Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-2 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence within the Project Site or 500-ft
buffer.
Euphydryas editha
quino
Quino checkerspot
butterfly
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
none
COV
Occurs in sunny openings within
chaparral and coastal sage scrub
in parts of Riverside and San
Diego counties. Occurs on hills
and mesas along the coast.
Requires high densities of food
plants Plantago erecta, P.
insularis, and Orthocarpus
purpurescens.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat was present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Linderiella santarosae
Santa Rosa Plateau fairy
shrimp
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
none
COV
Occurs in cool-water vernal pools
that are formed from Southern
Basalt Flows.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Rhaphiomidas
terminatus
abdominalis
Delhi Sands flowerloving fly
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
none
COV
Dune habitat, with fine sandy
Delhi soils.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site, and the
Project Site is outside the
known range for the species.
Streptocephalus
woottoni
Riverside fairy shrimp
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
none
COV
Occurs in vernal pools, tectonic
swales, and earth slump basins in
western Riverside, Orange, and
San Diego counties in grassland
and coastal sage scrub.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Fishes
Catostomus
santaanae
Santa Ana sucker
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
THR
none
COV
Pools and runs of creeks and
small to medium rivers with cool,
shallow, clear, and unpolluted
water.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Gila orcutti
arroyo chub
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Creeks, streams, and rivers with
areas of slow-moving water with
sand or mud bottoms. Ranges
from San Diego to San Luis
Obispo county. Requires deep
pools, ponds, or slough-like areas
and vegetation for spawning.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Oncorhynchus mykiss
irideus pop. 10
steelhead – southern
California DPS
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
CAN
none
Typically occurs in slow water
steams or rivers.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site.
Rhinichthys osculus
ssp. 8
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Permanent flowing creeks and
streams with shallow gravel and
cobble riffles.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-3 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence Santa Ana speckled
dace
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Amphibians
Anaxyrus californicus
arroyo toad
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
SSC
COV
Sandy banks of rivers, arroyos,
and streams with shallow sandy
pools. Also found in riparian
woodlands or uplands adjacent to
arroyos.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Rana draytonii
California red-legged
frog
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
THR
SSC
COV
Found near water features such as
ponds or streams in humid
forests, grasslands, coastal scrub,
and woodlands.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Rana muscosa
southern mountain
yellow-legged frog
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
END
COV
Ponds, streams, lakes, and
isolated pools in southern Sierra
Nevada Mountains and rocky
streams within narrow canyons
and the chapparral belt in
Southern California mountains.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Spea hammondii
western spadefoot
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
PT
SSC
COV
Open areas with sandy soils in a
wide range of habitats including
lowlands to foothills, coastal sage
scrub, chaparral, mixed
woodlands, sandy washes, river
floodplains, alluvial fans, playas,
and grasslands. Vernal pools are
essential for breeding and egglaying. The species is almost completely terrestrial, entering
water only to breed.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Taricha torosa
coast range newt
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Mesic upland areas including
grasslands, forests, and
woodlands. Burrows in soil or
wood debris.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Reptiles
Anniella stebbinsi
(formerly A. pulchra)
San Diegan legless
lizard
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Coastal sand dunes, and variety of
interior habitats including sandy
washes and alluvial fans. Occurs
in moist warm loose soil with
plant cover and sparsely
vegetated beach dunes, pine-oak
woodlands, desert scrub,
chaparral, and stream terraces
with sycamores, cottonwoods, or
oaks.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-4 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence Arizona elegans
occidentalis
California glossy snake
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Most common in desert habitats
but also found in arid scrub, rocky
washes, grasslands, low elevation
coastal scrub, valley-foothill
hardwood, and chaparral. Prefers
washes and sandy areas with
patchy brush and rocks. Perennial
plants necessary in habitat for
food source.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Aspidoscelis tigris
stejnegeri
coastal whiptail
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Arid habitats including chaparral,
woodlands, and dry riparian
areas.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site.
Charina umbratica
southern rubber boa
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
THR
COV
Under rocks, woody debris, or in
crevices in conifer or conifermixed semi-open forests and woodlands, patchy
chaparral/shrublands, and
meadows.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Coleonyx variegatus
abbotti
San Diego banded
gecko
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Rocky areas in coastal sage scrub
and chaparral.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat was Present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Crotalus ruber
red-diamond
rattlesnake
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Found in coastal chaparral, arid
scrub, rocky grassland, oak and
pine woodlands, desert mountain
slopes and rocky desert flats. Diet
consists of birds, lizards, and
small mammals including ground
squirrels, wood rats, and rabbits.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Emys marmorata
[Actinemys pallida]
western pond turtle
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
PT
SSC
COV
Occurs in aquatic, artificial flowing
waters, south coast flowing
waters, south coast standing
waters, and wetland habitats.
Needs basking sites (logs, rocks,
and exposed banks) and suitable
(sandy banks or grassy open
fields) upland habitat up to 0.5
km from water for egg-laying.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Lampropeltis zonata
(parvirubra)
California mountain
kingsnake
(San Bernardino
population)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
none
COV
Sun-exposed areas with woody
debris and rocky outcrops in
coastal sage scrub, chaparral,
manzanita, riparian woodlands,
oak-pine woodlands, and confier
forests. Occurs in the mountains
of Southern California including
San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and
San Gabriel.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-5 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence Lampropeltis zonata
(pulchra)
California mountain
kingsnake
(San Diego population)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
none
COV
Sun-exposed areas with woody
debris and rocky outcrops in
coastal sage scrub, chaparral,
manzanita, riparian woodlands,
oak-pine woodlands, and confier
forests. Occurs in the Santa Ana
and Santa Monica mountains,
Hollywood Hills, and central San
Diego County peninsular ranges.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Phrynosoma blainvillii
Blainville’s horned lizard
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Occurs in chaparral, cismontane
woodland, coastal bluff scrub,
coastal scrub, desert wash, pinon
& juniper woodlands, riparian
scrub, riparian woodland, and
valley & foothill grassland
habitats. As well as open areas of
valleys, foothills & semiarid
mountains. Requires open areas
for sunning, bushes to provide
cover, and loose soil for burial.
Diet consists mainly of ants and
also small invertebrates. Most
commonly found in lowlands
along sandy washes with
scattered low bushes.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Salvadora hexalepis
virgultea
coast patch-nosed
snake
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Coastal scrub and semi-arid
brushy areas and chaparral in
canyons, rocky hillsides, and
plains. Brushy or shrubby
vegetation in coastal Southern
California. Require small mammal
burrows for refuge and
overwintering sites. Diet consists
mostly of lizards, along with small
mammals.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat or small
burrows are present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Sceloporus graciosus
vandenburgianus
southern sagebrush
lizard
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
none
COV
Occurs in shrublands like
chaparral, manzanita, ceanothus,
open pine, and Douglas Fir
forests within the mountains.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Thamnophis
hammondii
two-striped gartersnake
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Occur along aquatic habitats such
as pools, creeks, and riparian
areas usually near chaparral, rocky
areas, brushland, oak woodland,
and conifer forests. Found in
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat was present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-6 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence coastal California from vicinity of
Salinas to northwest Baja
California. From sea to about
7,000 ft elevation. Hunts in water.
Birds
Accipiter gentilis
northern goshawk
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Nesting occurs in mature, oldgrowth forests with more than 60% closed canopy; breeding has
been documented within San
Bernardino Mountains and San
Jacinto Mountains between 6,560
and 8,860 feet. Often found
nesting in ponderosa pines and
near gaps in the canopy. Prefer
nesting sites near a source of
water. Foraging occurs in forests,
along riparian corridors, and in
open habitat such as sagebrush
steppes.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Agelaius tricolor
tricolored blackbird
(nesting colony)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
THR/SSC
COV
Occurs in freshwater marsh with
marshes with dense cattails,
bulrushes, sedges, and tule,
swamp, and wetland habitats.
Largely endemic to California.
Highly colonial species, most
numerous in Central Valley &
vicinity. Requires open water,
protected nesting substrate, and
foraging area with insect prey
within a few kilometers of the
colony. Forages in open habitat
such as cultivated fields and
pastures.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Ammodramus
savannarum
grasshopper sparrow
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Grasslands and prairies of
moderate height with clusters of
scattered shrubs among patches
of bare ground.
Presumed Absent. No suitable
grassland or prairie habitat is
present within the Project Site
or 500-foot buffer. The
disturbed lot along Lincoln
Avenue was unsuitable due to
the high level of disturbance
including a prevalence of lowgrowing nonnative species and evidence of ground
disturbance (i.e., tilling).
Asio otus
long-eared owl
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Occurs in cismontane woodland,
Great Basin scrub, riparian forest,
riparian woodland, upper
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-7 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence montane coniferous forest, and
dense deciduous and evergreen
forests habitats near water. Found
in riparian bottomlands within tall
willows and cottonwoods. Also
found in belts of live oak
paralleling stream courses.
Require adjacent open land,
productive of mice and the
presence of old nests of crows,
hawks, or magpies for breeding.
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Athene cunicularia
burrowing owl
(burrow & some
wintering sites)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Open, dry annual or perennial
grasslands, deserts, plains, and
scrublands characterized by lowgrowing vegetation. Occurs in coastal prairie, coastal scrub,
Great Basin grassland, Great Basin
scrub, Mojavean desert scrub,
Sonoran desert scrub, and valley
& foothill grassland habitats.
Subterranean nester, dependent
upon burrowing mammals, most
notably, the California ground
squirrel. Also found in vacant lots
and airports.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site. The disturbed
lot, which was surrounded by
development, was unsuitable
for this species and would not
support wintering or breeding
activities due to the lack of
habitat and insufficient small
mammals to provide shelter
sites and prey. In addition to
the lack of habitat, the small
size of the disturbed lot and
urban setting likely precludes
the species from occurring in
the Project Site and buffer.
Aquila chrysaetos
golden eagle
(nesting & wintering)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
PRO
FP
COV
Occurs in open and semi-open
habitats such as grasslands,
prairies, sagebrush, savannah or
sparse woodlands, and barren
hills or mountainous areas. This
species typically avoids
developed areas and stretches of
thick forests. Found primarily in
mountainous areas up to 12,000
feet in elevation. Nesting occurs
on cliff edges or in large trees
such as Eucalyptus or oak in
grassland, chaparral, shrubland,
forest, and other vegetated areas.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or wintering
habitat is present within the
Project Site. Trees in the
Project Site and buffer were
not large enough to provide
suitable nesting habitat.
Additionally, the location of
the Project Site in a
urban/developed setting likely
precludes the species from
nesting or foraging in the
Project Site and buffer.
Buteo swainsoni
Swainson’s hawk
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
THR
COV
Occurs in Great Basin grassland,
riparian forest, riparian woodland,
open pine-oak woodland,
savannah, agricultural fields, and
valley & foothill grassland
habitats. Breeds in grasslands
with scattered trees, juniper-sage
flats, riparian areas, savannahs, &
Presumed Absent. The Project
Site is just outside of the
current known breeding range
for this species. Although oaks
and cottonwoods were
mapped in the buffer and
Project Site, no suitable
foraging habitat, in the form of
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-8 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence agricultural or ranch lands with
groves or lines of trees. Nests in
solitary bush or tree, or in small
groves. Nesting trees can include
willow, black locust, oak, aspen,
cottonwood, and conifers.
Requires adjacent suitable
foraging areas such as grasslands
or alfalfa/grain fields supporting
rodent populations.
grasslands or alfalfa/grain
fields, was present within the
Project Site or buffer.
Charadrius montanus
mountain plover
(wintering)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Nesting occurs in shortgrass
prairie with blue grama, buffalo
grass, and western wheat grass
being the dominant species; or in
grassy semidesert habitats with
saltbush, sage, prickly pear, and
yucca. Utilize playas and vernal
pool, grassland, and some
agriculture habitats during the
winter within western Riverside
County.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable wintering habitat is
present on the Project Site or
500-foot buffer.
Charadrius nivosus
nivosus
western snowy plover
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
THR
SSC
none
Sandy beaches, salt pond levees
& shores of large alkali lakes.
Needs sandy, gravelly or friable
soils for nesting. Known protected
population in the Tiajuana
Estuary.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Coccyzus americanus
occidentalis
western yellow-billed
cuckoo
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
THR
END
COV
Occurs in riparian forest habitat.
Nests along broad (≥ 5 hectares)
patches of multi-layered riparian
woodland, often dominated by
willows and cottonwoods of lower
flood bottoms of larger river
systems.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat was present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Coturnicops
noveboracensis
yellow rail
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Occurs in grassy freshwater
marshlands and meadows. Not
found in deeper areas with tall
vegetation, such as cattail
marshes.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Cypseloides niger
black swift
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Open sky over mountains, forests,
or coastal cliffs. Nests in crevices
or ledges of steep cliffs near
streams or mountainous
waterfalls or along the coast.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-9 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence Elanus leucurus
white-tailed kite
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
FP
COV
Open habitat in lowlands
including savanna, open
woodlands, marshes, and
agricultural fields. Nests in trees,
riparian scrub areas, oak
woodlands, and other similar
habitats.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Empidonax traillii
extimus
southwestern willow
flycatcher
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
END
COV
Occurs in riparian woodland,
particularly with willow thickets,
habitat in Southern California.
Nests in densest areas of riparian
tree and shrub communities, and
trees with low-density canopies
associated with rivers, swamps,
and other wetlands, including
lakes and reservoirs. Nests are
often in nonnative tamarisk
(Tamarisk spp.) and native willow
(Salix spp.), typically in vegetation
stands of 4-7 m in height.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
bald eagle
(nesting & wintering)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
DL/PRO
END/FP
COV
General habitat includes Forested
areas, and sometimes dry open
uplands, along the coast or near
large open bodies of water
including lakes. Breeding habitat
most commonly includes areas
close to coastal areas, bays, rivers,
lakes, reservoirs, or other bodies
of water that reflect the general
availability of primary food
sources including fish, waterfowl,
or seabirds. Nests in tall trees or
on cliffs or pinnacles near open
water.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat was present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Icteria virens
yellow-breasted chat
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Occurs in riparian forest, riparian
scrub, and riparian woodland
habitats. Nests in low, dense
riparian, consisting of willow,
blackberry, wild grape along
streams or at the edges of ponds
or swamps. Forages and nests
within 10 ft of ground.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat was present
within the Project Site or 500-
foot buffer.
Lanius ludovicianus
loggerhead shrike
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Open country, with scattered
shrubs and trees or other perches
for hunting; includes agricultural
fields, deserts, grasslands,
savanna, and chaparral.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-10 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence Laterallus jamaicensis
coturniculus
California black rail
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
THR, FP
none
Occurs in wetland, marsh, wet
meadows, and swamp habitats
with flat shorelines. Also, occurs
in coastal and estuarine
saltmarshes especially dominated
by pickleweed and matted salt
grass. Needs water depths of
about 1 inch that do not fluctuate
during the year and dense
vegetation for nesting habitat.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Melospiza lincolnii
Lincoln’s sparrow
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
none
COV
Winter visitor to lowland of
Southern California and a rare
breeder in higher elevations
(4,000-9,000 feet) of San Gabriel,
San Bernardino, and San Jacinto
Mountains. Breeds in lush and
brushy montane wet meadows
with corn lilies or small willows.
Wintering and migratory areas
include lowland shrub and scrub
habitats (chaparral, coastal sage
scrub, grassland, freshwater
marsh, peninsular juniper
woodland, riparian scrub, oak
woodland and forest, and
Riversidean alluvial fan sage
scrub).
Moderate - wintering /
Presumed Absent - nesting.
Marginal suitable wintering
and foraging habitat is present
in the disturbed lot and
ornamental vegetation in the
urban/landscaped areas within
the Project Site and buffer. No
suitable nesting habitat is
present on the Project Site.
Multiple recent records were
identified within 5 miles of the
Project site in eBird and the
Western Riverside County
Biological Monitoring Program
(WRCBMP). The closest
WRCBMP record was
documented in November
2019 approximately 3 miles
northwest of the Project Site.
The closest eBird records were
multiple occurrences on April
2021 at the Skyline Drive
Trailhead, approximately 1 mile
southeast of the Project Site
and multiple observations
from December 2021 and
November 2020 at Mountain
Gate Park approximately 1 mile
south of the Project Site. No
CNDDB records were identified
during the database search.
Polioptila californica
californica
coastal California
gnatcatcher
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
THR
SSC
COV
Dry coastal slopes, washes, and
mesas with areas of low
vegetation and coastal sage scrub
including California sagebrush,
California buckwheat, salvia, and
prickly pear cactus. Moves about
actively in shrubs and low trees to
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-11 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence forage. Generally found at
elevations below 3,000 ft.
Progne subis
purple martin
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Open and semi-open country
near water, includes urban areas
and agricultural lands. Nests in
tree cavities and sometimes rock
crevices.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting habitat is
present on the Project Site or
500-foot buffer.
Setophaga petechia*
yellow warbler
(nesting)
*formerly Dendroica
petechia brewsteri
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
In southern California, this species
breeds in lowland and foothill
riparian woodlands dominated by
cottonwoods, alders, or willows
and other small trees and shrubs
typical of low, open-canopy
riparian woodland. During
migration, they occur in lowland
and foothill woodland habitats
such as desert oases, riparian
woodlands, oak woodlands,
mixed deciduous-coniferous
woodlands, suburban and urban
gardens and parks, groves of
exotic trees, farmyard windbreaks,
and orchards (Small 1994).
Frequently found nesting and
foraging in willow shrubs and
thickets, and in other riparian
plants including cottonwoods,
sycamores, ash, and alders. Diet
consists primarily of insects.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting habitat is
present on the Project Site or
500-foot buffer.
Sphyrapicus
thyroideus
Williamson’s sapsucker
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
none
COV
Nesting occurs in coniferous and
mixed conifer-deciduous forests.
Common tree species used
include Douglas fir, white fir,
ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine,
and Jeffrey pine, typically found
between 4,920 and 10,500 ft amsl,
with breeding generally occurring
above 5,200 feet. During winter,
uses lowland woodlands and
forests especially with conifers.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Strix occidentalis
occidentalis
California spotted owl
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Occurs in mixed montane
evergreen and coniferous forests
and montane oak woodlands.
Uses mature forests with a
canopy characterized as dense,
multi-layered, diverse, and with a
high closure. Often prefers black
oaks in the understory. Nesting
Presumed Absent. No
suitable nesting or foraging
habitat is present on the
Project Site or 500-foot buffer.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-12 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence occurs in well-shaded, steep and
narrow canyons often with
canyon live oaks.
Vireo bellii pusillus
least Bell's vireo
(nesting)
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
END
COV
Occurs in dense riparian forest,
riparian scrub, and riparian
woodland habitats between 2,000
feet and 4,270 feet. Summer
resident of Southern California in
low riparian vegetation in the
vicinity of water or in dry river
bottoms, below 2,000 ft. Breeds in
low riparian vegetation with a
dense understory and stratified
canopy along water or dry
intermittent streams often
composed of southern willow
scrub, cottonwood forest, mule
fat scrub, alluvial woodland, coast
live oak riparian forest, and
arroyo willow riparian forest.
Nests placed along margins of
bushes or on twigs projecting
into pathways, usually willow,
mule fat, and mesquite. Forages
in adjacent upland habitats.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Mammals
Antrozous pallidus
pallid bat
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Occurs in mountainous areas
chaparral, coastal scrub, desert
wash, Great Basin grassland,
Great Basin scrub, Mojavean
desert scrub, riparian woodland,
Sonoran desert scrub, upper
montane coniferous forest, valley
& foothill grassland, and arid
grassland habitats near water,
rocky outcrops and open
woodlands. Most commonly
found in open, dry habitats with
rocky areas for roosting.
Frequently roosts in rock crevices,
caves, mines, buildings, bridges,
and in live trees and snags that
have holes and cavities or
crevices formed by exfoliating
bark. Very sensitive to
disturbance of roosting sites.
Low. Suitable roosting habitat
was present in the Project Site
and 500-foot buffer in the
form of residential buildings,
crevices in the concrete box
channel underneath Ontario
Avenue. Two CNDDB records
were identified during the
literature review; however,
both (Occ #16 and 47) are
historic and documented more
than 5 miles from the Project
Site. The closest record (Occ
#16) was an observation from
1993 of an individual foraging
in Blind Canyon, located
approximately 7.3 miles
southwest of the Project Site.
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-13 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence Chaetodipus fallax
fallax
northwestern San Diego
pocket mouse
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Coastal scrub, chaparral,
sagebrush, and grasslands in
western San Diego county.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or within the
500-foot buffer.
Dipodomys merriami
parvus
San Bernardino
kangaroo rat
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
END
END, SSC
COV
Gentle slopes of alluvial fans,
alluvial sage scrub, on flood
plains, along washes, and on
adjacent upland areas with soils
containing sand, loam, and gravel
deposited by rivers and streams.
Can also be found in sandy soils
that are wind deposited. Found in
alluvial sage scrub, coastal sage
scrub, and chaparral vegetation.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable is present on the
Project Site or within the 500-
foot buffer.
Dipodomys stephensi
Stephens' kangaroo rat
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
THR
THR
COV
Annual grasslands, coastal sage
scrub with sparsely spaced
vegetation, loose friable soils, and
flat or slightly rolling terrain.
Prefer open habitats with less
than 50% protective cover.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Eumops perotis
californicus
western mastiff bat
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Roosts high above ground in rock
and cliff crevices, shallow caves,
and rarely in buildings. Occurs in
arid and semiarid regions
including rocky canyon habitats.
Low. Limited suitable roosting
habitat was present within the
Project Site and 500-foot
buffer in buildings. Multiple
CNDDB occurrences were
identified; however, none were
recent or within 5 miles. The
closest record (Occ# 211) was
documented in 1997
approximately 5.3 miles east of
the Project Site.
Glaucomys sabrinus
californicus
San Bernardino flying
squirrel
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Occur in broadleaved upland
forest and lower montane
coniferous forest
Presumed Absent. No
suitable is present on the
Project Site or within the 500-
foot buffer.
Lasiurus xanthinus
western yellow bat
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Found in valley foothill riparian,
riparian woodland in arid regions,
desert riparian, desert wash, and
palm oasis habitats, oak or
pinyon-juniper woodlands, and
human developed areas. Roosts
in trees, particularly palms with
intact dead frond skirts. Has also
been found roosting in
Low. Limited suitable foraging
and roosting habitat was
present within the Project Site
and 500-foot buffer in the
form of California and Mexican
fan palm trees. Three CNDDB
occurrences were identified;
however, all were historical.
The closest and most record
was of two specimen
Appendix B – Wildlife Potential for Occurrence
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
B-14 February 2024
2023-213
Scientific Name
Common Name Status Habitat Requirements Potential for Occurrence cottonwood trees. Forages over
water and among trees.
collections from 1999 and
located approximately 0.3 mile
north of the Project Site.
Nyctinomops
femorosaccus
pocketed free-tailed bat
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Roosts in crevices of outcrops and
cliffs, shallow caves, and
buildings. Found along rugged
canyons, high cliffs, and semiarid
rock outcroppings.
Low. Limited suitable roosting
habitat was present within
buildings in the Project Site
and 500-foot buffer. Multiple
CNDDB occurrences were
identified; however, all were
historic. The closest record
(Occ# 18) was documented in
1986 approximately 0.3 mile
east of the Project Site.
Onychomys torridus
ramona
southern grasshopper
mouse
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
none
Low, semi-open, and open scrub
habitats with flat, sandy valley
floors. Habitats include coastal
and mixed chaparral, coastal sage
scrub, riparian scrub, low
sagebrush, and grasslands with
interspaced shrubs.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable is present on the
Project Site or the 500-foot
buffer.
Perognathus
longimembris
brevinasus
Los Angeles pocket
mouse
Fed:
CA:
MSHCP:
none
SSC
COV
Habitats with sandy and fine soils,
including grasslands, coastal sage
scrub, and alluvial sage scrub.
Presumed Absent. No
suitable habitat is present on
the Project Site or 500-foot
buffer.
Status Codes:
Federal Designations:
(Federal Endangered Species Act, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service)
END: Federally-listed, Endangered
THR: Federally-listed, Threatened
PT: Federally Proposed Threatened
FC: Federal Candidate Species
DL: Federally-delisted
PRO: Bald and Golden Eagle Protection
Act
State Designations:
(California Endangered Species Act,
CDFW)
END: State-listed, Endangered
THR: State-listed, Threatened
CAN: Candidate for state listing
SSC: Species of Special Concern
FP: Fully Protected Species
Other Designations
COV: Covered species under
the Western Riverside MSHCP
Source: California Natural Diversity Data Base (CNDDB) Riverside West, Prado Dam, Santiago Peak, El Toro, Alberhill, Black Star Canyon, Corona South, Lake Mathews, and Corona North 7.5-minute quads.
APPENDIX C
Representative Site Photographs
Appendix C – Representative Site Photographs
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
C-1 February 2024
2023-213
Photo 1: Developed residential area north of and along West Ontario Avenue and west of Taylor Avenue, facing southwest.
Photo 2: Developed residential area south of and along West Ontario Avenue and between Oak Avenue and South Lincoln Avenue; facing southeast.
Appendix C – Representative Site Photographs
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
C-2 February 2024
2023-213
Photo 3: Developed residential area between South Lincoln Avenue and Glenhaven Drive, and south of West Ontario Avenue, facing west.
Photo 4: Ornamental trees at Ontario Park in developed residential area within the 500-foot buffer north of the Project Site; facing east.
Appendix C – Representative Site Photographs
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
C-3 February 2024
2023-213
Photo 5: Disturbed lot, with evidence of tilling, located east of South Lincoln Avenue; facing north.
Photo 6: Large ornamental trees in residential development located within the Project Site, near APN 113140025, and located south of West Ontario Avenue; facing south.
Appendix C – Representative Site Photographs
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
C-4 February 2024
2023-213
Photo 7: California fan palm with dead frond skirt located in Project Site, south of West Ontario Avenue, near APNs 113140006 and 113140008, and between South Lincoln Avenue and Glenhaven Drive, facing south.
Photo 8: Mexican fan palms with minimal dead frond skirts located within Project Site, south of West Ontario Avenue near APN 113140005 and between South Lincoln Avenue and Glenhaven Drive, facing south.
Appendix C – Representative Site Photographs
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
C-5 February 2024
2023-213
Photo 9: Fan palm with dead frond skirt located adjacent to the Project Site, south of West Ontario Avenue and west of South Buena Vista Avenue, facing north.
Photo 10: Mexican fan palms with large dead frond skirts located north of the Project Site in the 500-foot buffer between Conejo Street and South Beuna Vista Avenue, facing north.
Appendix C – Representative Site Photographs
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
C-6 February 2024
2023-213
Photo 11: Concrete box culvert in concrete-lined drainage channel located within the Project Site, under West Ontario Avenue and west of Oak Avenue, facing south.
Photo 12: Concrete-lined drainage channel that intersects the Project site, under West Ontario Avenue and west of Oak Avenue, facing north.
APPENDIX D
Plant Species Observed
Appendix D – List of Plant Species Observed
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
D-1 February 2024
2023-213
SCEINTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
VASCULAR PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS
Cupressaceae Cypress Family
Cupressus sempervirens* Italian cypress
Cycadaceae Cycad Family
Cycas revoluta* Sago palm
Pinaceae Pine Family
Pinus halepensis* Aleppo pine
Podocarpacaceae Plumpine Family
Podocarpus sp.* Plum pine
ANGIOSPERMS (EUDICOTS)
Aceraceae Maple Family
Acer palmatum* Japanese maple
Aizoaceae Ice plant Family
Carpobrotus edulis* Iceplant
Amaranthaceae Amaranth Family
Amaranthus albus* Prostrate pigweed
Anacardiaceae Cashew Family
Schinus mole* Peruvian peppertree
Apocynaceae Dogbane Family
Plumeria rubra* Plumeria
Araliaceae Ginseng Family
Hedera canariensis* Canary island ivy
Hedera helix* English ivy
Arecaceae Palm Family
Syagrus romanzoffiana* Queen palm
Asteraceae Sunflower Family
Lactuca serriola* Prickly lettuce
Betulaceae Birch Family
Alnus rhombifolia White alder
Bignoniaceae Trumpet vine Family
Chilopsis linearis x Catalpa bignonioides1*. Chitalpa1.
Jacaranda mimosifolia* Blue jacaranda
Tecoma capensis* Cape honeysuckle
Tecoma stans* Yellow trumpet bush
Bombaceae Silk-floss tree Family
Chlorisia speciosa* Silk-floss tree
Appendix D – List of Plant Species Observed
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
D-2 February 2024
2023-213
SCEINTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
Brassicaceae Mustard Family
Brassica sp.* Mustard
Raphanus raphanistrum* Wild radish
Sisymbrium irio* London rocket
Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family
Atriplex semibaccata* Australian saltbush
Chenopodium album* Common lambs quarters
Salsola tragus* Russian thistle
Convolvulaceae Morning Glory Family
Convolvulus arvensis* Field bindweed
Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family
Crassula ovata* Jade plant
Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family
Euphorbia tirucalli* Firestick
Ricinus communis* Castor bean
Fagaceae Oak Famiy
Quercus agrifolia Coast live oak
Quercus sp. Oak
Fabaceae Pea Famiy
Bauhinia purpurea* Orchid tree
Geraniaceae Geranium Family
Erodium cicutarium* Redstem filaree
Pelargonium sp.* Geranium
Hamamelidaceae Witch-hazel Family
Liquidambar styraciflua* Sweetgum
Lamiaceae Mint Family
Rosmarinus officinalis* Rosemary
Salvia leucantha* Mexican sage
Westringia fruticosa* Coastal rosemary
Lauraceae Laurel Family
Cinnamomum camphora* Camphor tree
Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family
Magnolia sp.* Magnolia
Malvaceae Mallow Family
Hibiscus rosa sinensis* Chinese hibiscus
Malva parviflora* Cheeseweed mallow
Appendix D – List of Plant Species Observed
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
D-3 February 2024
2023-213
SCEINTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
Moraceae Mulberry Family
Ficus benjamina* Weeping fig
Ficus carica* Common fig
Myrtaceae Myrtle Family
Agonis flexuosa* Australian peppermint willow
Callistemon citrinus* Crimson bottlebrush
Eucalyptus sideroxylon* Red ironbark eucalyptus
Nyctaginaceae Four o’clock Family
Agonis flexuosa* Australian peppermint willow
Oleaceae Olive Family
Fraxinus sp. Ash
Olea europaea* Common olive
Platanaceae Plane-tree Family
Platanus occidentalis* American sycamore
Plantaginaceae Plantain Family
Plantago major* Broadleaf plantain
Plumbaginaceae Plumbago Family
Plumbago capensis* Cape plumbago
Portulacaceae Purslane Family
Portulacaria afra* Elephant bush
Rosaceae Rose Family
Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon
Pyrus calleryana* Bradford pear
Rhaphiolepis indica* Indian hawthorn
Rutaceae Rue Family
Citrus sp.* Citrus
Citrus x tangerina Tangerine
Salicaceae Willow Family
Populus fremontii Fremont’s cottonwood
Sapindaceae Lychee Family
Cupaniopsis anacardioides* Carrotwood
Koelreuteria bipinnata* Chinese flametree
Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family
Myoporum parvifolium* Creeping myoporum
Solanaceae Nightshade Family
Solanum elaeagnifolium* Silverleaf nightshade
Sterculiaceae Peon Family
Brachychiton populneus* Australian bottle tree
Appendix D – List of Plant Species Observed
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
D-4 February 2024
2023-213
SCEINTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
Ulmaceae Elm Family
Ulmus parvifolia* Chinese elm
ANGIOSPERMS (MONOCOTS)
Alliaceae Onion Family
Tulbaghia violacea* Society garlic
Arecaceae Palm Family
Syagrus romanzoffiana* Queen palm
Washingtonia filifera California fan palm
Washingtonia robusta* Mexican fan palm
Asparagaceae Asparagus Family
Agave americana* Century plant
Agave attenuata* Foxtail agave
Dracaena marginata* Dragon tree
Yucca aloifolia* Aloe yucca
Asphodelaceae Aloe Family
Dianella sp.* Flax lily
Iridaceae Iris Family
Dietes iridioides* African iris
Poaceae Grass Family
Avena sp.* Wild oat
Bromus diandrus* Ripgut brome
Cynodon dactylon* Bermuda grass
Festuca sp.* Lawn grass
Strelitziaceae Bird of Paradise Family
Strelitzia nicolai* Giant white bird of paradise
*Nonnative species
1. This is a horticultural hybrid between native Chilopsis linearis, Desert willow, and other Bignoniaceae species Caltalpa bignonioides, Southern catalpa, and doesn’t naturally occur in the wild.
APPENDIX E
Wildlife Species Observed
Appendix E – List of Wildlife Species Observed
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
E-1 February 2024
2023-213
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
AVES BIRDS
Aegithalidae Bushtits
Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit
Columbidae Pigeons and Doves
Patagioenas fasciata Band-tailed pigeon
Streptopelia decaocto* Eurasian collared-dove
Zenaida macroura Mourning dove
Corvidae Jays and Crows
Corvus brachyrhynchos American crow
Fringillidae Finches
Haemorhous mexicanus House finch
Spinus psaltria Lesser goldfinch
Mimidae Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Mimus polyglottos Northern mockingbird
Passerellidae New World Sparrows
Chondestes grammacus Lark sparrow
Regulidae Kinglets
Corthylio calendula Ruby-crowned kinglet
Sturnidae Starlings
Sturnus vulgaris* European starling
Trochilidae Hummingbirds
Calypte anna Anna’s hummingbird
Troglodytidae Wrens
Thryomanes bewickii Bewick’s wren
Tyrannidae Tyrant Flycatchers
Sayornis nigricans Black phoebe
Sayornis saya Say’s phoebe
MAMMALIA MAMMALS
Geomyidae Pocket Gophers
Thomomys sp. pocket gopher species
*Nonnative species
ADDENDUM TO THE CORONA GENERAL PLAN TECHNICAL UPDATE EIR FOR THE WEST ONTARIO AVENUE WIDENING
PROJECT
CITY OF CORONA
Appendix
Appendix C. Archaeological Resources and Architectural History Report
CONFIDENTIAL
Archaeological Resources and Architectural
History Evaluation Inventory Report
for the
Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
Riverside County, California
Prepared For:
City of Corona
400 South Vicentia Avenue
Corona, California 92882
Prepared By:
215 North Fifth Street
Redlands, California 92374
July 2024
Archaeological Resources and Architectural History Evaluation Inventory Report ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
The City of Corona retained ECORP Consulting, Inc. in 2023 to conduct an archaeological and architectural history resources inventory for the Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project in Riverside County, California. The City of Corona proposes to construct civil and road improvements and widen the roadway along Ontario Avenue between Lincoln Avenue and Buena Vista Avenue.
The inventory included a records search, literature review, and field survey. The records search results indicated that three previous cultural resources studies have been conducted within the Project Area. As a result of those studies, one historic-period resource, a historic district, was previously recorded within the Project Area: the Corona Historic District, which was built alongside the growing City of Corona between the 1880s and 1910s. No isolates were previously recorded.
As a result of the field survey, ECORP recorded five new cultural resources within the Project Area: OAW01, a historic residence located on the southeastern corner of South Lincoln Avenue and Ontario Avenue; OV-07, West Ontario Road; OV-08, South Lincoln Avenue, OV-09, Oak Avenue, and OV-10, Buena Vista Avenue. ECORP evaluated resources OAW-01, OV-07, OV-08, OV-09, and OV-10 using the National Register of Historic Places, California Register of Historical Resources, and local eligibility criteria and determined that they are not eligible for inclusion in the NRHP, the CRHR, or the City of Corona’s Historic Landmark list. Recommendations for the management of unanticipated discoveries are provided.
Archaeological Resources and Architectural History Evaluation Inventory Report ECORP Consulting, Inc.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Project Location and Project Description..................................................................................................1
1.2 Area of Potential Effects ...................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Regulatory Context.............................................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 National Environmental Policy Act ..............................................................................................4
1.3.2 National Historic Preservation Act...............................................................................................4
1.3.3 California Environmental Quality Act..........................................................................................6
1.3.4 City of Corona Historic Landmark Designation......................................................................7
1.4 Report Organization...........................................................................................................................................9
2.0 SETTING...................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Environmental Setting.......................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Geology and Soils ...............................................................................................................................................9
2.3 Vegetation and Wildlife ................................................................................................................................. 10
3.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Regional Pre-Contact History...................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Local Pre-Contact History............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.1 Paleo-Indian Period/Terminal Pleistocene (12,000 to 10,000 Before Present)........ 11
3.2.2 Early Archaic Period/Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,500 BP).............................................. 12
3.2.3 Encinitas Tradition or Milling Stone Period/Middle Holocene (8,500 to 1,250 BP)12
3.2.4 Palomar Tradition (1,250 to 150 BP)......................................................................................... 13
3.3 Ethnographic History...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.1 Gabrieliño ........................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3.2 Luiseño................................................................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Regional History ............................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 City of Corona History.................................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 Roads in California........................................................................................................................................... 19
3.6.1 Roads in Corona............................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 2201 South Lincoln Avenue Property History....................................................................................... 20
3.8 Minimal Traditional (c. 1935–1950)........................................................................................................... 20
4.0 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Personnel Qualifications................................................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Records Search Methods .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.3 Sacred Lands File Coordination Methods .............................................................................................. 23
4.4 Field Methods.................................................................................................................................................... 23
Archaeological Resources and Architectural History Evaluation Inventory Report ECORP Consulting, Inc.
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5.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
5.1 Records Search.................................................................................................................................................. 24
5.1.1 Previous Research............................................................................................................................ 24
5.1.2 Map Review and Aerial Photographs ...................................................................................... 27
5.1.3 Records................................................................................................................................................ 28
5.2 Sacred Lands File Results .............................................................................................................................. 29
5.3 Field Survey Results......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 Cultural Resources........................................................................................................................... 30
6.0 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
6.2 Likelihood for Subsurface Cultural Resources ...................................................................................... 47
6.3 Recommendations........................................................................................................................................... 47
6.3.1 Post-Review Discoveries ............................................................................................................... 47
7.0 REFERENCES CITED .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project Location and Vicinity ........................................................................................................................................3 Figure 2. Survey Coverage ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 3. Project Area Overview (view southwest; December 6, 2023). ....................................................................... 30 Figure 4. Project Area Overview (view northeast; December 6, 2023). ........................................................................ 30 Figure 5. West Ontario Road (view west; December 12, 2023). ...................................................................................... 31 Figure 6. Primary Façade of the Residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (view south; December 12, 2023). .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 7. South Lincoln Avenue (view south; December 12, 2023). .............................................................................. 38 Figure 8. Oak Avenue (view southwest; December 12, 2023).......................................................................................... 41 Figure 9. Buena Vista Avenue (view northeast; December 12, 2023). .......................................................................... 44
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Soil Types within the Project Area.............................................................................................................................. 10 Table 2. Previous Cultural Studies within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area ...................................................................... 24
Archaeological Resources and Architectural History Evaluation Inventory Report ECORP Consulting, Inc.
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A – Records Search Confirmation and Historical Society Coordination Appendix B – Sacred Lands File Coordination
Appendix C – Project Area Photographs
Appendix D – Confidential Cultural Resource Site Locations and Site Records
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Term Definition
AB Assembly Bill
ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
APE Area of Potential Effects
AT&SF Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe
BP years before present
Caltrans California Department of Transportation
CCR California Code of Regulations
CCRR California Central Railroad Company
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHL California Historical Landmarks
CHRIS California Historical Resources Information System CRHR California Register of Historical Resources
DPR Department of Parks and Recreation
EIC Eastern Information Center
FHA Federal Housing Administration
GLO General Land Office
MLD Most Likely Descendant
NAHC Native American Heritage Commission
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NETR National Environmental Title Research LLC
NHPA National Historic Preservation Act
NPS National Park Service
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation
NRHP National Register of Historic Places
OHP Office of Historic Preservation
PRC Public Resources Code
Project Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project ROW Right-of-Way
RPA Registered Professional Archaeologist
SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer
TCR tribal cultural resource
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The City of Corona retained ECORP Consulting, Inc. in 2023 to conduct an archaeological and architectural history resources inventory for the Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project in the City of Corona, Riverside County, California. A survey of the Proposed Project Area was required to identify potentially eligible cultural resources (i.e., archaeological sites and historic buildings, structures, and objects) that could be affected by the Project.
1.1 Project Location and Project Description
The 20.13-acre Project Area is located in Townships 3 and 4 South, Range 7 West, San Bernardino Base and Meridian, as depicted on the 1997 photorevised version of the 1994 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Corona South, California 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map (Figure 1). The Project Area is oriented east–west along approximately 0.85 mile of Ontario Avenue, which is a major arterial roadway, within a mixed-use neighborhood in the City of Corona. The Project Area also extends southward along Lincoln Avenue, from the intersection of Ontario Avenue and Lincoln Avenue to Conejo Street; this portion of the Project Area is oriented north–south and is approximately 600 feet long (Figure 1). The Project Area shown in Figure 1 is slightly larger than needed to encompass all potential activities and needs for the Project.
The City proposes to widen Ontario Avenue to the Right-of-Way (ROW) across and south into a section of Lincoln Avenue, between Via Pacifica to the east and just before the western end of Taylor Street, which will provide three lanes of vehicular travel and a single bike lane in each direction, east of Oak Avenue.
The Project entails the construction of a raised, landscaped meridian island along Ontario Avenue between Oak Avenue and South Vicentia Avenue. It also entails improvements consisting of curbs and gutters, parkways, sidewalks, driveways approaches, streetlights, and utility relocation on the eastern side of Lincoln Avenue between Ontario Avenue and Othello Lane, and the southern side of Ontario Avenue between Lincoln Avenue and Conejo Street.
Additionally, the City proposes to extend the existing 8-inch-diameter PVC reclaimed water main line on Ontario Avenue from the intersection of Ontario Avenue and Lincoln Avenue to the intersection of Ontario Avenue and South Vicentia Avenue to feed the irrigation system for the proposed and existing median islands. It also proposes the construction of sewer lateral trenches for the homes fronting the proposed widening along the south side of Ontario Avenue that will require trenching from the existing 10-inch diameter vitrified clay pipe (VCP) sewer main in Ontario Avenue to the ROW limits. The City would also construct a signalized intersection at the intersection of Lincoln Avenue and Othello Lane and install fiberoptic communication lines from the intersection to the existing Traffic Management System hub cabinet at Lincoln Avenue and Ontario Avenue.
1.2 Area of Potential Effects
The Area of Potential Effects (APE) consists of the horizontal and vertical limits of a project and includes the area within which significant impacts or adverse effects to Historical Resources or Historic Properties could occur as a result of the project. The APE is defined for projects subject to regulations implementing
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Section 106 (federal law and regulations). For projects subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review, the term Project Area is used rather than APE. The terms Project Area and APE are interchangeable for the purpose of this document.
The horizontal APE consists of all areas where activities associated with a project are proposed and, in the case of this Project, equals the Project Area subject to environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and CEQA. This includes areas proposed for construction, grading, trenching, stockpiling, staging, paving, and other elements in the official Project description. The horizontal APE is illustrated in Figure 1 and represents the survey coverage area. The horizontal APE is slightly larger than needed to ensure that all Project activities and potential ground disturbance is encompassed.
The vertical APE is described as the maximum depth below the surface to which excavations for project foundations and facilities will extend. Therefore, the vertical APE for this Project includes all subsurface areas where archaeological deposits could be affected. The subsurface vertical APE varies across the Project Area, but could extend as deep as 6 feet below the current surface; therefore, a review of geologic and soils maps was necessary to determine the potential for buried archaeological sites that cannot be seen on the surface.
The vertical APE also is described as the maximum height of structures that could impact the physical integrity and integrity of setting of cultural resources, including districts and traditional cultural properties.
For this Project, the above-surface vertical APE is as high as 12 feet above the surface.
Map Date: 11/6/2023
Sources: ESRI, USGS
Location: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Location_Vicinity\Ontario Ave LnV.aprx - Ontario LnV (kedwards - 11/6/2023) Corona South, CA [1994 (p.r. 1997), NAD
27]
CA 7.5-minute Topographic Quadrangle
US Geological Survey.
Riverside County, California
§00, T.003S, R.007W, SBBM
§00, T.004S, R.007W, SBBM
Latitude (NAD83): 33.85771836°
Longitude (NAD83): -117.58489922°
Watershed: Santa Ana (18070203)
I
0 1,000 2,000
Scale in Feet
2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave
Figure 1. Project Location and Vicinity
Project Area - 20.13 acres
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1.3 Regulatory Context
The CEQA lead agency for this Project is the City of Corona. The federal lead agency will be determined at a later date, if needed.
A review of the regulatory context is provided below; however, the inclusion of any of these laws and regulations in this report does not make a law or regulation apply when it otherwise would not. Similarly, the omission of any other laws and regulations from this section does not mean that they do not apply.
Rather, the purpose of this section is to provide context in explaining why the study was carried out in the manner documented herein.
1.3.1 National Environmental Policy Act
NEPA establishes national policy for the protection and enhancement of the environment. Part of the function of the federal government in protecting the environment is to “preserve important historic, cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage.” Cultural resources need not be determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) through the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 (as amended) to receive consideration under NEPA. NEPA is implemented by regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 1500-1508).
The definition of effects in the NEPA regulations includes adverse and beneficial effects on historic and cultural resources (40 CFR 1508.8). Therefore, the Environmental Consequences section of an Environmental Impact Statement [see 40 CFR 1502.16(f)] must analyze potential effects to historic or cultural resources that could result from the proposed action and each alternative. In considering whether an alternative may “significantly affect the quality of the human environment,” a federal agency must consider, among other things:
Unique characteristics of the geographic area, such as proximity to historic or cultural resources (40 CFR 1508.27(b)(3)), and
The degree to which the action may adversely affect districts, sites, highways, structures, or objects listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP (40 CFR 1508.27(b)(8)).
Therefore, because historic properties are a subset of cultural resources, they are one aspect of the human environment defined by NEPA regulations.
1.3.2 National Historic Preservation Act
The federal law that covers cultural resources that could be affected by federal undertakings is the NHPA of 1966, as amended. Section 106 of the NHPA requires that federal agencies take into account the effects of a federal undertaking on properties listed in or eligible for the NRHP. The agencies must afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment on the undertaking. A federal undertaking is defined in 36 CFR 800.16(y):
A federal undertaking means a project, activity, or program funded in whole or in part under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a federal agency, including those carried out by
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or on behalf of a federal agency; those carried out with Federal financial assistance; and those requiring a Federal permit, license, or approval.
The regulations that stipulate the procedures for complying with Section 106 are in 36 CFR 800. The Section 106 regulations require:
definition of the APE;
identification of cultural resources within the APE;
evaluation of the identified resources in the APE using NRHP eligibility criteria; determination of whether the effects of the undertaking or project on eligible resources will be adverse; and
agreement on and implementation of efforts to resolve adverse effects, if necessary.
The federal agency must seek comment from the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and, in some cases, the ACHP, for its determinations of eligibility, effects, and proposed mitigation measures. Section 106 procedures for a specific project can be modified by negotiation of a Memorandum of Agreement or Programmatic Agreement between the federal agency, the SHPO, and, in some cases, the project proponent.
Effects to a cultural resource are potentially adverse if the lead federal agency, with the SHPO’s concurrence, determines the resource eligible for the NRHP, making it a Historic Property, and if application of the Criteria of Adverse Effects (36 CFR 800.5[a][2] et seq.) results in the conclusion that the effects will be adverse. The NRHP eligibility criteria, contained in 36 CFR 60.4, are as follows:
The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of state and local importance that possess aspects of integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, association, and
A. that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or
B. that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or
D. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory.
In addition, the resource must be at least 50 years old, barring exceptional circumstances (36 CFR 60.4).
Resources that are eligible for, or listed on, the NRHP are historic properties.
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Regulations implementing Section 106 of the NHPA (36 CFR 800.5) require that the federal agency, in consultation with the SHPO, apply the Criteria of Adverse Effect to historic properties within the APE.
According to 36 CFR 800.5(a)(1):
An adverse effect is found when an undertaking may alter, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register in a manner that would diminish the integrity of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling or association.
1.3.3 California Environmental Quality Act
CEQA is the state law that applies to a project’s impacts on cultural resources. A project is an activity that may cause a direct or indirect physical change in the environment and that is undertaken or funded by a state or local agency, or requires a permit, license, or lease from a state or local agency. CEQA requires that impacts to Historical Resources be identified and, if the impacts will be significant, then apply mitigation measures to reduce the impacts.
A Historical Resource is a resource that 1) is listed in or has been determined eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) by the State Historical Resources Commission, or has been determined historically significant by the CEQA lead agency because it meets the eligibility criteria for the CRHR, 2) is included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in Public Resources Code (PRC) 5020.1(k), or 3), and has been identified as significant in a historical resources survey, as defined in PRC 5024.1(g) (California Code of Regulations [CCR] Title 14, Section 15064.5(a)).
The eligibility criteria for the CRHR are as follows (CCR Title 14, Section 4852(b)):
(1) It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States; (2) It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history; (3) It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values; or (4) It has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.
In addition, the resource must retain integrity, which is evaluated with regard to the retention of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association (CCR Title 14, Section 4852(c)). Resources that have been determined eligible for the NRHP are automatically eligible for the CRHR.
Impacts to a Historical Resource, as defined by CEQA (listed in an official historic inventory or survey or eligible for the CRHR), are significant if the resource is demolished or destroyed or if the characteristics that made the resource eligible are materially impaired (CCR Title 14, Section 15064.5(b)). Demolition or alteration of eligible buildings, structures, and features that they would no longer be eligible would result in a significant impact. Whole or partial destruction of eligible archaeological sites would result in a
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significant impact. In addition to impacts from construction resulting in destruction or physical alteration of an eligible resource, impacts to the integrity of setting (sometimes termed visual impacts) of physical features in the Project Area could also result in significant impacts.
Tribal cultural resources (TCRs) are defined in Section 21074 of the California PRC as sites, features, places, cultural landscapes (geographically defined in terms of the size and scope), sacred places, and objects with cultural value to a California Native American tribe that are either included in or determined to be eligible for inclusion in the CRHR, or are included in a local register of historical resources as defined in subdivision (k) of Section 5020.1, or are a resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 5024.1. Section 1(b)(4) of Assembly Bill (AB) 52 established that only California Native American tribes, as defined in Section 21073 of the California PRC, are experts in the identification of TCRs and impacts thereto. Because ECORP does not meet the definition of a California Native American tribe, it only addresses information in this report for which it is qualified to identify and evaluate, and that which is needed to inform the cultural resources section of CEQA documents. This report, therefore, does not identify or evaluate TCRs. Should California Native American tribes ascribe additional importance to or interpretation of archaeological resources described herein, or provide information about nonarcheological TCRs, that information is documented separately in the AB 52 tribal consultation record between the tribe(s) and lead agency and summarized in the TCRs section of the CEQA document, if applicable.
1.3.4 City of Corona Historic Landmark Designation
An individual City of Corona Historic Landmark must meet the following criteria contained in the Corona Development Code Section 17.63.050 on its own merit:
(A) Landmarks are those physical elements of Corona’s historical development that provide the community with its own unique civic identity and character. A site, improvement or natural feature shall be eligible for listing on the Corona Register as a landmark if the City Council finds that all of the following criteria are satisfied:
(1) It has been in existence for a period of at least 50 years, or if less than 50 years old, is of exceptional importance to the community;
(2) It has significant historic, cultural or architectural value and its designation as a landmark is reasonable, appropriate and necessary to promote, preserve and further the purposes and intent of this chapter;
(3) It exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the history of Corona, the region, the state or the nation; (b) It is associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past;
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(c) It embodies distinctive characteristics of a style, type, period or method of construction or a valuable example of the use of materials or craftsmanship; (d) It exemplifies or reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural or natural history; (e) It is representative of the work of a notable builder, designer or architect; (f) It exemplifies one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood or contains outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship of a particular historic period; (g) It is in a unique location or contains physical characteristics representing an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood; (h) It is a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest; (i) It is or contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well being of the people of the city;
(4) It has integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association;
(a) Integrity is the authenticity of an historic resource’s physical identity, as evidenced by the survival of characteristics that existed during the historic resource’s period of significance, to be recognizable and to convey the reasons for its significance;
(b) A site, improvement or natural feature that has diminished historic character or appearance may still have sufficient integrity for the Corona Register if it retains the potential to yield significant scientific or historical information or specific data or retains sufficient character to convey the reasons for its significance. Thus, it is possible that a site, improvement or natural feature may not retain sufficient integrity to meet the criteria for listing on the California Register or National Register, but it may still be eligible for listing on the Corona Register; (c) Integrity shall be judged with reference to the particular criterion or criteria which provide its eligibility. An improvement removed from its original location shall be eligible if it is significant primarily for its architectural value or it is the surviving structure most importantly associated with an historic person or event. (B) A reconstructed improvement shall be eligible if the reconstruction is historically accurate, the improvement is presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan and no other original improvement survives that has the same association. (C) A site, improvement or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative shall be eligible if its design, age, tradition or symbolic value creates its own historic significance. Examples include, but are not limited to, public statuary, murals, monuments, sculptures, graves and
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birthplaces. These sites or improvements may be identified by the placement of an historic marker (78 Code, § 17.63.050) (Ord. 2522 § 1, 2001).
1.4 Report Organization
The following report documents the study and its findings and was prepared in conformance with the California Office of Historic Preservation’s (OHP) Archaeological Resource Management Reports:
Recommended Contents and Format. Appendix A includes a confirmation of the records search with the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) and historical society coordination. Appendix B contains documentation of a search of the Sacred Lands File. Appendix C presents photographs of the Project Area. Appendix D contains confidential cultural resource site locations and site records.
Sections 6253, 6254, and 6254.10 of the California Code authorize state agencies to exclude archaeological site information from public disclosure under the Public Records Act. In addition, the California Public Records Act (Government Code § 6250 et seq.) and California’s open meeting laws (The Brown Act, Government Code § 54950 et seq.) protect the confidentiality of Native American cultural place information. Because the disclosure of information about the location of cultural resources is prohibited by the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (16 U.S. Code 552 470hh) and Section 307103 of the NHPA, it is exempted from disclosure under Exemption 3 of the federal Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S. Code 552) Likewise, the Information Centers of the CHRIS maintained by the OHP prohibit public dissemination of records search information.
2.0 SETTING
2.1 Environmental Setting
The Project Area is situated at the base of the Santa Ana Mountains in northwestern Riverside County. The Project Area is located on active high-density roadways (Ontario Avenue, Lincoln Avenue, South Vicentia Avenue, and Conejo Street) and consists of paved areas within mixed-use and residential communities.
The Project Area abuts paved residential and commercial driveways, sidewalks, landscaped vegetation, and roadway infrastructure.
The Prado Basin is located approximately 5 miles northwest of the Project Area. Main Street Wash (also known as Temescal Wash or Temescal Creek) is located 0.7 mile east of the Project Area. The Santa Ana River is located 3.5 miles north of the Project Area. Elevations within the Project Area range from 878 to 920 feet above mean sea level.
2.2 Geology and Soils
The Geologic Map of California identifies the underlying geology of the Project Area as both marine and nonmarine continental sedimentary rocks that date to the Late to Middle Pleistocene (State of California 2015). The underlying geology is described as containing older alluvium, valley, and terrace deposits.
According to the Natural Resources Conservation (NRCS) Web Soil Survey website (NRCS 2023), five soil types are present within the Project Area (Table 1).
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Table 1. Soil Types within the Project Area
Map Unit
Symbol Map Unit Name Soil Description Drainage Classification Portion of
Project Area
(Percentage)
Portion
of Project
Area
(Acres)
AIC
Arbuckle gravelly loam, 2
to 9 percent slopes, dry,
MLRA 19
Alluvium derived from
Igneous, Metamorphic
and Sedimentary Rock
Well-Drained 8.0 1.6
AmC Arbuckle gravelly clay
loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes
Alluvium derived from
Metasedimentary Rock Well-Drained 22.2 4.5
CnC
Cortina gravelly coarse
sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes
Alluvium derived from
Metasedimentary Rock
Somewhat
Excessively
Drained
2.7 0.5
GdC
Garretson gravelly very fine
sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes
Alluvium derived from
Metasedimentary Rock Well-Drained 61.1 12.3
PbG
Perkins gravelly loam, 2 to
10 percent slopes, low
precipitation, MLRA 19
Alluvium derived from
Igneous, Metamorphic
and Sedimentary Rock
Well-Drained 6.0 1.2
Total: 100% 20.1
The Project Area has a moderate potential for buried archaeological deposits because it is located approximately 0.7 mile east of the Main Street Wash, which is a tributary of the Santa Ana River, and the Project Area’s underlying soil contains alluvium from the Santa Ana River. However, the likelihood of buried archaeological sites within the Project Area reduces to a low potential due to the Pleistocene age of the underlying soil, which predates human occupation in the vicinity. Furthermore, the distance from Main Street Wash, and the elevation of the Project Area relative to the Wash and the Santa Ana River, would not have allowed cultural material on the surface to be covered with alluvial soils. Therefore, the Project Area has a low potential for buried archaeological deposits.
2.3 Vegetation and Wildlife
Prior to the arrival of European Americans and the start of ranching and farming activities, the Project Area would have been a chaparral consisting of a dense community of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyll scrubs (Küchler 1977). The dominant plants would have been chamise, manzanita, and California lilac.
Prior to the arrival of European-Americans, fauna within and near the Project Area would have included black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, antelope, grizzly bears, mountain lions, raccoons, skunks, cottontail and brush rabbits, jackrabbits, tree and ground squirrels, and rodents such as woodrats, mice, and moles.
Avifauna would have included various species of geese and ducks, mourning dove, robins, California quail, hawks, owls, and ravens.
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3.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT
3.1 Regional Pre-Contact History
It is generally believed that human occupation of California began at least 10,000 years before present (BP). The archaeological record indicates that between approximately 10,000 and 8,000 BP, a predominantly hunting economy existed, characterized by archaeological sites containing numerous projectile points and butchered large animal bones. Animals that were hunted probably consisted mostly of large species still alive today. Bones of extinct species have been found but cannot definitively be associated with human artifacts. Although small animal bones and plant grinding tools are rarely found within archaeological sites of this period, small game and floral foods were probably exploited on a limited basis. A lack of deep cultural deposits from this period suggests that groups included only small numbers of individuals who did not often stay in one place for extended periods (Wallace 1978). Around 8,000 BP, there was a shift in focus from hunting toward a greater reliance on plant resources.
Archaeological evidence of this trend consists of a much greater number of milling tools (e.g., metates and manos) for processing seeds and other vegetable matter. This period, which extended until around 5,000 BP, is sometimes referred to as the Millingstone Horizon (Wallace 1978). Projectile points are found in archaeological sites from this period, but they are far fewer in number than from sites dating to 8,000 BP. An increase in the size of groups and the stability of settlements is indicated by deep, extensive middens at some sites from this period (Wallace 1978). Archaeological evidence indicates that reliance on both plant gathering and hunting continued as in the previous period, with more specialized adaptation to particular environments in sites dating to after about 5,000 BP. Mortars and pestles were added to metates and manos for grinding seeds and other vegetable material. Flaked-stone tools became more refined and specialized, and bone tools were more common. New peoples from the Great Basin began entering Southern California during this period. These immigrants, who spoke a language of the UtoAztecan linguistic stock, seem to have displaced or absorbed the earlier population of Hokan-speaking peoples. During this period, known as the Late Horizon, population densities were higher than before, and settlement became concentrated in villages and communities along the coast and interior valleys (Erlandson 1994; McCawley 1996). Regional subcultures also started to develop, each with its own geographical territory and language or dialect (Kroeber 1925; McCawley 1996; Moratto 1984). These were most likely the basis for the groups that the first Europeans encountered during the 18th century (Wallace 1978). Despite the regional differences, many material culture traits were shared among groups, indicating a great deal of interaction (Erlandson 1994). The presence of small projectile points indicates the introduction of the bow and arrow into the region sometime around 2,000 BP (Moratto 1984; Wallace 1978).
3.2 Local Pre-Contact History
3.2.1 Paleo-Indian Period/Terminal Pleistocene (12,000 to 10,000 Before Present) The first inhabitants of southern California were big game hunters and gatherers exploiting extinct species of Pleistocene megafauna (e.g., mammoth and other Rancholabrean fauna). Local "fluted point" assemblages composed of large spear points or knives are stylistically and technologically similar to the
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Clovis Paleo-Indian cultural tradition dated to this period elsewhere in North America (Moratto 1984).
Archaeological evidence for this period in southern California is limited to a few small temporary camps with fluted points found around late Pleistocene lake margins in the Mojave Desert and around Tulare Lake in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Single points are reported from Ocotillo Wells and Cuyamaca Pass in eastern San Diego County and from the Yuha Desert in Imperial County (Rondeau et al. 2007).
3.2.2 Early Archaic Period/Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,500 BP) Approximately 10,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Holocene, warming temperatures and the extinction of the megafauna resulted in changing subsistence strategies with an emphasis hunting smaller game and increasing reliance on plant gathering. Previously, Early Holocene sites were represented by only a few sites and isolates from the Lake Mojave and San Dieguito Complexes found along former lakebeds and grasslands of the Mojave Desert and in inland San Diego County. More recently, southern California Early Holocene sites have been found along the Santa Barbara Channel (Erlandson 1994), in western Riverside County (Goldberg 2001; Grenda 1997), and along the San Diego County coast (Gallegos 1991, Koerper et al. 1991, Warren 1967).
The San Dieguito Complex was defined based on material found at the Harris site (CA-SDI-149) on the San Dieguito River near Lake Hodges in San Diego County. San Dieguito artifacts include large leafshaped points; leaf-shaped knives; large ovoid, domed, and rectangular end and side scrapers; engraving tools; and crescentic (Koerper et al. 1991). The San Dieguito Complex at the Harris site dates to 9,000 to 7,500 BP (Gallegos 1991). However, sites from this time period in coastal San Diego County have yielded artifacts and subsistence remains characteristic of the succeeding Encinitas Tradition, including manos, metates, core-cobble tools, and marine shell (Gallegos 1991; Koerper et al. 1991).
3.2.3 Encinitas Tradition or Milling Stone Period/Middle Holocene (8,500 to 1,250 BP) The Encinitas Tradition (Warren 1968) and the Milling Stone Period (Wallace 1955) refer to a long period of time during which small mobile bands of people who spoke an early Hokan language (possibly protoYuman) foraged for a wide variety of resources including hard seeds, berries, and roots/tubers (yucca in inland areas), rabbits and other small animals, and shellfish and fish in coastal areas. Sites from the Encinitas Tradition consist of residential bases and resource acquisition locations with no evidence for overnight stays. Residential bases have hearths and fire-affected rock indicating overnight stays and food preparation. Residential bases along the coast have large amounts of shell and are often termed shell middens.
The Encinitas Tradition as originally defined (Warren 1968) applied to all of the non-desert areas of southern California. Recently, four patterns within the Encinitas Tradition have been proposed which apply to different regions of southern California (Sutton and Gardner 2010). The Topanga Pattern includes archaeological material from the Los Angeles Basin and Orange County. The Greven Knoll Pattern pertains to southwestern San Bernardino County and western Riverside County (Sutton and Gardner 2010). Each of the patterns is divided into temporal phases. The Topanga Pattern included the Los Angeles Basin and Orange County. The Topanga I phase extends from 8,500 to 5,000 BP and Topanga II runs from 5,000 BP
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to 3,500 BP. The Topanga Pattern ended about 3,500 BP with the arrival of Takic speakers, except in the Santa Monica Mountains where the Topanga III phase lasted until about 2,000 BP.
The Encinitas Tradition in inland areas east of the Topanga Pattern (southwestern San Bernardino County and western Riverside County) is the Greven Knoll Pattern (Sutton and Gardner 2010). Greven Knoll I (9,400 to 4,000 BP) has abundant manos and metates. Projectile points are few and are mostly Pinto points. Greven Knoll II (4,000 to 3,000 BP) has abundant manos and metates and core tools. Projectile points are mostly Elko points. The Elsinore site on the east shore of Lake Elsinore was occupied during Greven Knoll I and Greven Knoll II. During Greven Knoll I faunal processing (butchering) took place at the lakeshore and floral processing (seed grinding), cooking, and eating took place farther from the shore.
The primary foods were rabbit meat and seeds from grasses, sage, and ragweed. A few deer, waterfowl, and reptiles were consumed. The recovered archaeological material suggests that a highly mobile population visited the site at a specific time each year. It is possible that their seasonal round included the ocean coast at other times of the year. These people had an unspecialized technology as exemplified by the numerous crescents, a multi-purpose tool. A few projectile points suggest that most of the small game was trapped using nets and snares (Grenda 1997:279). During Greven Knoll II, which included a warmer drier climatic episode known as the Altithermal, it is thought that populations in interior southern California concentrated at oases and that Lake Elsinore was one of these oases. The Elsinore site (CA-RIV2798) is one of five known Middle Holocene residential sites around Lake Elsinore. Tools were mostly manos, metates, and hammerstones. Scraper planes were absent. Flaked-stone tools consisted mostly of utilized flakes used as scrapers. The Elsinore site during the Middle Holocene was a “recurrent extended encampment,” which could have been occupied during much of the year.
The Encinitas Tradition lasted longer in inland areas because Takic speakers did not move east into these areas until circa 1,000 BP. Greven Knoll III (3,000 to 1,000 BP) is present at the Liberty Grove site in Cucamonga (Salls 1983) and at sites in Cajon Pass that were defined as part of the Sayles Complex (Kowta 1969). Greven Knoll III sites have a large proportion of manos and metates and core tools as well as scraper planes. Kowta (1969) suggested the scraper planes may have been used to process yucca and agave. The faunal assemblage consists of large quantities of lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) and lesser quantities of deer, rodents, birds, carnivores, and reptiles.
3.2.4 Palomar Tradition (1,250 to 150 BP)
The Native people of southern California (north of a line from Agua Hedionda to Lake Henshaw in San Diego County) spoke Takic languages, which form a branch or subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Takic languages are divided into the Gabrielino-Fernandeño language, the Serrano-Kitanemuk group (the Serrano [includes the Vanyume dialect] and Kitanemuk languages), the Tataviam language, and the Cupan group (the Luiseño-Juaneño language, the Cahuilla Language, and the Cupeño language) (Golla 2011). According to Sutton (2009), Takic speakers occupied the southern San Joaquin Valley before 3,500 BP. Perhaps as a result of the arrival of Yokutsan speakers (a language in the Penutian language family) from the north, Takic speakers moved southeast. The ancestors of the Kitanemuk moved into the Tehachapi Mountains and the ancestors of the Tataviam moved into the upper Santa Clara River drainage.
The ancestors of the Gabrielino (Tongva) moved into the Los Angeles Basin about 3,500 BP, replacing the
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native proto-Yuman (Hokan) speakers. Speakers of proto-Gabrielino reached the southern Channel Islands by 3,200 BP (Sutton 2009) and moved as far south as Aliso Creek in Orange County by 3,000 BP.
Takic people moved south into southern Orange County after 1,250 BP and became the ancestors of the Juaneño. Takic people moved inland from southern Orange County about 1,000 BP, becoming the ancestors of the Luiseño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla. At the same time, Takic people from the Kitanemuk area moved east along the northern slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains and spread into the San Bernardino Mountains and along the Mojave River, becoming the ancestors of the Serrano and the Vanyume.
The material culture of the inland areas where Takic languages were spoken at the time of Spanish contact is part of the Palomar Tradition (Sutton 2011). San Luis Rey I Phase (1,000 BP to 500 BP) and San Luis Rey II Phase (500 BP to 150 BP) pertain to the area occupied by the Luiseño at the time of Spanish contact. The Peninsular I (1,000 BP to 750 BP), II (750 BP to 300 BP), and III (300 BP to 150 BP) phases are used in the areas occupied by the Cahuilla and Serrano (Sutton 2011).
San Luis Rey I is characterized by Cottonwood Triangular arrow points, use of bedrock mortars, stone pendants, shell beads, quartz crystals, and bone tools. San Luis Rey II sees the addition of ceramics, including ceramic cremation urns, red pictographs on boulders in village sites, and steatite arrow straighteners. San Luis Rey II represents the archaeological manifestation of the antecedents of the historically known Luiseño (Goldberg 2001: I-43). During San Luis Rey I there were a series of small permanent residential bases at water sources, each occupied by a kin group (probably a lineage). During San Luis Rey II people from several related residential bases moved into a large village located at the most reliable water source (Waugh 1986). Each village had a territory that included acorn harvesting camps at higher elevations. Villages have numerous bedrock mortars, large dense midden areas with a full range of flaked- and ground stone tools, rock art, and a cemetery.
3.3 Ethnographic History
3.3.1 Gabrieliño
Ethnographic accounts of Native Americans indicate that the Gabrieliño (also known as Gabrieleno, or Tongva) once occupied the region that encompasses the Project Area. At the time of contact with Europeans, the Gabrieliño were the main occupants of the southern Channel Islands, the Los Angeles Basin, much of Orange County, and extended as far east as the western San Bernardino Valley. The term “Gabrieliño” came from the group’s association with Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, established in 1771.
The Gabrieliño are believed to have been one of the most populous and wealthy Native American tribes in southern California prior to European contact, (Bean and Smith 1978; McCawley 1996; Moratto 1984) and spoke a Takic language. The Takic group of languages is a subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
The Gabrieliño occupied villages located along rivers and at the mouths of canyons. Populations ranged from 50 to 200 inhabitants. Residential structures within the villages were domed, circular, and made from thatched tule or other available wood. Gabrieliño society was organized by kinship groups, with each group composed of several related families who together owned hunting and gathering territories.
Settlement patterns varied according to the availability of floral and faunal resources (Bean and Smith 1978; McCawley 1996; Miller 1991).
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Vegetal staples consisted of acorns, chia, seeds, piñon nuts, sage, cacti, roots, and bulbs. Animals hunted included deer, antelope, coyote, rabbits, squirrels, rodents, birds, and snakes. The Gabrieliño also fished and collected marine shellfish (Bean and Smith 1978; McCawley 1996; Miller 1991).
By the late 18th century, the Gabrieliño population had significantly dwindled due to introduced European diseases and dietary deficiencies and communities disintegrated as families were taken to the missions (Bean and Smith 1978; McCawley 1996; Miller 1991). Recently, Gabrielino culture has undergone a resurgence and current descendants are actively preserving their heritage.
3.3.2 Luiseño
The Luiseño are a Takic-speaking people who occupied what is now western Riverside County and northern San Diego County (the San Luis Rey River drainage) in pre-contact and historic times. The term Luiseño was given by the Spanish to the native groups who were living in this area and who were forcibly removed to Mission San Luis Rey. The Luiseño believe the world was created in the area now known as Temecula and that they have been here since the beginning of time.
The Luiseño lived in sedentary and autonomous village groups, each with specific subsistence territories encompassing hunting, collecting, and fishing areas. Villages were typically located in valley bottoms, along streams, or along coastal strands near mountain ranges where water was available and village defense was possible. Inland populations had access to fishing and gathering sites on the coast, which they used during the winter months (Bean and Shipek 1978).
Luiseño subsistence was centered around the gathering of acorns, seeds, greens, bulbs, roots, berries, and other vegetal foods. This was supplemented with hunting mammals such as deer, antelope, rabbit, woodrat, ground squirrels, and mice, as well as quail, doves, ducks, and other birds. Bands along the coast also exploited marine resources, such as sea mammals, fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Inland, trout and other fish were taken from mountain streams (Bean and Shipek 1978).
Hunting was carried out both individually and by organized groups. Tool technology for food acquisition, storage, and preparation reflects the size and quantity of items procured. Small games were hunted with the use of curved throwing sticks, nets, slings, or traps. Bows and arrows were used for hunting larger game. Dugout canoes, basketry fish traps, and shell hooks were used for near-shore ocean fishing. Coiled and twined baskets were made for food gathering, preparation, storing, and serving. Other items used for food processing included large shallow trays for winnowing chaff from grain, ceramic and basketry storage containers, manos and metates for grinding seeds, and ceramic jars for cooking (Bean and Shipek 1978).
Villages had hereditary chiefs who controlled religious, economic, and territorial activities (Bean and Shipek 1978, Boscana 1933). An advisory council of ritual specialists and shamans was consulted for environmental and other knowledge. Large villages located along the coast or in inland valleys may have had more complex social and political structures than settlements controlling smaller territories (Bean and Shipek 1978; Strong 1929).
Most Luiseño villages contained a ceremonial structure, enclosed by circular fencing and located near the center of the village. Houses were semisubterranean and thatched with locally available brush, bark, or
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reeds. Earth-covered semisubterranean sweathouses were also common and were used for purification and curing rituals (Bean and Shipek 1978).
The Luiseño first encountered Europeans in 1769 when the expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá arrived in their territory. That same year, the San Diego Mission was established just to the south, followed by the San Juan Capistrano Mission in 1776 and the San Luis Rey Mission in 1798. Poor living conditions at the missions and European-introduced diseases led to a rapid decline of the Luiseño population. Following the Mission Period (1769–1834), Luiseño Indians scattered throughout southern California. Some became serfs on the Mexican ranchos, others moved to newly founded pueblos established for them, some sought refuge among inland groups, and a few managed to acquire land grants. Later, many moved to or were forced onto reservations. Though many of their cultural traditions had been suppressed during the Mission Period, the Luiseño were successful at retaining their language and certain rituals and ceremonies.
Starting in the 1970s, there was a revival of interest in the Luiseño language and classes were organized.
Since then, traditional games, songs, and dances have been performed, traditional foods have been gathered and prepared, and traditional medicines and curing procedures have been practiced (Bean and Shipek 1978).
3.4 Regional History
The first European to visit Alta California (the area north of Baja California) was Spanish maritime explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Sent north by the Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) to look for the Northwest Passage, Cabrillo visited San Diego Bay, Catalina Island, San Pedro Bay, and the northern Channel Islands. In 1579, the English adventurer Francis Drake visited the Miwok Native American group at Drake’s Bay or Bodega Bay. Sebastian Vizcaíno explored the coast as far north as Monterey in 1602. He reported that Monterey was an excellent location for a port (Castillo 1978). Vizcaíno also named San Diego Bay to commemorate Saint Didacus. The name began to appear on European maps of the New World by 1624 (Gudde 1998). Colonization of Alta California began with a land expedition led by Spanish army captain Gaspar de Portolá. In 1769, Portolá and Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan missionary, explored the California coast from San Diego to the Monterrey Bay area. As a result of this expedition, Spanish missions to convert the native population to Catholicism, presidios (forts), and pueblos (towns) were established. The Franciscan missionary friars built 21 missions in Alta California, beginning with Mission San Diego in 1769 and ending with the missions in San Rafael and Sonoma, founded in 1823.
Mission San Diego was established to convert the Native Americans that lived in the area, known as the Kumeyaay or Diegueño. Mission San Gabriel Archangel began in 1771, east of what is now Los Angeles, to convert the Tongva or Gabrielino. Mission San Fernando, also in Tongva/Gabrielino territory, was built in 1797. Mission San Juan Capistrano was established in 1776 on San Juan Creek (in what is now southern Orange County) to convert the Agjachemem or Juaneño. Mission San Luis Rey began in 1798 on the San Luis Rey River (in what is now northern San Diego County) to convert the Luiseño (Castillo 1978). Some missions later established outposts in inland areas. An asistencia (mission outpost) of Mission San Luis Rey, known as San Antonio de Pala, was built in Luiseño territory along the upper San Luis Rey River near Mount Palomar in 1810 (Pourade 1961). A chapel administered by Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was established in the San Bernardino area in 1819 (Bean and Smith 1978). The present asistencia within the western outskirts of present-day Redlands was built circa 1830 (Haenszel and Reynolds 1975). The
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missions sustained themselves through cattle ranching and traded hides and tallow for supplies brought by ship. Large cattle ranches were established by Mission San Luis Rey at Temecula and San Jacinto (Gunther 1984). The Spanish also constructed presidios, or forts, at San Diego and Santa Barbara, and a pueblo, or town, was established at Los Angeles. Phase I Cultural Resources Inventory for the Ontario Avenue Widening Project in the City of Corona ECORP Consulting, Inc. Ontario Avenue Widening 11 April 2020 2019-096 The Spanish period, which had begun in 1769 with the Portolá expedition, ended in 1821 with Mexican independence, and what is now California became the Mexican province of Alta California.
The Mexican government secularized the missions in the 1830s and former mission lands were granted to retired soldiers and other Mexican citizens for use as cattle ranches. Much of the land along the coast and in the interior valleys became part of Mexican land grants, or ranchos (Robinson 1948). Rancho owners sometimes lived in one of the towns, such as San Diego (near the presidio), San Juan Capistrano (around the mission), or Los Angeles, but often resided in an adobe house on their own land.
3.5 City of Corona History
As early as 1825, brothers Bernardo and Tomás Yorba used the land encompassing the Project Area for cattle grazing, calling it La Sierra, although they held no legal title. In 1846, shortly before California became part of the United States, Mexican Governor Pio Pico signed two grants for adjacent lands along the Santa Ana River, dividing La Sierra in two: Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda).
These grants, to Bernardo Yorba and Tomás Yorba’s widow, Doña Vicenta Sepulveda, respectively, comprised a total of eight leagues (approximately 35,560 acres). Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) consisted of the southwestern half of the former La Sierra, and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda) comprised the northeastern half. The present-day city of Corona is situated on former Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) land (Gunther 1984).
The Mexican Period, which began with independence from Spain in 1821, continued until the MexicanAmerican War of 1846-1848. The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848. As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the Territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 led to statehood in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General’s office. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult for their owners to pay the new American taxes on their thousands of acres. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo-Americans. Foreclosures and land sales eventually resulted in the transfer of most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941).
Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) was eventually surveyed and was patented at 17,787 acres on February 4, 1875.
Eleven years later, in February 1886, an entrepreneur from Iowa named Robert B. Taylor formed the South Riverside Land & Water Company and purchased 11,500 acres of Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) for $109,800.
Taylor and his board of directors, composed of Des Moines and Sioux City, Iowa, investors Adolph Rimpau, A. S. Garretson, George L. Joy, and former Iowa governor Samuel Merrill, bought water rights in nearby Temescal Valley to irrigate their land, and hired Anaheim engineer H. Clay Kellogg to survey a townsite they called South Riverside. From a variety of potential plans, the board and Kellogg decided on a traditional grid of streets within a wide, circular thoroughfare, nearly one mile in diameter, called Grand
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Boulevard. Many lots in South Riverside were sold and the South Riverside post office was established in 1887 to serve the rapidly growing population. Grand Boulevard was soon lined with two-story mansions, schools, churches, and businesses. Most of the new residents owned or worked in the orange and lemon groves that were rapidly spreading across the acres of land surrounding the community (Freel 2011; Gunther 1984).
In 1887, just as South Riverside began to grow, the California Central Railroad Company (CCRR), a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe (AT&SF) Railroad, completed a line to Los Angeles from San Bernardino via Riverside, South Riverside, and Orange. In 1889, the CCRR and another AT&SF subsidiary, the California Southern Railroad Company, were merged into the Southern California Railway Company. which was purchased by the AT&SF in 1906 (Bryant 1974; Gunther 1984; Robertson 1998). The railroad tracks, which passed just north of the great circle formed by Grand Avenue, became the site of the city’s industrial buildings and citrus packing houses (Freel 2011). South Riverside was nicknamed “Queen Colony” and “Circle City” by many of its early citizens, who resented that its formal name implied that it was merely a suburb of Riverside, the larger city to the north. Around 1889, residents began to agitate for a change of name. A vote was held in 1894, with fanciful names like “Lemonton,” “Grevilla,” “Hesperides,” and “Circleville” up for choosing. The original name was retained until 1896, when on July 13, the settlement was incorporated as the City of Corona. The new name was the suggestion of Baron Harden Hickey, an adventurer, eccentric character, owner of the nearby Cerreto Ranch, and friend of the city’s founder, Robert Taylor. Immediately, the name of the local railroad station was changed from South Riverside to Corona, and the South Riverside Bee newspaper was renamed the Corona Courier. The post office was changed to Corona in 1897 (Gunther 1984). By the turn of the twentieth century, the population of Corona was more than 1,400. Five thousand acres of citrus groves covered the land surrounding the city by 1912, and the packing houses along the AT&SF tracks at the north end of town shipped more fruit than those of any other southern California city. By the 1950s, Corona was known as the “lemon capital of the world,” exporting lemon juice, citric acid, lemon oil, and pectin, in addition to whole lemons, all over the globe. The orange and lemon industries were the leading employers in the Corona area through the 1960s (Freel 2011).
After World War II, residential development began to spread from the City’s center into the citrus groves, as the value of real estate exceeded the potential profits from fruit crops. By the 1970s, housing tracts had displaced so many Corona lemon and orange groves that the demand for fruit could not be met by local harvests. Sunkist closed its Corona packing houses in 1982, and other producers soon followed.
Agriculture has continued to diminish in the last three decades (Freel 2011). By 1954, the population of Corona was more than 11,000. State Route 91, the Riverside Freeway, cut through the north edge of the Grand Boulevard circle in 1962, initiating a period of growth and downtown renewal that lasted through the 1970s. I-15 was completed through the east side of the City in 1989. As suburban developments such as Corona Hills, Sierra del Oro, and South Corona have grown up around the original central town in recent years, the City has become a bedroom community (Freel 2011). The population of Corona is now over 160,000 (City of Corona 2018).
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3.6 Roads in California
During the second half of the 19th century, a period of rapid railroad development in the United States, public roads in California and other western states became neglected and degraded. By 1900, “the nation with the greatest railway system in the world had the worst roads” (Johnson 1990:139). Interest in road building revived around the turn of the century when farmers and ranchers, many disillusioned with high railroad rates, began asking county officials for better surface roads. They were joined by millions of bicyclists who called for smoother roads in town and in the countryside. Joining forces, farmers, ranchers, and bicyclists organized local, state, and national “good roads” campaigns. In response, the federal government established the Office of Road Inquiry in the Department of Agriculture to study new road building techniques (Jackson 1998).
Dusty during summer months and muddy during the winter and spring, unpaved roads played havoc with wagons, carriages, and bicycles. Plank roads made from lumber first appeared in California during the 1850s. Gravel roads and macadam, a form of compacted gravel coated with oil, came into use during the late 19th century. Finally, after 1900, concrete roads topped by a mixture of bitumen, aggregate, and sand called asphalt became the standard modern road surface. Durable, smooth, and impervious to water, asphalt withstood winter weather, reduced vehicular wear and tear, and better facilitated drainage (Kostof 1992).
After 1910, as automobile usage surged, and as suburbanization occurred on the edges of town and cities in California and elsewhere, city planners began articulating a hierarchy of streets to distinguish residential roads, collector roads, arterial roads, and highways, each handling progressively higher volumes of traffic.
Through the remainder of the twentieth century, as commercial and residential growth supplanted farms and ranches on the edges of California towns and cities, many rural county roads became adapted to suit the new suburban landscape. In many places, older two-lane rural roads became two- and four-lane suburban arterial streets lined with shopping centers and parking lots; others became two-lane collector streets lined with new residential subdivisions.
In 1936, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), a New Deal program designed to boost mortgage lending in the United States, developed design standards for new suburban residential streets. FHA standards called for quieter streets with T-intersections, cul-de-sacs, and curvilinear patterns in an effort to slow traffic. With few exceptions, homebuilders in California and other western states after 1940 adhered to FHA standards; homebuilders also eliminated alleys behind residential properties in favor driveways leading to street-facing garages (Kostof 1992). After 1960, homebuilders also began creating large master planned suburban developments featuring winding arterial parkways deliberately separated from residential zones to permit higher speeds.
3.6.1 Roads in Corona
Roads first developed in Corona’s historic core on Grand Boulevard, a circle street that is 3 miles in circumference, 1 mile in diameter, and 100-feet wide. Two principal thoroughfares, Main Street (north– south) and Sixth Street (east–west), intersect at the center of the circle. Inside the circle, a grid of pedestrian-oriented, rectangular blocks and streets create neighborhoods and small commercial nodes.
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Most residential neighborhoods in the historic core contain single-family and low-density multifamily homes, most of which are accessed by rear alleys (City of Corona 2021).
Residential streets outside the historic core serve typical suburban neighborhoods built after World War II that are characterized by cul-de-sacs and wide curvilinear streets. Community-serving commercial centers exist at major street intersections of the primary entries and in most neighborhoods (City of Corona 2021).
Roads within the Project Area include West Ontario Avenue, Lincoln Avenue, Oak Avenue, and Buena Vista Avenue. While Riverside County crews constructed all four roads circa 1920s, research found little indication that they shared an association with the Good Roads Movement that lasted until the late 1920s.
A 1948 aerial image depicts all four roads in their current confirmation except for S. Lincoln Avenue which was realigned roughly 600 feet south of W. Ontario Avenue in the 1990s. Riverside County paved all four roads during 1970s according to aerial images. From at least the 1940s to the 1960s, these roads served the surrounding agriculture activities but by 1970s and 1980s suburban single-family neighborhoods developed adjacent to these roads (City of Corona 2021; National Environmental Title Research LLC [NETR] 2023).
3.7 2201 South Lincoln Avenue Property History
The dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue first appears in a 1948 aerial image surrounded mainly by agricultural land with a scattering of single-family homes. Aerials from the 1950s and 1960s indicate increased single-family development sounding the property but with agricultural land to the north and south. By the 1967 aerial image, the house contains an attached garage addition to the south elevation.
From 1967 to circa 1993, the building footprint remained unchanged but with increasing density north of W. Ontario Avenue. By 1994, the house featured an 8-by-30-foot addition on the west elevation of the dwelling. From 1994 through 2002, several tract developments were built both north and south of W.
Ontario Avenue. The 1990s era phase of development effectively removed almost all remaining agricultural properties surrounding the dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (NETR 2023).
3.8 Minimal Traditional (c. 1935–1950)
The property at 2001 S. Lincoln is an example of the Minimal Traditional style, which was a nationally prevalent style that emerged during the Great Depression. Minimal Traditional homes were designed to be simplistic, economical, and able to be produced at a mass scale. The prevalence of the style was the result of federal policies. Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted the National Housing Act in 1934, creating the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The Minimal Traditional-style house was explicitly preferred in FHA guidelines for homeowners to secure FHA-insured home loans. The style continued to be popular through World War II and the postwar housing boom due to the increased use of factory-produced materials, the ability to be quickly mass-produced and deployed, and the general rejection of excessive, materialintensive Craftsman, Victorian, or Period Revival styles. The popularity of the Minimal Traditional style faded by the mid-1950s because the effects of the Great Depression and war-time fiscal conservativism were forgotten (Architectural Resources Group 2019; California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) 2011; McAlester 2015).
The character-defining features of the Minimal Traditional style include the following:
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Small scale
One-story or one-and-a-half stories in height
Low- or intermediate-pitched gable roof with little to no eave overhang Typically features double-hung windows with either multi-pane or simulated multi-pane Window placement occasionally includes two windows set near the building corner Exterior cladding materials may include vertical and horizontal wood boards, shingles, brick veneer, and board-and-batten siding
Minimal, limited architectural decoration, usually American Colonial Revival in character Roof dormers are rare, except on Cape Cod-style Minimal Traditional houses May have an attached or detached garage
4.0 METHODS
4.1 Personnel Qualifications
Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) Christa Westphal, who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for prehistoric and historical archaeology, was responsible for this cultural resource investigation. Casey LeJune, RPA conducted the fieldwork. Associate Archaeologist Erica Ramirez-Schroeder and Associate Archaeologist Evelyn Hildebrand, RPA prepared the technical report.
Architectural Historian Andrew Bursan evaluated the resources. Lisa Westwood, RPA provided technical report review and quality assurance.
Christa Westphal, RPA is a Senior Archaeologist with more than 10 years of experience in California cultural resources management. She has experience in many aspects of archaeological fieldwork, laboratory, and reporting. These include archaeological survey, excavation, monitoring, artifact analysis, artifact collections management, graphics production, Geographic Information System analysis, CHRIS records searches, Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) requests, preparation of Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) forms and author and contributor of technical reports. She holds a B.A. and M.A. in Anthropology.
Casey LeJeune, RPA is a Staff Archaeologist who has worked in cultural resource management since 2020, with experience in the Southeast and southern California. She holds an M.A. in anthropology with a focus in forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology. She meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for prehistoric and historic archaeology. Ms. LeJeune has served as a field crew supervisor and participated in fieldwork on forensic and historic burials, survey, large-scale data recovery, testing, and construction monitoring. She also has extensive laboratory experience in human osteology and analysis of historic and prehistoric artifacts. Additionally, she has contributed to numerous cultural resource technical reports.
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Erica Ramirez-Schroeder is an Associate Archaeologist with 4 years of experience in California cultural resources management. She has experience in many aspects of archaeological fieldwork, laboratory, and reporting. These include archaeological survey, monitoring, artifact collection management, artifact analysis, CHRIS record searches, preparation of DPR forms, and ground penetrating radar. She holds a B.A. in History and an M.A. in Cultural Resources Management.
Evelyn Hildebrand, RPA, is an Associate Archaeologist with over five years of experience working in cultural resource management across California. She holds an M.A. in Applied Archaeology and a B.A. in Anthropology with a focused curriculum in archaeology. She meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for prehistoric and historic archaeology. She has participated in various aspects of archaeological fieldwork including survey, test excavation, data recovery, artifact analysis, construction monitoring, both as an archaeological monitor and field lead, and the recording and recovery of pre-contact and historic-period archaeological sites. She has contributed to and authored multiple cultural resources reports.
Andrew Bursan is an Architectural Historian with 16 years of experience in historic preservation and land planning. He has worked on a variety of projects with organizations like Caltrans, LA County Metro, and several city governments, including Pasadena, Santa Monica, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. Andrew's expertise covers project management, architectural surveys, historical assessments, and extensive historical research. He has contributed to historic context statements, technical reports, and impact analyses for cultural resources.
Lisa Westwood, RPA has 29 years of experience and meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for prehistoric and historical archaeology. She holds a B.A. in Anthropology and an M.A. in Anthropology (Archaeology). She is the Director of Cultural Resources for ECORP.
4.2 Records Search Methods
ECORP conducted a records search for the Project Area at the Eastern Information Center (EIC) of the CHRIS at University of California, Riverside on November 14, 2023 (Appendix A). The purpose of the records search was to determine the extent of previous surveys within a 0.25-mile (400-meter) radius of the Proposed Project Area, and whether previously documented pre-contact or historic archaeological sites, architectural resources, or traditional cultural properties exist within this area.
In addition to the official records and maps for archaeological sites and surveys in Riverside County, the following references were also reviewed: Built Environment Resource Directory (OHP 2020); the National Register Information System (National Park Service [NPS] 2023); Office of Historic Preservation, California Historical Landmarks (CHL; OHP 2023); CHL (OHP 1996 and updates); California Points of Historical Interest (OHP 1992 and updates); Caltrans Local Bridge Survey (Caltrans 2019); Caltrans State Bridge Survey (Caltrans 2018); and Historic Spots in California (Kyle 2002).
Other references examined include maps and photographs. Because the Project Area is located within land that was originally part of a land grant, no patent records are available. Aerial photographs and maps reviewed include following:
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1876 General Land Office (GLO) Plat for Township 3 South, Range 7 West; 1902 USGS Corona, California topographic quadrangle map (1:125,000 scale); 1947 photorevised version of 1942 USGS Corona, California topographic quadrangle map (1:62,500 scale);
1955 photorevised version of 1954 USGS Corona South, California topographic quadrangle map (1:24,000 scale);
1969 photorevised version of 1967 USGS Corona South, California topographic quadrangle map (1:24,000 scale); and
1988 photorevised version of the 1967 USGS Corona South, California topographic quadrangle map (1:24,000 scale).
ECORP reviewed aerial photographs taken in 1948, 1959, 1966, 1967, 1980, 1985, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2009, and every two years between 2010 and 2020 for any indications of property usage and built environment.
ECORP conducted a search for a local historical registry; the City of Corona has their own Historic Landmark Designation list. Riverside County does not have a local historical registry.
4.3 Sacred Lands File Coordination Methods
In addition to the records search, ECORP contacted the California NAHC on December 6, 2023 to request a search of the Sacred Lands File for the Project Area (Appendix B). This search determines whether the California Native American tribes within the Project Area have recorded Sacred Lands, because the Sacred Lands File is populated by members of the Native American community with knowledge about the locations of tribal resources. In requesting a search of the Sacred Lands File, ECORP solicited information from the Native American community regarding TCRs, but the responsibility to formally consult with the Native American community lies exclusively with the federal and local agencies under applicable state and federal laws. The lead agencies do not delegate government-to-government authority to any private entity to conduct tribal consultation.
4.4 Field Methods
ECORP subjected the Project Area to an intensive pedestrian survey on December 6, 2023 under the guidance of the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Identification of Historic Properties (NPS 1983) using 15-meter-spaced transects (Figure 2). ECORP expended 1 person-day in the field. At the time, ECORP examined the ground surface for indications of surface or subsurface cultural resources and inspected the general morphological characteristics of the ground surface for indications of subsurface deposits that may be manifested on the surface, such as circular depressions or ditches. Whenever possible, ECORP examined the locations of subsurface exposures caused by such factors as rodent activity, water or soil erosion, or vegetation disturbances for artifacts or for indications of buried deposits. The ECORP archaeologists did not conduct subsurface investigations or artifact collections during the pedestrian survey.
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Standard professional practice requires that all cultural resources encountered during the survey be recorded using DPR 523-series forms approved by the California OHP. The resources are usually photographed, mapped using a handheld Global Positioning System receiver, and sketched as necessary to document their presence using appropriate DPR forms.
5.0 RESULTS
5.1 Records Search
The records search consisted of a review of previous research and literature, records on file with the EIC for previously recorded resources, and aerial photographs and maps of the vicinity.
5.1.1 Previous Research
Nine previous cultural resource investigations have been conducted within 0.25 mile of the Project Area, covering approximately 10 percent of the total area surrounding the Project Area within the records search radius (Table 2). Of the nine studies, three were conducted within the Project Area. Appendix A provides a map that depicts the locations of the investigations within 0.25 mile of the Project Area. These studies did not reveal the presence of any pre-contact or historic-period sites within the Project Area. The previous studies were conducted between 1976 and 2015.
The results of the records search indicate that 10 percent of the Project Area has been previously surveyed for cultural resources; however, these studies were conducted in smaller segments, at different times, by different consultants, and as many as 47 years ago under obsolete standards. Therefore, ECORP conducted a pedestrian survey of the Project Area under current protocols.
The record search also determined that one previously recorded historic-period resource is located within the Project Area: Corona Historic District (EIC Primary No. 33-6444), which was originally recorded by Gloria Scott in 1983. The southwestern portion of the Corona Historic District overlaps with the eastern portion of the Project Area and is bounded by Ontario Avenue to the south and Lincoln Avenue to the west. No structures are located within the Project Area.
Table 2. Previous Cultural Studies within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area Report
Number Author(s) Report Title Year
Includes
Portion of the
Project Area?
189 Mary A. Brown
Letter Report: Cultural Resources Evaluation for
Proposed Water Supply Facilities for the City of
Corona and Surrounding Communities (Phase III)
1976 No
3391 Joan C. Brown
Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of Main Street
South Plaza Commercial Project Area in Corona,
Riverside County, California
1991 No
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Table 2. Previous Cultural Studies within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area Report
Number Author(s) Report Title Year
Includes
Portion of the
Project Area?
5201 Adrianna Jackson
Letter Report: Records Search Results for Sprint
PCS Facility RV54XC471A (Jefferson Substation
Site) Corona, Riverside County, CA
2000 No
7218
Deborah K. B.
McLean and Brooks
R. Smith
Cultural Resources Survey Report for Pacific Bell
Mobile Services Telecommunications Facility (CM
341-02) in the City of Corona, Riverside County,
California
1997 Yes
7219 Thedore G. Cooley
Archaeological Survey Report for Southern
California Edison Company Underground Cable
Conduit Installations for the East and West Taps
to the Chase Substation, City of Corona, Riverside
County, California
2007 Yes
8046
Sherri Gust, Amy
Glover, and Veronica
Harper
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment Report for
the Vicentia Elementary School Project in Corona,
California
2008 No
9526 Gabriel Ocampo Cultural Resources Survey Macbeth/Ensite #24085 (288217) 2015 Yes
10280 Andrew Belcourt
Cultural Resource Assessment Reclaimed
Waterlines Section 106 Project City of Corona
Riverside County, California
2011 No
10355 Curt Duke
Cultural and Paleontological Resources
Assessment for the Proposed Rite Aid Pharmacy
Project, City of Corona, Riverside County,
California (Duke CRM Project C-0179)
2015 No
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Millbrook Rd
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Stephanie Dr
Bridgeport Rd
Pajero Dr
Old Hickory Rd
Alee Cir
Brockton Dr
Lavendar Way
Eure
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W Ontario Ave
Ontario Park
Benjamin
Franklin
Elementary
School
Shady Mill Rd
Stillwater Rd
S
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W Hacienda Dr
Alta Vista Ave
Lincoln Park
Letha Raney
Intermediate
Westpark Ln
S
Lin
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Bismark St
Othello Ln
Montoya Dr
W Monterey Rd
S
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Esther Dr
Capistrano St
Cortez Dr
Cordoz a St
Macbeth A
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Horatio Ave
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Galisteo St
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W Ontario Ave
Buena Vista
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T
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Map Date: 1/22/2024
Sources: Maxar (2022), ESRI
Location: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Biological_Resources\Ontario Ave Biological Resources.aprx - Ontario Survey Coverage (mwilliams - 1/23/2024) I
0 600
Scale in Feet
2023-213 Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue
Figure 2. Survey Coverage
Map Contents
Project Area (20.13 acres)
Survey Coverage (19.48 acres)
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5.1.2 Map Review and Aerial Photographs
The review of aerial photographs and maps of the Project Area provides information on the past land uses of the Project Area and potential for buried archaeological sites. This information shows that the Project Area was initially used as a road. Following is a summary of the review of maps and photographs. The 1876 GLO Plat for Township 3 South, Range 7 West indicates that the Project Area is situated within Lot No. 37 of the La Sierra (B. Yorba) Land Grant. The Santa Ana River is depicted flowing in a northeast–southwest direction, approximately 1.5 miles north of the Project Area. The map does not depict any development or structures within the Project Area. The 1902 USGS Corona, California topographic quadrangle map (1:125,000 scale) depicts the Project Area in the town of Corona, within the La Sierra (Yorba) Land Grant. The map depicts a road grid, and the grid’s central east–west-oriented road corresponds with the alignment of present-day Ontario Avenue. The map also depicts two north–south-oriented roads that correspond with the alignments of present-day Lincoln and Buena Vista avenues as bisecting the east–west-oriented road. The map depicts an unimproved north–south-oriented road as terminating at Ontario Avenue, located between present-day Lincoln Avenue and present-day Buena Vista Avenue. The map depicts at least four structures in the vicinity of the Project Area, in addition to an unnamed waterway east of the Project Area. The 1947 photorevised version of 1942 USGS Corona, California topographic quadrangle map (1:62,500 scale) depicts an east–west-oriented railroad track alignment that parallels Ontario Avenue to the south. The map depicts a north–south-oriented road that corresponds with the alignment of present-day Oak Avenue. The map also depicts at least 10 additional structures in the vicinity of the Project Area compared to the previous map. An aerial photograph from 1948 shows that the Project Area was a road surrounded by agricultural land. The photograph shows an east–west-oriented road, which corresponds with present-day Ontario Avenue, within the Project Area. The photograph shows at least five structures along the Ontario Avenue alignment, all of which are outside of and to the north and south of the Project Area.
The 1955 photorevised version of 1954 USGS Corona South, California topographic quadrangle map (1:24,000 scale) depicts the railroad track alignment, which is labeled as “Atchison and Topeka”. The map depicts Oak Avenue as an unimproved north–south-oriented road that terminates at Ontario Avenue. The map also depicts one unnamed stream meandering through the Project Area in a north-to-south direction at the intersection of present-day Oak and Ontario avenues. The map also depicts another small waterway paralleling Ontario Avenue on the western side; it ends outside of the Project Area.
An aerial photograph from 1959 shows one unimproved north–south-oriented road, which corresponds to present-day Lincoln Avenue. The photograph also shows a drainage flowing through the Project Area in the same alignment as present-day Oak Avenue. The photograph also shows an unimproved north–south-oriented road that corresponds with present-day Oak Avenue.
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Aerial photographs from 1966 and 1967 do not show any changes to the Project Area compared to the 1959 aerial photograph.
The 1969 photorevised version of 1967 USGS Corona South, California topographic quadrangle map (1:24,000 scale) depicts the Project Area as unchanged compared to the 1955 map. It depicts significant commercial and residential growth north of the Project Area. This map does not depict the Atchison and Topeka railroad tracks that were depicted on the 1955 map. An aerial photograph from 1980 shows further residential and commercial development immediately north of the Project Area. The photograph also shows that the area south of the Project Area is agricultural land; the section of the Project Area along Lincoln Avenue and Othello Lane is residential property.
The 1988 photorevised version of the 1967 USGS Corona South, California topographic quadrangle map (1:24,000 scale) depicts a north–south-oriented road that corresponds with the alignment of present-day South Vincentia Avenue as bisecting Ontario Avenue. An aerial photograph from 1985 does not show any changes to the Project Area compared to the 1980 aerial photograph.
Aerial photographs from 1994, 1998, and 1999 do not show any further changes to or development of the Project Area; however, the Project Area and most of the land to the south along Ontario Avenue remain largely agricultural land; the photographs show at least three farm complexes in this area. The 1994 aerial photograph shows that the unnamed stream that passes under Ontario Avenue has been channelized and lined with concrete. An aerial photograph from 2002 does not show any changes to or development of the Project Area; however, the farm complexes south of Ontario Avenue and the Project Area have been cleared, and several buildings have been constructed. The section of the Project Area along Lincoln Avenue and Othello Lane remains undeveloped.
An aerial photograph from 2005 does not show any changes to or development of the Project Area; however, the land north of Ontario Avenue and the Project Area, which is located between Oak and Lincoln avenues, is under residential construction. All other aerial photographs from 2009 and every two years between 2009 and 2020 show the Project Area in its current state.
In sum, the majority of the Project Area has been developed since at least 1902, as evidenced by the inclusion of the town of Corona on the 1902 topographic map. The surrounding land remained mostly agricultural until the early 2000s, when residential and commercial development increased in the vicinity.
5.1.3 Records
The OHP’s Built Environment Resource Directory for Riverside County (dated March 3, 2020) included one resource within 0.25 mile of the Project Area: the Historic Corona District, which appears to run parallel to the northeastern edge of the Project Area (OHP 2020).
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The National Register Information System (NPS 2023) failed to reveal any eligible or listed properties within the Project Area. The nearest National Register property is located in the City of Corona, approximately 1 mile northeast of the Project Area.
ECORP reviewed resources listed as California Historical Landmarks (OHP 1996) by the OHP (2023) on January 16, 2024. The nearest listed landmark is No. 190, Painted Rock; its plaque is located at the Corona Women’s Improvement Club, approximately 1 mile northeast of the Project Area.
Historic Spots in California (Kyle 2002) mentions a monument for the Old Temescal Road, which is located in the City of Corona, approximately 9 miles southeast of the Project Area. This road was first utilized by Native American tribes that travelled through the area and is still used today as a paved highway. Kyle also mentions the Corona Women’s Improvement Club—a volunteer organization committed to improving the community of Corona—which is now included in the National Register of Historic Places.
The Caltrans Bridge Local and State Inventories (Caltrans 2018, 2019) did not list any historic bridges within 0.25 mile of the Project Area.
The Handbook of North American Indians (Bean and Smith 1978) lists the nearest Native American village as Paxauxa of the Gabrielino village along Temescal Creek, which is directly across from a large Luiseno village in the City of Corona.
5.2 Sacred Lands File Results
The results of the Sacred Lands File search by the NAHC were negative for the presence of Native American cultural resources within the Project Area. A record of all correspondence is provided in Appendix B.
5.3 Field Survey Results
ECORP surveyed the Project Area for cultural resources on December 6, 2023 (Figures 3 and 4). Ground surface visibility was 100 percent in one of the residential lots. The remainder of the survey consisted of walking both sides of the sidewalk along Ontario Avenue; ground surface visibility in these areas was 0 percent due to the presence of built environments and paved streets and roads.
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Figure 3. Project Area Overview (view southwest; December 6, 2023).
Figure 4. Project Area Overview (view northeast; December 6, 2023).
5.3.1 Cultural Resources
As a result of previous investigations by other firms, the Corona Historic District (33-6444) was recorded within the Project Area; ECORP revisited the Corona Historic District during the 2023 pedestrian survey.
The 2023 survey by ECORP also identified five new cultural resources within the Project Area.
The following sections provide resource descriptions and evaluations of the five new cultural resources identified during the 2023 pedestrian survey. Confidential DPR site records are provided in Appendix D.
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5.3.1.1 Previously Recorded Resources
Resource HRI 33-6444
Resource HRI 33-6444 is located on Lincoln Avenue and is commonly referred to as the Corona Historic District. The historic district area is bound by the railroad tracks to the north, Rimpau Avenue to the east, Ontario Avenue to the south, and Lincoln Avenue to the west. The growth of Corona between 1887 and 1910 featured Victorian-style wood-frame houses. The southwestern boundary of this historic district is parallel to the northeastern boundary of the Project Area.
ECORP revisited the location of the district on December 6, 2023 (Figure 5). The houses within the district parallel Ontario Avenue on the north but are outside the Project Area. The boundary drawn by the EIC follows Lincoln Avenue and Ontario Avenue.
Figure 5. West Ontario Road (view west; December 12, 2023).
5.3.1.2 Newly Recorded Resources
Residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue
The residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OAW-01) consists of a one-story, single-family, Minimal Traditional-style house on an irregular plan (Figure 6). A side-gabled roof with slightly overhanging eaves tops the residence. Stucco and a small section of board-and-batten wood siding compose the exterior surfaces, along with wood and brick trim. Double-hung wood-frame windows and metal casement windows punctuate the primary northern façade, along with fixed-pane wood-frame windows on side elevations. An exterior brick chimney distinguishes the primary facade. An attached twocar garage spans the southern end of the house. The residence sits on a 0.46-acre property, and vegetation surrounding the house includes cactus trees on the front grass lawn and pine, palm, and pepper trees in the rear.
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Although the dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is located just south of HRI 33- 6444, a potential Corona Historic District surveyed in 1983 by the Riverside County Historical Commission, the property shows little potential to be a contributor. The district is characterized by Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Craftsman style residences built prior to 1940 while the residential property is characterized as a later 1940s Minimal Traditional style dwelling that is not typical of architectural styles or historic themes in the district.
Figure 6. Primary Façade of the Residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (view south; December 12, 2023).
Evaluation
The residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OAW-01) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
Archival research of 2201 South Lincoln Avenue did not indicate any associations with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. Though the residence is reflective of the trend of 1940s-era housing development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The residence was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject property is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local, state, or national level. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
To be eligible under NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2, the subject property would need to be directly associated with a person considered historically significant at the local, state, or national level. There is no indication
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that current residents—Kiran and Swatiben Patel—or any other former owners are people of great historical significance. In addition, directory and newspaper research did not uncover other names associated with the residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue. As a result, archival research failed to indicate any associations with any significant persons. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
Built in 1944, the residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue represents a typical example of a Minimal Traditional-style house, which was a common housing type in California from 1935 to 1950. This Minimal Traditional dwelling is not a fully realized expression of the style, which may feature dormers, original metal casement corner windows, and a recessed main entrance. More high style and intact versions of Minimal Traditional dwellings are located throughout Corona and Riverside County. As a commonplace 1940s-era house, it does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential for 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record. It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
Integrity
The residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue possesses integrity because it has not been moved. The setting around the property has changed from being mostly agricultural land in the mid-1940s to being surrounded by single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in surroundings has resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, feeling, and association. A major addition to the western side of the house that completely altered the primary northern façade and the loss of original windows and siding have resulted in a loss of integrity of design, materials, workmanship.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, 2201 South Lincoln Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
Criterion A, 1. Though the property is greater than 50 years old, ECORP found no indication that the property is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the property is reflective of the trend of 1940s era housing development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The dwelling was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore,
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research did not indicate that the subject property is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the property is reflective of the trend of 1940s era housing development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history.
The dwelling was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region.
Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject property is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. Built in 1944, the dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue represents a typical example of a Minimal Traditional-style house, which was a common housing type in California from 1935 to 1950. This Minimal Traditional dwelling is not a fully realized expression of the style, which may feature dormers, original metal casement corner windows, and a recessed main entrance. More high style and intact versions of Minimal Traditional dwellings are located throughout Corona and Riverside County.
Criterion A, 3d. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is a commonplace dwelling in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Criterion A, 3f. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood or contains outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that 2201 South Lincoln Avenue contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. A major addition to the western side of the house that completely altered the primary northern façade, a garage addition, and the loss of original windows and siding have resulted in a loss of integrity of design, materials, and workmanship. The setting around the property has changed from being mostly agricultural land in the mid-1940s to being completed developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in surroundings has resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, feeling, and association.
Criterion C. The subject dwelling is not a reconstructed improvement.
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Criterion D. The subject dwelling is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
West Ontario Avenue
West Ontario Avenue (Resource OV-07) is an approximately 5,400-foot-long, east–west-oriented segment road in Corona. It is a 70-foot-wide, five-lane section line road paved with asphalt. The road was built in c. 1920 and was paved during the 1970s. The western and eastern sides of the road include concrete gutters. It also features modern reflective speed bumps and reflective paint, which includes white sidestripes and turn arrows.
Evaluation
West Ontario Avenue (Resource OV-07) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
West Ontario Avenue in Corona provided residents of Corona with access to other nearby rural communities in Riverside County, as well as access to rural properties in southern Corona. Furthermore, the construction of West Ontario Avenue did not mark a milestone in the Good Roads Movement in Riverside County. There is nothing in the archival record to suggest that West Ontario Avenue is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Riverside County history. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
Riverside County crews built and maintained West Ontario Avenue. However, there is nothing in the archival record to suggest that it is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
As a conventional five-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, West Ontario Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential of West Ontario Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record. It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
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Integrity
Though West Ontario Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s twolane dirt road to a five-lane paved road. In addition, the setting has completely changed from primarily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, West Ontario Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
This section evaluates the resource against the Corona Register’s Landmark listing criteria (Section 1.3.4) Criterion A, 1. Though the subject road is greater than 50 years old, research found no indication that the road is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the subject road is reflective of road development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar examples exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the subject road is reflective of transportation development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about the road’s development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the road is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. As a conventional five-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, West Ontario Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion A, 3d. The subject road is a commonplace street in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that the subject road is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
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Criterion A, 3f. The subject road represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood, nor does it contain outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. The subject road is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. The subject road is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that the subject road contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. Though West Ontario Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s two-lane dirt road to a five-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, West Ontario Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
Criterion C. The subject road is not a reconstructed improvement.
Criterion D. The subject road is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
South Lincoln Avenue
South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OV-08) is an approximately 1,300-foot-long, north–south-oriented segment road in Corona (Figure 7). It is an 80-foot-wide, four-lane section line road paved with asphalt.
The road was built in c. 1920 and was paved during the 1970s; a c. 1980s section extends south of West Ontario Avenue. The western and eastern sides of the road include concrete gutters and bike lanes. It also features modern reflective speed bumps, reflective paint (including white side-stripes), and turn arrows.
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Figure 7. South Lincoln Avenue (view south; December 12, 2023).
Evaluation
South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OV-08) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
South Lincoln Avenue in Corona provided residents of Corona with access to other nearby rural communities in Riverside County. It did not, however, function as a major road for Corona residents because it was a one-lane dirt road until the 1970s. Furthermore, the construction of South Lincoln Avenue did not mark a milestone in the Good Roads Movement in Riverside County. There is nothing in the archival record to suggest that South Lincoln Avenue is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Riverside County history. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
Riverside County crews built and maintained South Lincoln Avenue. However, there is nothing in the archival record to suggest that it is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
As a conventional four-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, South Lincoln Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
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NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential of South Lincoln Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record. It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
Integrity
Though South Lincoln Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s onelane dirt road to a four-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes.
Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, South Lincoln Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
Criterion A, 1. Though the subject road is greater than 50 years old, ECORP found no indication that the road is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the subject road is reflective of road development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the subject road is reflective of transportation development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about the road’s development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the road is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. As a conventional four-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, South Lincoln Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion A, 3d. The subject road is a commonplace street in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
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Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that the subject road is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Criterion A, 3f. The subject road represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood, nor does it contain outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. The subject road is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. The subject road is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that the subject road contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. Though South Lincoln Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s one-lane dirt road to a four-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, South Lincoln Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
Criterion C. The subject road is not a reconstructed improvement.
Criterion D. The subject road is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
Oak Avenue
Oak Avenue (Resource OV-09) is an approximately 170-foot-long, north–south-oriented segment road in Corona (Figure 8). It is a 50-foot-wide, two-lane section line road paved with asphalt. The road was built in c. 1920 and was paved during the 1970s. The western and eastern sides of the road include concrete gutters. It also features modern reflective speed bumps, reflective paint (including white side-stripes), and turn arrows.
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Figure 8. Oak Avenue (view southwest; December 12, 2023).
Evaluation
Oak Avenue (Resource OV-09) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
Oak Avenue in Corona provided residents of Corona with access to other nearby rural communities in Riverside County. It did not, however, function as a major road for Corona residents because it was a onelane dirt road until the 1970s. Furthermore, the construction of Oak Avenue also did not mark a milestone in the Good Roads Movement in Riverside County. There is nothing in the archival record to suggest that Oak Avenue is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Riverside County history. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
Riverside County crews built and maintained Oak Avenue. However, there is nothing in the archival record to suggest that Oak Avenue is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
As a conventional two-lane suburban section line road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, Oak Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
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NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential of Oak Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record. It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
Integrity
Though Oak Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s one-lane dirt road to a two-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, Oak Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
Criterion A, 1. Though the subject road is greater than 50 years old, ECORP found no indication that the road is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the subject road is reflective of road development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the subject road is reflective of transportation development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about the road’s development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the road is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. As a conventional two-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, Oak Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion A, 3d. The subject road is a commonplace street in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
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Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that the subject road is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Criterion A, 3f. The subject road represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood or contains outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. The subject road is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. The subject road is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that the subject road contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. Though Oak Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s one-lane dirt road to a two-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes.
Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, Oak Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
Criterion C. The subject road is not a reconstructed improvement.
Criterion D. The subject road is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
Buena Vista Avenue
Buena Vista Avenue (Resource OV-10) is an approximately 170-foot-long, north–south-oriented segment road in Corona (Figure 9). It is a 70-foot-wide, two-lane section of suburban road paved with asphalt. The road was built in c. 1920 and was paved during the 1970s. The western and eastern sides of the road include concrete gutters. It also features modern reflective speed bumps, reflective paint (including white side-stripes), and turn arrows.
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Figure 9. Buena Vista Avenue (view northeast; December 12, 2023).
Evaluation
Buena Vista Avenue (Resource OV-10) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
Buena Vista Avenue in Corona provided residents of Corona with access to other nearby rural communities in Riverside County. It did not, however, function as a major road for Corona residents because it was a one-lane dirt road until the 1970s. Furthermore, the construction of Buena Vista Avenue also did not mark a milestone in the Good Roads Movement in Riverside County. There is nothing in the archival record to suggest that Buena Vista Avenue is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Riverside County history. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
Riverside County crews built and maintained Beuna Vista Avenue. However, there is nothing in the archival record to suggest that Buena Vista Avenue is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
As a conventional two-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, Buena Vista Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
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NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential of Buena Vista Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record.
It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
Integrity
Though Buena Vista Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s onelane dirt road to a two-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes.
Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, Buena Vista Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
Criterion A, 1. Though the subject road is greater than 50 years old, ECORP found no indication that the road is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the subject road is reflective of road development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the subject road is reflective of transportation development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about the road’s development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the road is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. As a conventional two-lane suburban section line road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, Buena Vista Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion A, 3d. The subject road is a commonplace street in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
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Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that the subject road is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Criterion A, 3f. The subject road represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood, nor does it contain outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. The subject road is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. The subject road is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that the subject road contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. Though Buena Vista Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s one-lane dirt road to a two-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes.
Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, Buena Vista Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
Criterion C. The subject road is not a reconstructed improvement.
Criterion D. The subject road is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
6.0 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
ECORP identified five historic built environment resources within the Project Area, including 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (OAW-01) and West Ontario Avenue (OV-07), South Lincoln Avenue (OV-08), Oak Avenue (OV-09), and Buena Vista Avenue (OV-10). ECORP evaluated these resources using eligibility criteria for the NRHP, CRHR, and the City of Corona’s Historic Landmarks list. Archival research, field survey, and evaluations of the residential property and roads reveal that none of the resources are considered Historical Resources for the purposes of CEQA, nor a Historic Property for the purposes of Section 106 of the NHPA. Furthermore, no potential indirect impacts to Historical Resources were identified.
In cases where ground visibility is hindered by impervious or impenetrable surfaces, such as pavement, buildings, or structures, and where such circumstances prevent archaeological survey or testing by traditional field methods, other sources of information must be utilized in assessing the potential for archaeological deposits. These sources may include, as appropriate and available, records search and literature review information, archival records, historic maps and aerial photographs, topographic maps, or
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geoarchaeological sensitivity modeling. As a last resort, archaeological monitoring during the removal of such impervious surfaces during project construction may be necessary.
6.2 Likelihood for Subsurface Cultural Resources
The previous ground disturbing activities during the development of the subdivision within the Project Area would have exposed or destroyed any intact subsurface pre-contact or historic-era archaeological deposits; however, there is always a possibility that subsurface cultural resources may be present. Overall, there is a low potential for buried archaeological deposits in the Project Area.
6.3 Recommendations
6.3.1 Post-Review Discoveries
There always remains the potential for ground-disturbing activities to expose previously unrecorded cultural resources. Both CEQA and Section 106 of the NHPA require the lead agency to address any unanticipated cultural resource discoveries during Project construction. Therefore, ECORP recommends the following procedures.
If subsurface deposits believed to be cultural or human in origin are discovered during construction, all work must halt within a 100-foot radius of the discovery. A qualified professional archaeologist, meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards for prehistoric and historic archaeology, shall be retained to evaluate the significance of the find, and shall have the authority to modify the no-work radius as appropriate, using professional judgment. The following notifications shall apply, depending on the nature of the find:
• If the professional archaeologist determines that the find does not represent a cultural resource, work may resume immediately and no agency notifications are required. • If the professional archaeologist determines that the find does represent a cultural resource from any time period or cultural affiliation, the archaeologist shall immediately notify the lead agencies. The agencies shall consult on a finding of eligibility and implement appropriate treatment measures, if the find is determined to be a Historical Resource under CEQA, as defined by CEQA or a historic property under Section 106 NHPA, if applicable. Work may not resume within the no-work radius until the lead agencies, through consultation as appropriate, determine that the site either: 1) is not a Historical Resource under CEQA or a Historic Property under Section 106; or 2) that the treatment measures have been completed to their satisfaction.
• If the find includes human remains, or remains that are potentially human, they shall ensure reasonable protection measures are taken to protect the discovery from disturbance (AB 2641). The archaeologist shall notify the Riverside County Coroner (per § 7050.5 of the Health and Safety Code). The provisions of § 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code, § 5097.98 of the California PRC, and AB 2641 will be implemented. If the coroner determines the remains are Native American and not the result of a crime scene, the coroner will notify
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the NAHC, which then will designate a Native American Most Likely Descendant (MLD) for the Project (§ 5097.98 of the PRC). The designated MLD will have 48 hours from the time access to the property is granted to make recommendations concerning treatment of the remains. If the landowner does not agree with the recommendations of the MLD, the NAHC can mediate (§ 5097.94 of the PRC). If no agreement is reached, the landowner must rebury the remains where they will not be further disturbed (§ 5097.98 of the PRC). This will also include either recording the site with the NAHC or the appropriate Information Center; using an open space or conservation zoning designation or easement; or recording a reinternment document with the county in which the property is located (AB 2641). Work may not resume within the nowork radius until the lead agencies, through consultation as appropriate, determine that the treatment measures have been completed to their satisfaction.
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Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2023. Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey. Available online at: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm. Accessed November 10, 2023.
Nationwide Environmental Title Research LLC (NETR). 2023. Historic Aerial Photographs of Corona, CA dating from 1938, 1948, 1949, 1959, 1966, 1980, 1985, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020. https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed December 13, 2023.
Office of Historic Preservation (OHP). 2023. Office of Historic Preservation California Historical Landmarks Website. http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21387. Accessed December 6, 2023. _____. 2020. Office of Historic Preservation’s Built Environment Resource Directory, dated March 3, 2020 for Riverside County. On file at EIC, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California. _____. 1996. California Historical Landmarks. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, California.
_____. 1992. California Points of Historical Interest. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, California.
Pourade, Richard. 1961. The History of San Diego: Time of the Bells. San Diego Historical Society, https://web.archive.org/web/20020221082220/http:/www.sandiegohistory.org/books/pourade/ti me/timechapter9.htm. Accessed September 11, 2023.
Robertson, D. B. 1998. Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History, Volume IV, California. The Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho.
Robinson, W. W. 1948. Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Rondeau, M. F., J. Cassidy, and T. L. Jones. 2007. Colonization Technologies: Fluted Projectile Points and the San Clemente Island Woodworking/Microblade Complex. In California Prehistory:
Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by T. L. Jones and K. A. Klar, pp. 299-315. Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland.
Archaeological Resources and Architectural History Evaluation Inventory Report ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project
52 July 2024
2023-213
Salls, R. A. 1983. The Liberty Grove Site: Archaeological Interpretation of a Late Milling Stone Horizon Site on the Cucamonga Plain. M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.
State of California. 2015. Geologic Maps. Available online at:
https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/geology/#webmaps. Accessed January 22, 2024.
Strong, W.D. 1929. Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26(1):1-358.
Sutton, M. Q. 2011. The Palomar Tradition and Its Place in the Prehistory of Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 44(4):1-74.
_____. 2009. People and Language: Defining the Takic Expansion into Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 41(2 and 3):31-93.
Sutton, M. Q., and J. K. Gardner. 2010. Reconceptualizing the Encinitas Tradition of Southern California.
Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 42(4):1-64.
UCSB (University of California, Santa Barbara). 2021. Historic Aerial Photographs of Ontario, CA dating from1931, 1953, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1968, and 1976. Map & Imagery Laboratory (MIL) UCSB Library, Electronic Resource. Accessed December 16, 2023. http://mil.library.ucsb.edu/ap_indexes/FrameFinder.
Wallace, William J. 1978. Post-Pleistocene Archeology, 9000 to 2000 BC. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 25-36. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
_____. 1955. A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11:214-230.
Warren, C. N. 1968. Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by Cynthia Irwin-Williams, pp. 1-14. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology 1. Portales, New Mexico. _____. 1967. The San Dieguito Complex: a Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity 32:168-185.
Waugh, M. G. 1986. Intensification and Land-Use: Archaeological Indication of Transition and Transformation in a Late Precontact Complex in Southern California. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis. UMI Dissertation Services, ProQuest, Ann Arbor.
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A – Records Search Confirmation and Historical Society Coordination Appendix B – Sacred Lands File Coordination
Appendix C – Project Area Photographs
Appendix D – Confidential Cultural Resource Site Locations and Site Records
APPENDIX A
Records Search Confirmation and Historical Society Coordination
Map Date: 11/6/2023
Sources: ESRI, USGS
Location: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Cultural_Resources\Ontario Ave CRM.aprx - Ontario RS (kedwards - 11/6/2023) Corona South, CA [1994 (p.r. 1997), NAD
27]
CA 7.5-minute Topographic Quadrangle
US Geological Survey.
Riverside County, California
§00, T.003S, R.007W, SBBM
§00, T.004S, R.007W, SBBM
Latitude (NAD83): 33.85771836°
Longitude (NAD83): -117.58489922°
Watershed: Santa Ana (18070203)
I
0 1,000 2,000
Scale in Feet
2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave
Records Search
Project Area - 20.13 acres
Buffer - 0.25 mi
ReportNum DocAddlCitLetter Status OtherIDs Xrefs Authors CitYear CitMonth CitTitle CitPublisher CitPages CitMaps ReportType InventorySize InventoryDisclosure InventoryCollections InventoryNotes Resources ResourceCount HasInformals Counties Maps Address PLSS RI-00189 NADB-R - 1080240;
Voided - MF-0177 Mary A. Brown 1976 Letter Report: Cultural Resources Evaluation for Proposed Water Supply Facilities for the City of Corona and Surrounding Communities (Phase III). M.A. Brown, Archaeological Consultant 1 Archaeological, Field study 5 Acres surveyed Not for publication No 33-000048 1 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH RI-03391
NADB-R - 1084032;
Submitter - 91-1145;
Voided - MF-3630
BROWN, JOAN C. 1991 CULTURAL RESOURCES RECONNAISSANCE OF MAIN STREET SOUTH PLAZA COMMERCIAL PROJECT AREA IN CORONA, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA RMW PALEO ASSOCIATES, INC. 11 Archaeological, Field study 78 Acres surveyed 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH RI-05201 NADB-R - 1086564 JACKSON, ADRIANNA 2000 LETTER REPORT: RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS FOR SPRINT PCS FACILITY RV54XC471A (JEFFERSON SUBSTAION SITE) CORONA, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CA MICHAEL BRANDMAN ASSOCIATES 3 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH RI-07218 Deborah K. B. McLean and Brooks R. Smith 1997 Cultural Resources Survey Report for Pacific Bell Mobile Services Telecommunications Facility (CM 341-02) in the City of Corona, Riverside County, California LSA Associates, Inc 17 Archaeological, Field study 0.25 Acres surveyed Unrestricted No 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH RI-07219 Cooley, Thedore G. 2007
Archaeological Survey Report fo Southern California Edison Company Underground Cable Conduit Installations for the East and West Taps to the Chase Substaion, City of Corona, Riverside County, California
Jones & Stokes 28 Archaeological, Field study ca. 10.4 Acres surveyed Not for publication No 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH RI-08046 Submitter - 1632i Sherri Gust, Amy Glover, and Veronica Harper 2008 Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment Report For The Vicentia Elementary School Project IN Corona, California Cogstone Resource Management Inc., Santa Ana, CA 31 Archaeological, Field study ca. 2 Acres surveyed Not for publication No 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH 2005 Vicentia Avenue Corona RI-09526 Gabriel Ocampo 2015 Aug Cultural Resources Survey Macbeth/ Ensite #24085 (288217) Verizon Wireless VZW-HQ-NEPA Regulatory Archaeological Restricted No 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH N/A N/A N/A (APN N/A) RI-10280 Other - LSA PROJECT
NO. CCR1101 ANDREW BELCOURT 2011 Apr CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT RECLAIMED WATERLINES SECTION 106 PROJECT CITY OF CORONA RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. Archaeological, Architectural/Historical, Field study Restricted No 33-000652, 33-000675, 33-000808, 33-001040, 33-001259, 33- 001436, 33-001437, 33-001438, 33-001439, 33-001440, 33- 001441, 33-001445, 33-001511, 33-001654, 33-001655, 33- 002202, 33-002315, 33-002316, 33-003002, 33-003055, 33- 003153, 33-003559, 33-003629, 33-003852, 33-004791, 33- 005310, 33-005781, 33-007585, 33-007586, 33-007719, 33- 008831, 33-008923, 33-012556, 33-012559, 33-012622, 33- 013146, 33-013147, 33-013148, 33-013409, 33-013859, 33- 014736, 33-015129
42 No Riverside CORONA NORTH,
CORONA SOUTH
RI-10355 C-0179 CURT DUKE 2015 Sep
CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE
PROPOSED RITE AID PHARAMCY PROJECT, CITY OF CORONA , RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA (DUKE CRM PROJECT C-0179)
DUKE CRM 14 3 Archaeological 1.76 ACRES Not for publication No 0 No Riverside CORONA SOUTH n/a n/a n/a (APN 113-420-
004),
n/a n/a n/a (APN 113-420-
008)
APPENDIX B
Sacred Lands File Coordination
Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request Native American Heritage Commission
1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100
West Sacramento, CA 95691
916-373-3710
916-373-5471 – Fax
[email protected]
Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search Project: Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project (2023-213) County: Riverside
USGS Quadrangle Name: Corona South, California 1994 (PR 1997) Township: 3 South, 4 South Range:7 West
Company/Firm/Agency: ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Contact Person: Erica Ramirez-Schroeder
Street Address: 2525 Warren Drive ________________________________________________ City: Rocklin _ _________ Zip: 95677_____________________ Phone: 916-782-9100____________________________________________________________ Fax: 916-782-9134______________________________________________________________ Email: [email protected]
Project Description:
See attached a location and vicinity map for reference.
Map Date: 11/6/2023
Sources: ESRI, USGS
Location: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Location_Vicinity\Ontario Ave LnV.aprx - Ontario LnV (kedwards - 11/6/2023) Corona South, CA [1994 (p.r. 1997), NAD
27]
CA 7.5-minute Topographic Quadrangle
US Geological Survey.
Riverside County, California
§00, T.003S, R.007W, SBBM
§00, T.004S, R.007W, SBBM
Latitude (NAD83): 33.85771836°
Longitude (NAD83): -117.58489922°
Watershed: Santa Ana (18070203)
I
0 1,000 2,000
Scale in Feet
2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave
Figure 1. Project Location and Vicinity
Project Area - 20.13 acres
STATE OF CALIFORNIA Gavin Newsom, Governor
NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION
January 5, 2024
Erica Ramirez-Schroeder
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Via Email to: [email protected]
Re: Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue Project, Riverside County Dear Ms. Ramirez-Schroeder:
A record search of the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) was completed for the information you have submitted for the above referenced project. The results were negative. However, the absence of specific site information in the SLF does not indicate the absence of cultural resources in any project area. Other sources of cultural resources should also be contacted for information regarding known and recorded sites.
Attached is a list of Native American tribes who may also have knowledge of cultural resources in the project area. This list should provide a starting place in locating areas of potential adverse impact within the proposed project area. I suggest you contact all of those indicated; if they cannot supply information, they might recommend others with specific knowledge. By contacting all those listed, your organization will be better able to respond to claims of failure to consult with the appropriate tribe. If a response has not been received within two weeks of notification, the Commission requests that you follow-up with a telephone call or email to ensure that the project information has been received.
If you receive notification of change of addresses and phone numbers from tribes, please notify me. With your assistance, we can assure that our lists contain current information.
If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me at my email address: [email protected].
Sincerely,
Andrew Green
Cultural Resources Analyst
Attachment
CHAIRPERSON
Reginald Pagaling
Chumash
VICE-CHAIRPERSON
Buffy McQuillen
Yokayo Pomo, Yuki,
Nomlaki
SECRETARY
Sara Dutschke
Miwok
PARLIAMENTARIAN
Wayne Nelson
Luiseño
COMMISSIONER
Isaac Bojorquez
Ohlone-Costanoan
COMMISSIONER
Stanley Rodriguez
Kumeyaay
COMMISSIONER
Laurena Bolden
Serrano
COMMISSIONER
Reid Milanovich
Cahuilla
COMMISSIONER
Vacant
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Raymond C.
Hitchcock
Miwok, Nisenan
NAHC HEADQUARTERS
1550 Harbor Boulevard
Suite 100
West Sacramento,
California 95691
(916) 373-3710
[email protected]
NAHC.ca.gov
APPENDIX C
Project Area Photographs
DPR 523I (1/95)
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
PHOTOGRAPH RECORD Trinomial
Year 2023
Camera: iphone 12 Lens Size:
Film Type and Speed: Digital Negatives Kept at: ECORP Consulting, Inc.
Mo. Day Time Subject/Description View
Toward Accession #
12 6 CLL Overview, east part of Project Area E 0571
12 6 Ground surface visibility between sidewalk and road, south side of Ontario Avenue E 0572
12 6 Project Area overview from east boundary, south of Ontario Avenue W 0573 12 6 Project Area overview from east boundary, north of Ontario Avenue W 0574 12 6 Ground surface visibility between road and sidewalk, north side of Ontario Avenue W 0575
12 6 Overview of Ontario Avenue at Buena Vista Avenue intersection SW 0576 12 6 Overview of Ontario Avenue at Conejo Street SW 0577 12 6 Date nail on pole in north side, Ontario Avenue and Conejo N 0578 12 6 Pole with date nail overview W 0579
12 6 Ontario Avenue at Glenhaven Drive SE 0580
12 6 Date nails on pole near northeast corner of Ontario and Lincoln Avenue N 0581 12 6 Overview intersection of Ontario Avenue and Lincoln Avenue SW 0582 12 6 Overview intersection of Ontario Avenue and Lincoln Avenue SE 0583 12 6 Overview west side of Project Area from Ontario/ Lincoln intersection W 0584 12 6 Date nails on pole, north side of Ontario, south of Eureka Street/ Lavendar Way N 0585
12 6 Pole overview E 0586
12 6 Ontario Avenue at Oak Avenue SW 0587
12 6 Ontario Avenue at Silver Oak Drive SW 0588
12 6 Ontario Avenue/ Via Pacifica intersection SW 0589
12 6 Project Area overview from west boundary, north side of Ontario Avenue E 0590 12 6 Project Area overview from west boundary, south side of Ontario Avenue E 0591 12 6 Ontario Avenue at Silver Oak Drive NE 0592
12 6 Ontario Avenue at Oak Drive NE 0593
12 6 Ground surface visibility, south side Ontario Avenue, western portion of Project Area E 0594
12 6 Ground surface visibility, south side Ontario Avenue, between Oak Avenue and Lincoln Avenue E 0595
12 6 Overview of Ontario/ Lincoln intersection NE 0596
12 6 Overview Corona Historic District at Ontario Avenue/ Lincoln Avenue NE 0597 12 6 Overview Lincoln Avenue from Ontario Avenue intersection S 0598
DPR 523I (1/95)
12 6 Date nail on pole, Lincoln Avenue near Stan Grube Drive W 0599 12 6 Pole overview S 0600
12 6 Lincoln Avenue at Stan Grube Drive SE 0601
12 6 Lincoln Avenue overview from southern Project Area boundary N 0602 12 6 Ground surface visibility sidewalk and road, east side of Lincoln Avenue N 0603 12 6 Lincoln Avenue at Othello Lane NW 0604
12 6 Overview empty lot at northeast corner of Lincoln and Othello NW 0605 12 6 Ground surface visibility in empty lot NE 0606
12 6 Ground surface visibility in empty lot SE 0607
12 6 OAW-01 (2201 South Lincoln Avenue) from Lincoln Avenue NE 0608 12 6 OAW-01, southwest corner NE 0609
12 6 OAW-01, west façade E 0610
12 6 OAW-01, northwest corner SE 0611
12 6 OAW-01, front façade S 0612
12 6 OAW-01, front door S 0613
12 6 OAW-01, side elevation SE 0614
12 6 OAW-01, from northeast corner of Ontario Avenue and Lincoln Avenue S 0615 12 6 OAW-01, lot overview from south side of Ontario Avenue SW 0616 12 6 Lot overview, 1052 West Ontario Avenue S 0617
12 6 Lot overview, 1052 West Ontario Avenue SE 0618
12 6 Lot overview, 1052 West Ontario Avenue SE 0619
12 6 Lot overview, 1044 West Ontario Avenue S 0620
12 6 Lot overview, 1038 West Ontario Avenue S 0621
12 6 Corona Historic District overview from south side of Ontario Avenue N 0622 12 6 Lot overview, 1018 West Ontario Avenue S 0623
12 6 Lot overview, 1018 West Ontario Avenue S 0624
12 6 Lot overview, 1010 West Ontario Avenue S 0625
12 6 Lot overview, 1002 West Ontario Avenue S 0626
12 6 Lot overview, 1002 West Ontario Avenue, inside gate S 0627 12 6 Ontario Avenue at Buena Vista Avenue NE 0628
12 6 Corona Historic District from Ontario Avenue at Taylor Avenue N 0629 12 6 Taylor/ Ontario intersection (outside Project Area) N 0630 12 6 Corona Historic District from Ontario Avenue N 0631
DPR 523I (1/95)
12 6 1032 Ontario Avenue portion of property inside Project Area SE 0632
APPENDIX D
Confidential Cultural Resource Site Locations and Site Records This Appendix contains information on the specific location of cultural resources. This information is not for publication or release to the general public. It is for planning, management and research purposes only. Information on the specific location of pre-contact and historic sites is exempt from the Freedom of Information Act and California Public Records Act.
Kroonen Dr
ia Pacific
a
Nic
e
Dr
Citron St
Hibis
cus
St
E
ure
k
a
St
W Citron St
Cannes Dr
Via
P
a
cific
a
Hearthside Dr
Orc
h
ard
Ln
O
a
k
Av
e
Hibis
c
u
s
St
Millbrook Rd
Waterfall Ln
Stephanie Dr
Bridgeport Rd
Pajero Dr
Old Hickory Rd
Alee Cir
Brockton Dr
Lavendar Way
Eure
ka
St
W Ontario Ave
Ontario Park
Benjamin
Franklin
Elementary
School
L
anc
a
ster Ln
Shady Mill Rd
Stillwater Rd
S
Vic
entia
Av
e
W Citron St
W Hacienda Dr
Alta Vista Ave
W Rancho Rd
Lincoln Park
Letha Raney
Intermediate
Westpark Ln
S
Lin
c
oln
Av
e
Alsace Dr
C
ota
Av
e
Bismark St
Othello Ln
Montoya Dr
W Monterey Rd
S
Vic
entia
Av
e
C
o
n
ejo
St
Esther Dr
Capistrano St
Cortez Dr
Cordoz a St
Macbeth A
v
e
Horatio Ave
D
a
kin
Dr
Galisteo St
S
ena
St
Gro
ve A
ve
Solano St
S
C
ota
Av
e
S
Lin
c
oln Av
e
W Ontario Ave
Buena Vista
Park
Vicentia
Elementary
School
Highgrove St
Cadiz St
Gro
v
e
Av
e
Chicago St
Harbor St
Derby St
Foothill
Elementary
School
T
a
ylor Av
e
W Hacienda Dr
W Monterey Rd
0 550 I
Scale in Feet
Location: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Cultural_Resources\Ontario Ave CRM.aprx - Resource_Overview_20240124 (trotellini - 1/24/2024) Cultural Resources Overview Map Date: 1/24/2024
Sources: ESRI, Maxar (2022)
2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave
Map Contents
Ontario Avenue
Corona Historic District
Oak Avenue
Buena Vista Avenue
Lincoln Avenue
OAW-07
DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #
PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial
NRHP Status Code 6Z
Other Listings
Review Code Reviewer Date
P1. Other Identifier: 2201 S. Lincoln Avenue
*P2. Location: ☐ Not for Publication ☒ Unrestricted *a. County: Riverside and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Corona South Date: 1967 T04S; R07W; Section 1 S.B.B.M. c. Address: 2201 S. Lincoln Avenue City: Corona Zip: 92882 d. UTM: 11 S 445789 mE 3746568 mN
e. Other Locational Data: APN 113-140-001
*P3a. Description:
The residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OAW-01) consists of a one-story, single-family, Minimal Traditional-style house on an irregular plan. A side-gabled roof with slightly overhanging eaves tops the residence. Stucco and a small section of board-and-batten wood siding compose the exterior surfaces, along with wood and brick trim. Double-hung wood-frame windows and metal casement windows punctuate the primary northern façade, along with fixed-pane wood-frame windows on side elevations. An exterior brick chimney distinguishes the primary facade. An attached two-car garage spans the southern end of the house. The residence sits on a 0.46-acre property, and vegetation surrounding the house includes cactus trees on the front grass lawn and pine, palm, and pepper trees in the rear.
*P3b. Resource Attributes: HP2. Single family property
*P4. Resources Present: ☒ Building ☐ Structure ☐ Object ☐ Site ☐ District ☐ Element of District ☐ Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo:
Front Façade
View south, December 6, 2023
*P6. Date Constructed/Age and
Sources:
☒ Historic ☐ Prehistoric ☐ Both
c. 1944 (RealQuest)
*P7. Owner and Address:
Kiran & Swatiben Patel
3605 Summertree Lane
Corona, CA 92881
*P8. Recorded by:
Andrew Bursan
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
2861 Pullman Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
*P9. Date Recorded:
December 6, 2023
*P10. Survey Type:
Intensive
*P11. Report Citation:
ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2023. Cultural Resources Investigation and Built Environment Evaluation for the Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue, Riverside County, California. Prepared for City of Corona *Attachments: ☐ NONE ☒ Location Map ☐ Sketch Map ☒ Continuation Sheet ☒ Building, Structure, and Object Record ☐ Archaeological Record ☐ District Record ☐ Linear Feature Record ☐ Milling Station Record ☐ Rock Art Record ☐ Artifact Record ☐ Photograph Record ☐ Other (List):
P5a. Photo or Drawing
DPR 523B (1/95) *Required information
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD
*Resource Name or # OAW-01
B1. Historic Name: 2201 S. Lincoln Avenue
B2. Common Name: 2201 S. Lincoln Avenue
B3. Original Use: Single-family dwelling B4. Present Use: Single-family dwelling *B5. Architectural Style: Minimal Tradtional
*B6. Construction History:
Oringal permits were not located for this property
Building permit #B9505644 (1995) for asphalt reroof for on house *B7. Moved? ☒ No ☐ Yes ☐ Unknown Date: N/A Original Location: N/A *B8. Related Features: N/A
B9a. Architect: N/A b. Builder: N/A
*B10. Significance: Theme: 1940s era development Area: Corona Period of Significance: 1944 Property Type: Single-family Dwelling Applicable Criteria: N/A The following Significance Statement provides historic contexts to support an evaluation of OAW-01 using National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), California Register of Historic Resources (CRHR), and City of Corona Historic Landmark criteria. (See continuation sheet)
B11. Additional Resource Attributes: N/A
*B12. References:
(See continuation sheet)
B13. Remarks: None
*B14. Evaluator:
Andrew Bursan
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
2861 Pullman Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
*Date of Evaluation: January 24, 2024
(This space reserved for official comments.)
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 12/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
B10. Significance (continued):
Historic Context
City of Corona History
As early as 1825, brothers Bernardo and Tomás Yorba used the land encompassing the Project area for cattle grazing, calling it La Sierra, although they held no legal title. In 1846, shortly before California became part of the United States, Mexican Governor Pio Pico signed two grants for adjacent lands along the Santa Ana River, dividing La Sierra in two: Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda). These grants, to Bernardo Yorba and Tomás Yorba’s widow, Doña Vicenta Sepulveda, respectively, comprised a total of eight leagues (approximately 35,560 acres). Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) consisted of the southwestern half of the former La Sierra, and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda) comprised the northeastern half. The present-day city of Corona is situated on former Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) land (Gunther 1984). The Mexican Period, which began with independence from Spain in 1821, continued until the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848. As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the Territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 led to statehood in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General’s office. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult for their owners to pay the new American taxes on their thousands of acres. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo-Americans. Foreclosures and land sales eventually resulted in the transfer of most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941).
Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) was eventually surveyed and was patented at 17,787 acres on February 4, 1875. Eleven years later, in February 1886, an entrepreneur from Iowa named Robert B. Taylor formed the South Riverside Land & Water Company and purchased 11,500 acres of Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) for $109,800. Taylor and his board of directors, composed of Des Moines and Sioux City, Iowa, investors Adolph Rimpau, A. S. Garretson, George L. Joy, and former Iowa governor Samuel Merrill, bought water rights in nearby Temescal Valley to irrigate their land, and hired Anaheim engineer H. Clay Kellogg to survey a townsite they called South Riverside. From a variety of potential plans, the board and Kellogg decided on a traditional grid of streets within a wide, circular thoroughfare, nearly one mile in diameter, called Grand Boulevard. Many lots in South Riverside were sold and the South Riverside post office was established in 1887 to serve the rapidly growing population. Grand Boulevard was soon lined with two-story mansions, schools, churches, and businesses. Most of the new residents owned or worked in the orange and lemon groves that were rapidly spreading across the acres of land surrounding the community (Freel 2011; Gunther 1984).
In 1887, just as South Riverside began to grow, the California Central Railroad Company (CCRR), a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe (AT&SF) Railroad, completed a line to Los Angeles from San Bernardino via Riverside, South Riverside, and Orange. In 1889, the CCRR and another AT&SF subsidiary, the California Southern Railroad Company, were merged into the Southern California Railway Company. which was purchased by the AT&SF in 1906 (Bryant 1974; Gunther 1984; Robertson 1998). The railroad tracks, which passed just north of the great circle formed by Grand Avenue, became the site of the city’s industrial buildings and citrus packing houses (Freel 2011). South Riverside was nicknamed “Queen Colony” and “Circle City” by many of its early citizens, who resented that its formal name implied that it was merely a suburb of Riverside, the larger city to the north. Around 1889, residents began to agitate for a change of name. A vote was held in 1894, with fanciful names like “Lemonton,” “Grevilla,” “Hesperides,” and “Circleville” up for choosing. The original name was retained until 1896, when on July 13, the settlement was incorporated as the City of Corona. The new name was the suggestion of Baron Harden Hickey, an adventurer, eccentric character, owner of the nearby Cerreto Ranch, and friend of the city’s founder, Robert Taylor. Immediately, the name of the local railroad station was changed from South Riverside to Corona, and the South Riverside Bee newspaper was renamed the Corona Courier. The post office was changed to Corona in 1897 (Gunther 1984). By the turn of the twentieth century, the population of Corona was more than 1,400. Five thousand acres of citrus groves covered the land surrounding the city by 1912, and the packing houses along the AT&SF tracks at the north end of town shipped more fruit than those of any other southern California city. By the 1950s, Corona was known as the “lemon capital of the world,” exporting lemon juice, citric acid, lemon oil, and pectin, in addition to whole lemons, all
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
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CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 12/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
over the globe. The orange and lemon industries were the leading employers in the Corona area through the 1960s (Freel 2011).
After World War II, residential development began to spread from the City’s center into the citrus groves, as the value of real estate exceeded the potential profits from fruit crops. By the 1970s, housing tracts had displaced so many Corona lemon and orange groves that the demand for fruit could not be met by local harvests. Sunkist closed its Corona packing houses in 1982, and other producers soon followed. Agriculture has continued to diminish in the last three decades (Freel 2011). By 1954, the population of Corona was more than 11,000. State Route 91, the Riverside Freeway, cut through the north edge of the Grand Boulevard circle in 1962, initiating a period of growth and downtown renewal that lasted through the 1970s. I-15 was completed through the east side of the City in 1989. As suburban developments such as Corona Hills, Sierra del Oro, and South Corona have grown up around the original central town in recent years, the City has become a bedroom community (Freel 2011). The population of Corona is now over 160,000 (City of Corona 2018).
Minimal Traditional (c. 1935–1950)
The property at 2001 S. Lincoln is an example of the Minimal Traditional style, which was a nationally prevalent style that emerged during the Great Depression. Minimal Traditional homes were designed to be simplistic, economical, and able to be produced at a mass scale. The prevalence of the style was the result of federal policies. Franklin D.
Roosevelt enacted the National Housing Act in 1934, creating the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The Minimal Traditional-style house was explicitly preferred in FHA guidelines for homeowners to secure FHA-insured home loans. The style continued to be popular through World War II and the postwar housing boom due to the increased use of factory-produced materials, the ability to be quickly mass-produced and deployed, and the general rejection of excessive, material-intensive Craftsman, Victorian, or Period Revival styles. The popularity of the Minimal Traditional style faded by the mid-1950s because the effects of the Great Depression and war-time fiscal conservativism were forgotten (Architectural Resources Group 2019; California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) 2011; McAlester 2015).
The character-defining features of the Minimal Traditional style include the following:
Small scale
One-story or one-and-a-half stories in height
Low- or intermediate-pitched gable roof with little to no eave overhang Typically features double-hung windows with either multi-pane or simulated multi-pane Window placement occasionally includes two windows set near the building corner Exterior cladding materials may include vertical and horizontal wood boards, shingles, brick veneer, and board-and-batten siding
Minimal, limited architectural decoration, usually American Colonial Revival in character Roof dormers are rare, except on Cape Cod-style Minimal Traditional houses May have an attached or detached garage
2201 South Lincoln Avenue Property History
The dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue first appears in a 1948 aerial image surrounded mainly by agricultural land with a scattering of single-family homes. Aerials from the 1950s and 1960s indicate increased single-family
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development sounding the property but with agricultural land to the north and south. By the 1967 aerial image, the house contains an attached garage addition to the south elevation. From 1967 to circa 1993, the building footprint remained unchanged but with increasing density north of W. Ontario Avenue. By 1994, the house featured an 8-by30-foot addition on the west elevation of the dwelling. From 1994 through 2002, several tract developments were built both north and south of W. Ontario Avenue. The 1990s era phase of development effectively removed almost all remaining agricultural properties surrounding the dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (NETR 2023).
Evaluation
The residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OAW-01) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
Archival research of 2201 South Lincoln Avenue did not indicate any associations with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. Though the residence is reflective of the trend of 1940s-era housing development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The residence was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region.
Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject property is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local, state, or national level. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
To be eligible under NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2, the subject property would need to be directly associated with a person considered historically significant at the local, state, or national level. There is no indication that current residents—Kiran and Swatiben Patel—or any other former owners are people of great historical significance. In addition, directory and newspaper research did not uncover other names associated with the residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue. As a result, archival research failed to indicate any associations with any significant persons. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
Built in 1944, the residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue represents a typical example of a Minimal Traditional-style house, which was a common housing type in California from 1935 to 1950. This Minimal Traditional dwelling is not a fully realized expression of the style, which may feature dormers, original metal casement corner windows, and a recessed main entrance. More high style and intact versions of Minimal Traditional dwellings are located throughout Corona and Riverside County. As a commonplace 1940s-era house, it does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential for 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record. It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
Integrity
The residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue possesses integrity because it has not been moved. The setting around the property has changed from being mostly agricultural land in the mid-1940s to being surrounded by single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in surroundings has resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, feeling, and association. A major addition to the western side of the house that completely altered the primary northern façade and the loss of original windows and siding have resulted in a loss of integrity of design, materials, workmanship.
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CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 12/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, 2201 South Lincoln Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
Criterion A, 1. Though the property is greater than 50 years old, ECORP found no indication that the property is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the property is reflective of the trend of 1940s era housing development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The dwelling was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject property is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the property is reflective of the trend of 1940s era housing development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The dwelling was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject property is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the residence at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. Built in 1944, the dwelling at 2201 South Lincoln Avenue represents a typical example of a Minimal Traditional-style house, which was a common housing type in California from 1935 to 1950. This Minimal Traditional dwelling is not a fully realized expression of the style, which may feature dormers, original metal casement corner windows, and a recessed main entrance. More high style and intact versions of Minimal Traditional dwellings are located throughout Corona and Riverside County.
Criterion A, 3d. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is a commonplace dwelling in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Criterion A, 3f. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood or contains outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. 2201 South Lincoln Avenue is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that 2201 South Lincoln Avenue contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. A major addition to the western side of the house that completely altered the primary northern façade, a garage addition, and the loss of original windows and siding have resulted in a loss of integrity of design, materials, and workmanship. The setting around the property has changed from being mostly agricultural land in the mid-1940s to being completed developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in surroundings has resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, feeling, and association.
Criterion C. The subject dwelling is not a reconstructed improvement.
Criterion D. The subject dwelling is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 12/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
B12. References (continued):
ARG. 2019. Architectural Style Guide: Minimal Traditional. Prepared for the City of Anaheim Planning and Building Department, July 2019. https://www.anaheim.net/DocumentCenter/View/27509/Anaheim-ArchitecturalStyleGuide-Minimal-Traditional.
Caltrans. 2011. Tract Housing in California, 1945-1973: A Context for National Register Evaluation.
City of Corona. 2021. 2020–2040 General Plan - Housing Element 2021-2029. November 3, 2021 _____. 2018. History of Corona, https://www.coronaca.gov/government/departments-divisions/libraryrecreation-services/library/heritage-room/history-of-corona. Accessed December 6, 2023.
Cleland, Robert G. 1941. The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850-1870. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Freel, G. S. 2011. The History of Corona. Corona Public Library, Corona, California.
Gunther, J. D. 1984. Riverside County, California, Place Names: Their Origins and Their Stories. Rubidoux Printing Co., Riverside, California.
McAlister, Virginia. 2018. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Nationwide Environmental Title Research LLC (NETR). 2023. Historic Aerial Photographs of Corona, CA dating from 1938, 1948, 1949, 1959, 1966, 1980, 1985, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020. https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed December 13, 2023.
Sacramento, CA: California Department of Transportation. Accessed May 6, 2021.
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 12/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
Figure 1. (View east; December 6, 2023)
2201 S.
Lincoln
Avenue
ECORP: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Cultural_Resources\Ontario Ave CRM.aprx/CRM_DPR_LOCATION_Letter (2022)-mwilliams 12/12/2023 DPR 523J (1/95) *Required Information
0 250 500 1,000 Meters
0 1,000 2,000 4,000 Feet
I
*Map Name: Corona South, CA and Corona North, CA *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map:1994 (p.r.1997), 1975
Primary #
HRI #
Trinomial
State of California - The Resources Agency
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION
LOCATION MAP
DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #
PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial
NRHP Status Code 6Z
Other Listings
Review Code Reviewer Date
P1. Other Identifier: West Ontario Avenue
*P2. Location: ☐ Not for Publication ☒ Unrestricted *a. County: Riverside and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Corona South Date: 1967 T04S; R07W; Section 1 S.B.B.M. c. Address: City: Corona Zip: 92882
d. UTM: 11 S 445789 mE 3746568 mN
e. Other Locational Data: N/A
*P3a. Description:
West Ontario Avenue (Resource OV-07) is an approximately 5,400-foot-long, east–west-oriented segment road in Corona. It is a 70-foot-wide, five-lane section line road paved with asphalt. The road was built in c. 1920 and was paved during the 1970s. The western and eastern sides of the road include concrete gutters. It also features modern reflective speed bumps and reflective paint, which includes white side-stripes and turn arrows.
*P3b. Resource Attributes: HP37. Highway/trail
*P4. Resources Present: ☐ Building ☒ Structure ☐ Object ☐ Site ☐ District ☐ Element of District ☐ Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo:
Overview of West Ontario Avenue
View west, December 12, 2023
*P6. Date Constructed/Age and
Sources:
☒ Historic ☐ Prehistoric ☐ Both
c. 1920 (Topographic Map)
*P7. Owner and Address:
Riverside County
4040 Lemon Street
Riverside, CA 92501
*P8. Recorded by:
Andrew Bursan
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
2861 Pullman Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
*P9. Date Recorded:
December 6, 2023
*P10. Survey Type:
Intensive
*P11. Report Citation:
ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2023. Cultural Resources Investigation and Built Environment Evaluation for the Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue, Riverside County, California. Prepared for City of Corona *Attachments: ☐ NONE ☒ Location Map ☐ Sketch Map ☒ Continuation Sheet ☒ Building, Structure, and Object Record ☐ Archaeological Record ☐ District Record ☐ Linear Feature Record ☐ Milling Station Record ☐ Rock Art Record ☐ Artifact Record ☐ Photograph Record ☐ Other (List):
P5a. Photo or Drawing
DPR 523B (1/95) *Required information
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD
*Resource Name or # OV-07
B1. Historic Name: West Ontario Avenue
B2. Common Name: West Ontario Avenue
B3. Original Use: Road B4. Present Use: Road
*B5. Architectural Style: N/A
*B6. Construction History:
N/A
*B7. Moved? ☒ No ☐ Yes ☐ Unknown Date: N/A Original Location: N/A *B8. Related Features: N/A
B9a. Architect: N/A b. Builder: N/A
*B10. Significance: Theme: Road Developemt Area: Corona Period of Significance: 1920s Property Type: Road Applicable Criteria: N/A The following Significance Statement provides historic contexts to support an evaluation of OV-07 using National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), California Register of Historic Resources (CRHR), and City of Corona Historic Landmark criteria. (See continuation sheet)
B11. Additional Resource Attributes: N/A
*B12. References:
(See continuation sheet)
B13. Remarks: None
*B14. Evaluator:
Andrew Bursan
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
2861 Pullman Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
*Date of Evaluation: December 7, 2023
(This space reserved for official comments.)
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B10. Significance (continued):
Historic Context
City of Corona History
As early as 1825, brothers Bernardo and Tomás Yorba used the land encompassing the Project area for cattle grazing, calling it La Sierra, although they held no legal title. In 1846, shortly before California became part of the United States, Mexican Governor Pio Pico signed two grants for adjacent lands along the Santa Ana River, dividing La Sierra in two: Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda). These grants, to Bernardo Yorba and Tomás Yorba’s widow, Doña Vicenta Sepulveda, respectively, comprised a total of eight leagues (approximately 35,560 acres). Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) consisted of the southwestern half of the former La Sierra, and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda) comprised the northeastern half. The present-day city of Corona is situated on former Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) land (Gunther 1984). The Mexican Period, which began with independence from Spain in 1821, continued until the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848. As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the Territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 led to statehood in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General’s office. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult for their owners to pay the new American taxes on their thousands of acres. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo-Americans. Foreclosures and land sales eventually resulted in the transfer of most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941).
Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) was eventually surveyed and was patented at 17,787 acres on February 4, 1875. Eleven years later, in February 1886, an entrepreneur from Iowa named Robert B. Taylor formed the South Riverside Land & Water Company and purchased 11,500 acres of Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) for $109,800. Taylor and his board of directors, composed of Des Moines and Sioux City, Iowa, investors Adolph Rimpau, A. S. Garretson, George L. Joy, and former Iowa governor Samuel Merrill, bought water rights in nearby Temescal Valley to irrigate their land, and hired Anaheim engineer H. Clay Kellogg to survey a townsite they called South Riverside. From a variety of potential plans, the board and Kellogg decided on a traditional grid of streets within a wide, circular thoroughfare, nearly one mile in diameter, called Grand Boulevard. Many lots in South Riverside were sold and the South Riverside post office was established in 1887 to serve the rapidly growing population. Grand Boulevard was soon lined with two-story mansions, schools, churches, and businesses. Most of the new residents owned or worked in the orange and lemon groves that were rapidly spreading across the acres of land surrounding the community (Freel 2011; Gunther 1984).
In 1887, just as South Riverside began to grow, the California Central Railroad Company (CCRR), a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe (AT&SF) Railroad, completed a line to Los Angeles from San Bernardino via Riverside, South Riverside, and Orange. In 1889, the CCRR and another AT&SF subsidiary, the California Southern Railroad Company, were merged into the Southern California Railway Company. which was purchased by the AT&SF in 1906 (Bryant 1974; Gunther 1984; Robertson 1998). The railroad tracks, which passed just north of the great circle formed by Grand Avenue, became the site of the city’s industrial buildings and citrus packing houses (Freel 2011). South Riverside was nicknamed “Queen Colony” and “Circle City” by many of its early citizens, who resented that its formal name implied that it was merely a suburb of Riverside, the larger city to the north. Around 1889, residents began to agitate for a change of name. A vote was held in 1894, with fanciful names like “Lemonton,” “Grevilla,” “Hesperides,” and “Circleville” up for choosing. The original name was retained until 1896, when on July 13, the settlement was incorporated as the City of Corona. The new name was the suggestion of Baron Harden Hickey, an adventurer, eccentric character, owner of the nearby Cerreto Ranch, and friend of the city’s founder, Robert Taylor. Immediately, the name of the local railroad station was changed from South Riverside to Corona, and the South Riverside Bee newspaper was renamed the Corona Courier. The post office was changed to Corona in 1897 (Gunther 1984). By the turn of the twentieth century, the population of Corona was more than 1,400. Five thousand acres of citrus groves covered the land surrounding the city by 1912, and the packing houses along the AT&SF tracks at the north end of town shipped more fruit than those of any other southern California city. By the 1950s, Corona was known as the “lemon capital of the world,” exporting lemon juice, citric acid, lemon oil, and pectin, in addition to whole lemons, all over the globe. The orange and lemon industries were the leading employers in the Corona area through the 1960s (Freel 2011).
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After World War II, residential development began to spread from the City’s center into the citrus groves, as the value of real estate exceeded the potential profits from fruit crops. By the 1970s, housing tracts had displaced so many Corona lemon and orange groves that the demand for fruit could not be met by local harvests. Sunkist closed its Corona packing houses in 1982, and other producers soon followed. Agriculture has continued to diminish in the last three decades (Freel 2011). By 1954, the population of Corona was more than 11,000. State Route 91, the Riverside Freeway, cut through the north edge of the Grand Boulevard circle in 1962, initiating a period of growth and downtown renewal that lasted through the 1970s. I-15 was completed through the east side of the City in 1989. As suburban developments such as Corona Hills, Sierra del Oro, and South Corona have grown up around the original central town in recent years, the City has become a bedroom community (Freel 2011). The population of Corona is now over 160,000 (City of Corona 2018).
Roads in California
During the second half of the 19th century, a period of rapid railroad development in the United States, public roads in California and other western states became neglected and degraded. By 1900, “the nation with the greatest railway system in the world had the worst roads” (Johnson 1990:139). Interest in road building revived around the turn of the century when farmers and ranchers, many disillusioned with high railroad rates, began asking county officials for better surface roads. They were joined by millions of bicyclists who called for smoother roads in town and in the countryside. Joining forces, farmers, ranchers, and bicyclists organized local, state, and national “good roads” campaigns. In response, the federal government established the Office of Road Inquiry in the Department of Agriculture to study new road building techniques (Jackson 1998).
Dusty during summer months and muddy during the winter and spring, unpaved roads played havoc with wagons, carriages, and bicycles. Plank roads made from lumber first appeared in California during the 1850s. Gravel roads and macadam, a form of compacted gravel coated with oil, came into use during the late 19th century. Finally, after 1900, concrete roads topped by a mixture of bitumen, aggregate, and sand called asphalt became the standard modern road surface. Durable, smooth, and impervious to water, asphalt withstood winter weather, reduced vehicular wear and tear, and better facilitated drainage (Kostof 1992).
After 1910, as automobile usage surged, and as suburbanization occurred on the edges of town and cities in California and elsewhere, city planners began articulating a hierarchy of streets to distinguish residential roads, collector roads, arterial roads, and highways, each handling progressively higher volumes of traffic. Through the remainder of the twentieth century, as commercial and residential growth supplanted farms and ranches on the edges of California towns and cities, many rural county roads became adapted to suit the new suburban landscape. In many places, older two-lane rural roads became two- and four-lane suburban arterial streets lined with shopping centers and parking lots; others became two-lane collector streets lined with new residential subdivisions.
In 1936, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), a New Deal program designed to boost mortgage lending in the United States, developed design standards for new suburban residential streets. FHA standards called for quieter streets with T-intersections, cul-de-sacs, and curvilinear patterns in an effort to slow traffic. With few exceptions, homebuilders in California and other western states after 1940 adhered to FHA standards; homebuilders also eliminated alleys behind residential properties in favor driveways leading to street-facing garages (Kostof 1992). After 1960, homebuilders also began creating large master planned suburban developments featuring winding arterial parkways deliberately separated from residential zones to permit higher speeds.
Roads in Corona
Roads first developed in Corona’s historic core on Grand Boulevard, a circle street that is 3 miles in circumference, 1 mile in diameter, and 100-feet wide. Two principal thoroughfares, Main Street (north–south) and Sixth Street (east– west), intersect at the center of the circle. Inside the circle, a grid of pedestrian-oriented, rectangular blocks and streets create neighborhoods and small commercial nodes. Most residential neighborhoods in the historic core contain single-family and low-density multifamily homes, most of which are accessed by rear alleys (City of Corona 2021).
Residential streets outside the historic core serve typical suburban neighborhoods built after World War II that are characterized by cul-de-sacs and wide curvilinear streets. Community-serving commercial centers exist at major street intersections of the primary entries and in most neighborhoods (City of Corona 2021).
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*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 1/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
Roads within the Project Area include West Ontario Avenue, Lincoln Avenue, Oak Avenue, and Buena Vista Avenue.
While Riverside County crews constructed all four roads circa 1920s, research found little indication that they shared an association with the Good Roads Movement that lasted until the late 1920s. A 1948 aerial image depicts all four roads in their current confirmation except for S. Lincoln Avenue which was realigned roughly 600 feet south of W.
Ontario Avenue in the 1990s. Riverside County paved all four roads during 1970s according to aerial images. From at least the 1940s to the 1960s, these roads served the surrounding agriculture activities but by 1970s and 1980s suburban single-family neighborhoods developed adjacent to these roads (City of Corona 2021; National Environmental Title Research LLC [NETR] 2023).
Evaluation
West Ontario Avenue (Resource OV-07) does not meet any of the criteria for listing in the NRHP or CRHR, or as a City of Corona Historic Landmark, either individually or as part of an existing historic district, as demonstrated below.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion A/1
West Ontario Avenue in Corona provided residents of Corona with access to other nearby rural communities in Riverside County, as well as access to rural properties in southern Corona. Furthermore, the construction of West Ontario Avenue did not mark a milestone in the Good Roads Movement in Riverside County. There is nothing in the archival record to suggest that West Ontario Avenue is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Riverside County history. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion A/1.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion B/2
Riverside County crews built and maintained West Ontario Avenue. However, there is nothing in the archival record to suggest that it is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion B/2.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion C/3
As a conventional five-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, West Ontario Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion C/3.
NRHP/CRHR Criterion D/4
The information potential of West Ontario Avenue is expressed in its built form and in the historical record. It has not yielded, nor is it likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. It is not eligible for the NRHP/CRHR under Criterion D/4.
Integrity
Though West Ontario Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s two-lane dirt road to a five-lane paved road. In addition, the setting has completely changed from primarily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, West Ontario Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register.
17.63.050 Corona Register – Landmark listing criteria.
This section evaluates the resource against the Corona Register’s Landmark listing criteria (Section 1.3.4)
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 1/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
Criterion A, 1. Though the subject road is greater than 50 years old, research found no indication that the road is of exceptional importance.
Criterion A, 2. Though the subject road is reflective of road development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about its development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar examples exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3a. Though the subject road is reflective of transportation development in Corona, archival research failed to indicate anything significant or unique about the road’s development history. The road was not the first or last of its type, and similar types exist throughout the region. Furthermore, research did not indicate that the subject road is associated with more specific events or patterns of development that have historical significance at the local level.
Criterion A, 3b. As stated in the NRHP and CRHR evaluation above, the road is not associated with the lives of persons significant in Corona’s past.
Criterion A, 3c. As a conventional five-lane suburban road, indistinguishable from multiple similar roads in Riverside County, West Ontario Avenue does not embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion A, 3d. The subject road is a commonplace street in Corona, and there is no evidence that it reflects special elements of the city’s cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, architectural, or natural history.
Criterion A, 3e. Research found no evidence to suggest that the subject road is the work of a notable builder, designer, or architect.
Criterion A, 3f. The subject road represents a typical example of its type and does not exemplify one of the best remaining architectural styles or types in a neighborhood, nor does it contain outstanding elements of architectural design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship of a particular historic period.
Criterion A, 3g. The subject road is not in a unique location.
Criterion A, 3h. The subject road is not a potential source of archeological or paleontological interest.
Criterion A, 3i. There is no evidence that the subject road contains a natural setting or feature that strongly contributes to the well-being of the people of Corona.
Criterion A, 4. Though West Ontario Avenue possesses integrity of location, the road has gone from a circa 1920s two-lane dirt road to a five-lane paved road with bike lanes. In addition, the setting has completely changed from heavily agricultural land to completely developed with single-family suburban tract homes. Therefore, the change in road design and surroundings have resulted in a lack of integrity of setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Regardless of integrity, due to lack of historical significance, West Ontario Avenue does not meet NRHP or CRHR eligibility criteria as an individual resource or as part of any known or suspected historic district; the resource is not listed on any Certified Local Government historic property register. (C) ) A reconstructed improvement shall be eligible if the reconstruction is historically accurate, the improvement is presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan and no other original improvement survives that has the same association.
Criterion C. The subject road is not a reconstructed improvement.
Criterion D. The subject road is not a site, improvement, or natural feature that is intended to be primarily commemorative.
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 1/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
B12. References (continued):
City of Corona. 2021. 2020–2040 General Plan - Housing Element 2021-2029. November 3, 2021 _____. 2018. History of Corona, https://www.coronaca.gov/government/departments-divisions/library-recreationservices/library/heritage-room/history-of-corona. Accessed December 6, 2023.
Cleland, Robert G. 1941. The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850-1870. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Freel, G. S. 2011. The History of Corona. Corona Public Library, Corona, California.
Gunther, J. D. 1984. Riverside County, California, Place Names: Their Origins and Their Stories. Rubidoux Printing Co., Riverside, California.
Jackson, W. Turrentine. 1998. Roads and Highways. In The New Encyclopedia of the American West, edited by Howard R. Lamar. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Johnson, Hildegard Binder. 1990. Towards a National Landscape. In The Making of the American Landscape, edited by Michael P. Conzen. Routledge, New York.Koerper, H. C., P. Langenwalter II, A. Schroth. 1991. Early Holocene Adaptations and the Transition Problem: Evidence from the Allan O. Kelly Site, Agua Hedionda Lagoon. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by J. M. Erlandson and R. H.
Colten, pp. 81-88. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Kostof, Spiro. 1992. The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form Through History. Bulfinch Press, Boston, MA.
Monkkonen, Eric H. 1988. America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities & Towns, 1780-1980. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Ontario
Avenue
ECORP: N:\2023\2023-213 Ontario Avenue Widening at Lincoln Ave\MAPS\Cultural_Resources\Ontario Ave CRM.aprx/CRM_DPR_LOCATION_Letter (2022)-mwilliams 12/12/2023 DPR 523J (1/95) *Required Information
0 250 500 1,000 Meters
0 1,000 2,000 4,000 Feet
I
*Map Name: Corona South, CA and Corona North, CA *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map:1994 (p.r.1997), 1975
Primary #
HRI #
Trinomial
State of California - The Resources Agency
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION
LOCATION MAP
DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #
PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial
NRHP Status Code 6Z
Other Listings
Review Code Reviewer Date
P1. Other Identifier: South Lincoln Avenue
*P2. Location: ☐ Not for Publication ☒ Unrestricted *a. County: Riverside and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Corona South Date: 1967 T04S; R07W; Section 1 S.B.B.M. c. Address: City: Corona Zip: 92882
d. UTM: 11 S 445789 mE 3746568 mN
e. Other Locational Data: N/A
*P3a. Description:
South Lincoln Avenue (Resource OV-08) is an approximately 1,300-foot-long, north–south-oriented segment road in Corona. It is an 80-foot-wide, four-lane section line road paved with asphalt. The road was built in c. 1920 and was paved during the 1970s; a c. 1980s section extends south of West Ontario Avenue. The western and eastern sides of the road include concrete gutters and bike lanes. It also features modern reflective speed bumps, reflective paint (including white side-stripes), and turn arrows. *P3b. Resource Attributes: HP37. Highway/trail
*P4. Resources Present: ☐ Building ☒ Structure ☐ Object ☐ Site ☐ District ☐ Element of District ☐ Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo:
Overview of Lincoln Avenue
View south, December 6, 2023
*P6. Date Constructed/Age and
Sources:
☒ Historic ☐ Prehistoric ☐ Both
c. 1920 (Topographic Map)
*P7. Owner and Address:
Riverside County
4040 Lemon Street
Riverside, CA 92501
*P8. Recorded by:
Andrew Bursan
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
2861 Pullman Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
*P9. Date Recorded:
December 6, 2023
*P10. Survey Type:
Intensive
*P11. Report Citation:
ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2023. Cultural Resources Investigation and Built Environment Evaluation for the Ontario Road Widening at Lincoln Avenue, Riverside County, California. Prepared for City of Corona *Attachments: ☐ NONE ☒ Location Map ☐ Sketch Map ☒ Continuation Sheet ☒ Building, Structure, and Object Record ☐ Archaeological Record ☐ District Record ☐ Linear Feature Record ☐ Milling Station Record ☐ Rock Art Record ☐ Artifact Record ☐ Photograph Record ☐ Other (List):
P5a. Photo or Drawing
DPR 523B (1/95) *Required information
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD
*Resource Name or # OV-08
B1. Historic Name: Lincoln Avenue
B2. Common Name: Lincoln Avenue
B3. Original Use: Road B4. Present Use: Road
*B5. Architectural Style: N/A
*B6. Construction History:
N/A
*B7. Moved? ☒ No ☐ Yes ☐ Unknown Date: N/A Original Location: N/A *B8. Related Features: N/A
B9a. Architect: N/A b. Builder: N/A
*B10. Significance: Theme: Road Area: Corona
Period of Significance: 1920s Property Type: Road Applicable Criteria: N/A The following Significance Statement provides historic contexts to support an evaluation of OV-08 using National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), California Register of Historic Resources (CRHR), and City of Corona Historic Landmark criteria. (See continuation sheet)
B11. Additional Resource Attributes: N/A
*B12. References:
(See continuation sheet)
B13. Remarks: None
*B14. Evaluator:
Andrew Bursan
ECORP Consulting, Inc.
2861 Pullman Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
*Date of Evaluation: December 7, 2023
(This space reserved for official comments.)
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 1/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
B10. Significance (continued):
Historic Context
City of Corona History
As early as 1825, brothers Bernardo and Tomás Yorba used the land encompassing the Project area for cattle grazing, calling it La Sierra, although they held no legal title. In 1846, shortly before California became part of the United States, Mexican Governor Pio Pico signed two grants for adjacent lands along the Santa Ana River, dividing La Sierra in two: Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda). These grants, to Bernardo Yorba and Tomás Yorba’s widow, Doña Vicenta Sepulveda, respectively, comprised a total of eight leagues (approximately 35,560 acres). Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) consisted of the southwestern half of the former La Sierra, and Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda) comprised the northeastern half. The present-day city of Corona is situated on former Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) land (Gunther 1984). The Mexican Period, which began with independence from Spain in 1821, continued until the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848. As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the Territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 led to statehood in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General’s office. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult for their owners to pay the new American taxes on their thousands of acres. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo-Americans. Foreclosures and land sales eventually resulted in the transfer of most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941).
Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) was eventually surveyed and was patented at 17,787 acres on February 4, 1875. Eleven years later, in February 1886, an entrepreneur from Iowa named Robert B. Taylor formed the South Riverside Land & Water Company and purchased 11,500 acres of Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) for $109,800. Taylor and his board of directors, composed of Des Moines and Sioux City, Iowa, investors Adolph Rimpau, A. S. Garretson, George L. Joy, and former Iowa governor Samuel Merrill, bought water rights in nearby Temescal Valley to irrigate their land, and hired Anaheim engineer H. Clay Kellogg to survey a townsite they called South Riverside. From a variety of potential plans, the board and Kellogg decided on a traditional grid of streets within a wide, circular thoroughfare, nearly one mile in diameter, called Grand Boulevard. Many lots in South Riverside were sold and the South Riverside post office was established in 1887 to serve the rapidly growing population. Grand Boulevard was soon lined with two-story mansions, schools, churches, and businesses. Most of the new residents owned or worked in the orange and lemon groves that were rapidly spreading across the acres of land surrounding the community (Freel 2011; Gunther 1984).
In 1887, just as South Riverside began to grow, the California Central Railroad Company (CCRR), a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe (AT&SF) Railroad, completed a line to Los Angeles from San Bernardino via Riverside, South Riverside, and Orange. In 1889, the CCRR and another AT&SF subsidiary, the California Southern Railroad Company, were merged into the Southern California Railway Company. which was purchased by the AT&SF in 1906 (Bryant 1974; Gunther 1984; Robertson 1998). The railroad tracks, which passed just north of the great circle formed by Grand Avenue, became the site of the city’s industrial buildings and citrus packing houses (Freel 2011). South Riverside was nicknamed “Queen Colony” and “Circle City” by many of its early citizens, who resented that its formal name implied that it was merely a suburb of Riverside, the larger city to the north. Around 1889, residents began to agitate for a change of name. A vote was held in 1894, with fanciful names like “Lemonton,” “Grevilla,” “Hesperides,” and “Circleville” up for choosing. The original name was retained until 1896, when on July 13, the settlement was incorporated as the City of Corona. The new name was the suggestion of Baron Harden Hickey, an adventurer, eccentric character, owner of the nearby Cerreto Ranch, and friend of the city’s founder, Robert Taylor. Immediately, the name of the local railroad station was changed from South Riverside to Corona, and the South Riverside Bee newspaper was renamed the Corona Courier. The post office was changed to Corona in 1897 (Gunther 1984). By the turn of the twentieth century, the population of Corona was more than 1,400. Five thousand acres of citrus groves covered the land surrounding the city by 1912, and the packing houses along the AT&SF tracks at the north end of town shipped more fruit than those of any other southern California city. By the 1950s, Corona was known as the “lemon capital of the world,” exporting lemon juice, citric acid, lemon oil, and pectin, in addition to whole lemons, all over the globe. The orange and lemon industries were the leading employers in the Corona area through the 1960s (Freel 2011).
State of California The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial
*Recorded by: Andrew Bursan *Date: 1/24/2024 Continuation Update DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information
After World War II, residential development began to spread from the City’s center into the citrus groves, as the value of real estate exceeded the potential profits from fruit crops. By the 1970s, housing tracts had displaced so many Corona lemon and orange groves that the demand for fruit could not be met by local harvests. Sunkist closed its Corona packing houses in 1982, and other producers soon followed. Agriculture has continued to diminish in the last three decades (Freel 2011). By 1954, the population of Corona was more than 11,000. State Route 91, the Riverside Freeway, cut through the north edge of the Grand Boulevard circle in 1962, initiating a period of growth and downtown renewal that lasted through the 1970s. I-15 was completed through the east side of the City in 1989. As suburban developments such as Corona Hills, Sierra del Oro, and South Corona have grown up around the original central town in recent years, the City has become a bedroom community (Freel 2011). The population of Corona is now over 160,000 (City of Corona 2018).
Roads in California
During the second half of the 19th century, a period of rapid railroad development in the United States, public roads in California and other western states became neglected and degraded. By 1900, “the nation with the greatest railway system in the world had the worst roads” (Johnson 1990:139). Interest in road building revived around the turn of the century when farmers and ranchers, many disillusioned with high railroad rates, began asking county officials for better surface roads. They were joined by millions of bicyclists who called for smoother roads in town and in the countryside. Joining forces, farmers, ranchers, and bicyclists organized local, state, and national “good roads” campaigns. In response, the federal government established the Office of Road Inquiry in the Department of Agriculture to study new road building techniques (Jackson 1998).
Dusty during summer months and muddy during the winter and spring, unpaved roads played havoc with wagons, carriages, and bicycles. Plank roads made from lumber first appeared in California during the 1850s. Gravel roads and macadam, a form of compacted gravel coated with oil, came into use during the late 19th century. Finally, after 1900, concrete roads topped by a mixture of bitumen, aggregate, and sand called asphalt became the standard modern road surface. Durable, smooth, and impervious to water, asphalt withstood winter weather, reduced vehicular wear and tear, and better facilitated drainage (Kostof 1992).
After 1910, as automobile usage surged, and as suburbanization occurred on the edges of town and cities in California and elsewhere, city planners began articulating a hierarchy of streets to distinguish residential roads, collector roads, arterial roads, and highways, each handling progressively higher volumes of traffic. Through the remainder of the twentieth century, as commercial and residential growth supplanted farms and ranches on the edges of California towns and cities, many rural county roads became adapted to suit the new suburban landscape. In many places, older two-lane rural roads became two- and four-lane suburban arterial streets lined with shopping centers and parking lots; others became two-lane collector streets lined with new residential subdivisions.
In 1936, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), a New Deal program designed to boost mortgage lending in the United States, developed design standards for new suburban residential streets. FHA standards called for quieter streets with T-intersections, cul-de-sacs, and curvilinear patterns in an effort to slow traffic. With few exceptions, homebuilders in California and other western states after 1940 adhered to FHA standards; homebuilders also eliminated alleys behind residential properties in favor driveways leading to street-facing garages (Kostof 1992). After 1960, homebuilders also began creating large master planned suburban developments featuring winding arterial parkways deliberately separated from residential zones to permit higher speeds.
Roads in Corona
Roads first developed in Corona’s historic core on Grand Boulevard, a circle street that is 3 miles in circumference, 1 mile in diameter, and 100-feet wide. Two principal thoroughfares, Main Street (north–south) and Sixth Street (east– west), intersect at the center of the circle. Inside the circle, a grid of pedestrian-oriented, rectangular blocks and streets create neighborhoods and small commercial nodes. Most residential neighborhoods in the historic core contain single-family and low-density multifamily homes, most of which are accessed by rear alleys (City of Corona 2021).
Residential streets outside the historic core serve typical suburban neighborhoods built after World War II that are characterized by cul-de-sacs and wide curvilinear streets. Community-serving commercial centers exist at major street intersections of the primary entries and in most neighborhoods (City of Corona 2021).