM-5535-CA LINE FIRE Fire No No

CALIFORNIA SEVERE

WINTER STORMS,
2024 DR-4769-CA TORNADOES, FLOODING, Severe Storm No No

LANDSLIDES, AND

MUDSLIDES
2023 DR-4750-CA CALIFORNIA TROPICAL Severe Storm No No

STORM HILARY

SEVERE WINTER

STORMS, STRAIGHT-LINE
2023 DR-4699-CA WINDS, FLOODING, Severe Storm No No

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MUDSLIDES

SEVERE WINTER
2023 EM-3591-CA STORMS, FLOODING, Flood No No

AND MUDSLIDES

SEVERE WINTER
2023 EM-3592-CA STORMS, FLOODING, Flood No No

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MUDSLIDES
2021 DR-4569-CA WILDFIRES Fire No No 2021 FM-5381-CA BLUE RIDGE FIRE Fire No No 2020 DR-4482-CA COVID-19 PANDEMIC Biological Yes Yes 2020 EM-3428-CA COVID-19 Biological Yes Yes 2020 FM-5350-CA EL DORADO FIRE Fire No No 2020 FM-5325-CA APPLE FIRE Fire No No 2020 FM-5301-CA HILLSIDE FIRE Fire No No DR=Major Disaster
EM= Emergency Declaration
FM=Fire Management Assistance Grant
In 2025,Southern California experienced catastrophic wildfires in Los Angeles County(Palisades and Eaton Fires)that were identified in Disaster Declarations, however San Bernardino County was not impacted directly by these incidents. 95 Page 810 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Threat Profile: Seismic Hazards

PHYSICAL THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Fault Rupture
The City has one AP Zone identified by the California Department of Conservation: the Cucamonga Fault, which cuts through San Antonio Heights. Figure 4-2 depicts this hazard zone. No CFs or FOCs are located within the designated 500-ft. AP hazard buffer zone. Any future development in these areas could be at risk of damage from fault rupture should there be a large seismic event within the AP zone.

Seismic Shaking
Many physical assets in the City are estimated to experience the same seismic shaking intensity, ranging from 0.8501 to 1.05g (shaking intensity in relation to earth's gravity).

Therefore, all facilities could be damaged during a significant seismic event, which could be extremely costly for the City. If all facilities were damaged at the same time during a seismic shaking event, it can be assumed that the City would incur a percentage of the maximum potential loss of its physical assets. Assuming 20% of the City's assets are impacted, this potential loss could amount to over $45 million. Underground physical assets, like pipelines or utilities, could be damaged if the intensity of the seismic shaking is severe enough. In such a scenario, natural gas and water delivery service to Upland homes and businesses would not be available until repairs are completed. Table 4-4 and Table 4-5 display the potential scenario and losses incurred should shaking reach the described threshold. Figure 4-3 displays the CFs and FOCs within the City's seismic shaking potential hazard zones.

TABLE 4-4: CRITICAL FACILITIES & FACILITIES OF CONCERN (SEISMIC SHAKING 0.9501G) Critical Facilities Facilities of Concern
Type Number Potential Loss* Number Potential Loss* City facility 21 $24,151,040 2 $8,733,340 Community 0 6 $11,450,650
Center/Facility
Infrastructure 48 $51,159,310 0 **
Medical Facility 0 5 **
Parks Facility 0 17 $5,209,900
Schools 0 16 **
Transportation 0 4 $1,340,900
Infrastructure
Other 0 50 $42,794,320
Total 69 $75,310,350 100 $69,529,110 * Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values **Replacement values are unavailable as they are not City-owned. 96 Page 811 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-2. CFs and FOCs Located Near Fault Rupture Zones Mountain a a.% 7 e % t jay.-cea'014 fir, nlont m c 1 '
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97 Page 812 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-3. CFs and FOCs Located in Potential Seismic Shaking Hazard Zones mountain
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98 Page 813 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 4-5: CRITICAL FACILITIES & FACILITIES OF CONCERN (SEISMIC SHAKING 1.05G) Critical Facilities Facilities of Concern
Type Number Potential Loss* Number Potential Loss* City facility 2 $1,113,000 0
Infrastructure 16 $25,481,340 0
Parks Facility 0 6 $602,080
Schools 0 1 **
Total 18 $26,594,340 7 $602,080
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values **Replacement values are unavailable as they are not City-owned.

SOCIAL THREAT
The risk of a seismic event is a danger to all Upland households and businesses; however, some populations are at higher risk than others.

Fault Rupture
To analyze the social threat associated with fault rupture, the City identified the populations within the AP Zone, covering approximately 0.55 square miles (3.5%) of the City. These areas include households with higher median household incomes, higher percentages of people living with a disability, and high percentages of households with one-member aged 65+. Table 4-6 profiles this hazard-threatened population.

TABLE 4-6: FAULT RUPTURE (500-FT BUFFER ZONE) THREATENED POPULATIONS Living within Fault
Threatened Population Metric 500-ft. Buffer Zone City of Upland Population 2,079 80,710
Households 789 28,775
Median household income $150,479 $108,029 Renter occupied households 12.7% 43.1%
Percentage of households with at least one person 36.0% 24.7% living with a disability
Percentage of households living under the poverty g 1% 11.2% limit
Percentage of households with one-member aged 46.7% 31.0% 65+
Area affected by hazard 0.55 sq. miles 15.67 sq. miles Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates 99 Page 814 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Seismic Shaking
Seniors, pregnant women, and persons with disabilities may be at higher risk in a seismic shaking event, as they may have limited mobility, which could complicate or prevent safety actions (such as drop-cover-hold on) and delay or prevent safe evacuation. Renters and people with lower incomes are also more threatened by seismic shaking, since they may live in homes that are not properly retrofitted to withstand the stresses of a seismic event. These groups may not have the financial resources (or, if renting, the legal responsibility) to repair their homes or move to new housing if their homes become uninhabitable.

Table 4-7 compares the population within the seismic shaking hazard zones to the citywide population. Approximately 14.6% of Upland residents (14.3% of Upland households) live within the 0.95 to 1.05g seismic shake zones. The households at risk are on the whole richer (with a median income 47.5% higher than that for the City as a whole), far more likely to own their home, and roughly 41% more likely to have a member aged 65 years or older.

TABLE 4-7: SEISMIC SHAKING THREATENED POPULATIONS
Seismic Shaking
Threatened Population Metric (0.9501 to 1.05g) City of Upland Population 11,779 80,710
Households 4,130 28,775
Median household income $159,370 $108,029 Renter-occupied households 9.8% 43.1%
Percentage of households with at least one person 28.8% 24.7% living with a disability
Percentage of households living below the poverty 5.4% 11.2% limit
Percentage of households with one member aged 65+ 43.7% 31.0% Area affected by hazard 4.25 sq. miles 15.67 sq. miles Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates

OTHER THREATS
Fault Rupture
Seismic events that cause surface fault rupture tend to damage roads and structures in impact areas. The length of rupture is typically a component of the seismic event's magnitude. The stronger the event, the greater the distance that rupture can occur. Strong events can create a larger problem with other identified hazards, such as dam inundations and flooding.

Seismic Shaking
Most earthquake-related property damage is inflicted through seismic shaking. It's the force that damages or destroys buildings, wrecks roads and bridges, disables infrastructure networks, and injures or kills people.All else being equal, the more intense the shaking, the worse the damage.

Earthquake early-warning systems afford utility operators additional time to shut off gas, water, and power transmission to try to control potential leaks following a seismic event. Authorities 100 Page 815 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland may also have enough warning to halt the use of elevators or bridges, or to safely shelter or evacuate workers from hazardous locations. This allows utility providers to remain inactive, reducing further impact, until authorities determine it's safe to reactivate service. The length of this time will vary depending on the event's magnitude and distance from the City. A significant earthquake would necessitate utilities to remain off for a few hours or several days. The City and the region would lose the economic activity that normally occurs. Structures such as downed telephone poles or power transmission towers may also block roadways and prevent first responders from reaching victims or evacuees who need assistance.

CHANGES IN POPULATION AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
Fault Rupture
According to the current Land Use Element, the City's anticipated population growth over the next several years includes targeted development along Mountain Avenue, which reaches north into San Antonio Heights. The Cucamonga Fault trace crosses Mountain Avenue at West 23rd Street. Depending on the nature and location of this development, Upland's vulnerability to earthquake-related hazards may increase; however this increase is similar to that experienced during the last planning period as the City follows state requirements regarding the location of development in close proximity to an active fault.

Seismic Shaking
Based on the current Housing Element data, the City's anticipated residential/commercial growth over the next five years is anticipated to be concentrated in several target areas in the central and southern parts of the City. In that these areas include older buildings and infrastructure likely to be replaced or renovated, this development may modestly decrease Upland's vulnerability to earthquake-related hazards. However, it's also likely that this development may be denser than what exists now, increasing the number of residents and businesses exposed to the seismic shaking hazard. The increase in density coupled with improvements to existing structure and/or construction of new structures is what the City has experience during the last planning period, which ultimately improved overall community resilience.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
Fault Rupture
Climate change is not expected to directly affect the occurrence or magnitude of fault rupture, which is driven by tectonic processes. However, climate change may indirectly increase the consequences of fault rupture events.

More frequent extreme temperatures, drought, and intense precipitation can place additional stress on aging infrastructure, soils, and slopes near fault traces, potentially increasing damage severity and complicating post-earthquake repairs. Climate-related extremes may also reduce emergency response and recovery capacity, particularly if a seismic event occurs concurrently with or immediately following a heat wave, wildfire, or flooding event. These compound emergencies could strain response resources and prolong recovery. /0/ Page 816 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Seismic Shaking
Climate change is not anticipated to influence seismic shaking intensity or frequency but is expected to increase vulnerability to its impacts.

Rising temperatures and extreme heat may accelerate the deterioration of buildings, transportation systems, and underground utilities, increasing the potential for damage during seismic shaking. Climate-related stress on power, water, and communications systems may also extend service disruptions following an earthquake.

Climate change may further exacerbate social vulnerability, particularly for seniors and individuals with disabilities, if seismic events coincide with extreme heat or prolonged utility outages. Additionally, earthquakes occurring during drought or heavy precipitation periods may trigger cascading hazards, such as wildfire ignitions, flooding, or landslides, increasing overall response complexity and losses.

Threat Profile: Fire

PHYSICAL THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Structures and physical assets in Upland that aren't equipped with fire suppression technology or fire mitigation design features are at risk of fire. Generally, these buildings are older, may not be well-maintained, and may not meet current code requirements and regulations. While all structures can be affected by wildland or urban fires, older buildings may be more vulnerable to these hazards.

Wildland Fire
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has mapped Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones (VHFHSZ) within both the City's Local Responsibility Area (LRA) and the State Responsibility Area (SRA). The LRA is a government-designated area where a local agency, city, or county is responsible for fire protection, not the state. An SRA is where the state is responsible for wildland fire protection. Figure 4-4 identifies Upland's wildland-urban interface (WUI) area, including the CFs and FOCs and historic wildfire perimeters in and around the City. Tables 4-8 through 4-10 identify the CFs and FOCs within these zones. While these areas are highly vulnerable to wildfire, other areas of the City may also be susceptible due to ember cast. Sometimes, a wildfire ignition may occur due to power lines contacting overgrown trees, causing a spark that ignites the tree or surrounding vegetation.

Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
Given that the entire northern edge of San Antonio Heights is a VHFHSZ, as is most of the City's western border, a significant amount of Upland's developed land is at heightened risk of fire.

Recent urban conflagrations such as those in Santa Rosa (2017), Lahaina (2023), and Pacific Palisades and Altadena (2025), once rare in the 20th century, are becoming more common as extreme weather events drive wildfires into urban and suburban spaces. These events have destroyed thousands of homes and businesses and killed or injured hundreds of people in a short time.

Upland is especially vulnerable to a WUI fire becoming an urban conflagration in these areas:
102 Page 817 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 1) VHFHSZ along 1-210. The western end of the zone intrudes into built-out suburban housing or the type that has proved to be especially prone to propagating wind-blown fire.
2) VHFHSZ in San Antonio Heights. A fire beginning in this zone, driven by downslope winds of the sort that supercharged the Palisades and Eaton (Altadena)fires, would find no natural firebreak until the 1-210.
3) Three VHFHSZs in southwest Upland. These zones push into not only the City's industrial area, but also into older, densely developed single-family housing.

TABLE 4-8: CRITICAL FACILITIES & FACILITIES OF CONCERN
(VERY HIGH FIRE HAZARD SEVERITY ZONES)
Critical Facilities Facilities of Concern
Type Number Potential Loss* Number Potential Loss* Infrastructure 18 $18,141,900 0
Transportation 0 1 **
Infrastructure
Total 18 $18,141,900 1 **
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values **Replacement values are unavailable as they are not City-owned.

TABLE 4-9: CRITICAL FACILITIES & FACILITIES OF CONCERN (WUI) Critical Facilities Facilities of Concern
Type Number Potential Loss* Number Potential Loss* City facility 3 $1,113,000 0
Infrastructure 18 $12,774,060 0
Parks Facility 0 4 $405,980
Schools 0 1 **
Total 21 $13,887,060 5 $405,980
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values **Replacement values are unavailable as they are not City-owned.

TABLE 4-10: CRITICAL FACILITIES & FACILITIES OF CONCERN (HISTORICAL WILDFIRE PERIMETER)
Critical Facilities Facilities of Concern
Type Number Potential Loss* Number Potential Loss* Infrastructure 6 $15,920,140 0
Total 6 $15,920,140 0
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values 103 Page 818 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-4. CFs and FOCs Located in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) and Historical Wildfire Perimeters
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104 Page 819 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

SOCIAL THREAT
A fire hazard poses an immediate threat to seniors and persons with disabilities. These groups may have limited mobility or diminished environmental awareness. For example, a senior who lives alone may not know if a fire ignites in their house until a room fills with smoke or a flashover occurs, at which point escape may be more difficult or impossible. A fire that starts in or spreads to senior residences in Upland could be highly threatening to those populations. Persons with disabilities may require special mobility devices or caregiver assistance to evacuate, which may not be readily available when a fire occurs.

Wildland Fire
Approximately 3% of Upland's population (2.9% of households) lives within a VHFHSZ, primarily within the City's western and northern portions. Table 4-11 shows that nearly a quarter of these households have at least one person living with a disability, over 13% of these households live under the poverty line, and nearly 30% of these households have one member aged over 65+.

On the other hand, these households have a much higher median income than the City as a whole.

TABLE 4-11: VERY HIGH FIRE HAZARD SEVERITY ZONE THREATENED POPULATIONS Threatened Population Metric VHFHSZ City of Upland Population 2,431 80,710
Households 854 28,775
Median household income $162,605 $108,029 Renter-occupied households 18.7% 43.1%
Percentage of households with at least one person living 23.7% 24.7% with a disability
Percentage of households living below the poverty limit 13.7% 11.2% Percentage of households with one member aged 65+ 29.4% 31.0% Area affected by hazard 1.73 sq. miles 15.67 sq. miles Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
Approximately 10.2% of Upland's residents live within the WUI. Table 4-12 shows that nearly 30% of these households include at least one person with a disability, and 44.5% of these households have one member aged over 65+.

TABLE 4-12: WILDLAND / URBAN INTERFACE FIRE THREATENED POPULATIONS Threatened Population Metric WUI City of Upland Population 8,258 80,710
Households 3,002 28,775
Median household income $157,213 $108,029
Renter-occupied households 6.8% 43.1
105 Page 820 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Percentage of households with at least one person living 29 5% 24.7% with a disability
Percentage of households living below the poverty limit 4.3% 11.2% Percentage of households with one member aged 65+ 44.5% 31.0% Area affected by hazard 2.76 sq. miles 15.67 sq. miles Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates Other groups facing increased threat levels include people with lower incomes and renters.

Renters make up nearly 7% of Upland's WUI households. While WUI households in general enjoy a significantly higher median income than the City as a whole, some 4.3% of these households live under the poverty line. Renters and economically disadvantaged individuals are more likely to live in substandard housing built with outdated materials known to be flammable.

They may also live in housing units with improperly designed or unmaintained electrical or heating systems that could cause a fire. Renters may not possess the financial resources or authority to rebuild their homes or relocate to new homes after a fire incident.

OTHER THREATS
Both wildfires and urban fires can consume power lines and force utility operators to shut off electrical and gas transmission activity, leading to utility outages in Upland homes and businesses. Fires or burning debris may block or surround streets, preventing residents from evacuating, and hindering emergency response crews from reaching the source of the fire.

Anyone living toward the end of a cul-de-sac faces an elevated threat of being trapped if the fire occurs or spreads to the mouth of the street. Fire may use trees or vegetation in parks and open space areas to bridge what otherwise would be natural firebreaks or drive people away from what they might consider areas of refuge.

Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) are a significant issue for many communities throughout California. Multiple circuits affect the City, and the potential for large-scale events affecting residents and businesses is an ongoing concern. If a PSPS outage hits Upland's neighboring cities, Upland's resources could be strained as residents of affected areas seek refuge in communities with power; if Upland is also hit, it will face a potentially significant care-and-shelter challenge for its own residents. Outreach to residents and businesses to help them understand and prepare for these events will be an important aspect of the City's overall hazard mitigation strategy.

CHANGES IN POPULATION AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
Wildland Fire
During the previous planning period, the City accommodated new development that met higher building code standards and requirements than the majority of existing structures. Most of this development would be considered infill and did not encroach upon large areas prone to wildfire.

However, if a large, damaging wildfire were to occur, it's feasible that population patterns could fluctuate. Future land use designations, redevelopment, or new development in these areas could be restricted or prohibited, especially in the WUI and the VHFHSZ. Also, the increasing unaffordability and unavailability of fire insurance due to larger, more frequent fire losses may make building or selling homes in the WUI or VHFHSZ economically impossible. 106 Page 821 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Wildland/ Urban Interface Fire
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience an increase in fire prone hazards within the WUI, however, that risk still persists in the areas of the City north of Interstate 210. As we're seeing now in the Pacific Palisades and Altadena, a large urban conflagration can destroy thousands of homes and drive thousands more people out of their damaged homes in the span of a few hours. The experience of other mass disaster evacuations shows that people forced to live away from their homes and neighborhoods for more than a year rarely return. This could be Upland's fate: fewer residents, fewer homes, less economic activity, and a protracted recovery from a hugely traumatic event.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
Climate change will likely increase the City's vulnerability to wildfire impacts. Increasing temperatures could alter the moisture content of plant materials, potentially worsening future drought conditions. More volatile climatic conditions may also encourage severe windstorms of the sort that made the Palisades and Eaton fires so difficult to control for so long.

Threat Profile: Human-Caused Hazards

PHYSICAL THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Hazardous Materials Release
Hazardous materials can cause damage to Upland's people and physical assets if they are released into the environment. Corrosive hazardous materials can damage the CF or FOC building exteriors. Flammable hazardous materials can start fires and cause any nearby CFs or FOCs to flash over and ignite. Generally, sites closer to the origin for releasing hazardous materials are at more risk than those further away.

Table 4-13 shows the numbers of Upland facilities threatened by a hazardous materials release within 500 feet of a site storing or using hazardous materials. The total potential loss estimated for these locations is approximately$3.7 million. Figure 4-5 depicts these sites in relation to the City's CFs and FOCs.

TABLE 4-13: CRITICAL FACILITIES AND FACILITIES OF CONCERN (HAZMAT BUFFER 500FT) Critical Facilities Facilities of Concern
Type Number Potential Loss* Number Potential Loss* Infrastructure 3 $1,651,480 0
Parks Facility 1 $767,440 0
Transportation Infrastructure 1 $1,340,900 0
Total 5 $3,759,820 0
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values Note that this count includes only fixed-site CFs and FOCs. Hazmat releases are a constant threat along major transportation routes such as 1-10, 1-210, and the railroad right-of-way. Also, upsets at businesses using or storing hazardous materials may not affect CFs or FOCs but may have a significant impact on neighboring businesses or homes. 107 Page 822 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Landfill Subsidence
Subsidence events can result in the damage of buildings and structures causing monetary damages. The loss to owners can range depending on the actual amount of damage caused.

As subsidence is not typically considered to be a sudden event, damages could be mitigated if discovered early, however there are instances of rapid sinking causing damage to building foundations, resulting in sudden collapse. Damages could also affect infrastructure such as natural gas distribution pipelines, sewer and water pipelines, or electric power conveyance lines. The damages experienced from landfill subsidence have primarily involved asphalt cracking and settlement requiring patching and site grading.

Transportation Incidents
Transportation incidents include aircraft and train crashes, high-capacity road transport (read:
tour or school bus) crashes, and bulk pipeline ruptures. • Aircraft crashes can happen anywhere, depending on the local flight paths and nearby airports. Cable Airport, located near Upland's southwest industrial area, oversees mainly general aviation traffic and small turboprop commuter charters. General aviation-related accidents typically happen on approach or departure and usually have the same impact as a bad car crash. However, the San Berardino and San Gabriel valleys are busy approach and departure routes for Ontario, Orange County, and Los Angeles International Airports, as well as business and military traffic. Wide-bodied passenger and cargo airliners regularly fly over and near Upland. Any accident involving these aircraft could end up on Upland's doorstep.
• The former ATSF rail right-of-way runs across southern Upland. Metrolink operates regular commuter rail service along this right-of-way. BNSF freight operations use the same trackway. As happened in Placentia, Upland, and elsewhere, a Metrolink/freight crash could create both a mass-casualty incident and a hazmat release in downtown Upland.
• A Southern California Gas transmission pipeline cuts across the southern edge of Upland just north of 1-10.
• Heavy road traffic uses 1-10 and 1-210 every day. Also, semis and large-capacity buses travel on Euclid Avenue, Foothill Boulevard, and Arrow Highway. Traffic accidents involving truck-borne hazardous materials or 50-passenger buses could create a mass- casualty incident, a hazmat release, or both in crowded parts of the City. 108 Page 823 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-5. CFs and FOCs Located Near Hazardous Materials Sites (500ft Buffer) larernont hills f!� 1 -1 S'
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109 Page 824 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Cybercrime Incidents
As mentioned in Chapter 3, cybercrime can affect anyone, even if a particular person doesn't have a computer. Cybercriminals and cyberterrorists have attacked mobile phone networks, water purification plants, traffic control networks, public safety dispatch centers, government offices, hospitals, banks, and schools. The hazard area is the entire populated landscape in every sufficiently advanced economy on Earth.

While cybercrime and cyberterrorism typically don't cause physical damage, they often render digital systems unusable or untrustworthy. Some hacks can cause certain industrial processes to physically damage their host machinery (such as robots, valves, or equipment such as autoclaves and centrifuges). Attacks on ground, rail, or air traffic control systems can cause transportation accidents.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
There's no way to predict which of Upland's facilities or assets may be impacted by a mass casualty/fatality incident since there are so many common causes for these incidents. As mentioned earlier, MCIs/MFIs can be the result of natural or human-caused disasters, traffic accidents, hazmat releases, mass-shooting incidents, or terrorism.

While mass shooters and terrorists generally have different motives, they tend to be similarly opportunistic: any sufficiently accessible and busy soft target can be their arena. Mass shootings have occurred in any public venue one can think of. While many national security agencies persist in thinking terrorists pick their targets the way western air forces do, history has shown that the vast majority of terrorist targets are more diffuse and prosaic: cafes, theaters, shopping malls, banks, playgrounds, schools, places of worship, nightclubs, and symbols of whatever government or ideology they oppose (McDonalds and Citibank overseas; IRS offices and family-planning clinics in the U.S.).

Whatever the cause of the MCl/MFI, the cost to the City will depend on the nature and destructiveness of the incident, the level of response required, and whether Upland itself is the target or a victim of chance.
• A major airliner crash in the City may cause a large number of fatalities and substantial destruction on the ground. However, much of the response and recovery cost would be borne by the airline and federal agencies, and Upland would be in no way to blame for it.
• A mass shooting at the Colonies Crossroads shopping center, on the other hand, may cause several casualties and fatalities and little physical damage. But public fears of poor security, mistakes in incident response and control, and that in some way Upland should have "done better," could lead to a catastrophic loss of business at the center and reputational loss for the City that may take months or years to repair.

SOCIAL THREAT
Hazardous Materials Release
The threat of a hazardous materials release event affects those closest to a source of hazardous materials, including industrial sites, gas stations, gas transmission lines, or sewer mains. Table 110 Page 825 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 4-14 shows the City's vulnerable populations living within 500 feet of hazardous materials storage/waste sites. The median household income for these site types is nearly $20,000 lower than the City as a whole. This suggests that more impoverished populations may live near hazardous materials locations, indicating potential environmental justice concerns should be considered. This data also suggests higher percentages of households with at least one person living with a disability, higher percentages living under the poverty limit, and slightly fewer percentages of households compared to the rest of the City living with at least one-member aged 65+.

Groups such as older people, low-income persons, or renters face a greater risk of exposure since they may not have the financial resources necessary to retrofit their homes against infiltration by hazardous materials or move away to a home that is further from the potential sources of hazardous materials release events. Additionally, public, and private schools, preschools, residential care, and skilled nursing facilities in this area are at risk of being impacted.

As discussed previously, Upland residents and businesses situated next to major transportation infrastructures, such as highways or major arterial streets, also face a greater threat of being affected by the release of hazardous materials, since vehicles transporting hazardous materials may release their contents into the environment if involved in a collision.

TABLE 4-14: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS THREATENED POPULATIONS (500FT BUFFER) Hazardous
Threatened Population Metric Materials City of Upland Population 2,006 80,710
Households 688 28,775
Median household income $88,844 $108,029
Renter-occupied households 56.3% 43.1
Percentage of households with at least one person 30.4% 24.7% living with a disability
Percentage of households living below the poverty limit 9.8% 11.2% Percentage of households with one member aged 65+ 28.0% 31.0% Area affected by hazard 0.87 sq. miles 15.67 sq. miles Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates Figure 4-6 depicts the overall community health score for the City as derived from the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) tool CalEnviroScreen. This mapping tool helps identify California communities that are most affected by many sources of pollution and where people are often especially vulnerable to pollution's effects. This tool uses environmental, health, and socioeconomic information to produce scores for every census tract in the state. The scores are mapped so that different communities can be compared. An area with a high score experiences a much higher pollution burden than areas with low scores.

Figure 4-7 depicts the FEMA National Risk Index score for Upland. The National Risk Index is a data set and an online tool to help illustrate the United States communities most at risk for 18 natural hazards (including coastal flooding, cold wave, drought, earthquake, hail, heat wave, hurricane, ice storm, landslide, lightning, riverine flooding, strong wind, tornado, tsunami, 111 Page 826 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland volcanic activity, wildfire, and winter weather). The italicized hazards are those that can affect Upland.

Landfill Subsidence
Subsidence can and does threaten human life, both through direct structural failures and by exacerbating other environmental hazards. Sinking ground can rupture gas lines, causing explosions, and break sewage or water pipes, leading to contamination and the sudden formation of sinkholes. Increased flooding in subsiding urban areas often leads to standing water and the potential spread of waterborne diseases and pests. While the location of the former landfill is used as a storage facility for recreational vehicles, it is surrounded by residential uses, which could be affected if exposure to landfill materials occurs or leakage of effluent or gases occurs.
112 Page 827 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-6. OEHHA CalEnviroScreen Rating for Upland
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113 Page 828 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-7. FEMA National Risk Index Scoring for Upland M011nialn c� r ' f :1R-�Mir
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114 Page 829 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Transportation Incidents
As previously mentioned, transportation incidents happen on an almost daily basis and generally don't affect large numbers of people. This complicates the process of determining which populations may be more vulnerable to being affected by transportation incidents, either as participants or bystanders.

Some situations make intuitive sense. People who live near a railroad right-of-way are more likely to be affected by a rail accident; people living or working next to major thoroughfares are more likely to feel the effects of a significant truck or bus accident. Beyond that, though, the sureties become fewer. For instance, does proximity to Cable Airport increase the possibility that a Beechcraft might land on one's roof? Only in an extremely limited sense. Buildings that happen to be directly under the final approach or initial departure paths might have a slightly elevated risk, but the overall amount of exposure is low, as aircraft move quickly and spend only a few seconds in proximity to any given place.

One exception is proximity to a major pipeline, especially one carrying a highly reactive or flammable substance. Figure 4-8 shows the approximate path of the SoCalGas transmission pipeline under downtown Upland. Gas pipeline ruptures and explosions aren't unknown in the U.S. and can be caused by any number of conditions. Table 4-15 details the City's vulnerable populations living within 500 feet of that pipeline. As with hazmat exposure in general, these residents have a median income of only four-fifths of the citywide figure and are over half again more likely to be renters.

TABLE 4-15: GAS PIPELINE THREATENED POPULATIONS (500FT BUFFER) Hazardous
Threatened Population Metric Materials City of Upland Population 4,954 80,710
Households 1,715 28,775
Median household income $80,193 $108,029
Renter-occupied households 62.7% 43.1%
Percentage of households with at least one person 22.7% 24.7% living with a disability
Percentage of households living below the poverty limit 12.0% 11.2% Percentage of households with one member aged 65+ 24.0% 31.0% Area affected by hazard 0.52 sq. miles 15.67 sq. miles Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates Cybercrime Incidents
Cybercrime is location-independent; it targets functions, not buildings. Neighbors can be affected very differently depending on their choices of bank, phone provider, government service, doctor, or shopping preference.

In general, the most affected populations are those that have fewer choices for services or less ability to flex quickly in the face of sudden changes in service availability. These populations may include people with lower incomes, older people, people with disabilities, and the transit dependent.
115 Page 830 of 1000

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116 Page 831 of 1000

City of Upland
Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
Since mass casualty incidents/acts of terrorism could occur anywhere in Upland, all groups are potentially threatened by the impacts of these incidents; however, the extent of the threat would depend upon the type and magnitude of the event. For example, an active shooter situation may be isolated to a single location, whereas a larger-scale incident may affect multiple locations. Some locations are more likely to be targeted than others, including but not limited to medical facilities, government buildings, financial institutions, or businesses that cater to particular ethnic groups. Populations frequently visiting these areas may face a greater threat than the average person. Seniors, pregnant women, and people with disabilities, for instance, are more likely to frequently visit the local medical facilities than other subpopulations in the City. If an incident occurs at a medical facility or within the community (overwhelming medical resources), these groups may face an increased impact from the incident.

An incident at a government building or financial institution may be more likely to threaten seniors or lower-income individuals relying on in-person transactions instead of online options.

As such, their use of these in-person services may place them in harm's way. Seniors and persons with limited income may be challenged if there is a need to shelter in place or evacuate during an incident requiring additional services, assistance, and/or medical treatment.

OTHER THREATS
Hazardous Materials Release
A hazardous materials release could threaten the City's and potentially the region's transportation networks. Large parts of the local road network may be closed to keep people away from areas contaminated with hazardous materials as remediation and cleanup activities progress. If a highly corrosive hazardous material is released, it could potentially cause significant damage to the exteriors of any homes or businesses in the area surrounding the release. Hazardous materials could also harm the City's urban forest, resulting in the premature death of vegetation in the affected areas.

Transportation Incidents
A major transportation incident—such as a serious aircraft crash or pipeline explosion—may cause severe damage to a business district or neighborhood. This may cause significant disruption as people struggle to find alternative shelter or temporary business premises. City and county agencies may need to cooperate to provide recovery services even if there's no likelihood of getting reimbursement from the carrier or the state. Also, other infrastructure (roads, water, electricity, communications) may need to be restored quickly to facilitate recovery.

Cybercrime Incidents
A cyberattack on one service or infrastructure sector may create cascading effects for others.

For instance, a successful hack against a telecommunications provider may deprive government, private industry, and the population of internet access, leading to degraded services and organizational shutdowns.

Recovery from a cyberattack may take weeks and may involve losses of data or network functionality. Inconveniences inflicted on customers and system users may decrease foot traffic and revenue. The victim organization may face increased expenses in hiring temporary 117 Page 832 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
employees or consultants, buying additional security hardware or software, and paying skyrocketing legal fees and settlements as penalties and lawsuits proliferate.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
A mass casualty or fatality incident can cause widespread psychological impacts among upland residents, including acute stress, anxiety, grief, and a persistent sense of fear or loss of safety that extends well beyond those directly affected. Over time, these effects may manifest as community-wide trauma—such as post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, and social withdrawal—particularly if recovery and mental health support are delayed or insufficient.

CHANGES IN POPULATION AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Materials Release
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with hazardous materials release as a result of development activities. For a change in population pattern to occur in the future a hazardous materials release event (of the potential threat of an event) would have to be severe enough to require people to move or they chose to move willingly. It's unlikely that hazardous materials releases will affect land use and development because the development review process should take steps to mitigate or minimize impacts from hazardous materials release.

Locations that store, produce, and dispose of hazardous materials are highly regulated within the City and monitored regularly. Land use and development patterns may change through this process and the development review process. Based on the current General Plan data, the City's anticipated residential/population growth over the next five years will likely increase Upland's vulnerability to hazardous materials releases.

Landfill Subsidence
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with landfill subsidence as a result of development activities. In areas of potential susceptibility to subsidence, policies and mitigation actions could be enacted to reduce land use conflicts and ensure development of the closed facility and surrounding properties is safe and secure. Site monitoring after closure also increases safety of surrounding properties and reduces the potential exposure of landfill gases/materials to the populations inhabiting neighboring properties.

Transportation Incidents
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with transportation incidents as a result of development activities. Transportation incidents are too transitory and unpredictable to cause any lasting changes in population or land use. The infrastructure that begets these incidents is too permanent to move or eliminate.

Cybercrime Incidents
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with cybercrime incidents as a result of development activities. Cybercrime is unlikely to change development patterns or the size of the City's population. Its effects are short-lived by design; 118 Page 833 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland cyber criminals want to make a quick buck, then move on. Also, because cybercrime is geography-independent, moving people or facilities to avoid it would be a pointless exercise.

Cyberterrorism could potentially affect population through repeated, unmitigated attacks against critical infrastructure. Residents and businesses will tolerate having their water, phone, or electrical service interrupted only so many times before they lose confidence in their service providers and move elsewhere. This is a highly unlikely scenario and would require service providers to display extraordinary levels of incompetence or inattention to bring it about.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with mass casualty/fatality incidents as a result of development activities. The frequency and severity of MCIs/MFIs could respond to economic upsets, political upheaval, crumbling infrastructure, changes in traffic patterns, and rising temperatures (researchers have found a correlation between high temperatures and violent crime rates66,67) These same conditions can themselves cause populations to shift and land uses to change and can be causal factors in accidental (train crashes, pipeline explosions) and deliberate (mass shootings, terrorism) MCIs/MFIs.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
Hazardous Materials Release
Climate change could indirectly increase the City's vulnerability to the impacts of a hazardous materials release as climate-related hazard events occur. Increased precipitation intensity may overwhelm containment infrastructure or could cause an increase in hazardous materials releases. Climate-related hazards could also exacerbate the effects and impacts of such events.

For example, heavier rains could lead to more runoff from a contaminated site with hazardous materials.

Landfill Subsidence
Increased temperatures and more intense precipitation from climate change could worsen the effects of landfill subsidence. As temperatures increase and more extreme events occur, the materials used to cap the landfill could degrade quicker or require repairs more frequently. In addition, as more intense rain events are projected, these events could introduce water into the capped landfill (if exposed) or created exposures due to erosion.

Transportation Incidents
As noted in Chapter 3, increased rain, flooding, high winds, and ground subsidence may undermine transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, railroad rights-of-way), creating hazards that contribute to more road accidents involving high-profile and high-weight vehicles. 66 H. Choi, S. Heo, D. Foo,Y.Song, R.Stewart,J. Son, M. Bell. "Temperature, Crime,and Violence:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis."2024; Environmental Health Perspectives,Vol. 132, Issue 0,CID: 106001. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/abs/10.1289/EHP14300
67 City University of New York Graduate Center."How Volatile Temperatures Shape Violent Crime."Sep.21, 2023. https://www.gc.cuny.edu/news/how-volatile-temperatures-shape-violent-crime 119 Page 834 of 1000

026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Cybercrime Incidents
It's possible but as yet unproven that the ill effects of climate change may aggravate existing societal tensions and inspire more people to digitally attack organizations, they consider complicit in the slow degradation of living standards.

Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents
The impacts of a changing climate may exacerbate existing social, political, religious, and ethnic tensions, leading to more mass violence. The same impacts may degrade roads, bridges, railroad trackways, and other infrastructure, causing more serious accidents with higher casualties and fatalities.

Threat Profile: Severe Weather

PHYSICAL THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Extreme Heat
Extremely high temperatures can cause roads to deform and buckle as the pavement expands in the heat, especially in poorly maintained areas. Power lines and other electrical grid components are less effective in higher temperatures and may be damaged by extreme heat events. Buildings with dark roofs or pavement will absorb more heat than surfaces with vegetation or lighter materials that are better at reflecting the sun's energy. This urban heat island effect is strongest during hot periods when the sun is strongest. Much of the City has mature trees that can help reduce urban heat island conditions, however areas where these conditions may persist include the industrial developments in the southwestern portion of the City and wide roadways like Foothill Blvd that do not have room for street trees that can grow large enough to shade the roadway.

Drought
There is no indication that drought conditions will substantially diminish in either Upland or the greater Southern California region during the planning period. Climate projections indicate that droughts are likely to continue occurring with greater frequency and severity, often punctuated by periods of intense rainfall followed by renewed dry conditions. Prolonged drought can significantly impact Upland's physical environment by stressing vegetation, increasing tree mortality, and weakening urban forests, making trees more susceptible to invasive pests and disease. This could impact the extensive tree network planted along the Euclid Avenue median that runs the entire length of the City. Extended dry periods may also reduce groundwater recharge and increase groundwater extraction demands throughout the region. Parks, landscaped areas, and open spaces within Upland may experience declining vegetation health, elevated wildfire risk, and reduced cooling benefits associated with tree canopy and irrigated 120 Page 835 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland landscapes. Reduced water availability may also affect ornamental water features, recreational amenities, and community aesthetics throughout the city.

Severe Wind
Severe wind events pose a significant threat to structures, infrastructure, and public safety throughout Upland. Damage is most associated with fallen trees and large branches, which can damage homes, vehicles, utility infrastructure, and public facilities. Upland's mature urban forest located along major thoroughfares like Euclid and Mountain Avenues and within parks like Magnolia and Upland Memorial parks, overhead utility lines, and foothill location increase the City's vulnerability to wind-related impacts, particularly during Santa Ana wind events. Older structures, buildings with deferred maintenance, and facilities that have not been upgraded to modern wind-resistance standards may experience greater levels of damage during severe windstorms. Overhead utility infrastructure, including wooden utility poles and power lines, is especially vulnerable to downed trees, flying debris, and prolonged service disruptions.

Severe wind events may also significantly increase wildfire risk and fire behavior throughout the region. High wind conditions can rapidly spread embers, intensify flame movement, and push wildfire activity into developed areas, reducing evacuation times and complicating emergency response operations. Recent Southern California wildfire events, including the Palisades and Eaton Fires, demonstrated how extreme wind conditions can rapidly expand wildfire incidents and increase threats to life, property, and critical infrastructure. As climate conditions continue contributing to hotter and drier environments, wind-driven wildfire conditions may increase the overall vulnerability of foothill and wildland-urban interface areas within and surrounding Upland.

SOCIAL THREAT
Extreme Heat
While a heat event can be relatively harmless for those with a reliable means of staying hydrated and cool, it can be deadly for others.Young children, the elderly, or people suffering from serious medical conditions are physiologically more vulnerable to heatstroke. Some senior citizens take medicines that interfere with their bodies' internal heat regulation, creating an additional threat from extreme heat events. Young children may not be aware of the signs of dehydration or ways of protecting themselves from heatstroke.

People living in homelessness are at a high risk of health complications during heat waves, especially if they are unsheltered. According to 2024 point-in-time Count performed by the San Bernardino County Homeless Partnership, approximately 4,255 adults and children experienced homelessness in the county, 71.8% of them unsheltered. Approximately 96 of these individuals live in Upland.68 During a heatwave, these people are very vulnerable to heatstroke, especially if they can't reach a cooling center.

Sudden spikes in heat can catch people by surprise. Stores can rapidly sell out of fans, air- conditioning units, or drinking water during a heatwave. Many lower-income households live in older, poorly insulated, energy-inefficient housing and can't afford to run their air conditioning if 68 San Bernardino County Homeless Partnership. "2024 Continuum of Care Homeless Count and Survey Report." https://www.sbcounty.gov/uploads/sbchp/SBC-2024-Homeless-Count-Report.pdf 121 Page 836 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland they have any. Landlords may not allow tenants to install window-mount air conditioners in buildings that have no central air conditioning. During these events, extreme heat may affect larger portions of the City's population that ordinarily wouldn't be considered "vulnerable" under normal circumstances.

Drought
Drought harms people indirectly in many ways. It promotes dust, and thus respiratory diseases.

Dust infiltration makes homes and businesses harder to keep clean. Water restrictions, higher water fees, and, potentially, increased food costs place additional stress on residents and businesses. Social tensions may rise as people who follow water restrictions come into conflict with those who cheat.

Drought can also shrink open bodies of water (such as lakes and ponds) and, by limiting replenishment and circulation, cause them to become stagnant, creating breeding areas for mosquitoes.69 The California Department of Public Health documented a rise in West Nile Virus cases during the 2013-16 drought; decreased availability of open water forced birds and mosquitos into closer contact, promoting spread of the disease to humans.70 As usual, the people most hurt by these collateral drought effects are children, senior citizens, those with existing health conditions, and people with lower incomes.

Severe Wind
Windstorm events can harm people throughout Upland. They have the most effect on the safety of people experiencing homelessness and people who work outdoors. Dust, pollen, smoke, debris, and so on whipped up by the wind can cause or worsen respiratory ailments and increase visits to urgent care clinics, doctors' offices, and emergency rooms.

Lower-income residents, who may not have the financial resources to purchase homes built or retrofitted to withstand powerful winds, may also have difficulty recovering from wind events.

OTHER THREATS
Extreme Heat
Extreme heat for any length of time can exacerbate other hazards and risks the City faces. For example:
• Heatwaves nearly always cause spikes in electricity demand, which can cause brownouts or blackouts.
• Heat spoilage because of power outages or lack of cooled storage can cause food insecurity, especially among people with lower incomes. • Violent crime and domestic abuse rates rise during significant heatwaves. • Both domestic and wild animals may be unable to cool themselves through normal behaviors, leading to injury or death.
69 https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/drought/animals.htm
70 httpj/ www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-In-california-drought-mosquito-activity-20150408-storv.html 122 Page 837 of 1000

• Especially during dry conditions and high winds, extreme heat may encourage the ignition and spread of wildfires.

Drought
In modern society, drought is primarily an economic hazard. Farmers may be forced to fallow land they can't irrigate, potentially raising food costs. Businesses that rely on a steady, affordable water supply—hotels, restaurants, nurseries, pool supply shops, car washes—may lay off employees or close, reducing available services and increasing unemployment. City-run recreational facilities, such as swimming pools and water parks, may also close or raise fees.

Counterintuitively, soil baked hard by prolonged drought may also increase flooding hazards when the rain finally returns. The ground loses its ability to absorb water naturally, forcing higher-than-normal runoff that can overwhelm the City's storm drains and storm channels.

Severe Wind
Severe windstorms create financial and operational strain on both the public and the City in various ways.
• Wind damage to electrical infrastructure may cause blackouts or brownouts. • Windstorms can uproot trees and landscaping, further burdening the owners to replace or repair the losses. Trees located in City parks may also be damaged or destroyed. • Field workers may have to stop working if winds are sufficiently strong. Job sites that stay open despite the wind may experience more on-the-job injuries. • Strong winds can capsize high-profile vehicles (such as semi-trucks) on the road, endangering the vehicle operators and other drivers and snarling traffic. • Various types of aircraft may not be able to take off or land if crosswind components become too high on runways.

CHANGES IN POPULATION AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
Extreme Heat
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with extreme heat events as a result of development activities. While extreme heat may not change land use development over the short term, continually rising temperatures may drive away residents who cannot live in warmer conditions. Builders may incorporate more green practices and systems into their new structures to provide more thermal protection, but that won't help the City's large installed base of homes and businesses that pre-date these advances and haven't been retrofitted.

Drought
During the previous planning period, the City experienced additional development that did increase water consumption within the City. While this could increase risk associated with drought, the City also experienced improvements in drought conditions statewide, along with system improvements that improved water quality and quantity. If major water shortages and 123 Page 838 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
droughts occur similar to the great 1930s Dust Bowl drought, the City could experience land use changes and migrations. If this were to occur, Upland residents may be faced with increased illness, expensive water, and invasive water-use restrictions, which could cause migrations or changes in population densities.

Confronted with a chronic water shortage, the City may have to enact a moratorium on new water hookups or on new development in general. This may kill housing or commercial projects that were years in the making, subject the City to legal action, and deprive the City of future economic benefits from the foregone development.

None of these drought effects—human, property, or financial—are catastrophic by themselves.

Upland won't fail as an enterprise or entity because of any foreseeable drought. However, the cumulative effect over time may create a smaller, poorer, less dynamic Upland that offers fewer economic and personal opportunities to its residents, visitors, and businesses.

Severe Wind
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with severe wind as a result of development activities. Severe windstorms occur periodically (primarily during the fall months) and generally don't affect Upland residents or businesses enough to force them to migrate out of the City. It's unlikely that severe wind alone will affect land use and development.

As discussed in the Hazard Profile: Fire section of this document, a major wind-driven fire can change everything. An Eaton Fire-type catastrophe will have critical effects on both Upland's population and its land-use policies. The City's leaders should pay close attention to the ongoing process of rebuilding Altadena for a foretaste of what might happen in Upland.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
Extreme Heat
Climate change will likely increase the City's vulnerability to extreme heat impacts due to anticipated increases in the intensity, duration, and frequency of extreme heat.

Drought
As mentioned before, climate change is likely to make all existing climate hazards more extreme, including drought. Longer, more severe droughts will cause greater physical and economic damage, while the brief bursts of torrential rain that separate dry periods will trigger floods and erosion.

Severe Wind
Climate change will likely increase the City's vulnerability to severe weather impacts due to rising storm intensity and frequency, as well as projected temperature increases. 124 Page 839 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Threat Profile: Infrastructure Failure

PHYSICAL THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Power failure can result from scheduled maintenance, powerplant upsets, faults in the transmission infrastructure (power lines, transformers, sub-stations), other disasters (such as earthquakes, wildfires, or floods), PSPS actions, accidents, sabotage, or excess demand. They may be limited in reach or widespread.

Power failure may directly or indirectly cause failures in other types of infrastructure. This is especially difficult to predict within the City, as it can affect any City CF or FOC anywhere at any time. Traffic control systems, communications networks, water distribution, and emergency services are just some critical services or infrastructure that a power failure can disrupt.

Intermittent or unexpected power loss can cause physical damage to computer equipment and other electronics associated with all types of key infrastructure.

Public safety facilities are usually equipped with backup generators to ensure continuity of operations in the event of power failures; however, generators can sometimes fail and always need to be refueled. If fuel providers are unable to pump diesel from their depots because of the outage, the City's generators may have to shut down 24-48 hours for lack of fuel.

SOCIAL THREAT
As with most hazards, children, seniors, low-income communities, and people with disabilities or other access and functional needs are most vulnerable to power failures. • People with health issues who rely on electrical medical equipment may be at risk of serious injury or death if they can't operate or recharge their supportive equipment during a power failure.
• Providers of vital medical services for chronic conditions (such as kidney dialysis centers) may have to cancel or postpone appointments if their facilities don't have reliable power to operate.
• A power failure occurring during hot weather threatens all the vulnerable groups mentioned above if they can't move to a cooler location. • Low-income residents may not be able to afford to replace food spoiled from the loss of refrigeration if a power failure lasts for more than a few hours. • The people served by schools, preschools, residential care, or skilled nursing facilities located in the impact area may be at risk for cold- or heat-related conditions.

OTHER THREAT
A frequent factor in sudden power failures—line surges—can cause severe downstream consequences.
• The wiring and outlets in older structures may not meet current building code requirements. This not only may pass line surges directly to vulnerable electronics inside 125 Page 840 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland the building and has also been known to start fires inside wall cavities and wall or ceiling boxes.
• Many businesses and residents may not use proper equipment to help prevent line surges from damaging computers or other consumer electronics. Businesses and City government may also suffer damage in HVAC, industrial control, and communications systems if the surge burns out critical components or power supplies. • Surge suppressors or ground fault circuit interceptors (GFCIs), once tripped, may require skilled technicians to reset or replace them, especially if they're embedded in industrial equipment. This could cause failures in other key infrastructures that are otherwise undamaged.

CHANGES IN POPULATION AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with infrastructure failure as a result of development activities. According to the current General Plan projections, the City's anticipated population growth over the next several years may increase Upland's vulnerability to infrastructure failure. Increasing demand for electricity in general, adding to the strain placed on existing infrastructure to accommodate population growth, could lead to more frequent load shedding and brownouts if utilities don't manage capacity growth well.

Ever-higher electricity rates may drive some Upland residents and businesses to decamp for more benign climates soon.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
If, as anticipated, climate change brings hotter days, higher winds, and heavier rains to Upland, power failures may become more common.
• Extreme heat is a primary environmental contributor to power failures. Electrical demand skyrockets while the generation and transmission infrastructure is heat-stressed and usually at or above capacity.
• High winds may damage the grid directly by knocking down power lines and poles. If the winds are driving wildfire, the affected utility may activate its PSPS plan and bring down distribution circuits preventatively.

Threat Profile: Flood

PHYSICAL THREAT AND VULNERABILITY
Surface Flooding
FEMA classifies nearly all of Upland as an area of minimal flood hazard. No City CFs or FOCs exist in any of the FEMA 100-Year and 500-Year Flood Zones. Figure 4-9 displays these FEMA flood zones in relation to the City's CFs and FOCs.

Table 4-16 depicts these statistics for the 100-Year and 500-Year FEMA Flood zones. 126 Page 841 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 4-16: CRITICAL FACILITIES AND FACILITIES OF CONCERN LOCATED IN

THE SAN ANTONIO DAM INUNDATION ZONE
Category Critical Facilities of Potential Loss*
Facilities Concern
City facility 23 1 $33,997,380
Community Center/Facility 0 6 $11,450,650
Infrastructure 62 0 $75,815,970
Medical Facility 0 5 **
Parks Facility 0 23 $5,811,980
Schools 0 16 **
Transportation Infrastructure 0 4 $1,340,900
Other 0 50 $42,794,320
Total 85 105 $171,211,200
* Based on the City of Upland insured replacement values **Replacement values are unavailable as they are not City-owned.

Dam and Levee Failure
Three dam or levee areas—San Antonio Dam, Cucamonga Creek Debris Basin, and Upland Basin—pose a threat to downstream areas if their containment structures fail or excessive rain overwhelms their capacity.

The extent of impacts to physical assets in Upland would depend on factors such as the volume of water released, distance from the failure site, and surrounding topography. Figure 4-10 depicts the dam and reservoir inundation zones affecting the City. Of the three facilities evaluated, San Antonio Dam poses the greatest threat due to its large storage capacity and the potential for widespread inundation in portions of Upland and Ontario. It is also the only facility that threatens the City's critical facilities and facilities of concern (Table 4-16). 127 Page 842 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Figure 4-9. FEMA-Designated 100- and 500- Year Flood Zones in Upland 1 Aim St
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128 Page 843 of 1000

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129 Page 844 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigy City of Upland

SOCIAL THREAT
Surface Flooding
Because nearly all of Upland is outside the FEMA 100- and 500-year flood zones, City residents are vulnerable to floods only in minor ways, such as navigating standing water at backed-up street storm drains.

Dam and Levee Failure
Unfortunately, the San Antonio Dam inundation zone covers almost 84% of the City's area and nearly 88% of its population. Table 4-17 shows the details of the three impoundment inundation zones. The demographics of the San Antonio Dam inundation zone closely match those of the entire City because the zone is nearly the entire city. The demographics for the Cucamonga Creek Debris Basin are significantly older and more upmarket: the median income is 54% higher than that of the City as a whole, only 3.6% of the 28 households live under the poverty limit, but 50% of those households include at least one member aged 65 years or over (versus 31% for the City as a whole.)As a counterpoint, the population of the Upland Basin inundation zone is notably younger, poorer, and more likely to rent than the City's population at large.

TABLE 4-17: IMPOUNDMENT FAILURE HAZARD-THREATENED POPULATIONS IN UPLAND Cucamonga
Creek Debris Upland San Antonio
Threatened Population Metric Basin Basin Dam Upland Population 79 306 70,974 80,710 Households 28 171 25,349 28,775
Median household income $162,231 $105,274 $102,085 $108,029 i Renter-occupied households 35.7% 66.1% 45.4% 43.1% Percentage of households with at
least one person living with a 10.7% 18.1% 25.6% 24.7% disability
Percentage of households living 3.6% 23.5% 12.1% 11.2% below the poverty limit
Percentage of households with one ° ° ° ° member aged 65+ 50.0/° 10.0/° 30.4/° 31.0/° Area affected by hazard 0.21 sq. mi. 0.04 sq. mi. 13.13 sq. mi. 15.67 sq. mi.

Sources: 2018-2022 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey; 2024 U.S. Census Bureau's Estimates

OTHER THREATS
Surface Flooding
Flooding may temporarily stop any type of transportation in the City. Debris from floodwaters can block roadways, hinder vehicle access, and potentially affect emergency response services.

One foot of rushing water is enough to carry small vehicles. A severe flood may prevent people who own smaller vehicles from driving to work, reducing economic activity. Severe flooding that causes serious damage to homes and businesses may also reduce economic activity until repair work is completed.
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Dam and Levee Failure
Dam failures are often triggered by other events (e.g., seismic shaking, intense rainstorms, etc.). There would most likely be widespread service disruptions in Upland if this type of event occurred. Floodwaters would quickly inundate the City, disrupting utilities like water, power, heating, and other services such as communications or transportation infrastructure. Residents may find street lighting and traffic signals are temporarily disabled. Debris may be carried in the rapid inundation of water, blocking roads and impeding traffic flow. Water would likely inundate roadways and other low-lying, flat areas, such as parking lots, open spaces, and schoolyards.

In severe scenarios, mobility in these areas would likely be restricted or impossible. Any unprotected or unhoused mechanical or electronic equipment not properly elevated would become waterlogged and inoperable until technicians can conduct repairs or replacements.

CHANGES IN POPULATION AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
During the previous planning period, the City did not experience changes in risk associated with surface flooding and dam inundation as a result of development activities. Most developments during this time reduce surface flooding risk through the storm drain management improvements incorporated into the developments. Based on the current General Plan projections, the City's anticipated population growth over the next several years is also anticipated to increase Upland's potential vulnerability to flood and dam-failure hazards.

If the FEMA 100-year flood zone grows in the years ahead, homeowners and businesses presented with the costs of flood insurance—if it's still available—and code compliance may decide to move to less-threatened areas in Upland or neighboring cities. San Antonio Dam is a vital part of San Bernardino County's flood-control system and isn't going anywhere. As more people move into Upland, they'll necessarily move into the dam's inundation zone.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
Surface Flooding
Climate change will likely increase the City's vulnerability to flooding impacts because of the anticipated increase in the intensity and frequency of atmospheric rivers spawned by changes in local, regional, and global weather patterns. This increases the likelihood of an exceptional rain event in Upland that could overwhelm the capacity of the region's flood control system to contain and drain all the precipitation.

Droughts are also expected to increase in length and frequency. Soil dried by extensive droughts is less able to absorb and drain water, increasing the possibility of urban flooding.

FEMA periodically revamps its flood hazard maps. As conditions change, it's possible that the City's 100- and 500-year flood zones will grow and encompass more people or critical facilities.

Dam and Levee Failure
While the San Antonio Dam impoundment is usually dry, history has shown that extraordinary periods of heavy rain can fill even dry reservoirs very quickly. The proliferation of atmospheric rivers spurred by climate change will create more opportunities to rapidly fill and potentially overtop the dam, with grim consequences. The Cucamonga Creek and Upland basins may also overflow more often.
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CHAPTER 5 -

HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGY
Strategy Development Process
Upland's hazard mitigation strategy is a comprehensive set of actions intended to reduce the impact of hazard events. These hazard mitigation actions will help protect the safety and well- being of residents, visitors, CFs and FOCs, other buildings and structures, key services, the local economy, and other important community assets. Some actions will also help with emergency preparedness, allowing for a more effective community response to hazard events.

Preparedness actions are not required for an LHMP, but they support and complement mitigation activities. The HMPC chose to include them as part of the overall hazard mitigation strategy.

USE OF HAZARD AND THREAT ASSESSMENT
The HMPC relied partly on the hazard profiles and threat assessments in this Plan to develop the mitigation strategy's actions. A comprehensive set of mitigation actions was prepared to respond to the relevant hazard situations and protect residents, businesses, and community assets in Upland. The HMPC ensured that the mitigation actions would help reduce damage from the most frequent types of hazard events, the most significant that may reasonably occur, and those with the greatest potential to harm the community. The HMPC also drafted mitigation actions to help protect the most vulnerable community members and the most vulnerable local assets.

Capabilities Assessment
As part of the effort to draft mitigation actions, the City completed a capabilities assessment, which included reviewing existing policies, personnel, and technical resources to support hazard mitigation activities in Upland. The hazard mitigation actions build off these resources' existing success and leverage their capabilities to support improved resiliency in the community.

The capabilities assessment looked at the following types of resources:
• Personnel resources: City employees and volunteers, and employees and volunteers at other agencies
• Plan resources: Advisory or enforceable plans adopted by the City or other agencies • Policy resources: Policies adopted and implemented by the City or other agencies • Technical resources: Data and tools available to the City • Financial resources: Funding mechanisms available to the City that support mitigation activities
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

CAPABILITIES IMPROVEMENT/EXPANSION
The ability to expand current mitigation capabilities will generally be reliant upon the budgeting allocated for each department/program for that fiscal year. The level at which these programs may or may not be expanded upon, will be dependent upon the amount of funding received.

FEMA has released a series of guides over the past few years which highlight some of the ways in which jurisdictions can expand mitigation. Some strategies for increasing current mitigation capabilities may include:
• The City should actively identify, adopt, and enforce the most current set of development codes and standards available. Strongly encouraging new development to be constructed to higher standards than currently required, increasing resilience within the community.
• Engaging parts of the community that may not be actively involved in mitigation efforts. • Expanding the number and types of organizations involved in mitigation planning and implementation, increasing both efficiency and bandwidth. • Fostering new relationships to bring underrepresented populations and partners to the hazard's mitigation planning process.
• During the annual LHMP review, the committee should look for opportunities to fund and expand/enhance the effectiveness of current mitigation actions.

Table 5-1 shows the capabilities assessment for Upland.

TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Legal and Regulatory Capabilities
Upland City The City is in the midst of updating the Expansion and General Plan — Housing Element for the 2021-2029 planning Improvement: The Housing Housing Element period. The current Housing Element contains Element and LHMP will be (2014) the following material: aligned to describe the City • Discusses demographics, such as age and and its population. race.
• Includes a description of the household,
including size, income, and home ownership.
• Discusses new housing growth needs.
• Discusses sustainability and energy efficiency.
• Addresses building code.

The current Housing Element can be found at:
https://www.uplandca.gov/general-plan-map
The latest draft Housing Element can be found
at: https://www.uplandca.gov/2021-2029-
housing-element-update
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Wir TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT 11111 Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Upland City The Land Use Element serves as a guide to Expansion and General Plan — the ultimate development pattern for the City, Improvement: The City will Land Use both within its incorporated boundaries and align the Land Use Element Element (2015) sphere of influence. The Land Use Element: and LHMP to describe • Designates the distribution, location, and developmental trends, balance of land uses. hazards, and potential
• Describes the desired build-out of Upland. development in hazard areas. • Describes building intensity standards for each
land use.
• Communicates population density.
• Ensures compatibility between land uses.

The entire Land Use Element can be found at:
https://www.uplandca.gov/general-plan-map
Upland City The Safety Element identifies potential Expansion and General Plan — hazards: Improvement: The LHMP will Safety Element • Noise be linked by reference to the (2015) • Flooding General Plan's Safety
• Hazardous material release Element. The City will adopt • Seismic and other geologic hazards the approved LHMP as part of the General Plan to meet the
• Wildland and urban fires requirements of AB 2140. As • Airport-related hazards the City revises the Safety Element, it will include
It discusses design standards for new applicable material from the development as they relate to identified fire, LHMP for hazard analysis and seismic, flooding, and noise hazards. goals.

The Safety Element can be found at:
https://www.uplandca.gov/general-plan-map
Area Specific Upland maintains twelve specific plans for Expansion and Plans various areas within the City. These plans Improvement:
govern the land use and development within The LHMP will take the the designated Specific Plan areas, using the specific plans into account overarching precepts of the General Plan as a when determining development foundation. trends, hazards, and mitigation
opportunities.

The Upland specific plans can be found at:
https://www.uplandca.gov/specific-plans
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 1111 TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT 1111 Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Capital The CIP outlines the annual appropriations in Expansion and Improvement the City's budget for capital projects involving Improvement: Mitigation Program City infrastructure, such as street and park actions that involve improvements, building construction, and construction or retrofits to City various kinds of major facility maintenance. buildings, facilities, and Expenditure plans that detail funding sources infrastructure may be included and expenditure amounts support capital in the Capital Improvement improvement projects. They are often multi- Program.
year projects that require funding beyond the
one-year period of the annual budget.

Upland Municipal This section of the Municipal Code provides for Expansion and Code—Chapter the preparation and implementation of plans Improvement: The emergency

2.20, Emergency for the protection of people and property within management organization Organization and the City during an emergency, the direction of described in the Municipal Function the emergency organization, and the Code represents a framework coordination of Upland's emergency functions for understanding with all other public agencies, corporations, preparedness activities. It can organizations, and affected private persons. inform the LHMP as to how the City prepares to respond to
This section of the Municipal Code can be hazards.
found at:
https://ec0de360.com/44421866#44421867
Upland Municipal Upland's Buildings and Construction codes Expansion and Code—Title 15, include several individual codes and Improvement: The City can Buildings and regulations, including the City's Building Code, update Buildings and Construction Electrical Code, and Fire Code, which govern Construction codes with local (2023) the construction of new and renovated amendments that require new buildings. The state publishes these standards or renovated buildings to better and local governments adopt them, sometimes resist damage or harm to with amendments to address local issues. occupants during a disaster, They are typically updated every three years, and so may support hazard although more minor updates may occur in the mitigation activities. interim.

The Buildings and Construction safety codes
can be found at:
https://ecode360.com/44427157#44427157
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 111111 TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT 111lIl Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Upland Municipal The City's Zoning Code is a set of regulations Expansion and Code—Titles 16- for different land uses in the community. It Improvement: Understanding 18, Zoning Code establishes standards for where different types land-use policy and regulatory of development and land use activity may requirements is essential to occur (including defining hazard-prone areas developing mitigation where different development and land use strategies and activities. standards may apply), how they look, how they Mitigation actions that govern can be operated, and the necessary permitting the siting, construction, and and approval processes for development. The operation of new development Zoning Code is an implementation tool of the can be implemented through City's General Plan and plays a significant role the Zoning Code. in determining Upland's appearance and
community characteristics.

The zoning code can be found at:
https://ecode360.com/44487561#44487561
Floodplain Upland's Floodplain Management Regulations Expansion and Management are required for the City's participation in the Improvement: Amendments to Regulations— National Flood Insurance Program. Under the Upland's Floodplain Municipal Code terms of these regulations, construction Management Regulations Chapter 15.56 activities within the 100-year flood plain must could help implement (2008) feature flood-resilient design features. The mitigation actions that address regulations also limit the types of land-use the vulnerability of buildings in activities that can be conducted within the 100- the 100-year floodplain. year floodplain.

The Floodplain Management Regulations can
be found at:
https://ecode360.com/44427325#44427325
Seismic Hazard Upland's Seismic Hazard Identification Expansion and Identification Program aims to identify individual structures Improvement: Mitigation Program — within certain building classes that may pose actions that relate to the Municipal Code heightened threats to their occupants due to seismic resiliency of Chapter 15.48 the nature and manner of their construction. seismically unsafe buildings in The Program will require owners of potentially Upland may be implemented hazardous buildings to submit engineering through amendments to this studies of those buildings to the City's Building set of regulations. Mitigation and Safety Department for review. Owners of actions related to the resiliency buildings determined to pose a hazard will of other building types have to submit to the City a plan for addressing (including other hazards) may the hazard. be implemented through a
similar set of standards.

These regulations can be found at:
https://ecode360.com/44427245#44427245
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 111111 TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT glill Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
City Emergency Explains how the City will respond to a major Expansion and Operations Plan emergency or disaster and coordinate between Improvement: The LHMP (EOP) the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and informs the hazards section of field-level incident commanders. The EOP the EOP, as the two are includes a description of each hazard; the closely correlated. concept of operations during a major
emergency or disaster; the role of the EOC;
and the coordination that occurs between the
EOC, County departments, and other local,
state, and federal governments in times of
disaster.

San Bernardino The San Bernardino County Multi-Jurisdictional Expansion and County Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan (SBCMHMP) identifies Improvement: The county and Jurisdictional hazard events present in the unincorporated Upland can share resources Hazard areas of San Bernardino County and and best practices for hazard Mitigation Plan recommends mitigation actions to reduce the mitigation activities. Similar (2022) harm from these events. mitigation actions in the counties and Upland's plans
The SBCMHMP can be found at the following can help create more regional link: consistency. Mitigation actions
https://www.sbcounty.gov/uploads/OES/docum that require coordination with ents/Hazardous-Mitigation-Plan.pdf the San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services
or other county agencies may
be integrated into the
SBCMHMP.

California The California Building Standards Code is a Expansion and Building compilation of three types of building standards Improvement: Adherence to Standards Code from three different origins: building codes, including local (2022) • Building standards that state agencies have codes, regulates growth and adopted without change from the International controls land use patterns.

Building Code. Addressing known hazards as
• Building standards that have been adopted and codes are updated results in adapted from national model codes to address lowered risk and potentially California's ever-changing conditions. fewer losses. • Building standards authorized by the California
legislature that constitute amendments not
covered by national model codes, which have
been created and adopted to address California
concerns.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 111111 TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT 111lIl Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
California California Government Code §§8550-8669.7 Expansion and Emergency codifies the California Emergency Services Improvement: The City shall Services Act Act. It covers the entire range of disaster and maintain a current version of emergency powers and responsibilities of state the Emergency Services Act to and local government dealing with any natural inform the City Council and or human-caused disasters or a state of war. staff of changes to disaster mitigation and preparedness
The California Emergency Services Act can be activities and processes in the found at: state.
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes d
isplayexpandedbranch.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&
division=1.&title=2.&part=&chapter=7.&article=

1.&goUp=Y
California State California's Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Expansion and Hazard identifies and analyzes the various natural and Improvement: The City can Mitigation Plan human-caused hazards in California. It use the 2023 SHMP as a (2023) includes descriptions of these hazards, source of information to refine summaries of past hazard events, assessment the hazard profiles and of how these hazards may harm people and vulnerability assessments in other assets in California, and projections of future LHMPs. future hazard conditions.

The California SHMP can be found at:
https://www.caloes.ca.gov/office-of-the-
d i rector/operations/recovery-
d irectorate/hazard-mitigation/state-mitigation-
planninq/
National Flood The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Expansion and Insurance makes federally backed flood insurance Improvement: City websites Program available to homeowners, renters, and and social media accounts will business owners in participating communities. include information on the The City will continue to participate in the NFIP value of NFIP insurance for program and will make changes accordingly. properties located in flood hazard areas and how to buy
the insurance.

Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Development The Development Services Department is Expansion and Services responsible for conducting short- and long- Improvement: The Department term planning activities in Upland, approving Development Services building permits and business licenses, and Department staff can conduct inspecting private properties. Through these any mitigation actions related activities, the Development Services to land use, construction of Department enforces the City's Buildings and new structures or retrofits to Construction codes and related standards, as existing ones, and operating well as all land-use regulations. conditions of private property. 138 Page 853 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Illr TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Finance Division Upland's Finance Division—part of the City's Expansion and Administrative Services Department—is Improvement: Finance responsible for the City's financial operations. Division staff can support It conducts budgeting activities, manages the efforts to improve local City's payroll, provides general accounting resiliency by integrating services, and prepares financial reports. mitigation actions into the City budget and administering
mitigation-related grants.

Fire Department Upland contracts with the San Bernardino Expansion and County Fire District for firefighting, fire Improvement: Provide training protection, and emergency medical response for staff to enable them to see services in the community. This includes potential hazards better and mitigation activities that reduce the likelihood of take action to report them. Use fires or limit the damage from such events. the Fire Marshall to provide Department activities also include efforts to input into the LHMP mitigation prepare for local disasters and support a more action plan. effective response. The Fire Department is
responsible for mitigation actions that involve
resiliency to wildfire.

Police The Upland Police Department is responsible Expansion and Department for law enforcement, criminal investigation, Improvement: Provide training traffic control, and emergency response. to officers to enable them to Mitigation actions that fall within the Police see potential hazards better Department's purview include those related to and take action to report them. the safe movement of traffic and the security of
community members during emergencies.

Public Works The Upland Public Works Department is Expansion and Department responsible for engineering, permitting, Improvement: Public Works maintenance, and operation of the City's engineers and technicians infrastructure, including public buildings, manage the city's streets, sidewalks, roadway medians, alleys, infrastructure. They possess a public parking lots, traffic signals, streetlights, critical understanding of the and so on. The Department also manages the risks posed by hazards and solid waste and recycling programs as well as potential mitigation activities to the City's storm water program and sewer address the risks to lifeline collection main lines. infrastructure. Their input into developing infrastructure
mitigation strategies and
actions is critical.
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TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Water Division Upland's Water Division, part of the City's Expansion and Public Works Department, provides its Improvement: The Water and residents with a safe and reliable supply of Wastewater Department staff high-quality drinking water. The water may implement any mitigation delivered meets all state and federal drinking actions that involve Upland's water standards for quality and safety. To water sources, how much ensure the best quality water possible is water the community uses, the produced, the City continually evaluates City's water or wastewater- Upland's water supply using sophisticated related infrastructure, or other equipment and advanced procedures. Upland issues related to water and has access to local and imported water supply wastewater services. resources through its own direct water rights
and through ownership arrangements with a
number of private water districts.

Floodplain The duties and responsibilities of the Expansion and Manager Floodplain Administrator include: Improvement: The Floodplain • Permit review Administrator supports
• Flood hazard reduction compliance with NFIP
• NFIP program administration requirements, advocates for Construction inspections appropriate development in • flood hazard areas, and
provides technical expertise on
effective flood mitigation
activities. These actions can
support mitigation activities.

Planning This seven-member Commission, established Expansion and Commission by state law—studies, proposed developments Improvement: Provide that may affect the community's growth and continued education environment. This Commission determines opportunities for Planning whether proposed developments will meet the Commission members to City's technical, environmental, and aesthetic maintain state-of-the-art standards. The Commission holds public knowledge of new code and hearings to review development plan regulatory requirements. compliance with the City's zoning regulations
and General Plan.

Upland The San Bernardino County Fire District Office Expansion and Emergency of Emergency Services provides emergency Improvement: The ESO works Management management services to Upland by providing closely with the City and whole Program the City with an Emergency Services Officer community to ensure all (ESO). This ESO is responsible for the emergency management development of the City's disaster plans, functions are effectively disaster training and exercise program, and implemented. The ESO can oversight of the City's EOC. enforce consistency between the LHMP and other
emergency plans.
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TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
City Attorney The City Attorney provides legal advice to the Expansion and City Council and City Manager and reviews Improvement: Provide and approves resolutions and ordinances. opportunities for the City Attorney to review updates to
regulatory information to
provide expert review of county
and state resolutions and
ordinances that address
hazard mitigation
City Clerk The City Clerk administers local elections, all Expansion and legislative actions, and public transparency Improvement: The City Clerk functions. The City Clerk is also a compliance is integral to the LHMP officer for federal, state, and local statutes, adoption process. She/he including the Political Reform Act and the makes sure the adoption Brown Act. resolution meets all
administrative requirements.

Community GIS Provides complex mapping and data Expansion and management of City facilities, land use, and Improvement: Acquire and potential hazards. It supports the visualization conduct training for GIS of complex data sets using geolocation and technicians on the latest data correlation. versions of ArcGIS. Integrate
GIS into the City EOC.

San Bernardino The San Bernardino County Office of Expansion and County Office of Emergency Services (SBC OES) is responsible Improvement: Mitigation Emergency for emergency planning, hazard mitigation, and actions involving coordination Services emergency response and recovery activities with county agencies or other throughout the county, in collaboration with cities may be facilitated local communities. SBC OES helps coordinate through work with SBC OES. activities between the county and cities, SBC OES can also support conducts emergency training and exercises, Upland's own hazard and manages emergency grants, among other mitigation activities by activities. providing funding or other
resources.

San Bernardino Upland is a participant on the San Bernardino Expansion and County County Operational Area Coordinating Council Improvement: OACC's Operational Area (OACC). The OACC consists of one primary functions of enabling the Coordinating representative from each jurisdiction within the exchange of critical Council Operational Area. It works along with local preparedness information and governments, SBC OES, the California Office discussion of resource of Emergency Services, and the Federal management better prepare Emergency Management Agency to better Upland, the county, and the prepare and plan for potential disasters within state to respond to human- California. caused and natural disasters.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

1.1 TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT 1111 Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
San Bernardino The San Bernardino County Flood Control Expansion and County Flood District—part of the county's Department of Improvement: Mitigation Control District Public Works—is responsible for constructing actions that involve changes to and maintaining flood control infrastructure in flood control infrastructure in San Bernardino County, such as drainage Upland will likely require basins and channels. The District also is a support and coordination with partial operator of the Seven Oaks Dam on the the County Flood Control headwaters of the Santa Ana River. The District.
courses of the Santa Ana River and Warm
Creek, as well as various drainage channels
throughout Upland, fall under the District's
purview.

San Bernardino The San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water Expansion and Valley Municipal District (SBVMWD) is responsible for long-term Improvement: The City can Water District water supply in the San Bernardino Valley. The work with SBVMWD on District acts as a water wholesaler, obtaining mitigation actions that relate to water from various sources and distributing it local water supply and water to local water suppliers. The SBVMWD imports use.
water from the State Water Project and
manages most of the valley's groundwater
basins.

Inland Empire Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA) receives Expansion and Utilities Agency State Water Project-imported water from the Improvement: The City can Metropolitan Water District of Southern work with IEUA on mitigation California. This water passes through the actions that relate to local Water Facilities Authority's Agua de Lejos water supply and water use. treatment plant in Upland, of which Upland
owns a 22% interest. IEUA completed regional
pipeline facilities and began delivering recycled
water in 2013, which serves large landscape
irrigation customers in the City.

San Antonio The San Antonio Water Company (SAWCo) is Expansion and Water Company a private mutual water utility that is 68% owned Improvement: Mitigation by the City of Upland. SAWCo provides actions involving water supply approximately 50% of the City's water through and use can be implemented in local groundwater and surface water from San collaboration with the SAWCo.

Antonio Canyon. The surface water is treated
at the City's San Antonio Water Treatment
Plant. SAWCo is responsible for sourcing
water, maintaining water delivery
infrastructure, and administering water
conservation and related programs for its
service territory.
142 Page 857 of 1000

TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
West End The West End Consolidated Water Company Expansion and Consolidated (WECW Co) is a private mutual water utility Improvement: Mitigation Water Company that is 93% owned by the City of Upland. actions involving water supply WECWCo provides about 15% of the City's and use can be implemented in water through its ownership of six groundwater collaboration with the wells. It is responsible for sourcing water, WECWCo. maintaining water delivery infrastructure, and
administering water conservation and related
programs for its service territory.

Riverside Urban The UASI program enhances the Expansion and Area Security preparedness level of high-threat communities. Improvement: Continue Initiative (UASI) With support from the UASI and related participation through San Homeland Security grant programs, Bernardino County's stakeholders in the Riverside/San Bernardino representation in the UASI urban areas are engaged in a multi-disciplinary leadership. and multi-jurisdictional partnership to improve
local capacity to prepare for, protect against,
respond to, and recover from catastrophic
incidents.

Southern Functions as the Metropolitan Planning Expansion and California Organization for Los Angeles, Orange, San Improvement: Attend SCAG Association of Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura, and Imperial meetings. Continue to Governments Counties. The federal government mandates participate in SCAG-sponsored (SCAG) SCAG to research and draw up plans for programs. Routinely transportation, growth management, coordinate with SCAG staff to hazardous waste management, and air quality. stay informed of current planning initiatives.

California The California Governor's Office of Emergency Expansion and Governor's Services (Cal OES) is responsible for reducing Improvement:

Office of hazards through mitigation activities, The City can work with Cal Emergency conducting emergency planning, supporting OES to obtain funding to Services emergency response and recovery activities, implement LHMP mitigation and mediating between local and federal strategies and receive future agencies on emergency-related issues. Cal updates.

OES guides hazard mitigation planning
activities, shares best practices, and distributes
funding opportunities.

Cal-Adapt Cal-Adapt is an online tool that provides Expansion and detailed projections for future climate-related Improvement:
conditions in California, including factors such The City can use Cal-Adapt to as temperature, precipitation, and sea-level monitor anticipated changes in rise. These projections can help inform future future climate conditions and hazard planning and explain how hazard adjust mitigation actions conditions are expected to change. accordingly.

Cal-Adapt can be found at: https://cal-
adapt.org/
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TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
California The California Department of Transportation Expansion and Department of (Caltrans) has design, construction, operation, Improvement:

Transportation and maintenance jurisdiction over designated The City will coordinate with state and federal highways, including CA-66, Caltrans to implement CA-83, CA-210, and Interstate 1-10. mitigation measures related to ensuring the resilience of
state-designated routes.

South Coast Air The South Coast Air Quality Management Expansion and Quality District (South Coast AQMD) develops plans Improvement:

Management and regulations designed to achieve public Some of the City's mitigation District health standards by reducing emissions from actions involve installing diesel business and industry. South Coast AQMD's generators for power backup.

Governing Board adopts plans and regulations The City will have to for the region, then submits them to the coordinate with South Coast California Air Resources Board and the federal AQMD to obtain permits to EPA. operate these generators and
to remain within clear air goals
while operating them.

Federal The Federal Emergency Management Agency Expansion and Emergency (FEMA) is responsible for hazard mitigation, Improvement:

Management emergency preparedness, and emergency FEMA can assist Upland with Agency response and recovery at the national level. developing mitigation actions FEMA provides hazard mitigation guidance to and support their state and local governments, including implementation through grants. information on best practices and compliance The agency also provides with federal requirements for hazard mitigation guidance that Upland will use plans. It also provides a number of grants for in future updates to its LHMP. hazard mitigation activities.

American Red The American Red Cross is a humanitarian Expansion and Cross assistance organization that provides disaster Improvement:
relief services in the aftermath of emergency There may be opportunities for events. This includes operating emergency the Red Cross to support disaster shelters, distributing meals and relief mitigation activities related to supplies, and providing basic health services. community engagement and education.

BNSF Railway The BNSF Railway is one of the country's Expansion and major freight railroad companies. It owns the Improvement:
main north-south railway line in Upland, along Mitigation actions that relate to with various spur lines, and operates a rail yard the resilience of Upland's immediately north of the City. railway and related issues will need to be implemented in
coordination with BNSF.
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TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Southern Southern California Edison (SCE) provides Expansion and California Edison electricity to most of Southern California. It also Improvement:
owns and operates the high-voltage electrical The City will need to transmission lines and most of the electrical coordinate with SCE regarding substations in the community. SCE's Public mitigation actions that involve Safety Power Shutoff program may shut off the resilience of Upland's electrical service to parts of Upland when high- neighborhood and high-voltage fire-risk weather conditions arise. transmission lines and other electrical infrastructure. SCE
can also support other
mitigation actions that involve
electricity.

Southern The Southern California Gas Company Expansion and California Gas (SoCalGas) is the natural gas service provider Improvement:

Company for most of Southern California, including The City will need to Upland. In addition to providing natural gas coordinate with SoCal Gas on services, it owns and operates the natural gas implementation of mitigation infrastructure in and around the community. actions that involve natural gas use or relate to the resilience
of natural gas infrastructure.

Financial Resources
General Fund Upland's General Fund is revenue that the City Expansion and collects from sales tax, property tax, other Improvement: The General taxes, license and permit fees, fines, and Fund can provide the financial various other sources. Unlike other sources of resources to implement revenue that are often restricted to specific mitigation actions that cannot types of projects or programs, General Fund be feasibly funded through revenue may be used for any City expenses. other mechanisms, including Currently, most General Fund revenue is spent paying for additional staff as on City staff salary and benefits. needed.

Water Utility The Water Utility Fund is a separate fund Expansion and Fund amassed from the fees charged to City water Improvement: The Water customers. Salaries for water employees are Utility Fund may support paid from these funds, along with maintenance mitigation actions that involve and operations of water systems, capital water service or infrastructure improvements to water infrastructure, and in Upland.
other charges related to these services.

Community The federal CDBG program provides funding Expansion and Development for eligible senior activities such as in-home Improvement: Where Block Grants care, art classes, counseling, and home- applicable, CDBG grants (CDBG) delivered meals. HUD also provides disaster should be used to fund recovery assistance in the form of flexible mitigation projects that grants to help cities, counties, and states enhance the resiliency of low- recover from Presidentially declared disasters, income and underserved especially in low-income areas, subject to the communities. availability of supplemental appropriations.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Hazard Provides support for pre- and post-disaster Expansion and Mitigation Grant mitigation plans and projects. Improvement: Train staff on Program notice of intent (NOI)
(HMGP) procedures and track
opportunities on the Cal OES
mitigation website to initiate
applications for grant funding.

State Homeland SHSGP is a FEMA grant passed through the Expansion and Security Grant State of California and the San Bernardino Improvement: Familiarize staff Program Operational Area, to public safety agencies with the proposal and review (SHSGP) within the county. The grant's purpose is to process at the OA and state build capabilities to protect against, prevent, level. Work with the Approval respond to, and recover from terrorist acts and Authority to include Investment other types of emergencies or disasters. Justifications for Upland- Project funds are available under the following related projects. four categories: Equipment, Planning, Training,
or Exercise.

California Authorizes $7.545 billion in general obligation Expansion and Proposition One bonds to fund ecosystems and watershed Improvement: Provides Bond Programs protection and restoration, water supply monetary opportunities for infrastructure projects, including surface and projects that are outside groundwater storage, and drinking water traditional mitigation projects. protection.

Building Resilient Provides support for pre-disaster mitigation Expansion and Infrastructure plans and projects. Improvement: Train staff on and NOI procedures and track
Communities opportunities on the Cal OES
(BRIC) mitigation website to initiate
*The BRIC program still exists; however, it is applications for grant funding. not currently being funded.

Flood Mitigation Mitigates structures and infrastructure that Expansion and Assistance Grant have been repetitively flooded. Improvement: Train staff on Program (FMA) NOI procedures and track
opportunities on the Cal OES
mitigation website to initiate
applications for grant funding.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland 11111 TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Education and Outreach Capabilities
Ready Upland— The Ready Upland content on the City website Expansion and Disaster offers residents and businesses a guide to Improvement: Provide links to Preparedness disaster preparedness. It discusses county, state, and federal Web content evacuation, making an emergency plan, preparedness information. stocking supplies, staying informed, and
getting involved.

Ready Upland can be found at:
https://www.uplandca.gov/readyupland
City Social In addition to normal City business and events, Expansion and Media Accounts: Upland's social media accounts provide alert Improvement:
and warning information, safety and evacuation Repost emergency-related procedures, and information on home and news and directions from individual preparedness. neighboring cities, county, state, and federal social media
The City's social media accounts include: during disasters. Post • Facebook preparedness-related material
• Instagram that links to the appropriate
x sources.
•Community Upland's CERT program educates residents Expansion and Emergency about disaster preparedness for hazards that Improvement:

Response Team may impact their area and trains them in basic Include material in CERT (CERT) disaster response skills, such as fire safety, curriculum that provides light search and rescue, team organization, updates to progress in the and disaster medical operations. mitigation action plan, including links to the
Using the training learned in the classroom and appropriate website page. during practical exercises, CERT members can CERT volunteers can also assist others in their neighborhood or assist with mitigation-related workplace immediately following an event outreach activities. when professional emergency responders are
not immediately available to help.

San Bernardino The county's Emergency Alerts program can Expansion and County Smart send high-speed mass notifications via Improvement: The City will 911 Emergency telephone, email, and text messages during continue to conduct community Alerts emergencies and disasters. This system can outreach to increase the be targeted to specific geographic areas. number of residents who are subscribers.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-1: CITY OF UPLAND CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT
Connection to Current
Resource Resource Description Mitigation/Future Opportunities for Expansion
and Improvement
Cal OES Family The Guide provides a comprehensive toolkit for Expansion and Readiness Guide making a family emergency plan. Improvement: Provide a link to the Readiness Guide on the
The Cal OES Family Readiness Guide can be City website and Facebook found at: account.
https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wp-
content/uploads/Preparedness/Documents/Cal
OES Family Readiness GuideENG.pdf
Ready.gov FEMA's comprehensive disaster preparedness Expansion and and response website for businesses and Improvement: Provide a link residents. It includes information about drafting to Ready.gov on the City web family and business emergency plans, building page and Facebook account. go kits, acquiring emergency supplies, and
how to react to various types of disasters.
https://www.ready.gov/
Hazard Mitigation Strategies

HAZARD MITIGATION GOALS
The goals identified in Chapter 1 help develop policies to protect community members, ecosystems, and other important assets from hazard events. These goals informed the development of mitigation actions and functioned as checkpoints to help City staff determine implementation progress.

EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HAZARD MITIGATION ACTIONS
The HMPC prepared a set of potential mitigation actions based on hazard profiles, threat and capability assessments, community survey results, discussions among HMPC members, and existing best practices. Next, the HMPC evaluated these potential actions using the following criteria:
• FEMA requires local governments to evaluate potential mitigation actions' monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits. While local governments are not required to assign specific dollar values to each action, they should identify the general size of costs and benefits. The HMPC may elect to include measures with high costs or low benefits, but such measures should benefit the community and make appropriate use of local resources.
• FEMA also directs local governments to consider the following questions as part of the financial analysis:
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland o What is the frequency and severity of the hazard type to be addressed by the action, and how vulnerable is the community to this hazard? o What impacts of the hazard will the action reduce or avoid? o What benefits will the action provide to the community? The HMPC also reviewed and revised the potential hazard mitigation actions using the STAPLE/E (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) criteria (Table 5-2). The HMPC did not formally assess every potential mitigation action under all STAPLE/E criteria but used the criteria to guide and inform the discussion. The HMPC also discussed how the criteria might evaluate grant applications the City may submit to receive funding for LHMP implementation.

CHANGES TO PREVIOUS MITIGATION ACTIONS
A review of the mitigation actions from the 2016 Upland LHMP has identified that these existing actions are still relevant and have been incorporated into this Plan update. None of the previous actions were removed from this plan and have been shaded in blue in Table 5-3. All actions from the 2016 LHMP were carried over to this plan, and none were removed. 149 Page 864 of 1000

TABLE 5-2: STAPLE/E CRITERIA
Issues Criteria
Social • Is the action socially acceptable to Upland community members? • Would the action mistreat some individuals?
• Is there a reasonable chance of the action causing a social disruption? Technical • Is the action likely to reduce the risk of the hazard occurring, or will it reduce the hazard's effects?
• Will the action create new hazards or make existing hazards worse? • Is the action the most useful approach for Upland to take, given the City and community members' goals?
Administrative • Does the City have the administrative capabilities to implement the action? • Are there existing City staff who can lead and coordinate the implementation of the measure, or can the City reasonably hire new staff for this role? • Does the City have enough staff,funding, technical support, and other resources to implement the action?
• Are there administrative barriers to implementing the action? Political • Is the action politically acceptable to City officials and other relevant jurisdictions and political entities?
• Do community members support the action?
Legal • Does the City have the legal authority to implement and enforce the action? • Are there potential legal barriers or consequences that could hinder or prevent the implementation of the action?
• Is there a reasonable chance that the implementation of the action would expose the City to legal liabilities?
• Could the action reasonably face other legal challenges? Economic • What are the monetary costs of the action, and do the costs exceed the monetary benefits?
• What are the start-up and maintenance costs of the action, including administrative costs?
• Has the funding for action implementation been secured, or is a potential funding source available?
• How will funding the action affect the City's financial capabilities? • Could the implementation of the action reasonably burden the Upland economy or tax base?
• Could there reasonably be other budgetary and revenue impacts to the City? Environmental • What are the potential environmental impacts of the action? • Will the action require environmental regulatory approvals? • Will the action comply with all applicable federal, state, regional, and local environmental regulations?
• Will the action reasonably affect any endangered, threatened, or otherwise sensitive species of concern?
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hazard Mitigation Actions
Based on the criteria and evaluation processes used during Plan development, the HMPC prepared a prioritized list of mitigation actions (Table 5-3) to improve Upland's resilience to hazard events. These actions collectively form Upland's hazard mitigation strategy. During preparation of these actions, the HMPC recognized that the previous plan did not include actions for many of the hazards included in this update. To support this process, the HMPC developed many new mitigation strategies and actions to support the risks and vulnerabilities to these hazards. During this process, the only actions that were not included were those that the City did not have direct control over. As an example, the City recognized that the removal of an existing dam upstream of the City would not be a feasible mitigation action and excluded it from the actions identified.

The list of actions also includes preparedness activities that are intended to improve emergency response for the City and community members when hazard events occur or are imminent.

Although these actions are not considered mitigation activities, they are expected to decrease the harm the community faces from hazard events and so support the same goals as mitigation actions.

Table 5-3 identifies the 2025 mitigation strategies and actions proposed by the City as part of this LHMP process. In addition to the list of actions, the table also identifies potential funding sources, responsible departments, relative cost estimates, timeframes, and priorities for these actions, which are described further below. In addition to mitigation action and strategies, several preparedness activities were identified and denoted with the letter "P."

POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES
Table 5-3 identifies the potential funding sources that may be used to implement mitigation strategies. These funding sources include the following federal and state sources:
• Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC): A competitive FEMA grant program to support states, local communities, tribes, and territories. • Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA): A competitive grant program that provides funding to states, local communities, federally recognized tribes, and territories.

Funds can be used for projects that reduce or eliminate the risk of repetitive flood damage to buildings insured by the National Flood Insurance Program. • Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP): Provides funding to state, local, tribal, and territorial governments to rebuild in a way that reduces or mitigates future disaster losses in their communities. This grant funding is available after a presidentially declared disaster.
• State Homeland Security Grant Program (SHSGP): This FEMA grant is passed through Cal OES and the San Bernardino Operational Area to public safety agencies within the county. The grant helps build capabilities to protect against, prevent, respond to, and recover from terrorist acts and other types of emergencies or disasters. • Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG): The federal government, through the EMPG Program, provides necessary direction, coordination, 151 Page 866 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
and guidance and provides necessary assistance, as authorized in this title, to support a comprehensive all-hazards emergency preparedness system. • Other Grants: Other grants may include State of California grants associated with climate change, water infrastructure, homeland security, transportation, or other funding sources that periodically become available. The list below provides some common sources:
o Climate Adaptation Planning Sustainable Transportation Planning Grant Program - Department of Transportation
o Sustainable Communities Competitive — Department of Transportation o CAL FIRE Wildfire Prevention Grants Program—Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
o Integrated Climate Adaptation and Resiliency Program's Climate Adaptation Planning Grant— Office of Planning and Research
o Small Community Drought Relief Program — Department of Water Resources o Addressing Climate Impacts — Department of Fish and Wildlife o Cleanup Loans and Environmental Assistance to Neighborhoods (CLEAN) Program — Department of Toxic Substances Control
o Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program Construction — State Water Resources Control Board
o Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Construction — State Water Resources Control Board
o Water Recycling Funding Program (WRFP) Construction Grant — State Water Resources Control Board
o Equitable Community Revitalization Grants (ECRG) — Department of Toxic Substances Control
o Water Recycling Funding Program (WRFP) Planning Grant — State Water Resources Control Board
o Infrastructure State Revolving Fund (ISRF) Program - Infrastructure and Economic Development Bank

RESPONSIBLE DEPARTMENT
Table 5-3 includes the identification of key responsible departments that will be focused on future implementation of mitigation strategies and actions identified by the City.

RELATIVE COST ESTIMATES
The HMPC identified relative cost estimates to meet the hazard mitigation planning process's cost estimation requirements based on their understanding of the mitigation action intent and their experience developing identical or similar programs/implementing projects. Three cost categories based on the City's typical cost criteria were used for budgeting purposes:
152 Page 867 of 1000

• Low cost ($): $75,000 or less
• Medium cost ($$): $75,001 to $4,999,999
• High cost ($$$): Greater than $5,000,000

TIMEFRAMES
Table 5-3 includes timeframes that provide general timing durations due to the nature of the mitigation actions identified by the City. The following timeframes are used based on the following conditions:
• Ongoing (Annually): Actions that identify this timeframe are the types of actions that City staff would conduct annually.
• Ongoing: Actions that identify this timeframe include periodic activities that City staff would conduct in response to a request by internal (City departments) or external (residents, businesses) forces.
• Long Term: Actions identified within this timeframe are considered low-priority actions that the City would like to continue to track but doesn't feel they would be able to implement in the current planning implementation timeframe.

For actions that use these terms, it is intended to identify that the action may add to existing capabilities and not have a particular start, end date, or occur periodically. This is typically used for actions that include new policies, tasks, or standard operating procedures intended to mitigate future risks. If a single year is stated in the timeframe column, this indicates the year the action will begin

PRIORITIZATION
As part of the mitigation actions development and review, the HMPC also prioritized the actions.

The prioritization efforts looked at the risks and threats of each hazard, financial costs and benefits, technical feasibility, and community values. HMPC members were asked to identify their priority actions through a voting exercise. Items are prioritized based on the number of votes each mitigation action receives from the HMPC members. These quantitative scores were then converted to low, medium, and high priority qualitative categories.

Based on the criteria and evaluation processes used during Plan development, the HMPC prepared a prioritized list of mitigation actions Table 5-3 to improve Upland's resilience to hazard events.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority Emergency Preparedness Activities
P01 Conduct regular emergency preparedness drills General Fund, Emergency $ Ongoing Medium and training exercises for City staff. EMPG Management, Fire
P02 Expand participation in the Upland Community General Fund, Emergency $ Ongoing Low Emergency Response Team (CERT) program. EMPG Management, Fire
P03 Verify that community evacuation plans include General Fund, Emergency $ Ongoing Medium provisions for community members who don't EMPG Management, have access to private vehicles or are otherwise Fire unable to drive.

PO4 Continue to provide effective emergency General Fund, Emergency $ Ongoing Medium notifications through multiple media formats, in EMPG Management, languages appropriate for the community, about Fire
pending, imminent, or ongoing emergency events.

Plan to make information accessible to people
with access and functional needs.

P05 Continuously update response procedures for first General Fund, Emergency $ Ongoing Low responder departments to properly address new EMPG Management, hazard events as they emerge. Fire
P06 Increase the number of City staff members who General Fund, Emergency $$ Ongoing Medium have CalOES Safety Assessment Program (SAP) EMPG Management, credentials. Fire, Building
and Safety
Division,
Community
Development
Department
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland MMR-ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority P07 Establish or update agreements with local schools General Fund, Emergency $ Ongoing Medium so that school facilities can function as evacuation EMPG Management, sites during major emergencies. Fire
Multiple Hazards
MH01 Install digital signage in key locations to aid in General Fund, Emergency $ 2027 Low public outreach and information dissemination EMPG Management, during emergency events. Fire, Public
Works
Department
MH02 Amend Municipal Code Title 17, Part 3, General Fund Emergency $ 2026 Low §17.15.220.H(3) to allow emergency-related Management public service messages to constitute up to 50%
of messages displayed during a one-hour period
on all permitted electronic changeable-copy signs
during a proclaimed emergency.

MH03 Conduct routine updates to Facility Conditions General Fund, Building and $$ Annually Low Assessments for City-owned infrastructure and BRIO/ HMGP Safety Division other utilities and coordinate with other agencies Grants, Other to ensure inspections of other important Grants
infrastructure. (Hazards addressed: All)
MH04 Collaborate closely with community groups to General Fund, Community $ Annually Low increase awareness of hazard events and BRIC/ HMGP Development resiliency opportunities among socially vulnerable Grants, Other Department, community members, including those Grants Community experiencing homelessness. (Hazards addressed: Services All) Department
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority MH05 Closely monitor changes in the boundaries of General Fund, Community $ Annually Low mapped hazard areas resulting from land use BRIC/ HMGP Development changes or climate change and adopt new Grants, Other Department mitigation actions or revise existing ones to Grants ensure continued resiliency. (Hazards addressed:

All)
MH06 Integrate policy direction and other information General Fund, All Departments $ Following All Medium from this Plan into other City documents, including BRIC/ HMGP Plan the General Plan, Emergency Operations Plan, Grants, Other Updates and Capital Improvements Program. (Hazards Grants
addressed: All)
MH07 Monitor funding sources for hazard mitigation General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low activities. (Hazards addressed: All) BRIC/ HMGP Grants, Other
Grants
MH08 Integrate climate change mitigation and General Fund, All Departments $ Following All Low adaptation information and analysis into future BRIC/ HMGP Plan LHMP updates and other City plans, where Grants, Other Updates practicable. (Hazards addressed: All) Grants
MH09 Update the City's Master Plans periodically (in General Fund, Public Works $$ Following Medium conjunction with the LHMP and CIP) to BRIC/ HMGP Department, LHMP/CIP incorporate new data/ mapping and/or address Grants, Other Community Updates emerging issues. (Hazards addressed: All) Grants Development Department
MH10 Create an inventory of all senior centers, mobile General Fund, Fire, $ Annually Medium home parks (especially those located in the BRIC/ HMGP Community VHFHSZ), and other vulnerable populations to Grants, Other Services ensure that this population group is accounted for Grants Department in emergency scenarios where evacuation is
required. (Hazards addressed: All)
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority Seismic Hazards (Fault Rupture, Seismic Shaking)
EQ01 Develop projects and programs to install HMGP, HUD Development $ Long Term Low automatic gas shut-off valves in residential, Services commercial, and public buildings. (Building and Safety), Public
Works
EQ02 Conduct an educational campaign to incentivize General Fund, Fire, $ Long Term Low and promote medium-scale seismic retrofits, such EMPG, HMGP Community as window films to minimize shattering, rooftop- Grants, Development mounted equipment anchors, masonry chimney California Department bracing, and other preventative measures to Earthquake reduce damage to private buildings. Authority Grants, Other Grants
EQ03 Develop a small project-based retrofit program to General Fund, Fire $ Long Term Low assist homeowners with simple earthquake BRIC/ HMGP mitigation activities (i.e., water heater straps, Grants, furniture anchoring, gas shut-off tools, and other California emergency supplies)to reduce strain on City Earthquake resources during an event. Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ04 Develop and sponsor projects and programs to General Fund, Building and 2027 Medium brace new or relocated mobile homes to resist BRIC/ HMGP Safety Division earthquakes Grants,
California
Earthquake
Authority Grants
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority EQ05 Conduct a seismic analysis of all City-owned key General Fund, Public Works $ 2027 Medium facilities and retrofit vulnerable facilities. BRIC/ HMGP Department Grants,
California
Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ06 Require periodic inspection by the Office of General Fund, Building and $ 2027 Low Building and Safety of all critical, essential, and EMPG, California Safety Division high-occupancy buildings to identify potential Earthquake hazards in the event of a major earthquake. When Authority Grants, hazards are identified, require mitigation by the Other Grants owner.

EQ07 To the extent feasible, construct all new City- General Fund, Public Works $$$ 2028 Low owned facilities to remain operational in the event BRIC/ HMGP Department of a major earthquake. Grants,
California
Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ08 Retrofit key critical facilities with seismically rated General Fund, Public Works $$ 2028 Low window film treatments that prevent glass BRIC/ HMGP Department windows from shattering during a strong seismic Grants, event. California
Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ09 Improve local understanding of the threat of a General Fund, Building and $ 2028 Low major earthquake by conducting a citywide BRIC/ HMGP Safety Division assessment modeling potential losses due to Grants,
destroyed and damaged structures, and California
interruptions to key services. Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority EQ10 Analyze the City's building and housing stock to General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Medium create an inventory of seismically vulnerable BRIC/ HMGP Department, buildings (unreinforced masonry, soft-story Grants, Community construction, non-ductile concrete buildings) California Development within the city and conduct an educational Earthquake Department program providing information on how to begin Authority Grants, the process of seismically retrofitting these Other Grants buildings.

Fire (Wildland Fire, Wildland I Urban Interface Fire)
F01 Develop and sponsor an enhanced public General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low education program based on targeted needs that BRIC/ HMGP encourages the public to take responsibility for Grants, wildfire protection. California
Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F02 Develop and sponsor a defensible space Cal Fire Grants, Fire $ Long Term Low management program to support CA Public Other Grants Resource Code §4291.

F03 Require development applicants in areas of General Fund Community $ Long Term Low identified fire risk to prepare a site-specific fire Development protection plan. Department
F04 Require applicants to fund expansion of local fire General Fund Development $ Ongoing Low protection services by payment of appropriate Services impact fees.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority F05 Continue to disseminate an informational General Fund, Building and $ Ongoing Low brochure on design and construction standards HMGP Grants, Safety Division required in the Fire Hazard Overlay through the California Division of Building and Safety. Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F06 Promote the proper maintenance and separation General Fund, Fire, Public $ Annually Low of power lines and efficient response to fallen HMGP Grants, Information power lines, particularly in the WUI and California Officer VHFHSZs. Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F07 Identify funding for existing non-conforming General Fund, Fire $$ Annually Medium retrofits in fire-prone areas to use non- BRIC/ HMGP combustible building materials such as masonry, Grants, brick, stucco, concrete, steel, or others as California appropriate. Establish defensible space zones Climate
around homes in these areas to reduce fire Resilience vulnerability. Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F08 Routinely participate in regional areas focused on General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low wildfire preparedness and investigate the HMGP Grants, feasibility of developing additional defensible California space and home hardening guidance for existing Climate structures. Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland MM .PrABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority F09 Create a rapid response plan from among General Fund, Fire $ 2027 Low Upland's and surrounding counties' first BRIC/ HMGP
responders to secure hospital, nursing, and Grants, assisted-living facilities, especially those located California within fire hazard severity zones. Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F10 Clear dead vegetation and invasive plants in flood General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low control facility footprints, trails, parks, and open HMGP Grants, spaces, especially during and after a drought California episode. Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F11 Coordinate with surrounding jurisdictions on home General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low hardening and vegetation management BRIC/ HMGP
assessments to assist residents in understanding Grants, and addressing wildfire risk. California
Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F12 Conduct regular fuel modification projects and General Fund, Fire, Public $$ Annually Low clear vegetation to reduce fire hazard risks, such BRIC/ HMGP Works as removal of dead vegetation and invasive plants Grants, Department in parks, open spaces, and right-of-way California
embankments and creating larger buffers within Climate the wildland-urban interface. Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority F13 Create a fire-adapted landscape program to assist General Fund, Fire, $$ 2027 Low existing property owners with retrofits. BRIC/ HMGP Community Grants, Development
California Department
Climate
Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F14 Add emergency alert and warning signage along General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Low the hazard-prone areas in the VHFHSZ to provide EMPG, BRIC/ Department critical information and evacuation instruction HMGP Grants, during fire emergencies. Cal Fire Grants,
Other Grants
Human-Caused Hazards (Hazardous Materials Release, Landfill Subsidence, Transportation Incidents, Cybercrime Incidents, Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents) H01 Conduct active shooter training and exercises for General Fund, Police $ Annually Medium City staff, residents, and businesses. (Hazard SHSGP Grants, Department, addressed: MCl/MFI) UASI, Other Fire
Grants
H02 Retrofit critical facilities, administration buildings, General Fund, Police $$$ 2028 High and other city-owned buildings deemed important, SHSGP Grants, Department, along with CPTED design elements and building UASI, Other Public Works materials. (Hazard addressed: MCl/MFI) Grants
H03 Coordinate and enhance datasets for schools, General Fund, Police $ 2027 Low medical facilities, senior assisted-living facilities, SHSGP Grants, Department, and other critical facilities with the school district UASI, Other Fire and other key entities within the City to better Grants respond to mass-casualty incidents. (Hazard
addressed: MCl/MFI)
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority H04 Discourage new sensitive land uses, including General Fund, Community $ Ongoing/ Medium schools, parks, childcare centers, adult and senior HMGP Grants, Development Annually assisted-living facilities, and community centers, Other Grants Department from locating near identified hazardous material
facilities. Discourage or prohibit new hazardous
material facilities from locating near sensitive land
uses. (Hazard addressed: Hazardous Materials
Release)
H05 Pursue full alignment of the General Plan with General Fund, Community $$ 2028 Low policies and actions outlined in state and regional HMGP Grants, Development plans, such as the California Accidental Release Other Grants Department, Prevention (CalARP) Program. (Hazard Fire
addressed: Hazardous Materials Release)
H06 Continuously inspect businesses and other General Fund, SB Health, $ Annually Medium properties storing hazardous materials and create HMGP Grants, Community an inventory of storage locations that require Other Grants Development updates, maintenance, or renovation. (Hazard Department, addressed: Hazardous Materials Release) Fire
H07 Develop a parcel-level, GIS-based database, in General Fund, Fire, Information $$ Long Term High coordination with San Bernardino County and the HMGP Grants, Technology state, which tracks the status of hazardous Other Grants materials storage and use, prioritized by potential
threat to surrounding properties. (Hazard
addressed: Hazardous Materials Release)
H08 Obtain and introduce a cybercrime-awareness General Fund, Information $ 2027 High training program for all City employees, SHSGP Grants, Technology, specifically including malware identification and UASI Police digital hygiene. (Hazard addressed: Cybercrime)
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority Severe Weather(Extreme Heat, Drought, Severe Wind)
W01 Develop intradepartmental hazard teams for use General Fund, Emergency $$ Long Term Low in planning and support of public education and HMGP Grants, Management response to plan elements involving extreme California weather events. Climate
Resilience
Grants, Other
Grants
W02 Develop a public information program to assist the General Fund, Emergency $$ Long Term Low public in early detection of potential wind hazard HMGP Grants, Management, damage. California Information
Climate Technology,
Resilience Public
Grants, Other Information
Grants Officer
W03 Expand current outreach to residents and General Fund, Public $ Annually Low businesses prior to severe winds on proper tree HMGP Grants, Information maintenance and identification of potentially California Officer hazardous trees. Climate
Resilience
(Hazards addressed: Severe Wind) Grants, Other
Grants
W04 Remove or trim trees determined to be General Fund, Public Works $$ Annually Low susceptible to blowing over during a severe wind HMGP Grants, Department event. Encourage the undergrounding of existing Other Grants utilities.
(Hazards addressed: Severe Wind)
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority W05 Promote passive cooling design (brise-soleil, long General Fund, Development $ Medium Low roof overhangs, locating windows away from California Services Term southern facades, etc.) in new developments Climate (Building and during the design review process. Resilience Safety) Grants, Other
(Hazards addressed: Extreme Heat) Grants
W06 Expand current outreach to residents and General Fund, Public $ Ongoing Low businesses regarding extreme heat events. HMGP Grants, Information Educate residents on the dangers of extreme heat California Officer and identify actions they can take to mitigate the Climate negative effects of extreme heat. Resilience
Grants, Other
(Hazards addressed: Extreme Heat) Grants
W07 Launch a pilot program with smart water meters to General Fund, Development $$ 2028 Low track water usage in commercial and industrial California Services properties across the City. Climate (Building and Resilience Safety), Public
(Hazards addressed: Drought) Grants, Other Works Grants
W08 Identify opportunities (grant funding, design General Fund, Development $ Long Term Medium assistance, etc.) to sponsor homeowner retrofits California Services from lawns to low-water-consuming plants. Climate (Building and Resilience Safety)
(Hazards addressed: Drought) Grants, Other
Grants
W09 Use drought-tolerant plants when installing new or General Fund, Public Works $ Ongoing Medium redesigned City-owned landscapes. Limit non- California Department drought tolerant turf to recreational fields and Climate lawns, and only in instances where no feasible Resilience drought tolerant alternatives exist. Grants, Other
Grants
(Hazards addressed: Drought)
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland MMR-ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority Infrastructure Failure (Power Failure, Public Safety Power Shutoff) IF01 Maintain at least one emergency power- General Fund, Emergency $$$ 2027 High generating station in all critical facilities that the EMPG Management, City can use as an emergency public assembly Fire
area, such as the Civic Center, Community
Centers, and any other locations designated in
the future.

IF02 Update the Upland Emergency Operations Plan to General Fund, Emergency $ 2027 Medium identify backup power and communications EMPG Management, provisions for critical facilities. Fire
IF03 Install energy-efficient equipment upgrades in City General Fund, Public Works $$ 2028 Low facilities to increase the longevity of the fuel BRIC/ HMGP Department supply for backup generators. Grants, Other
Grants
IF04 Conduct a feasibility assessment of the General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Medium installation of solar and battery backup systems at BRIC/ HMGP Department key critical facilities within the City. Grants, Other Grants
IF05 Install and harden encased emergency backup General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Medium power generators at critical facilities and key BRIC/ HMGP Department infrastructure as deemed necessary. Prioritize Grants, Other installations for facilities that serve as key Grants cooling/warming centers and evacuation centers.

IF06 Install battery backup power supplies for traffic General Fund, Public Works $$$ 2028 High signals to ensure functionality in the event of BRIC/ HMGP Department power failure. Grants, Other
Grants
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority Flood(Surface Flooding, Dam and Levee Failure)
FL01 Investigate the use of permeable paving and General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low landscaped swales for new construction and BRIC/ HMGP Department replacement of City-owned hardscaped areas. Grants, Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
FLO2 Identify potential flood improvements that reduce General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low inundation from both storm flows and potential HMGP Grants, Department dam inundation effects. Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
FLO3 Keep all flood control channels clear of debris and General Fund, Public Works $ Annually Low plant detritus that could affect channel capacity HMGP Grants, Department during heavy rainfall events. Install large grilles Flood Mitigation over storm drain inlets to screen out large debris. Assistance Grants, Other
Grants
FLO4 Conduct frequent cleanings of storm drain General Fund, Public Works $ Annually Medium intakes, especially before and during the rainy HMGP Grants, Department season. Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority FLO5 Track areas where ponding frequently occurs General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low during heavy rainfall and install new drains or BRIC/ HMGP Department upgrade existing ones to reduce ponding. Grants, Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
FLO6 Identify all structures located in FEMA flood zones General Fund, Public Works $ 2027 Low and determine the need to plot, analyze, and HMGP Grants, Department, modify FEMA flood maps. If flood map revisions Flood Mitigation Administrative are possible, work with property owners to Assistance Services determine the desire to perform this activity on Grants, Other their behalf. Grants
FLO7 Coordinate with dam owners/operators and state General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low and federal agencies to collectively identify HMGP Grants, Department, threats to the City and the region and identify Flood Mitigation Fire ways to retrofit/strengthen the dams under their Assistance control. Grants, Other
Grants
FLO8 Identify all structures located in dam or levee General Fund, Public Works $ 2027 Low inundation zones. Develop evacuation procedures HMGP Grants, Department, and public information strategies to expedite Flood Mitigation Administrative evacuation of threatened areas should a dam or Assistance Services levee threaten to fail. Grants, Other
Grants
* Relative Cost Categories
$ - Less than $75,000
$$ - $75,001 to $4,999,999
$$$ - Greater than $5,000,000
Mitigation strategies identified in blue are actions from the 2016 Plan. No actions from that plan have been removed or completed, and all actions have been incorporated into this update.
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National Flood Insurance Program
Upland participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), created by Congress in 1968 to provide flood insurance at subsidized rates to homeowners living in flood-prone areas.

Individual communities can participate in the NFIP, although property owners who live in nonparticipating communities with flood-prone areas cannot buy flood insurance through the program. Additionally, nonparticipating communities with mapped floodplains cannot receive federal grants or loans for development activities in flood-prone areas and cannot receive federal disaster assistance to repair flood-damaged buildings in mapped floodplains. Table 5-4 provides information about the City's NFIP participation." Continued participation in the NFIP is not a dedicated hazard mitigation action, although Upland will continue to do so and will remain in compliance with the program's requirements through continued enforcement of the City's Floodplain Management Regulations.72 The Floodplain Management Regulations function as Upland's floodplain management ordinance, which all participating communities in the NFIP must adopt. These regulations apply to land within the mapped 100-year floodplain and limit the types of development and construction activities that can occur in this area. New construction must meet several flood-resistant standards, such as being anchored to better resist damage from moving floodwaters. Other standards apply to new subdivisions, utility projects, and manufactured homes. As part of the City's commitment to complying with the requirements of the NFIP, the City will make updates and revisions as needed to the Floodplain Management Regulations. These changes may be made because of changes in best practices, shifts in flood-prone areas, or other factors that allow the City to better protect against the threat of flood events. The City will also continue to incorporate changes in the location and designations of mapped floodplains into future planning documents, including future updates to this Plan.

TABLE 5-4: FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM PARTICIPATION DATA
Initial Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM) 06/28/1974
Initial Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) 03/18/1996 NFIP Participation Date 12/23/1981
Current Effective Map Date 09/02/2016
Although participation is not a dedicated hazard mitigation action, Upland will continue to participate in NFIP and comply with the program's requirements by enforcing the City's Floodplain Management Regulations (Municipal Code Chapter 5: Floodplain Management Ordinance). Table 5-5 identifies the City's floodplain management regulations. " FEMA(Federal Emergency Management Agency)."Participation in the National Flood Insurance Program." https://www.fema.gov/participation-national-flood-insurance-program 72 Chapter 15.56 of the Upland Code of Ordinances https://ecode360.com/UP5026 169 Page 884 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-5: UPLAND FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS
Adoption of Minimum Floodplain Management Ordinance No. 1835. Floodplain Management Criteria and Implementation and Enforcement of Adopted in 2003 Floodplain Management Regulations
Designee to Implement NFIP Chapter 15.56.100 Designation of Floodplain Administrator
The Public Works Director, or his or her
designee, as the designated appointee, is
appointed to administer, implement, and enforce
this chapter by granting or denying development
permits in accord with its provisions.

Implementation of Substantial Improvement/ Chapter 15.56.130: Construction Standards Substantial Damages Provisions
Note: Ordinances Hyperlinked
These regulations apply to all areas of special flood hazards, flood-related erosion hazards, and mudslide (i.e., mudflow) hazards within the city. These regulations aim to promote public health, safety, and general welfare and minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions. This chapter also includes methods of reducing flood losses, the basis for establishing flood hazard areas, development permit requirements, duties and responsibilities of the City's Floodplain Administrator, the development standards that apply in flood-prone areas and required documentation and analysis for construction within these areas. As part of the City's efforts to comply with NFIP, Upland will make updates and revisions to these regulations periodically to ensure they are most effective at minimizing the threat of harm from flood events. These updates and revisions may be promoted by changes in local demographics, land use shifts, flood regime changes such as frequency and intensity of flood events, and other factors that may warrant municipal action. The City will also continue to incorporate any changes to the locations and designations of mapped floodplains into future planning documents, including future updates to this Plan.

As of 2025, there were 23 properties in Upland insured under the NFIP, with a total insured value of approximately $7.64 million. There have been 19 claims filed for these insured properties. One property is known as a repetitive loss property, meaning that it has filed claims for flood damage at least twice. There are no severe repetitive loss properties in Upland. 170 Page 885 of 1000

CHAPTER 6 -

PLAN MAINTENANCE
For this LHMP to remain effective and useful to the community of Upland, it must remain up to date.An updated version of the LHMP will continue to guide Upland's hazard mitigation activities and help keep the City eligible for state and federal hazard mitigation funding. The HMPC has structured this LHMP so individual sections can easily be updated as new information becomes available and new needs arise, helping to keep this Plan current.

This chapter discusses updating this Plan to comply with applicable state and federal requirements. This chapter also describes how the City can incorporate the mitigation actions described in Chapter 5 into existing programs and planning mechanisms and how public participation will remain an important part of Plan monitoring and future update activities.

Plan Adoption
The Upland City Council is responsible for updating this Plan as well as all future updates.

LHMPs are subject to review by FEMA to determine whether the Plan meets all applicable federal requirements and thus provides additional funding benefits to Upland. Once the Plan is consistent with FEMA's requirements, FEMA will notify the City that the Plan is Approved Pending Adoption. At this point, the City Council can formally adopt the Plan. Following adoption, the City will send a copy of the adopted Plan, including the resolution of adoption, to FEMA.

Plan Implementation
The Plan's effectiveness depends on the successful implementation of the mitigation actions.

Implementation includes integrating mitigation actions into existing City plans, policies, programs, and other implementation mechanisms. The mitigation actions in this Plan are intended to reduce the damage from hazard events, help the City secure funding, and provide a framework for hazard mitigation activities. HMPC members prioritized the hazard mitigation actions in Table 5-3 in Chapter 5. These priorities will guide the implementation of these actions through new or existing City mechanisms as resources are available. The LHMP project manager is responsible for overseeing the implementation, promotion, and maintenance of this Plan and facilitating meetings and coordinating activities related to Plan implementation and maintenance.

Coordinating Body
Implementation will be the responsibility of the individual City departments and other agencies tasked with each mitigation action, as identified in the overall mitigation strategy.

Implementation will be coordinated through the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee. A list of current Committee members is provided in Chapter 1, Table 1-1. 171 Page 886 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland In future years, representatives from the following City departments will be included in future Planning Committee meetings:
• City Manager
• Fire
• Police
• Public Works
• Administrative Services
• Community Services
• Development Services
• Emergency Preparedness
Staff from other organizations who participated during plan preparation shall be invited to participate in future planning meetings, plus any other applicable agencies. Based on the composition of the Planning Committee during the preparation of this Plan, the other organizations that will be invited to participate may include, but not be limited to:
• American Red Cross
• Cable Airport
• California Department of Transportation
• California Highway Patrol
• Caltrans
• Neighboring Jurisdictions:
o City of Claremont
o City of Montclair
o City of Ontario
o City of Rancho Cucamonga
• San Antonio Regional Hospital
• San Bernardino County Fire District
• San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services • San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department
• San Bernardino County Planning and Land Use
• San Bernardino County Public Health Department
• San Bernardino County Public Works
• San Bernardino County Transportation Authority
• Southern California Edison
• Southern California Gas
• Upland Chamber of Commerce
• Upland Unified School District
The Upland Assistant City Manager, Public Works, is the staff member responsible for coordinating the implementation of the LHMP and future meetings of the Planning Committee.

The Assistant City Manager, Public Works, may designate this role to another staff member, if necessary.
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Plan Maintenance Process
The City's plan maintenance process will rely on the Upland Mitigation Implementation Handbook, located in Appendix E. This handbook is intended to function as a stand-alone document that gives concise and accessible guidance to staff to implement and maintain the Plan. A key component is the specific mechanisms that the City can use to integrate this plan into the other City planning mechanisms.

PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION
When members of the HMPC are not updating the Plan, they shall meet at least once a year to go over mitigation action implementation and evaluate the Plan's effectiveness. These meetings will include:
• A discussion of the timing of mitigation action implementation • Evaluation and determination of success for mitigation action implementation • Mitigation action prioritization revisions, if deemed necessary • Integration of mitigation actions into other planning mechanisms, as needed The first of these meetings will be held in the 2026-2027 fiscal year. To the extent possible, HMPC meetings shall be scheduled at an appropriate time in the City's annual budgeting process, which will help ensure that funding and staffing needs for mitigation actions are considered.

When the HMPC meets to evaluate the Plan, the following questions will be asked:
• What hazard events, if any, have occurred in Upland in the past year? What were the impacts of these events on the community? Were the impacts mitigated, and if so, how? • What mitigation actions have been successfully implemented? Have any mitigation actions been implemented but not successfully, and if so, why? • What mitigation actions, if any, have been scheduled for implementation but have not yet been implemented?
• What is the schedule for implementing future mitigation actions? Is this schedule reasonable? Does the schedule need to be adjusted for future implementation, and are such adjustments appropriate and feasible?
• Have any new concerns arisen, including hazard events in other communities or regions not covered by existing mitigation actions?
• Is new data available to inform the Plan's updates, including data relevant to the hazard profiles and threat assessments?
• Are there any new planning programs, funding sources, or other mechanisms to support hazard mitigation activities in Upland?
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

PLAN UPDATES
The information in this Plan, including the hazard profiles, threat assessments, and mitigation actions, is based on the best available information, practices, technology, and methods available to the City and HMPC when this Plan was prepared. As factors change, including technologies, community demographics and characteristics, best practices, and hazard conditions, it is necessary to update the Plan to remain relevant.

The HMPC may decide to make interim changes to the LHMP outside the five-year cycle of formal review and Council adoption. This may include updating the scope of an existing hazard or the risk it poses, adding a new hazard or eliminating an existing one, updating the status of mitigation actions, reflecting changes in local capabilities or funding vehicles, and so on.

Changes of this nature do not trigger a new round of Cal OES and FEMA review, nor do they require City Council adoption.

Title 44, Section 201.6(d)(3) of the Code of Federal Regulations requires that LHMPs be reviewed, revised, and resubmitted for approval every five years to remain eligible for federal benefits.

UPDATE METHOD AND SCHEDULE
The update process will begin no later than four years after this Plan is adopted, allowing a year for the update process before the Plan expires. However, it is recommended that you begin the update process three years after plan adoption if the funding source for the plan will be a mitigation grant. Depending on the circumstances, the LHMP project manager or their designee may also choose to begin the update process sooner.

Some reasons for accelerating the update process may include:
• A presidential disaster declaration for Upland or an area that includes part of or the entire City.
• A hazard event that results in one or more fatalities in Upland.

The update process will add new and updated methods, demographic data, community information, hazard data and events, considerations for threat assessments, mitigation actions, and other necessary information, keeping the Plan relevant and current. The HMPC will determine the best process for updating the Plan, which should include the following steps:
174 Page 889 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Engage the Hazard Prepare an updated plan to Conduct a public review Mitigation Planning be distributed to period of the Draft Plan Committee(with at least stakeholders and the allowing residents and one member from each interested stakeholders to City department). public provide comment.

Contact non City Determine what measures
organizations(that have been completed, Following public review, previously participated or changed,cancelled,or send a draft of the updated are interested stakeholders) postponed and review and plan to Cal OES and FEMA to participate in the update revise mitigation actions,as for review and approval. needed.

Adopt the final updated
Review and update the Revise the threat Plan within one year of hazard mapping and threat assessment for populations beginning the update assessment for critical and other assets. process and within five facilities. years of the adoption of the
previous Plan.

UPDATE ADOPTION
The Upland City Council is responsible for adopting this Plan and all future updates. As previously mentioned, adoption should occur every five years. The City shall begin the update process at least one year before expiration to ensure the plan remains active. If the City has a grant application that relies on the LHMP, an update to the plan should occur at least two years prior to expiration. Adoption shall take place after FEMA notifies the City that the Plan is Approvable Pending Adoption. Once the City Council adopts the Plan following FEMA's approval, the adopted plan shall be transmitted to FEMA.

Incorporation into Existing Planning
Mechanisms
Incorporating the mitigation strategy into existing City plans, policies, programs, and other efforts helps to promote successful implementation. This Plan works in concert with the Upland General Plan, particularly the Safety Element. The Safety Element establishes a community- wide framework for hazard mitigation and preparation activities and integrates with the goals of this Plan. The LHMP expands on the topics and issues in the Safety Element and other applicable sections of the General Plan, translating the high-level community objectives into specific mitigation actions. General Plan policies should synchronize with the mitigation actions in the LHMP in future updates to the General Plan.

In addition to the General Plan, this LHMP shall be incorporated into other City documents as applicable.
175 Page 890 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
• Mitigation actions that involve construction of new City buildings or infrastructure or major retrofits to existing structures should be reflected in updates to the Capital Improvement Program.
• Mitigation actions that improve resiliency in new construction by increasing the standards for new construction should be reflected in updates to the City's Building and Construction Regulations.
• Revisions to requirements for new construction activities specifically within floodplains should result in changes to the City's Floodplain Management Regulations. • Requirements related to seismic retrofits to existing buildings may be implemented through amendments to the City's Seismic Strengthening for Unreinforced Masonry Buildings Regulations.
• Any mitigation actions that change where different developments and land use activities can occur, how they should be sited, and how they can be constructed or operated, should be integrated as applicable into the City Zoning Code.

Appendix E provides guidance on best practices to accomplish this integration.

The 2016 LHMP was never integrated into other city documents or processes. Recognizing this, the City will take the necessary steps to ensure this integration occurs moving forward.

Continued Public Involvement
The City will continue to keep members of the public informed about the Planning Team's actions to review and update the Plan. When updating the Plan, the Planning Committee will develop a revised community engagement strategy that reflects the City's updated needs and capabilities. This strategy will include a schedule and plan for public meetings, recommendations about the appropriate use of the City website and social media accounts, and sample content for public outreach documentation. The Planning Team will also provide annual updates to City Council (and the community) about Plan implementation. Options for receiving feedback shall include a comment portal on the City's website as well as information presented to City Council.

Point of Contact
The Assistant City Manager, Public Works Department, is the primary point of contact for this Plan and for future updates. At the time of writing, the Assistant City Manager for the Upland Public Works Department is Damien Arrula, who can be contacted at (909) 291-2930 or [email protected].
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

APPENDIX A -
HHMPC Meeting Materials
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

APPENDIX B -
Outreach Engagement Materials
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland

APPENDIX C -
Resolution of Adoption
To be inserted after City Council approval.

C1 Page 894 of 1000

APPENDIX D -
Hazard Mitigation Implementation
Handbook
Adr#1111111'lhq%4-
Orli\ :1!-'--- ___. - . A
7 . *
City of Upland
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Implementation Handbook
March 2026
D1 Page 895 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland What is this Handbook?
The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) for the City of Upland features an evaluation of the City's hazards as well as a variety of corresponding mitigation actions. These actions are intended to preserve public safety, maintain critical municipal government operations and services when hazard events emerge, and empower community members to take on hazard mitigation at an individual level. This Implementation Handbook (Handbook) is intended for use by City staff and decision-makers after the LHMP is adopted. It will:
• Give clear instructions following the adoption of the LHMP. • Simplify future updates to the LHMP.
• Assist the City in preparing grant funding applications related to hazard mitigation. • Guide annual plan review actions.

How do I use this Handbook?
This Handbook can help City staff and decision-makers in several different situations. If and when the events listed below occur, consult the respective sections of this Handbook for advice on how best to proceed:
• A disaster proclamation has been issued by the Upland City Council • A disaster proclamation has been issued by the State of California • A disaster declaration has been signed by the Federal Government • I want to apply for mitigation grant funding
• Upland is undergoing its budgeting process
• Upland is holding its annual meeting of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee • Upland is updating the following policy and regulatory documents:
o The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
o The Safety Element of the General Plan
o The Housing Element of the General Plan
o The Zoning Code
Who maintains this Handbook?
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) leader is responsible for maintaining this Handbook. At the time of writing, the current HMPC leader is Damien Arrula, Assistant City Manager, Public Works Department. The HMPC may delegate this responsibility to someone else should they choose.

D2 Page 896 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Take action when a disaster has been
proclaimed or declared
Disasters may be proclaimed or declared by the Upland City Council, the State of California, or the federal government. Responsibilities may differ depending on who proclaims or declares the disaster. If multiple organizations proclaim or declare a disaster, consult all applicable lists.

Local emergency proclaimed by the Upland City Council
If the Upland City Council (or the Director of Emergency Services, if the City Council is not in session) proclaims a Local Emergency, take the following steps:
❑ Update Attachment 1 with information about the disaster. Include information about cumulative damage, including any damage outside of Upland. ❑ Discuss opportunities for local assistance with the representatives from the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES).
❑ If the disaster damages local infrastructure or City-owned facilities, repair or rebuild the structure to be more resilient, following applicable hazard mitigation actions. A list of actions, organized by hazards, is included in Attachment 4. ❑ Chapter 6 of the Upland LHMP states that the City should consider updating the LHMP if a disaster causes a loss of life in the community, even if there is no state disaster proclamation or federal disaster declaration that includes part or all of the city. If there is a loss of life in Upland, consider updating the LHMP. Consult the section on updating the LHMP in this Handbook for details.

Disaster proclaimed by the State of California
If the State of California proclaims a disaster for Upland, or an area that includes part or all of Upland, take the following steps:
❑ Update Attachment 1 with information about the disaster. Include information about cumulative damage, including any damage outside of Upland. ❑ Collaborate with representatives from Cal OES to assess the damage from the event. ❑ Discuss opportunities for local assistance with representatives from Cal OES. ❑ If the disaster damages local infrastructure or City-owned facilities, repair or rebuild the structure to be more resilient, following applicable hazard mitigation actions. A list of actions, organized by hazards, is included in Attachment 4. ❑ If the disaster may escalate into a federal disaster declaration, begin any necessary coordination with representatives from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
❑ Chapter 6 of the Upland LHMP states that the City should consider updating the LHMP if a disaster leads to a state disaster proclamation or federal disaster declaration that includes part or all of Upland, even if there is no loss of life. Consider updating the LHMP.

Consult the section on updating the LHMP in this Handbook for details.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Disaster declared by the Federal Government
If the federal government declares a disaster for Upland, or any area that includes part or all of Upland, take the following steps:
❑ Update Attachment 1 with information about the disaster. Include information about cumulative damage, including any damage outside of Upland. ❑ Collaborate with Cal OES and FEMA representatives to assess the damage. ❑ Determine if Upland will be eligible for public assistance funds related to the federal disaster declaration. These funds can be used to reimburse the City for response and recovery activities. If the City is eligible, work with FEMA and Cal OES representatives to enact the necessary requirements and receive funding. ❑ If the disaster damages local infrastructure or City-owned facilities, repair or rebuild the structure to be more resilient, following applicable hazard mitigation actions. A list of actions, organized by hazards, is included in Attachment 4. ❑ The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) is a FEMA program that helps fund hazard mitigation activities after a disaster event. Upland may be eligible for funding because of the federal disaster declaration, although not all activities may meet the program's requirements. If Upland is eligible, work with FEMA to apply for this funding. ❑ Chapter 6 of the Upland LHMP states that the City should consider updating the LHMP if a disaster leads to a state disaster proclamation or federal disaster declaration that includes part or all of Upland, even if there is no loss of life. Consider updating the LHMP.

Consult the section on updating the LHMP in this Handbook for details.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Apply for hazard mitigation grant funding
There are three potential grant funding programs that FEMA administers for hazard mitigation activities:
1) Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC)73 2) Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA)
3) Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
BRIC and FMA programs are available to communities with an LHMP that complies with FEMA guidelines and has been adopted within the past five years. This section discusses the BRIO and FMA programs and how to apply for them.

The HGMP program is available for communities that are part of a federal disaster declaration.

The HMGP was previously discussed above, under the "Disaster declared by the Federal Government" subsection of"What do I do when a disaster has been proclaimed or declared?" Apply for Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIO)will support states, local communities, tribes, and territories as they undertake hazard mitigation projects, reducing the risks they face from disasters and natural hazards. BRIO is a FEMA pre-disaster hazard mitigation program that replaced the Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program.

The BRIO program's guiding principles are supporting communities through capability- and capacity-building, encouraging, and enabling innovation, promoting partnerships, enabling large projects, maintaining flexibility, and providing consistency.

Development projects must be identified in a hazard mitigation plan that meets FEMA guidelines and has been adopted within the past five years. When applying to this program, review the list of hazard mitigation actions in Attachment 4 to see which projects may be eligible. Planning efforts for communities that lack a valid hazard mitigation plan may be eligible for funding if the effort would create a valid hazard mitigation plan. All BRIC grant applications are processed through the State. To learn more, consult with Cal OES representatives or visit the FEMA webpage for the program. At the time of writing, this webpage is available at https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/bu i Id i ng-resil ient-infrastructu re-comm u n ities.

To apply:
❑ Confirm that the program is currently accepting funding applications. Check with representatives from Cal OES or consult the Cal OES webpage on the BRIC program.

At the time of writing, this webpage is available at
https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities . ❑ Identify the actions from the hazard mitigation strategy (see Attachment 4) that call on the City to pursue funding or list grants as a potential funding source. Confirm that the actions are consistent with the requirements of the BRIC grant. ❑ Coordinate with Cal OES representatives to compile and submit materials for the grant application.
73 The BRIC Program still exists; however, it is currently not being funded.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Apply for Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA)
The FMA grant program is a competitive, national program that awards funding for physical development projects and planning efforts that mitigate against long-term damage from flooding. The funding is only available to communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which Upland currently does. Communities must also have a valid hazard mitigation plan that meets FEMA guidelines to be eligible, and all projects must be consistent with the list of actions in the hazard mitigation strategy. When applying to this program, review the list of hazard mitigation actions in Attachment 4 to see which projects may be eligible. As with the BRIO program, applications for the FMA program must be processed through the State. To view more information, consult with Cal OES representatives or visit the FEMA webpage on the program. At the time of writing, this webpage is available at https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/floods .

To apply:
❑ Confirm that the program is currently accepting funding applications. Check with representatives from Cal OES or consult the Cal OES webpage on the FMA program.

At the time of writing, this webpage is available at
https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/floods .
❑ Identify the actions from the hazard mitigation strategy (see Attachment 4) that call on the City to pursue funding or list grants as a potential funding source. Confirm that the actions are consistent with the requirements of the FMA grant. ❑ Coordinate with Cal OES representatives to compile and submit materials for the grant application.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Incorporate hazard mitigation planning into
Upland's budgeting process
Upland's budget process is an ideal opportunity to secure funding for hazard mitigation actions and to ensure that hazard mitigation efforts are incorporated into the City's fiscal priorities.

Upland currently operates on an annual budget cycle that runs from July 1st to June 30th.

During this process, City staff should take the following steps to incorporate hazard mitigation into Upland's annual budget:
❑ Include hazard mitigation activities into Upland's list of Capital Improvement Projects (CIP). Review the list of hazard mitigation actions in Attachment 4 and identify the projects that can be included in the CIP or can support efforts within the CIP. ❑ Review the risk and threat assessments in the LHMP (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4) to ensure that all items in the CIP list are planned, designed, and constructed to minimize the threat from hazard events.
❑ Identify opportunities to identify stand-alone hazard mitigation actions through the annual budget process. Include appropriate items from Attachment 4 in the budget as stand-alone line items, particularly items that the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (Planning Team) considered a high priority.
❑ Set aside staff to conduct hazard mitigation activities, including time to participate in Planning Team meetings and research, prepare, and submit BRIC and FMA grant opportunities (consult the "I Want to Apply for Mitigation Grant Funding" section above). ❑ Ensure hazard mitigation activities are reflected in each department's priorities and earmarked time for specific goals.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Plan the annual meeting of the Upland Hazard
Mitigation Planning Committee
The hazard mitigation planning process brings together representatives from multiple City departments as well as other relevant stakeholders. It provides a forum to discuss the hazards in Upland and how to mitigate them effectively. As mentioned in Chapter 6 of the LHMP, the Planning Committee should meet at least once each year, beginning a year after the LHMP is adopted. During these meetings, the Planning Committee should discuss implementation progress and integration of hazard mitigation actions in other City documents. At these meetings, the Planning Committee can review the status of the hazard mitigation actions and discuss whether completed or in-progress actions are working as expected. These meetings also allow the Planning Committee to strategically plan for the upcoming year.

It may help the Planning Committee to meet early in the year, in advance of annual budget activities. Attachment 3 contains an example of a Planning Committee Meeting Agenda.

The annual meeting should include representatives from City departments and other organizations that originally prepared the LHMP. Representatives from other relevant organizations should also be invited. During the preparation of the current LHMP, the following individuals were part of the Planning Committee:

TABLE 1-1: UPLAND HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE (HMPC) Name Title Department
Chris Alanis Interim Public Works Director Public Works Department Damien Arrula Assistant City Manager City Manager's Office Marcelo Blanco Chief of Police Upland Police Department Bob Critchfield Principal Engineer Public Works Department, Engineering Division
Robert Dalquest Director Development Services Department Ed Diggs Interim Utilities Manager Public Works Department, Utilities Division
Jessica Escoto Parks and Recreation Manager Community Services Department, Recreation and Community Services
Division
Loralee Farris Planning Manager Development Services Department, Planning Division
Norberto Ferreira Chief Water Treatment Operator Public Works Department, Water Quality Division
Tanya Garcia Management Analyst Public Works Department Richard Jeganathan IT Manager Administrative Services Department, Information Technology Division
Jason Lara Management Analyst Public Works Department Tracy Montez Dispatch Supervisor Upland Police Department Christopher Morgan Building Official Development Services Department, Building and Safety Division
Stephen Parker Assistant City Manager City Management D8 Page 902 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Mr. TABLE 1-1: UPLAND HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE (HMPC) Name Title Department
Klasha Ray Emergency Services Officer San Bernardino County of Emergency Services
Justin Salgado Emergency Services Officer San Bernardino County of Emergency Services
Richard Smiderle Operations Manager Public Works Department, Operations Division
Staci Sullivan Finance Manager Finance
Lon Teague Patrol Operation Commander 1 Upland Police Department Cecilia Todd Deputy Director of Human Administrative Services Department, Resources and Risk Management Human Resources/Risk Management Division
Marc Warner Utilities Supervisor Public Work Department Aaron Pfannenstiel Consultant Atlas Planning Solutions Crystal Stueve Senior Planner Atlas Planning Solutions In advance of Planning Team meetings, consider using Attachment 1 to maintain an accurate list of recent disaster events that have occurred in and around Upland since the LHMP was adopted. At the Planning Team meeting, review the Plan Maintenance Table (Attachment 2) to identify any gaps in the LHMP or any other component of the plan that needs updating. This also allows Planning Team members the opportunity to review the actions in the hazard mitigation strategy (Attachment 4) and ensure that they are implemented as intended.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Regularly maintain Upland policy and
regulatory documentation
If Upland is updating the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP), the Safety Element or Housing Element of the General Plan, or the Zoning Code, consult the following applicable section.

Maintenance of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
All LHMPs should be updated every five years. This helps keep the plan up to date and ensures that it reflects the most recent guidance, requirements, science, and best practices.An updated LHMP also helps keep Upland eligible for hazard mitigation grants that require a valid, recent LHMP (see "I Want to Apply for Mitigation Grant Funding"), along with an increased amount of post-disaster recovery funds.

The update process for the LHMP takes approximately one year. To ensure that a new LHMP comes into effect before the previous one expires, the update process should begin no later than four years after the plan is adopted. Updates may occur sooner at the City's discretion.

Potential reasons for updating the LHMP sooner may include a state disaster proclamation or federal disaster declaration that covers part or all of Upland, or if a disaster leads to a loss of life in Upland (see the"What to Do When a Disaster Has Been Proclaimed or Declared" section), as discussed in Chapter 6 of the LHMP.

Take the following steps to update the LHMP:

Assemble the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee
❑ Convene a Planning Team meeting no later than four years after the LHMP is adopted.

Invite the regular Planning Team members, along with representatives from other organizations that may have a role to play in the update process. ❑ Review the current status of mitigation actions, including if there are any that are not being implemented as planned or are not working as expected. Determine if there have been any changes in hazard events, regulations, best practices, or other items that should be incorporated into an updated LHMP.
❑ Decide if there is a need for a technical consultant to assist with the LHMP update and conduct consultant selection activities if needed. If a consultant is desired, the selection process should begin a few months before the update begins. ❑ Create and implement a community engagement strategy based on the strategy prepared for the existing LHMP. Describe in-person and online engagement strategies and materials, including ideas for meetings and workshops, draft community surveys, content for websites and press releases, and other materials that may be useful.

Update the risk and threat assessments
❑ Review and update the risk assessment to reflect the most recent conditions in Upland.

Consider recent hazard events, new science associated with hazards and climate change, new development and land use patterns, and other recent changes in local conditions.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
❑ Evaluate the status of all key facilities. Update this list if new facilities have been constructed or if existing facilities have been decommissioned. Re-assess the threat to key facilities.
❑ Review the demographics of community residents and update the threat assessment for vulnerable populations and other community members.
❑ Assess any changes to the threat to all other community assets, including key services, other facilities, and economic drivers.

Update the mitigation actions
❑ Update the existing hazard mitigation actions to reflect actions in progress. Remove actions that have been completed or revise them to increase their effectiveness. Revise actions that have been abandoned or delayed by making them more feasible or remove them from the list of mitigation actions if they are no longer appropriate for Upland. ❑ Develop mitigation actions to improve the status of hazard mitigation activities in Upland by addressing any issues not covered by the existing LHMP. ❑ The ability to expand current mitigation capabilities will generally be reliant upon the budgeting allocated for each department/program for that fiscal year. The level at which these programs may or may not be expanded upon, will be dependent upon the amount of funding received. FEMA has released a series of guides over the past few years which highlight some of the ways in which jurisdictions can expand mitigation. Some strategies for increasing current mitigation capabilities may include:
o City should actively identify, adopt, and enforce the most current set of development codes and standards available. Strongly encouraging new development to be constructed to higher standards than currently required, increasing resilience within the community.
o Engaging parts of the community that may not be actively involved in mitigation efforts.
o Expanding the number and types of organizations involved in mitigation planning and implementation, increasing both efficiency and bandwidth. o Fostering new relationships to bring underrepresented populations and partners to the hazard mitigation planning process.
o During the annual LHMP review, the HMPC should look for opportunities to fund and expand/enhance the effectiveness of current mitigation actions. o During annual budgeting processes, the City should identify new funding sources (bonds, grants, assessment districts, etc.) that can be used to support existing capabilities enhancements.
❑ Ensure that the feedback from the community engagement activities is reflected in the new and updated mitigation actions.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland Review and adopt the updated plan
❑ Review the other chapters and appendices of the LHMP to reflect any changes made through the update process.
❑ Release the updated plan to the Planning Team members and revise the plan to reflect any comments by Planning Team members.
❑ Distribute the updated Plan to any appropriate external agencies not included in the Planning Team and revise the plan as appropriate in response to any comments. ❑ Release the updated plan publicly for review and make revisions to the plan to reflect public comments.
❑ Submit the plan to the Upland City Council for adoption. ❑ Submit the plan to Cal OES and FEMA for approval and make any necessary revisions.

Maintenance of the Safety Element of the General Plan
The Safety Element is a required component of Upland's General Plan. It can be updated as a stand-alone activity or as part of a more comprehensive process to update multiple sections or all of the General Plan. The Safety Element does not need to be updated on any set schedule, but updates should be frequent enough for the element to remain current and applicable to the community.

Local communities can incorporate their LHMP into their Safety Element as allowed under Section 65302.6 of the California Government Code, as long as the LHMP meets minimum federal guidelines. This allows communities to be eligible for an increased share of post-disaster relief funding from the State if a hazard situation occurs, as per Section 8685.9 of the California Government Code.

Take the following steps to incorporate the LHMP into the Safety Element:

Incorporate new requirements into the Safety Element and ensure that the LHMP and Safety Element are consistent
❑ Review the requirements for Safety Elements in Section 65302(g) of the California Government Code and for LHMPs in Section 65302.6. Ensure that both documents meet all state requirements.
❑ Ensure that the information in both plans does not contradict each other and that any inconsistencies are corrected to use the most accurate and appropriate information. This information should include a community description, a risk assessment, and a threat assessment.
❑ Ensure that the policies in the Safety Element support the LHMP and provide a planning framework for specific hazard mitigation actions.

D12 Page 906 of 1000

Maintenance of the Housing Element of the General Plan
The Housing Element is a required component of Upland's General Plan. Section 65583 of the California Government Code requires a Housing Element to analyze and plan for new residential growth in a community, including residential growth for households with an annual income below the area median. Like an LHMP, state regulations require the Housing Elements to be updated regularly to remain current and valid.

The Housing Element is not required to contain any information or policies related to hazards, although it may include policies that address retrofitting homes to improve resiliency. However, state law links the regular schedule of Housing Element updates to mandatory revisions to other General Plan elements. For example, Section 65302(g)(2) of the California Government Code requires that communities that update their Housing Element on or after January 1, 2009, also update their Safety Element to include specific information and policies related to flood protection. As the LHMP is incorporated into the Safety Element, updates to the Housing Element may indirectly trigger updates to the LHMP.

To update the LHMP concurrent with updates to the Housing Element, take the following steps:

Ensure that the LHMP meets any new requirements for the Safety Element that may be triggered by a Housing Element update
❑ Section 65302(g) of the California Government Code lists several requirements for the Safety Element of the General Plan. Some of these requirements are triggered by updates to the Housing Element. Check to see if there are any new requirements of this nature. Note that the requirement is linked to the new Housing Element's adoption date, not the date the update process begins.
❑ Because the LHMP is incorporated into the Safety Element, any amendments or revisions to the Safety Element triggered by the Housing Element update may be made directly in the LHMP. Requirements triggered by the Housing Element are unlikely to require a full rewrite of the LHMP, but the process should fully involve the Planning Team and include appropriate community engagement.
❑ Adopt the updated LHMP and incorporate it into the Safety Element. If necessary, amend the Safety Element to ensure the two documents are consistent (review the "Incorporate New Requirements Into the Safety Element, and Ensure that the LHMP is Consistent with the Safety Element" subsection above).

Maintenance of the Upland Floodplain Management Ordinance Upland's Floodplain Management Ordinance contains a set of standards that guide land uses and development in the community. These standards include where different types of buildings and land use activities may be located, how these structures must be built, and how they must be operated or maintained. This ordinance includes requirements that structures (particularly new structures or those undergoing substantial renovations) incorporate hazard-resistant features, be located outside the most hazard-prone areas, or take other steps to reduce hazard vulnerability.

All communities in California are required to adopt the minimum state Building Standard Code (BSC), which includes some hazard mitigation requirements for new or significantly renovated structures. The BSC is generally updated every three years, with supplemental code updates D13 Page 907 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland halfway into each update cycle. Ordinance 1427 "Model Floodplain Management Ordinance for Special Flood Hazards" contains building regulations and incorporates the BSC. Other sections of the Code adopt additional standards as desired by the City that adapts the BSC to Upland's local context.

As a participant in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Upland is required to incorporate Floodplain Management Requirements in its Zoning Code, which is contained within this ordinance. These regulations establish standards for developing and operating facilities within mapped flood-prone areas. Other sections of the Upland Municipal Code may include additional standards related to hazard mitigation activities.

With the exception of the Floodplain Management Regulations and the minimum standards in the BSC, Upland is not required to incorporate hazard-related requirements in the Municipal Code. However, the Municipal Code is an effective tool for implementing hazard mitigation measures related to the siting, construction, and operation of new buildings and other structures. Substantial updates to the Municipal Code, including the Buildings and Construction and Zoning Code sections, should be done in a way that is consistent with the LHMP.

Include hazard-related requirements in applicable sections of the Upland Code of Ordinances
❑ If the BSC is being updated, evaluate the hazard-related requirements of all sections in the new BSC. Identify any areas where it may be feasible to add or revise standards to help reduce the threat from hazard events. Ensure that these standards are consistent with the LHMP. Consider whether standards should be applied to all structures, to specific types of structures, or to structures in a limited area (such as a flood plain). ❑ If the Zoning Code is being updated, ensure that all requirements do not expose community members or community assets to an excessive risk of harm. Where feasible, use the requirements to strengthen community resiliency to hazard events. Ensure that these standards are consistent with the LHMP. Consider possible standards such as overlay zones that strengthen zoning requirements in hazard-prone areas, landscaping, and grading requirements that buffer development from hazards, siting, and design standards that make structures more resilient, and other strategies as appropriate.

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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ATTACHMENT 1 : DISASTER INFORMATION TABLE
Use this table to fill out the information about any disaster events that have occurred in Upland or nearby and have affected the community. Include the date and location of the disaster event, the damages associated with the event, and any information about disaster proclamations or declarations resulting from the event.

DISASTER INFORMATION
Date Location Damages* Declaration Detailst * Includes number and type of injuries, number of deaths, and cost of physical damage t If the disaster was proclaimed or declared by the local, state, and/or federal government D15 Page 909 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ATTACHMENT 2: PLAIN MAINTENANCE TABLE
Use this table when reviewing the LHMP as part of the Planning Team's annual activities. For each section of the LHMP, note if any changes should be made to make the plan more effective for the community. This includes noting if anything in the LHMP is incorrect or if any important information is missing. Make revisions consistent with these notes as part of the next update to the LHMP.

PLAN MAINTENANCE
Is Anything Is Anything Should Any Other
Section Incorrect? Missing? Changes Be Made? Multiple sections or
throughout
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Community
Profile
Chapter 3: Risk
Assessment
Chapter 4: Threat
Assessment
Chapter 5: Mitigation
Strategy
Chapter 6: Plan
Maintenance
Appendices
D16 Page 910 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ATTACHMENT 3: SAMPLE AGENDAAND TOPICS FOR THE

HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE
This attachment includes a sample agenda and discussion topics for the annual meeting of the Planning Team. Meetings do not have to follow this order or structure, but the items included in this attachment should be addressed as part of the annual meeting. During the update process for the LHMP, it is likely that the Planning Team will meet more frequently. The meetings of the Planning Team during the update process will involve different discussion topics.

ITEM 1. RECENT HAZARD EVENTS

1.1 What hazard events have occurred this past year in Upland or nearby in a way that affected the community?
• Identify events that caused loss of life or significant injury to Upland community members, significant property damage in Upland, or widespread disruption to Upland.
• More minor events should also be identified if there is a need for a community response to mitigate against future such events.

1.2 What are the basic facts and details behind any such hazard events? • Consider the size and location of the affected area, any measurements of severity, any injuries and deaths, the cost of any damage, the number of people displaced or otherwise impacted, and other relevant summary information. • Ensure that these facts and details are clearly recorded for future plan updates, including using the Disaster Information Table (Attachment 1).

ITEM 2. MITIGATION ACTION ACTIVITIES

2.1 What mitigation actions have been fully implemented?Are they working as expected, or do they need to be revised?

2.2 What mitigation actions have started to be implemented since the Planning Team last met? Is the implementation of these actions proceeding as expected, or are there any barriers or delays? If there are barriers or delays, how can they be removed?

2.3 What mitigation actions are scheduled to begin implementation in the next year?Are there any factors that could delay implementation or weaken the effectiveness of the actions? How can these factors be addressed?

2.4 What resources are needed to support planned, in-process, or ongoing mitigation actions? Does the City have access to these resources? If not, how can the City obtain access to these resources?
ITEM 3. INFORMATION SHARING

3.1 Is the City communicating with all appropriate local jurisdictions, including neighboring communities, San Bernardino County, and special districts?This should include information on district-specific hazard situations, mitigation actions, and other relevant information.

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3.2 Is the City communicating with the appropriate state and federal agencies? Is the City receiving information about new regulations, best practices, and data related to hazard mitigation activities?

3.3 Are there opportunities for the City to improve coordination with local, state, and federal jurisdictions and agencies?
ITEM 4. BUDGETARY PLANNING

4.1 What are the financial needs for Upland to support the implementation of planned and in-process mitigation actions, including ongoing items? Is there sufficient funding for all measures in the LHMP that are planned for the next year, including in-process and ongoing items? If sufficient funding is unavailable, how can the City obtain these funds?

4.2 If it is not feasible for the City to support all planned, in-process, or ongoing mitigation actions, which ones should be prioritized?

4.3 Are there hazard-related activities not included in the LHMP that should be budgeted for? Can the City obtain the necessary funding for these activities? ITEM 5. STRATEGIC PLANNING

5.1 Which grants are available for hazard mitigation activities, and which activities are best positioned to secure funding?

5.2 How should the agencies and other organizations represented on the Planning Team coordinate to maximize the chances of receiving funding?

5.3 Are there any scheduled or anticipated updates to other City documents that could relate to hazard mitigation activities? How can the Planning Team share information with staff and any technical consultants responsible for these updates and ensure that the updates will enhance community resiliency?

5.4 What capital projects are scheduled or anticipated?Are these capital projects being designed and built to be resistant to hazard events?Are there opportunities for these projects to support hazard mitigation activities?

5.5 How can Planning Team members coordinate efforts with those responsible for capital projects to take advantage of economies of scale that will make implementing hazard mitigation activities easier?

5.6 Has it been four years since the adoption of the LHMP? If so, lay out a timeline for plan update activities, including additional meetings of the Planning Team. Identify if a technical consultant is needed and begin the contracting process.

5.7 Are there any other opportunities for Planning Team members and the organizations they represent to coordinate efforts?
ITEM 6. NEW BUSINESS

6.1 Are there any other items related to the Planning Team's mission? D18 Page 912 of 1000

ATTACHMENT 4: HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGY
TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priorit r Emergency Preparedness Activities
P01 Conduct regular emergency preparedness drills and General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Medium training exercises for City staff. EMPG Management, Fire
P02 Expand participation in the Upland Community General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Low Emergency Response Team (CERT) program. EMPG Management, Fire
P03 Verify that community evacuation plans include General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Medium provisions for community members who don't have EMPG Management, access to private vehicles or are otherwise unable to Fire drive.

PO4 Continue to provide effective emergency notifications General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Medium through multiple media formats, in languages EMPG Management, appropriate for the community, about pending, Fire
imminent, or ongoing emergency events. Plan to
make information accessible to people with access
and functional needs.

P05 Continuously update response procedures for first General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Low responder departments to properly address new EMPG Management, hazard events as they emerge. Fire
P06 Increase the number of City staff members who have General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Medium CalOES Safety Assessment Program (SAP) EMPG Management, credentials. Fire, Building and
Safety Division,
Community
Development
Department
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City of Upland
TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority P07 Establish or update agreements with local schools so General Fund, Emergency Ongoing Medium that school facilities can function as evacuation sites EMPG Management, during major emergencies. Fire
Multiple Hazards
MH01 Install digital signage in key locations to aid in public General Fund, Emergency $ 2027 Low outreach and information dissemination during EMPG Management, emergency events. Fire, Public
Works
Department
MH02 Amend Municipal Code Title 17, Part 3, General Fund Emergency $ 2026 Low §17.15.220.H(3) to allow emergency-related public Management service messages to constitute up to 50% of
messages displayed during a one-hour period on all
permitted electronic changeable-copy signs during a
proclaimed emergency.

MH03 Conduct routine updates to Facility Conditions General Fund, Building and $$ Annually Low Assessments for City-owned infrastructure and other BRIC/ HMGP Safety Division utilities and coordinate with other agencies to ensure Grants, Other inspections of other important infrastructure. Grants
(Hazards addressed: All)
MH04 Collaborate closely with community groups to General Fund, Community $ Annually Low increase awareness of hazard events and resiliency BRIC/ HMGP Development opportunities among socially vulnerable community Grants, Other Department, members, including those experiencing Grants Community homelessness. (Hazards addressed: All) Services
Department
MH05 Closely monitor changes in the boundaries of General Fund, Community $ Annually Low mapped hazard areas resulting from land use BRIC/ HMGP Development changes or climate change and adopt new mitigation Grants, Other Department actions or revise existing ones to ensure continued Grants resiliency. (Hazards addressed: All)
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority MHOS Integrate policy direction and other information from General Fund, All Departments $ Following All Medium this Plan into other City documents, including the BRIC/ HMGP Plan Updates General Plan, Emergency Operations Plan, and Grants, Other Capital Improvements Program. (Hazards addressed: Grants All)
MH07 Monitor funding sources for hazard mitigation General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low activities. (Hazards addressed: All) BRIC/ HMGP
Grants, Other
Grants
MH08 Integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation General Fund, All Departments $ Following All Low information and analysis into future LHMP updates BRIC/ HMGP Plan Updates and other City plans, where practicable. (Hazards Grants, Other addressed: All) Grants
MH09 Update the City's Master Plans periodically (in General Fund, Public Works $$ Following Medium conjunction with the LHMP and CIP)to incorporate BRIC/ HMGP Department, LHMP/CIP new data/ mapping and/or address emerging issues. Grants, Other Community Updates (Hazards addressed: All) Grants Development
Department
MH10 Create an inventory of all senior centers, mobile General Fund, Fire, Community $ Annually Medium home parks (especially those located in the BRIC/ HMGP Services VHFHSZ), and other vulnerable populations to ensure Grants, Other Department that this population group is accounted for in Grants emergency scenarios where evacuation is required.
(Hazards addressed: All)
Seismic Hazards (Fault Rupture, Seismic Shaking)
EQ01 Develop projects and programs to install automatic HMGP, HUD Development $ Long Term Low gas shut-off valves in residential, commercial, and Services public buildings. (Building and
Safety), Public
Works
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2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN IIIII Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority EQ02 Conduct an educational campaign to incentivize and General Fund, Fire, Community $ Long Term Low promote medium-scale seismic retrofits, such as EMPG, HMGP Development window films to minimize shattering, rooftop-mounted Grants, California Department equipment anchors, masonry chimney bracing, and Earthquake other preventative measures to reduce damage to Authority Grants, private buildings. Other Grants
EQ03 Develop a small project-based retrofit program to General Fund, Fire $ Long Term Low assist homeowners with simple earthquake mitigation BRIO/ HMGP activities (i.e., water heater straps, furniture Grants, California anchoring, gas shut-off tools, and other emergency Earthquake supplies) to reduce strain on City resources during an Authority Grants, event. Other Grants
Q04 Develop and sponsor projects and programs to brace General Fund, Building and 2027 Medium new or relocated mobile homes to resist earthquakes BRIC/ HMGP Safety Division Grants, California
Earthquake
Authority Grants
EQ05 Conduct a seismic analysis of all City-owned key General Fund, Public Works $ 2027 Medium facilities and retrofit vulnerable facilities. BRIC/ HMGP Department Grants, California
Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
I
EQ06 Require periodic inspection by the Office of Building General Fund, Building and $ 2027 Low and Safety of all critical, essential, and high- EMPG, California Safety Division occupancy buildings to identify potential hazards in Earthquake the event of a major earthquake. When hazards are Authority Grants, identified, require mitigation by the owner. Other Grants D22 Page 916 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
IIIII
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority EQ07 To the extent feasible, construct all new City-owned General Fund, Public Works $$$ 2028 Low facilities to remain operational in the event of a major BRIC/ HMGP Department earthquake. Grants, California
Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ08 Retrofit key critical facilities with seismically rated General Fund, Public Works $$ 2028 Low window film treatments that prevent glass windows BRIC/ HMGP Department from shattering during a strong seismic event. Grants, California Earthquake
Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ09 Improve local understanding of the threat of a major General Fund, Building and $ 2028 Low earthquake by conducting a citywide assessment BRIC/ HMGP Safety Division modeling potential losses due to destroyed and Grants, California damaged structures, and interruptions to key Earthquake services. Authority Grants,
Other Grants
EQ10 Analyze the City's building and housing stock to General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Medium create an inventory of seismically vulnerable BRIC/ HMGP Department, buildings (unreinforced masonry, soft-story Grants, California Community construction, non-ductile concrete buildings)within Earthquake Development the city and conduct an educational program Authority Grants, Department providing information on how to begin the process of Other Grants seismically retrofitting these buildings.

Fire (Wildland Fire, Wildland I Urban Interface Fire)
D23 Page 917 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 111111 Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority F01 Develop and sponsor an enhanced public education General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low program based on targeted needs that encourages BRIC/ HMGP the public to take responsibility for wildfire protection. Grants, California Climate Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F02 Develop and sponsor a defensible space Cal Fire Grants, Fire $ Long Term Low management program to support CA Public Resource Other Grants Code § 4291.

F03 Require development applicants in areas of identified General Fund Community $ Long Term Low fire risk to prepare a site-specific fire protection plan. Development Department
F04 Require applicants to fund expansion of local fire General Fund Development $ Ongoing Low protection services by payment of appropriate impact Services fees.

F05 Continue to disseminate an informational brochure on General Fund, Building and $ Ongoing Low design and construction standards required in the HMGP Grants, Safety Division Fire Hazard Overlay through the Division of Building California Climate and Safety. Resilience Grants,
Cal Fire Grants,
Other Grants
F06 Promote the proper maintenance and separation of General Fund, Fire, Public $ Annually Low power lines and efficient response to fallen power HMGP Grants, Information lines, particularly in the WUI and VHFHSZs. California Climate Officer Resilience Grants,
Cal Fire Grants,
Other Grants
D24 Page 918 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority F07 Identify funding for existing non-conforming retrofits General Fund, Fire $$ Annually Medium in fire-prone areas to use non-combustible building BRIC/ HMGP materials such as masonry, brick, stucco, concrete, Grants, California steel, or others as appropriate. Establish defensible Climate Resilience space zones around homes in these areas to reduce Grants, Cal Fire fire vulnerability. Grants, Other
Grants
F08 Routinely participate in regional areas focused on General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low wildfire preparedness and investigate the feasibility of HMGP Grants, developing additional defensible space and home California Climate hardening guidance for existing structures. Resilience Grants, Cal Fire Grants,
Other Grants
F09 Create a rapid response plan from among Upland's General Fund, Fire $ 2027 Low and surrounding counties' first responders to secure BRIC/ HMGP hospital, nursing, and assisted-living facilities, Grants, California especially those located within fire hazard severity Climate Resilience zones. Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F10 Clear dead vegetation and invasive plants in flood General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low control facility footprints, trails, parks, and open HMGP Grants, spaces, especially during and after a drought California Climate episode. Resilience Grants,
Cal Fire Grants,
Other Grants
F11 Coordinate with surrounding jurisdictions on home General Fund, Fire $ Annually Low hardening and vegetation management assessments BRIC/ HMGP to assist residents in understanding and addressing Grants, California wildfire risk. Climate Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
D25 Page 919 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland IMIIIF
TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 111111 Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority F12 Conduct regular fuel modification projects and clear General Fund, Fire, Public $$ Annually Low vegetation to reduce fire hazard risks, such as BRIC/ HMGP Works removal of dead vegetation and invasive plants in Grants, California Department parks, open spaces, and right-of-way embankments Climate Resilience and creating larger buffers within the wildland-urban Grants, Cal Fire interface. Grants, Other
Grants
F13 Create a fire-adapted landscape program to assist General Fund, Fire, Community $$ 2027 Low existing property owners with retrofits. BRIC/ HMGP Development Grants, California Department
Climate Resilience
Grants, Cal Fire
Grants, Other
Grants
F14 Add emergency alert and warning signage along the General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Low hazard-prone areas in the VHFHSZ to provide critical EMPG, BRIC/ Department information and evacuation instruction during fire HMGP Grants, Cal emergencies. Fire Grants, Other
Grants
Human-Caused Hazards (Hazardous Materials Release, Landfill Subsidence, Transportation Incidents, Cybercrime Incidents, Mass Casualty/Fatality Incidents) H01 Conduct active shooter training and exercises for City General Fund, Police $ Annually Medium staff, residents, and businesses. (Hazard addressed: SHSGP Grants, Department, Fire MCl/MFI) UASI, Other
Grants
H02 Retrofit critical facilities, administration buildings, and General Fund, Police $$$ 2028 High other city-owned buildings deemed important, along SHSGP Grants, Department, with CPTED design elements and building materials. UASI, Other Public Works (Hazard addressed: MCl/MFI) Grants
D26 Page 920 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority H03 Coordinate and enhance datasets for schools, General Fund, Police $ 2027 Low medical facilities, senior assisted-living facilities, and SHSGP Grants, Department, Fire other critical facilities with the school district and UASI, Other other key entities within the City to better respond to Grants mass-casualty incidents. (Hazard addressed:

MCl/MFI)
H04 Discourage new sensitive land uses, including General Fund, Community $ Ongoing/ Medium schools, parks, childcare centers, adult and senior HMGP Grants, Development Annually assisted-living facilities, and community centers, from Other Grants Department locating near identified hazardous material facilities.

Discourage or prohibit new hazardous material
facilities from locating near sensitive land uses.
(Hazard addressed: Hazardous Materials Release)
H05 Pursue full alignment of the General Plan with General Fund, Community $$ 2028 Low policies and actions outlined in state and regional HMGP Grants, Development plans, such as the California Accidental Release Other Grants Department, Fire Prevention (CalARP) Program. (Hazard addressed:

Hazardous Materials Release)
H06 Continuously inspect businesses and other properties General Fund, SB Health, $ Annually Medium storing hazardous materials and create an inventory HMGP Grants, Community of storage locations that require updates, Other Grants Development maintenance, or renovation. (Hazard addressed: Department, Fire Hazardous Materials Release)
H07 Develop a parcel-level, GIS-based database, in General Fund, Fire, Information $$ Long Term High coordination with San Bernardino County and the HMGP Grants, Technology state, which tracks the status of hazardous materials Other Grants storage and use, prioritized by potential threat to
surrounding properties. (Hazard addressed:

Hazardous Materials Release)
D27 Page 921 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland ill = 1 TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN IIIII Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority H08 Obtain and introduce a cybercrime-awareness General Fund, Information $ 2027 High training program for all City employees, specifically SHSGP Grants, Technology, including malware identification and digital hygiene. UASI Police (Hazard addressed: Cybercrime)
Severe Weather(Extreme Heat, Drought, Severe Wind)
W01 Develop intradepartmental hazard teams for use in General Fund, Emergency $$ Long Term Low planning and support of public education and HMGP Grants, Management response to plan elements involving extreme weather California Climate events. Resilience Grants,
Other Grants
W02 Develop a public information program to assist the General Fund, Emergency $$ Long Term Low public in early detection of potential wind hazard HMGP Grants, Management, damage. California Climate Information
Resilience Grants, Technology,
Other Grants Public
Information
Officer
W03 Expand current outreach to residents and businesses General Fund, Public $ Annually Low prior to severe winds on proper tree maintenance and HMGP Grants, Information identification of potentially hazardous trees. California Climate Officer Resilience Grants,
(Hazards addressed: Severe Wind) Other Grants
W04 Remove or trim trees determined to be susceptible to General Fund, Public Works $$ Annually Low blowing over during a severe wind event. Encourage HMGP Grants, Department the undergrounding of existing utilities. Other Grants (Hazards addressed: Severe Wind)
D28 Page 922 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority W05 Promote passive cooling design (brise-soleil, long General Fund, Development $ Medium Term Low roof overhangs, locating windows away from southern California Climate Services facades, etc.) in new developments during the design Resilience Grants, (Building and review process. Other Grants Safety)
(Hazards addressed: Extreme Heat)
W06 Expand current outreach to residents and businesses General Fund, Public $ Ongoing Low regarding extreme heat events. Educate residents on HMGP Grants, Information the dangers of extreme heat and identify actions they California Climate Officer can take to mitigate the negative effects of extreme Resilience Grants, heat. Other Grants
(Hazards addressed: Extreme Heat)
W07 Launch a pilot program with smart water meters to General Fund, Development $$ 2028 Low track water usage in commercial and industrial California Climate Services properties across the City. Resilience Grants, (Building and Other Grants Safety), Public
(Hazards addressed: Drought) Works
W08 Identify opportunities (grant funding, design General Fund, Development $ Long Term Medium assistance, etc.) to sponsor homeowner retrofits from California Climate Services lawns to low-water-consuming plants. Resilience Grants, (Building and Other Grants Safety)
(Hazards addressed: Drought)
W09 Use drought-tolerant plants when installing new or General Fund, Public Works $ Ongoing Medium redesigned City-owned landscapes. Limit non- California Climate Department drought tolerant turf to recreational fields and lawns, Resilience Grants, and only in instances where no feasible drought Other Grants tolerant alternatives exist.
(Hazards addressed: Drought)
D29 Page 923 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland IIIMIIIIr
TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 111111 Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority Infrastructure Failure (Power Failure, Public Safety Power Shutoff) IF01 Maintain at least one emergency power-generating General Fund, Emergency $$$ 2027 High station in all critical facilities that the City can use as EMPG Management, an emergency public assembly area, such as the Fire Civic Center, Community Centers, and any other
locations designated in the future.

IF02 Update the Upland Emergency Operations Plan to General Fund, Emergency $ 2027 Medium identify backup power and communications EMPG Management, provisions for critical facilities. Fire
IF03 Install energy-efficient equipment upgrades in City General Fund, Public Works $$ 2028 Low facilities to increase the longevity of the fuel supply BRIC/ HMGP Department for backup generators. Grants, Other
Grants
IF04 Conduct a feasibility assessment of the installation of General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Medium solar and battery backup systems at key critical BRIC/ HMGP Department facilities within the City. Grants, Other
Grants
IF05 Install and harden encased emergency backup power General Fund, Public Works $$ 2027 Medium generators at critical facilities and key infrastructure BRIC/ HMGP Department as deemed necessary. Prioritize installations for Grants, Other facilities that serve as key cooling/warming centers Grants and evacuation centers.

IF06 Install battery backup power supplies for traffic General Fund, Public Works $$$ 2028 High signals to ensure functionality in the event of power BRIC/ HMGP Department failure. Grants, Other
Grants
Flood(Surface Flooding, Dam and Levee Failure)
D30 Page 924 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland IMIIIF
TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN IIIII Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority FL01 Investigate the use of permeable paving and General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low landscaped swales for new construction and BRIC/ HMGP Department replacement of City-owned hardscaped areas. Grants, Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
FLO2 Identify potential flood improvements that reduce General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low inundation from both storm flows and potential dam HMGP Grants, Department inundation effects. Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
FLO3 Keep all flood control channels clear of debris and General Fund, Public Works $ Annually Low plant detritus that could affect channel capacity HMGP Grants, Department during heavy rainfall events. Install large grilles over Flood Mitigation storm drain inlets to screen out large debris. Assistance Grants, Other
Grants
FLO4 Conduct frequent cleanings of storm drain intakes, General Fund, Public Works $ Annually Medium especially before and during the rainy season. HMGP Grants, Department Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
FLO5 Track areas where ponding frequently occurs during General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low heavy rainfall and install new drains or upgrade 1 BRIC/ HMGP Department existing ones to reduce ponding. Grants, Flood Mitigation
Assistance
Grants, Other
Grants
D31 Page 925 of 1000

2026 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Upland IMIIIF
TABLE 5-3: MITIGATION ACTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN IIIII Potential Responsible Relative
Action # Mitigation Action Item Funding Source Agency Cost Time Frame Priority FLOG Identify all structures located in FEMA flood zones General Fund, Public Works $ 2027 Low and determine the need to plot, analyze, and modify HMGP Grants, Department, FEMA flood maps. If flood map revisions are Flood Mitigation Administrative possible, work with property owners to determine the Assistance Services desire to perform this activity on their behalf. Grants, Other Grants
FLO7 Coordinate with dam owners/operators and state and General Fund, Public Works $ 2028 Low federal agencies to collectively identify threats to the HMGP Grants, Department, City and the region and identify ways to Flood Mitigation retrofit/strengthen the dams under their control. Assistance Fire Grants, Other
Grants
FLO8 Identify all structures located in dam or levee General Fund, Public Works $ 2027 Low inundation zones. Develop evacuation procedures HMGP Grants, Department, and public information strategies to expedite Flood Mitigation Administrative evacuation of threatened areas should a dam or Assistance Services levee threaten to fail. Grants, Other
Grants
* Relative Cost Categories
$ - Less than $75,000
$$ - $75,001 to $4,999,999
$$$ - Greater than $5,000,000
D32 Page 926 of 1000

��°v °p`q� c ITFUPLAND
, ___ c /2
"The City of Gracious Living"
�lrFOR� `/
DATE: July 27,2026
TO: MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL
FROM: MICHAEL BLAY,CITY MANAGER
PREPARED BY:STEPHEN PARKER,CPA,ASSISTANT CITY MANAGER
SUBJECT: CONSIDER ADOPTING RESOLUTIONS PLACING A BUSINESS LICENSE REFORM

MEASURE ON THE NOVEMBER BALLOT
RECOMMENDED ACTION:

It is recommended that the City Council adopt a Resolution calling for the placement of a Business License Tax Measure known as the "Upland business license reform measure" on the November 3, 2026 General Municipal Election Ballot for submission to the qualified voters, adopt a Resolution requesting the Board of Supervisors of the County of San Bernardino to consolidate a General Municipal Election to be held on November 3, 2026 with the Statewide General Election to be held on that date pursuant to §10403 of the Elections Code,and adopt a Resolution providing for the filing of primary and rebuttal arguments and setting rules for the filing of written arguments regarding a city measure to be submitted at the November 3,2026 General Municipal Election.

GOAL STATEMENT
The proposed action supports the City's goal of being fiscally responsible.

BACKGROUND
In researching the Upland Municipal Code, it is unclear how long the City has had a business license tax as records do not identify an established date. However, on June 26, 1978, on the heels of the passage of Proposition 13, the City Council passed urgency Ordinance No. 1171 increasing the business license tax by 50%.

The most recent modification to the business license tax occurred December 20, 1993, over 31 years ago, when the City Council passed Ordinance No. 1614.

ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
Upland's business license tax structure has not been modified since 1994; more than 31 years ago. The outdated structure no longer matches the current mix of businesses in the City,and results in smaller businesses currently paying a higher proportional rate than the largest businesses—in some cases,paying a rate over 100 times higher.

If approved by voters,the business license tax reform measure would reduce taxes for most small businesses to help create economic growth and local job creation. It would also ensure that the largest businesses contribute a greater share towards essential city services than they presently do.

An update to the business license tax structure would also provide the City with additional locally controlled funding to address community priorities and maintain essential services. The proposed measure also includes a clear system of accountability,requiring annual independent audits and public disclosure of how all funds are spent.

Therefore, Staff are recommending that the City Council place a reform measure("Measure")on the November 2026 ballot to allow voters to decide this important community issue.

Development of the Measure
Over the past several weeks, the City received input from small business owners through a series of City Manager Small Business Roundtable meetings, as well as from other business stakeholders and affected constituencies. This input was valuable and was used in the development of the proposed measure.

Page 927 of 1000 ends

Upland City CouncilJuly 27, 2026

Upland City Council
July 27, 2026