Agenda packet — Covina City Council, June 4, 2024 (part 3 of 5)

K. General Circulation Policy E. 4. Where appropriate, consider infrastructure and related enhancements to facilitate downtown pedestrian circulation, taking into account safety, lighting, pleasantness, adequacy, and accessibility for the disabled.

L. General Circulation Policy F. 1. Ensure, to the greatest extent feasible, through direct or liaison efforts, the continued maintenance and adequacy and, where necessary, improvement of Covina' ssewers and sewage disposal systems system to prevent contamination of groundwater and receiving water quality and to accommodate long- term growth and revitalization.

M. General Circulation Policy F. 3. Ensure, to the greatest extent feasible, through direct or liaison efforts, the continued maintenance and adequacy and, where necessary, improvements of Covina' sstorm -drains and storm drainage system to prevent or minimize flooding and soil erosion and to accommodate future growth and revitalization.

N. General Circulation Policy F. 5. Ensure, to the greatest extent feasible, through direct or liaison efforts, the continued maintenance and adequacy and, where necessary, improvement ofCovina' swater supply facilities and water distribution system as well as the ability of the water network to meet future growth and revitalization.

O. General Circulation Policy F. 6. Ensure, to the greatest extent feasible, through direct or liaison efforts, that all current and future peak period water demands are met and that water pressure and fire flow rates in all areas are adequate.

P. General Circulation Policy G. 13. Continue accommodating pedestrian circulation, to the greatest degree possible, in terms of adequately -sized, conveniently located, safe, functional, unobstructed, and disabled - accessible major -and small -street public sidewalks, public crosswalks, private walkways and access routes, private walkways/ access route linkages to public sidewalks, and sufficient connections between public sidewalk and crosswalks.

III. Natural Resources and Open Space Element
A. General Natural Resources and Open Space Policy B. 2.h. Provide for landscape improvements to the City' s sidewalks, streets, civic properties, and related public spaces and facilities, in accordance with all applicable standards and provisions, for aesthetic and ecological reasons, to the greatest extent possible.

B. General Natural Resources and Open Space Policy B. 2. i Provide for needed landscape improvements to the City' sparks and recreational facilities, as described in the Covina Atttachment D

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Park System Master Plan and other sources, in accordance with all applicable standards and provisions, for aesthetic and ecological reasons, to the greatest extent possible.

C. General Natural Resources and Open Space Policy B. 2j. Encourage the preservation of existing mature street and other public trees in conjunction with all public works projects, except where infeasible and/ or unsafe.

D. General Natural Resources and Open Space Policy C. 1. i Whenever possible and feasible, attempt to acquire and improve land for park and recreational uses.

E. General Natural Resources and Open Space Policy C. 1.o. Continue to upgrade, enhance, redesign, and/ or replace existing parks and recreational areas and appurtenant facilities and amenities to improve overall park use, safety, and/ or appearance as well as to maintain community image and vitality, whenever possible.

F. General Natural Resources and Open Space Policy C. 5.a. Continue providing for adequate maintenance ofthe physical condition, operation, cleanliness, and appearance ofall parks and recreational facilities and appurtenant amenities, following reasonable, applicable procedures and standards.

IV. Safety Element
A. General Safety Policy B. 3.k. Maintain sufficient personnel, equipment, facilities, and resources in the Fire and Police Departments to handle fire incidents.

SECTION 4. Based upon the entire record before the Planning Commission, all written and oral evidence presented to the Planning Commission, and the findings made in this Resolution, the Planning Commission hereby recommends that the City Council adopt the Amended Fiscal Year 2025-029 City of Covina Five -Year Capital Improvement Program ( CIP).

SECTION 5. The Planning Commission hereby directs the Community Development Director to forward a copy of this Resolution to the City Council for their consideration at the next available regular City Council meeting.

SECTION 6. The Secretary shall certify to the adoption of this Resolution.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED by members of the Planning Commission of Covina on this 14th day of May, 2024.

Atttachment D

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DAN McMEEKIN, CHAIRMAN

COVINA PLANNING COMMISSION
I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of a resolution adopted by the Planning Commission of the City of Covina at a
regular meeting thereof held on the 14th day of May, 2024, by the following vote of the Planning Commission:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:

RICHARDSON, RODRIGUEZ, LOPES, MCMEEKIN
NONE

CONNORS
NINE
CO' A P 1• NN G SSION _ TARY
Atttachment D

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ATTACHMENT A
City of Covina
Amended FY 2025-029 Capital Improvement Program
Atttachment D

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PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT/ ENGINEERING DIVISION April 2024 SB- 1 Gas Tax PROP C MEASURE M MEASURE R PROP A SEWER WATER

BUILDING MAINT

FUNDED BY

MEASURE CC)

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURE W GENERAL FUND GRANTS IMPACT FEES -

GENERAL GOVT

IMPACT FEES -

LIBRARY

IMPACT FEES -
POLICE

IMPACT FEES - PARK
FAC

IMPACT FEES -

STREETS

IMPACT FEES - FIRE
ADMIN
75,179.00 $ ( 64,653. 00) 503,839.00$ 14,919.00$ 70,042.00$ 1,539,673.00$ 5,319,680.00$ 5,411,547.00$ 888,430.00$ 653,897.00$ 712,996.00$ TBD TBD 231,178.00$ 190,003.00$ 40,826.00$ 14,632.00$ 248,415.00$ 115,353.00$ 1,313, 272.00 $ 1,401, 240.00 1,174,681.00$ 998,479.00$ 881,011.00$ 1,416,176.00$ $ 2,910,000. 00 $ 10,970, 200.00 $ 2,000, 000.00 $ 1,238, 860.00 8,817,882.00$ TBD TBD 1,024, 200.00 360,000.00$ 470,688.00$ 1,408,981.00$ $ 3,529,000. 00 $ 9,123, 641.00 $ 937, 419.00 $ 1,528, 057.00 260,950.00$ TBD TBD 1,388, 451.00 $ 312, 387.00 $ 1,678,520. 00 $ 653,398. 00 $ 480, 365.00 $ 1,546, 868.00 $ 4,700,680. 00 $ 7,258, 106.00 $ 1,951, 011.00 $ 364, 700.00 $ 9,269, 928.00 TBD TBD $ 231, 178.00 $ 190, 003.00 $ 40,826. 00 $ 14,632.00 $ 248, 415.00 $ 115,353. 00 1 TBD Badillo Street Resurfacing Project From Azusa Avenue to Lark Ellen Avenue $ 1, 300, 000 1, 300, 000$ 2 TBD City- Wide Alleyway Resurfacing Project City- Wide $ 100, 000 100, 000$ 3 TBD Street Residential Resurfacing Project City- Wide $ 190, 000 500, 000$ 230, 000$ 150, 000$ 1, 070, 000$ 4 TBD Traffic Signal Installation Project 4th Avenue & Badillo Street 900, 000$ 900, 000$ 5 TBD Traffic Calming Improvements Project City- Wide 100, 000$ 100, 000$ 6 TBD
Traffic Signal Upgrade - Citrus Avenue & Puente Avenue
Project
Citrus Avenue & Puente Avenue 250, 000$ 250, 000$
7 TBD Tree Planting Project City- Wide 50, 000$ 50, 000$ 8 TBD Badillo Street Water Main Replacement Project From Rimsdale Avenue to Lark Ellen Avenue 1, 250, 000$ 1, 250, 000$ 9 TBD Cypress Reservoir Water Booster Improvement Project 1051 E. Cypress Street 800, 000$ 800, 000$ 10 TBD Rancho La Merced Water Improvement Project ( Design Only) Rancho La Merced 100, 000$ 100, 000$ 11 TBD Water Master Plan & Rate Update City- Wide 250, 000$ 250, 000$ 12 TBD Covina Park Aquatic Center Project ( Design & Specs Only) Covina Park 200, 000$ 200, 000$ 13 TBD Sunkist Park Urban Greening Revitalization Project Sunkist Park $ 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000$ 14 TBD
Covina Senior & Community Center - Bioswale ( Design &
Construction)
Covina Senior & Community Center 235, 000$ 235, 000$
15 TBD Covina Recreation Village Project Old Vita Pakt Site TBD -$ 16 TBD Covina Police Communications and RealTime Watch Center TBD TBD -$ 17 TBD City- Wide Sewer Manhole Adjustment City- Wide 100, 000$ 100, 000$ 18 TBD Sewer System Master Plan ( SSMP) City- Wide 100, 000$ 100, 000$ 19 TBD Quiet Zone Assessment Project ( Design Only) Railroad Xing 1,000, 000$ 1,000, 000$ 20 TBD
Metrolink Pedestrian Bridge & Front Street Improvements Project
Front Street to Covina Recreation Village 400, 000$ 400, 000$ 21 TBD Bus Shelter Installation Project City- Wide 100, 000$ 100, 000$ 22 TBD Trash Enclosure Project City- Wide 150, 000$ 150, 000$ 23 TBD Frontage Median Bioswale Installation Project
From Greenpark Avenue to Gardsen Avenue along
Covina Boulevard
250, 000$ 250, 000$
24 TBD Wingate Park Regional EWMP Project - Construction City- Wide CARRYOVER -$ 25 TBD Downtown Restaurant Improvements Project 100 N. Citrus Avenue TBD -$ 26 TBD Frontier Building - Purchase/ Improvements Project 176 E. Badillo Street 500, 000$ 1, 500, 000$ 2, 000, 000$ 27 TBD City Hall & PW Yard Master Plan & Design Project City Hall & Public Works Yard 231, 178$ 231, 178$ 28 TBD
Covina Recreation Village Project - Furniture, Fixtures, & Equipment
Covina Recreation Village 190, 003$ 190, 003$
29 TBD PD Building Feasibility Study Project Police Department 40, 826$ 40, 826$ 30 TBD Park Master Plan Analysis Project City- Wide 14, 632$ 14, 632$ 31 TBD TS Upgrade - 2nd Avenue & College Street Project 2nd Avenue & College Street 248, 415$ 248, 415$ 32 TBD
LA County Fire Department - Building Expansion Study Due to Growth Project
Variois LACFD Sites - Owned by the City of Covina 115, 353$ 115, 353$ Total FY 24- 25 CIP 12, 936, 178$
Funding Sources SB-1 Gas Tax PROP C MEASURE M MEASURE R PROP A SEWER WATER

BUILDING

MAINT (FUNDED

BY MEASURE
CC)

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURE W GENERAL FUND GRANTS

IMPACT FEES -

GENERAL
GOVT

IMPACT FEES -

LIBRARY

IMPACT FEES -
POLICE

IMPACT FEES -

PARK FAC

IMPACT FEES -

STREETS

IMPACT FEES - FIRE
ADMIN
Total Available Funding Remaining 88, 451$ 22, 387$ 778, 520$ 53, 398$ 365$ 1,446, 868$ 4,350, 680$ 4,858, 106$ 1,751, 011$ 164, 700$ 8,784, 928$ TBD TBD -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ IMPACT FEES - PARK FACILITIES ( PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 28- 29) IMPACT FEES - STREETS ( PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 25- 26) IMPACT FEES - FIRE ( PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 28- 29)

COVINA THEATER

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
IMPACT FEES - GENERAL GOVERNMENT ( PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 24- 25) IMPACT FEES - LIBRARY ( PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 25- 26) IMPACT FEES - POLICE DEPARTMENT ( PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 28- 29)

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEAR 2024- 2025

FUNDING SOURCES
SEWER

TRANSPORTATION

ENVIRONMENTAL
Operational Expenses - FY 24- 25 ( Projected)
Total Funding Sources - FY 24- 25

ENGINEERING
WATER

PARKS AND RECREATION

FACILITIES
ITEM Account Numbers

FUNDINGS SOURCES
Fund Balance - End of FY 2023- 24 ( Per Finance)
Anticipated Revenue - FY 24- 25

DEVELOPMENT IMPACT FEES -

RESTRICTED USES

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Atttachment D

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PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT/ENGINEERING DIVISION April 2024 SB-1 Gas Tax PROP C MEASURE M MEASURE R PROP A SEWER WATER

BUILDING MAINT
(FUNDED BY

MEASURE CC)

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURE W GENERAL FUND GRANTS IMPACT FEES - GENERAL GOVT IMPACT FEES - LIBRARY IMPACT FEES - POLICE IMPACT FEES - PARK FAC IMPACT FEES - STREETS IMPACT FEES - FIRE ADMIN $ 75,179.00 $ (64,653.00) 503,839.00 $ 14, $ 70, 919.00 $ 1,539,673.00 042.00 $ 5, $ 5, 319,680.00 $ 888, 411,547.00 $ 653, 430.00 $ 712,996.00 897.00 $ TBD TBD 231,178.00 $ 190,003.00 $ 40,826.00 $ 14,632.00 $ 248,415.00 $ 115,353.00 $ $ 1,313,272.00 $ 1,401,240.00 1,174,681.00 $ $ 998,479.00 $ 881,011.00 $ 1,416,176.00 $ 2,910,000.00 $ 10,970,200.00 $ 2,000,000.00 $ 1,238,860.00 8,817,882.00 $ TBD TBD $ 1,024,200.00 $ 360,000.00 $ 470,688.00 $ 1,408,981.00 $ 3,529,000.00 $ 9,123,641.00 $ 937,419.00 $ 1,528,057.00 260,950.00 $ TBD TBD $ 1,388,451.00 $ 312,387.00 $ 1,678,520.00 $ 653,398.00 $ 480,365.00 $ 1,546,868.00 $ 4,700,680.00 $ 7,258,106.00 $ 1,951,011.00 $ 364,700.00 $ 9,269,928.00 TBD TBD $ 231,178.00 $ 190,003.00 $ 40,826.00 $ 14,632.00 $ 248,415.00 $ 115,353.00 1 TBD Badillo Street Resurfacing Project From Azusa Avenue to Lark Ellen Avenue $ 1,300,000 $ 1,300,000 2 TBD City-Wide Alleyway Resurfacing Project City-Wide $ 130,000 $ 130,000 3 TBD Street Residential Resurfacing Project City-Wide $ 500,000 $ 230,000 $ 150,000 $ 880,000 4 TBD Traffic Signal Installation Project 4th Avenue & Badillo Street $ 900,000 $ 900,0005 TBD Traffic Calming Improvements Project City-Wide $ 100,000 $ 100,0006 TBD Traffic Signal Upgrade - Citrus Avenue & Puente Avenue Project Citrus Avenue & Puente Avenue $ 250,000 $ 250,000 7 TBD Tree Planting Project City-Wide $ 50,000 $ 50,000 8 TBD Badillo Street Water Main Replacement Project From Rimsdale Avenue to Lark Ellen Avenue $ 1,250,000 $ 1,250,0009 TBD Cypress Reservoir Water Booster Improvement Project 1051 E. Cypress Street $ 800,000 $ 800,000 10 TBD Rancho La Merced Water Improvement Project (Design Only) Rancho La Merced $ 100,000 $ 100,000 11 TBD Water Master Plan & Rate Update City-Wide $ 250,000 $ 250,000 12 TBD Covina Park Aquatic Center Project (Design & Specs Only) Covina Park TBD $ -13 TBD Sunkist Park Urban Greening Revitalization Project Sunkist Park $2,000,000 $ 2,000,000 14 TBD Covina Senior & Community Center - Bioswale (Design & Construction) Covina Senior & Community Center $ 235,000 $ 235,000 15 TBD Covina Recreation Village Project Old Vita Pakt Site TBD $ - 16 TBD Covina Police Communications and RealTime Watch Center TBD TBD $ -17 TBD City-Wide Sewer Manhole Adjustment City-Wide $ 100,000 $ 100,00018 TBD Sewer System Master Plan (SSMP) City-Wide $ 100,000 $ 100,00019 TBD Quiet Zone Assessment Project (Design Only) Railroad Xing $ 1,000,000 $ 1,000,000 20 TBD Metrolink Pedestrian Bridge & Front Street Improvements Project Front Street to Covina Recreation Village $ 4,000,000 $ 4,000,000 21 TBD Bus Shelter Installation Project City-Wide $ 100,000 $ 100,000 22 TBD Trash Enclosure Project City-Wide $ 150,000 $ 150,000 23 TBD Frontage Median Bioswale Installation Project From Greenpark Avenue to Gardsen Avenue along Covina Boulevard $ 250,000 $ 250,000 24 TBD Wingate Park Regional EWMP Project - Construction City-Wide CARRYOVER $ -25 TBD Downtown Restaurant Improvements Project 100 N. Citrus Avenue TBD $ -26 TBD Frontier Building - Purchase/Improvements Project 176 E. Badillo Street TBD 200,000 $ $ 200,000 27 TBD City Hall & PW Yard Master Plan & Design Project City Hall & Public Works Yard $ 231,178 $ 231,178 28 TBD Covina Recreation Village Project - Furniture, Fixtures, & Equipment Covina Recreation Village $ 190,003 $ 190,003 29 TBD PD Building Feasibility Study Project Police Department $ 40,826 $ 40,82630 TBD Park Master Plan Analysis Project City-Wide $ 14,632 14,632 $ 31 TBD TS Upgrade - 2nd Avenue & College Street Project 2nd Avenue & College Street $ 248,415 $ 248,415 32 TBD LA County Fire Department - Building Expansion Study Due to Growth Project Variois LACFD Sites - Owned by the City of Covina $ 115,353 $ 115,353 Total FY 24-25 CIP 14,376,178 $
Funding Sources SB-1 Gas Tax PROP C MEASURE M MEASURE R PROP A SEWER WATER

BUILDING

MAINT (FUNDED

BY MEASURE
CC)

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURE W GENERAL FUND GRANTS

IMPACT FEES -

GENERAL
GOVT

IMPACT FEES -

LIBRARY

IMPACT FEES -
POLICE

IMPACT FEES -

PARK FAC

IMPACT FEES -

STREETS

IMPACT FEES - FIRE
ADMIN
Total Available Funding Remaining $ 88,451 $ 182,387 $ 53,398 778,520 $ 365 $ 1, $ 4, 446,868 $ 4, 350,680 $ 1, 858,106 $ 951,011 $ 164,700 $ 8,784,928 TBD TBD -$ -$ -$ $ - -$ $ - SEWER

TRANSPORTATION

ENVIRONMENTAL
Operational Expenses - FY 24-25 (Projected)
Total Funding Sources - FY 24-25

ENGINEERING
WATER

PARKS AND RECREATION

FACILITIES
ITEM Account Numbers

FUNDINGS SOURCES
Fund Balance - End of FY 2023-24 (Per Finance)
Anticipated Revenue - FY 24-25

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEAR 2024-2025

FUNDING SOURCES
IMPACT FEES - PARK FACILITIES (PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 28-29) IMPACT FEES - STREETS (PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 25-26)
IMPACT FEES - FIRE (PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 28-29)

COVINA THEATER

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
IMPACT FEES - GENERAL GOVERNMENT (PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 24-25) IMPACT FEES - LIBRARY (PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 25-26)
IMPACT FEES - POLICE DEPARTMENT (PROJECT SCHEDULED FOR FY 28-29)

DEVELOPMENT IMPACT FEES -

RESTRICTED USES

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Attachment
E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029 1 Street Residential Resurfacing Project City-Wide Measure M, Measure R, Sewer $ 880,000 $ 800,000 $ 800,000 $ 800,000 800,000 $ 2 Vincent Avenue Rehabilitation Project From Badillo Street to Northerly City Limit Prop C $ 1,500,000 3 Pavement Management Program City-Wide TIF, Gas Tax 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 4 Badillo Street Resurfacing Project From Azusa Avenue to Lark Ellen Avenue SB-1 1,300,000 $ 5 City-Wide Alleyway Resurfacing Project City-Wide Gas Tax 130,000 $ $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 6 Miscellaneous Concrete Repair Project City-Wide Gas Tax 200,000 $ $ 200,000 7 Traffic Signal Installation Project 4th Avenue & Badillo Street Prop C 900,000 $ $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 8 Traffic Signal Upgrade - Citrus Avenue & Puente Avenue Project Citrus Avenue & Puente Avenue Measure R 250,000 $ 9 Traffic Calming Improvements Project City-Wide Measure M 100,000 $ $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 10 San Bernardino Avenue Street Rehabilitation Project - Phase I From Vincent Avenue to Azusa Avenue SB-1 1,000,000 $ 11 San Bernardino Avenue Street Rehabilitation Project - Phase II From Hollenbeck to Citrus Avenue SB-1 1,000,000 $ 12 San Bernardino Avenue Street Rehabilitation Project - Phase III From Citrus Avenue to Grand Avenue SB-1 1,500,000 $ 13 2nd Avenue Street Improvements Project (Design Only) From Workman Avenue to Front Street Grants 350,000 $ 14 Tree Planting Project City-Wide Environmental 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ Total $ 2, 3,610,000 $ 2, 960,000 $ 3, 350,000 $ 110,000 $ 2,300,000

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029

ENGINEERING

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Attachment
E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
15 Hurst Tract Water Main Replacement Project From Cypress Avenue to Covina Boulevard and Grand Avenue to Brightview Drive Water 1,500,000 $ 16 Edna Place Pipe Improvements Project Grand Avenue to Barranca Avenue Water $ 6,000,000 17 Navilla and Forestdale Main Replacement Project From Puente Street to Rowland Avenue and From Grand to Barranca Avenue Water 5,000,000 $ 18 Azusa Avenue Main Installation Project From Badillo Street to Edna Place Water 2,500,000 $ 19 Fourth Avenue Water Main Replacement Project From Badillo Street to San Bernardino Road Water 1,000,000 $ 20 Cypress Avenue Water Main Replacement Project From Citrus Avenue to Barranca Avenue Water 4,000,000 $ 21 Badillo Street Water Main Replacement Project From Rimsdale Avenue to Lark Ellen Avenue Water 1,250,000 $ 2, $ 000,000 22 Cypress Reservior Water Booster Improvement Project 1051 E. Cypress Street Water 800,000 $ 23 Rancho La Merced Water Improvement Project (Design Only) Rancho La Merced Water 100,000 $ 24 Water Master Plan & Rate Update City-Wide Water 250,000 $ 25 Loma Vista St & Orange Circle Water Main Replacement Project Loma Vista St/Orange Circle Water 750,000 $ 26 San Joaquin Road and Rambling Road Main Replacement From Covina Hills to Navilla Place Water 4,000,000 $ Total $ 3, 2,400,000 $ 250,000 $ 9,000,000 $ 8,500,000 $ 6,000,000 WATER

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E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
27 Sunkist Park Improvement Project Sunkist Park Unfunded $ 1,500,000 28 Covina Park Tennis Court Renovation Covina Park Measure CC $ 350,000 29 Covina Park Aquatic Center Project (Design & Specs Only) Covina Park Measure CC TBD $ 1,000,000 30 Sunkist Park Urban Greening Revitalization Project Sunkist Park Grants $ 2,000,000 31 Covina Senior & Community Center - Bioswale Design & Construction Project Sunkist Park Measure W $ 235,000 32 Covina Recreation Village Project - Furniture, Fixtures & Equipment Covina Recreation Village Unfunded $ 800,000 Total $ 2,235,000 $ 1,150,000 $ 1,000,000 $ 1,500,000 $ -

PARKS AND RECREATION

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Attachment
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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
33 City Facility Renovation Project City-Wide Measure CC $ 200,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 34 PD Generator Installation Project Police Department Building Maintenance $ 500,00035 Covina Police Communications and RealTime Watch Center Police Department TBD TBD 36 Covina Recreation Village Project Vita Pakt
Measure W, Grants,
Impact Fees - Library,
Impact Fees - Park Fac
TBD
Total $ - $ 700,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ -

FACILITIES

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E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
37 City Wide Manhole Adjustment Project City-Wide Sewer $ 100,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 38 Sewer Main Replacement Project City-Wide Sewer $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 39 Sewer System Master Plan (SSMP) City-Wide Sewer $ 100,000 Total $ 200,000 $ 150,000 $ 150,000 $ 150,000 $ -
SEWER

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E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
40 Quiet Zone Assessment Project (Design Only) Railroad Xing TBD 1,000,000 $ 3, $ 3, 000,000 $ 000,000 $ 3,000,000 41 Metrolink Pedestrian Bridge & Front Street Improvements Project Front Street to Covina Recreation Village Grants $ 4,000,000 $ 1,200,000 $ 3,800,000 42 Bus Shelter Installation Project City Wide Prop A $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $ 100,000 Total $ 5,100,000 $ 4,300,000 $ 3,100,000 $ 6,900,000 $ -

TRANSPORTATION

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
43 Trash Enclosure Project City-Wide Environmental $ 150,000 $ 150,000 $ 150,000 $ 150,000 44 Frontage Median Bioswale Installation Project City-Wide Measure W $ 250,000 $ 150,000 $ 150,000 $ 150,000 45 Wingate Park Regional EWMP Project - Construction City-Wide Grants TBD Total $ 400,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ -

ENVIRONMENTAL

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
46 Downtown Restaurant Improvements Project 100 N. Citrus Avenue Building Maintenance TBD 47 100-112 N. Citrus Avenue HVAC Replacement Project 100-112 N. Citrus Avenue Energy Grant/Covina Theater $ 500,000 48 Covina Theater - Lincoln Box Replacement Project 104 N. Citrus Avenue Covina Theater 500,000 $ Total $ - $ 500,000 $ - 500,000 $ - $

COVINA THEATER

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
49 Frontier Building - Purchase/Improvements 176 E. Badillo Street General Fund, Grants/Housing Authority $ 200,000 50 Royal Oak Middle School Playground & Ballfields Construction Project 303 Glendora Avenue TBD 1,000,000 $ 51 Navigation Center Navigation Center Prop C/Sewer/Water 1,000,000 $ Total $ 2, 200,000 $ 000,000 $ - $ - $ -

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
52 City Hall & PW Yard Master Plan & Design Project City Hall & Public Works Yard Impact Fees - Gen Govt $ 231,178 Total $ - 231,178 $ - $ - $ - $

IMPACT FEES - GENERAL GOVERNMENT

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
53 Covina Recreation Village Project - Furniture, Fixtures & Equipment Covina Recreation Village Impact Fees - Library 190,003 $ Total $ - $ - 190,003 $ - $ - $

IMPACT FEES - LIBRARY

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
54 PD Building Feasibility Study Project Police Department Impact Fees - PD $ 40,826 Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 40,826

IMPACT FEES - POLICE DEPARTMENT

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
55 Park Master Plan Analysis Project City-Wide Impact Fees - Park Fac $ 14,632 Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 14,632

IMPACT FEES - PARK FACILITIES

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E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
56 TS Upgrade - 2nd Ave & College Street 2nd Ave & College Street Impact Fees - Streets 248,415 $ Total $ - $ - 248,415 $ - $ - $

IMPACT FEES - STREETS

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Attachment
E

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Item Project Title Project Location Funding Source(1) 2024-2025 2025-2026 2026-2027 2027-2028 2028-2029

CITY OF COVINA

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
FISCAL YEARS 2025-2029
57 LA County Fire Department - Building Expansion Study Due to Growth Various LACFD Sites - Owned by the City of Covina Impact Fees - Fire $ 115,353 Total $ - - $ - $ - $ 115,353 $
Grand Total $ 14,376,178 $ 15,748,418 $ 16,500,000 $ 20,560,000 $ 8,470,811

IMPACT FEES - FIRE

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Attachment
E

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City of Covina
FY 2024‐25 Budget Summary
Fund Description
June 30, 2024 Fund
Balance Revenue Budget
Available
resources Expenditure Budget
June 30, 2025
Fund Balance Chg
1010 General Fund 10,103,601 53,872,734 63,976,335 53,872,734 10, ‐ 103,601 1095 Special General Fund (Transaction/Use Tax) 14,017,374 8,627,000 22,644,374 8,533,882 14, 93,118 110,492 Total General Fund 24,120,975 62,499,734 86,620,709 62,406,616 24, 93,118 214,093 2020 Low Mod Housing Asset Fund (397,296) 681,481 284,185 458,078 ( 223,403 173,894)2025 Housing Bond Proceeds 04 Priva 900,346 6,000 906,346 696,481 209,865 (690,481) 2055 2004 Bond‐Private 60,347 ‐ 60,347 ‐ 60,347 ‐2100 Community Development Block Gr ‐ 306,873 306, 306,873 873.00 ‐ ‐2120 Permanent Local Housing Allocation ‐ 200,000 200,000 200,000 ‐ ‐2185 Building Equipment Reserve 1,091 5,000 6,091 5,000 1,091 ‐2200 Police Evidence Reserve 230,158 ‐ 230,158 ‐ 230,158 ‐2205 Inmate Communication 29,623 ‐ 29,623 ‐ 29,623 ‐2221 Federal Treasury Narcotics 162,228 ‐ 162,228 ‐ 162,228 ‐2222 Federal Justice Narcotic Siezu 166,789 ‐ 166,789 ‐ 166,789 ‐ 2230 Other State Grants 0 1, 1,000,000 000,000 1,000,000 0 ‐ 2246 Supplemental Law 40,974 183,000 223,974 125,905 98,069 57,0952270 Other Federal Grants (0) 60,000 60,000 60,000 (0) ‐2271 Justice Assistance Grant ‐ 14,000 14,000 14,000 ‐ ‐2278 Homeland Security Grant ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2285 COPS Grant ‐ 400,000 400,000 400,000 ‐ ‐2290 Traffic Safety Fund 31,570 ‐ 31,570 ‐ 31,570 ‐ 2300 State Gas Tax (64,653) 1,380,061 1,315,408 1,314,446 962 65,615 2310 Road Maintenance and Rehab 75,179 1,234,566 1,309,745 1,300,161 9,584 (65,595)2360 CA‐Strong Motion Instrumentati 12,173 ‐ 12,173 ‐ 12,173 ‐2365 SB1186 Fund 74,004 ‐ 74,004 17,000 57,004 (17,000)2370 CA‐Green Building Standards 3,457 ‐ 3,457 ‐ 3,457 ‐2400 Proposition A 1,539,673 1,629,583 3,169,256 1,550,548 1,618,708 79,035 2405 Proposition C 503,839 1,204,681 1,708,520 900,000 808,520 304,6812407 TDA 21,453 51,708 73,161 ‐ 73,161 51,7082410 Measure R 70,042 890,854 960,896 954,645 6,251 (63,791)2420 Measure M 14,919 1,003,479 1,018,398 972,747 45,651 30,7322500 Air Quality Improvement 59,246 64,000 123,246 28,231 95,015 35,7692510 Measure W 512,996 8,817,882 9,330,878 753,104 8, 8,064,778 577,774 2520 DOC Beverage Container Grant 12,885 12,939 25,824 13,097 12,726 (158)

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City of Covina
FY 2024‐25 Budget Summary
Fund Description
June 30, 2024 Fund
Balance Revenue Budget
Available
resources Expenditure Budget
June 30, 2025
Fund Balance Chg
2530 Oil Payment Program 1,898 7,370 9,268 7,210 2,058 1602600 Cultural Arts 3,015 ‐ 3,015 ‐ 3,015 ‐2604 Quimby Fees 204,484 ‐ 204,484 ‐ 204,484 ‐2700 Municipal Parking District 743,784 260,483 1,004,267 151,430 852,836 109,0532710 Street Lighting Assessment Dis (31,871) 317,016 285,145 265,309 19,835 51,707 2720 Street Trees and Landscaping 631,948 216,779 848,727 95,764 752,963 121,015 2740 Community Facilities District ‐ 300,000 300,000 300,000 ‐ ‐2750 Shoppers Lane Parking District 47,124 20,000 67,124 11,564 55,560 8,4362800 Literacy Grant ‐ 42,000 42,000 42,000 ‐ ‐2810 Library Equipment Reserve (23,634) 15,700 (7,934) 15,600 ( 100 23,534)2830 Other Library Grants 10,843 24,962 35,805 35,805 0 (10,843)2890 PEG‐Public Education and Government 610,285 70,000 680,285 48,732 631,553 21,2682920 Public Safety Donation 15,773 ‐ 15,773 ‐ 15,773 ‐2922 DARE Donation Admin 4,787 ‐ 4,787 ‐ 4,787 ‐ 2926 Gang & Graffiti Donation 922 ‐ 922 ‐ 922 ‐2927 Police Explorer Donation 8,690 ‐ 8,690 1,700 6,990 (1,700)2930 Gang/Graffiti Scholarship Fund 679 ‐ 679 ‐ 679 ‐2931 Every 15 Minutes Admin 2,896 ‐ 2,896 ‐ 2,896 ‐2957 Playground Equip Replace Donat 5,941 ‐ 5,941 ‐ 5,941 ‐2958 Teen Program Fundraising 2,505 ‐ 2,505 ‐ 2,505 ‐2960 Parks & Recreation Donations 14,544 ‐ 14,544 ‐ 14,544 ‐2965 Youth Program Donations 11,483 ‐ 11,483 ‐ 11,483 ‐2966 Youth Sports Equip Donation 55,562 ‐ 55,562 ‐ 55,562 ‐2967 Volunteen Web Berger Grant 24,156 2,200 26,356 5,468 20,888 (3,268)2968 Senior Fundraising Donations 6,272 ‐ 6,272 ‐ 6,272 ‐2969 Grandmothers Club Donations 2,008 ‐ 2,008 2,008 ‐ (2,008)2970 Library Services‐Donation 42,833 ‐ 42,833 ‐ 42,833 ‐2971 Lib Book Donation 9,374 ‐ 9,374 ‐ 9,374 ‐2972 Library Services‐IT Donation 1,475 ‐ 1,475 ‐ 1,475 ‐ 2973 Gates Donation Fund 13,026 ‐ 13,026 ‐ 13,026 ‐2975 Lib Services‐Literacy Donation 10,933 ‐ 10,933 ‐ 10,933 ‐2976 Joseph J Borrello Memorial 58,826 ‐ 58,826 ‐ 58,826 ‐

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City of Covina
FY 2024‐25 Budget Summary
Fund Description
June 30, 2024 Fund
Balance Revenue Budget
Available
resources Expenditure Budget
June 30, 2025
Fund Balance Chg
2990 ARPA 470,570 ‐ 470,570 470,570 (0) (470,570) 4010 General CIP 0 ‐ 0 ‐ 0 ‐4050 Development Project Deposits 456,664 ‐ 456,664 ‐ 456,664 ‐4060 Covina iTEC Project fund ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐4200 Public Works CIP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐4300 Transportation CIP (0) 4, 4,000,000 000,000 4,000,000 (0) ‐4600 Parks and Recreation CIP 134,348 2,000,000 2,134,348 2,000,000 134, ‐ 347.754630 Kahler Russell Park Gymnasium 111,540 ‐ 111,540 ‐ 111,540 ‐4640 Joslyn Center Reconstruction 5,000 ‐ 5,000 ‐ 5,000 ‐4701 Impact Fees‐General Govt 231,178 ‐ 231,178 231,178 0 (231,178) 4702 Impact Fees‐Library Admin 190,003 ‐ 190,003 ‐ 190,003 ‐4703 Impact Fees‐Police Admin 20,845 ‐ 20,845 ‐ 20,845 ‐4704 Impact Fees‐Park Fac Admin 14,632 ‐ 14,632 ‐ 14,632 ‐4705 Impact Fees‐Streets Adm 248,415 ‐ 248,415 ‐ 248,415 ‐ 4706 Impact Fees‐Fire Admin 115,353 ‐ 115,353 ‐ 115,353 ‐4707 Storm Water CFD 6,032 ‐ 6,032 ‐ 6,032 ‐6010 Water Utility Admin 2,661,669 11,881,808 14,543,477 13,003,803 1,539,674 (1,121,995)6011 Water Capital Improvement Fund 2,749,879 ‐ 2,749,879 2,154,386 595,492 (2,154,386) 6200 Environmental‐Waste Mgmt 653,898 1,238,860 1,892,758 1,699,419 193,339 (460,559) 6300 Sewer Utility 5,319,679 3,071,283 8,390,962 3,402,232 4,988,730 (330,949)6400 Theatre Fund 399,284 366,200 765,484 534,456 231,028 (168,256) 7010 Central Equipment Operations 1,875,217 2,070,671 3,945,888 2,059,344 1,886,544 11,327 7020 Building Maintenance 888,430 1,501,069 2,389,498 1,501,069 888,429 (0)7200 Information Technology 1,556,635 1,864,487 3,421,122 1,864,487 1,556,635 ‐7360 Worker's Compensation 1,254,925 1,045,711 2,300,636 1,045,711 1,254,925 ‐7370 Public Liablity 775,768 2,193,062 2,968,830 2,193,062 775,768 ‐8186 Downtown District (0) 8,358 8,358 8,358 (0) ‐8187 Prospero 1 5,388 5,388 5,388 1 ‐ T800 OPEB Trust 1,291,756 100,000 1,391,756 4,500 1, 95,500 387,256 SXXX Successor Agency Funds (45,919) 34,218 ( 98,936 11,701) ( (64,718) 110,637) 114, 52,058,379 166,361,844 303,465 110,736,421 55,625,424 3,567,045

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2023 2024 2024 2025
Legislative Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
City Council 165,780                              235,273 214,273                308,502 City Clerk 2,893                                        4,541 3,141                    11,179 Elections 190,720                              205,500 205,500                650 City Treasurer 2,789                                        4,048 2,748                    10,031 City Attorney 272,972                              275,500 259,000                275,500 684,662 635,153              724,862              605,862 2023 2024 2024 2025
Administration Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
City Manager 337,053                              382,230 382,230                481,238 Economic Development 109,886                              120,978 120,978                327,516 Public Information 126,328                                92,969 92,969                  111,327 Records Management 296,637                              390,752 389,361                464,025 985,538 869,903              986,929              1,384,105 2023 2024 2024 2025
Finance Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
Accounting            1,056,252           1,231,962 1,214,312          1,375,253 Duplicating                   8,808                12,500               12,500                  11,650 1,226,812 1,065,060           1,244,462          1,386,903 2023 2024 2024 2025
Non Departmental Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
Cost Allocation          (2,822,874)         (2,362,874) (2,362,874)         (2,834,596) Debt Service ‐                        ‐                       ‐ Intergovernmental                 35,275                47,500 47,500                53,700 Community Outreach                 37,328                63,000 63,000                60,000 General Obligation                    4,900                   5,000 5,000                  5,000 Capital Lease                    1,819                       ‐ ‐                       ‐ Transfers Out 175,772                            433,129          1,203,159               269,906 (1,814,245) (2,567,779)         (1,044,215)         (2,445,990) 2023 2024 2024 2025
Human Resources Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
General Administration                494,492 515,117                             564,486 514,492 General Insurance               688,942              777,829             777,829               802,621 1,272,321 1,204,060           1,292,321          1,367,107 2023 2024 2024 2025
Police Department Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
General Administration             5,674,696 6,068,840                      6,525,835 5,768,621 Crime Prevention                514,936 461,770                             564,887 557,615 Investigations             2,932,089 2,659,511                      3,118,422 2,970,089 Patrol             9,553,951 9,258,045                      10,599,858 9,917,526 Police Records                691,527 602,942                             699,006 691,027 Jail                466,331 461,751                             502,490 462,331 Canine                     3,500 3,772                                      5,500 3,500 Traffic                556,728 489,116                             671,633 634,213 Parking Control                484,540 554,569                             465,765 483,540 Communications Svcs             1,543,392 1,295,581                      1,685,759 1,552,892 Police Training                592,083 637,455                             688,445 560,983 Computer Service                378,500 377,801                             431,000 378,500 Disaster Preparation                  59,500 76,584                  55,900                  59,500 Animal Control                374,400 374,629                364,400                383,500 23,826,173 23,322,366         24,401,138        26,401,599 City of Covina
General Fund Expenditure Summaries by Department
Fiscal Year 2024‐25

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City of Covina
General Fund Expenditure Summaries by Department
Fiscal Year 2024‐25
2023 2024 2024 2025
Emergency Services ‐ COVID Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed Emergency Medical Services                       ‐                      ‐                      ‐                        ‐ ‐ ‐                       ‐                       ‐
2023 2024 2024 2025
Fire Department Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
Fire Suppression           9,000,222        10,542,624        10,542,624          12,812,054 10,542,624 9,000,222         10,542,624        12,812,054 2023 2024 2024 2025
Public Works Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed
General Administration               339,570              355,091 355,091              434,797 Graffiti                       123                      600 600                      800 Engineering               521,763              598,820 598,820              669,366 Streets            1,267,088           1,619,463 1,619,463          1,944,476 Street Trees Landscaping ‐                       1,276,705          ‐ Street Lighting               295,842                       ‐ ‐                       ‐ Traffic Control                 83,827                       ‐ ‐                       ‐ Yard Center                        (15)                       ‐ ‐                       ‐ Park Maint           1,041,577          1,227,205               25,000            1,243,270 3,801,179 3,549,776           3,875,679          4,292,710 2023 2024 2024 2025
Parks And Recreation Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed General Administration               758,474              749,191 749,191              868,590 Community Relations               220,427              227,764 227,764              178,341 Recreation Services               662,329              786,401 787,768              751,713 Community Programs                 69,796                100,483 90,483              83,595 Senior Services               315,949              461,980 461,980              443,240 Community Parade               341,821              367,421 366,054              265,389 Community Special Events                 13,859                44,143 44,143                50,249 Aquatics               284,775              328,352 328,352              308,918 Library Services           1,034,321          1,269,604          1,274,727            1,717,974 4,325,339 3,701,753           4,340,461          4,668,008 2023 2024 2024 2025
Community Development Actual Adopted Projected YE Proposed General Administration               997,997              6,539,859 954,937          1,345,797 Planning               790,778              775,880 627,153              670,896 Planning Commission                 17,103                17,688 17,688                17,225 Building Inspection               754,236              760,408 790,108              830,709 Code Enforcement               304,831              484,204 357,970              535,749 Housing                        ‐                       50,000 ‐                ‐ Business Assistance               305,004                      ‐             394,996                        ‐ 2,747,855 3,169,948           9,023,035          3,400,376 Total Gen Fund 43,950,462         47,598,259        55,387,296        53,872,734

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Attachment H

CITY OF COVINA
Budget Policy

PURPOSE
The purpose of this policy is to define the principles behind preparing and administering the City’s annual financial plan.

ESTIMATED REVENUES
 Estimated revenues will be identified by fund, program and activity  Fund types include general,special revenue, debt service, capital projects, enterprise, agency and internal service funds
 Identify recurringvs. nonrecurring revenues
 Identify general revenues vs. restricted revenues

APPROPRIATIONS
 Each programwill identify activities and the recommended appropriations  Identify recurring vs. nonrecurring appropriations
 Identify general vs. restricted appropriations
 Continuingappropriationsfor year-end
o Encumbrances and contractual commitments
o Grant, restricted donation and capital project appropriations are considered life-cycle appropriations
o All other appropriations shall lapse at year-end unless carried forward by City Council action

FUND BALANCES/WORKING CAPITAL
 Budgetwill calculateavailablefund balances and/or working capital available in the variousfunds
 Budget will establish adequate reserves
o Capital needs
o Offset economic hard times
o Stabilize fluctuations in cash flow requirements
o Emergency situations
 General Fund
o Minimum of 20% of operating expenses-reserve shall be maintained o Excess reserves will be designated for nonrecurring activities or capital improvements  Internal Service Funds
o Maintain general liability and worker's compensation reserves based on actuarial

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Attachment H
recommendations.
o Maintain sufficient reserves to fund equipment replacement at the end of its useful life  Enterprise Funds
o Maintain reserves as recommended by applicable rate studies  Restricted Funds
o Reserves can be used for only designated purposes
o Excess reserves can be designated for recurring and nonrecurring activities or capital improvements depending on the nature of the fund

COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT, MONITORING AND REPORTING
 Identifying community needs for essential services
o Describing the programs required to provide the essential services o Identifying the purpose of activities performed in delivering services  Identifying resourcesrequired toperform program activities andaccomplish goals and objectives
 Monitoring standards to measure and evaluate
o Output and outcomes of program activities
o Accomplishment of program activities
o Staffing levels
o Programactivity revenue and appropriations
 Make budgetary and financial decisions on conservative estimates of revenues, expenditures and other financing sources and uses
 The greater the uncertainty and/or volatility of the budgetary and financial estimates, the more conservative the estimates

CHANGES IN SERVICE LEVELS
 The base budget is the required appropriation level needed to maintain the previous year’s budget service level
 Change in service is the proposed increase or decrease in service level  Increase in services shall be offset with new revenue or a corresponding decrease in other program services
 Grants shall not have a negative impact on General Fund services  Future operating grants will not be funded by the General Fund unless there is a new revenue source or decrease in other program services

BUDGET SHALL BE BALANCED
 Ongoing and recurring costs shall be funded with ongoing and recurring revenues  One-time and nonrecurring costs shall be funded with excess ongoing revenues, available one-time revenues or excess reserves
 One-time or nonrecurring revenues shall not fund ongoing costs

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Attachment H
 Current costs shall be recognized and funded in the current year, not deferred or funded in future years whenever possible
 Budget sufficient funding levels to maintain current City services  The General Fund shall try to maintain a minimum $100,000 operating contingency for unanticipated events
 Make conscious decisions about cost recovery and/or general tax subsidy of those services that benefit only a portion of the tax paying public
 Formalize a five-year capital improvement program to identify priorities, service levels, funding sources and future impacts of decisions made today.

INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE
 Identify preventive maintenance of infrastructure to minimize future expenditures o Make conscious effort to amortize capital costs
 Replacing or expanding existing facilities and equipment  With respect to equipment, rates shall be established to recover the replacement cost of each item at the end of its useful life  Facilities shall be amortized to cover ongoing maintenance and cyclical repairs, and for the replacement or expansion of major structures

EXCEPTIONS
 City Council authorization is required except for:
o Emergencies
o Legal requirements
o Accounting changes and prior period adjustments

IMPLEMENTATION
 The City Manager shall be responsible for the preparation and submission of the budget  The City Manager shall be authorized to make the appropriate changes to adhere to the budget policy
 Staff shall report to the City Council periodically (quarterly or semi-annually at a minimum) with an update on actual revenues and expenditures as shown in the adopted budget

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CC Regular Meeting

AGENDA ITEM REPORT
ITEM NO. PH 3
Meeting: June 4, 2024
Title: A Request for the Construction of an “Outdoor Advertising Structure (Freeway Billboard)” at 1270 E Garvey Street (APN 8447-031-052) and Approving a Mitigated Negative Declaration (MND)
Presented by: Brian K. Lee, Director of Community Development Recommendation: 1. Adopt Resolution CC 2024-28, adopting Mitigated Negative Declaration (sch 2024020529) pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act and the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program for Development Agreement (DA), Planned Community Development Modification (PCDM) 22-4, Zone Change (ZCH) 24-01, Zoning Code Amendment (ZCA) 22-6 Conditional Use Permit (CUP) 22-10, and Site Plan Review (SPR) 22-227 for the construction of an 83-foot high outdoor advertising structure (freeway billboard) within a 1.64-acre site, for the property located at 1270 E Garvey street – APN – 8447-031-052;

2. Waive full reading and introduce Ordinance 24-04, Approving Zoning Code Amendment ZCA 22-6 Amending Chapter 17.56 (Overlay Zone (Outdoor Advertising Structures)) of the Covina Municipal Code to Extend the S Overlay to Properties with C-P Zoning Adjacent to Freeway Right of Way, Establish Advertising Displays Adjacent to Landscape Freeways as a Conditionally Permitted Use, and Establish Requirements for Such Advertising Displays; Approving Zoning Change (ZCH) 24-1 Amending the Zoning Map to Establish an S Overlay at 1270 E Garvey Street (APN 8447-031-052); and Making Findings Under CEQA;

3. Waive full reading and introduce Ordinance 24-05, Amending the Village Oaks Office Park Planned Community Development (PCD) District Overlay Zone Consisting of Phase I (PCD 75-001) to Modifying the Sign Criteria of the Design Guidelines for Phase I and Make Certain Findings Under CEQA;

4. Adopt Resolution CC 2024-29, approving Conditional Use Permit (CUP) 22-10 and Site Plan Review (SPR) 22-227 to allow for the construction of advertising display adjacent to landscape freeway (freeway billboard) within the (PCD/C-P) Planned Community Developments/Commercial Zone (Administrative and Professional Office) District, located at 1270 E. Garvey Street (APN: 8447-031-052) and making findings under CEQA; and

5. Waive full reading and introduce Ordinance 24-06, Approving and Adopting a Development Agreement (DA), Between the City of Covina and Bulleting Displays, LLC;” Related to a Proposed Advertising Display Adjacent to Landscape Freeway (Freeway Billboard) Located at 1270 E. Garvey Street (APN: 8447-031-052).

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

The project proposes the construction of a two-sided, V-shaped advertising display adjacent to landscape freeway (Freeway Billboard) located at 1270 E Garvey Street. (Attachment 1), the project requires the approval of an Outdoor Advertising Display from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and City approval of the following applications:

Planned Community Development Modification- The modification to PCD 75-001 will allow advertising displays adjacent to landscape freeways to be added to the list of conditionally permitted signs in Phase I areas of the Village Oaks Park adjacent to freeway right of ways and will reference Chapter 17.56 for specific sign criteria.

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Zoning Code Amendment- The zoning code amendment will a) allow properties with C-P zoning adjacent to freeway right of way to establish a S overlay, b) establish advertising displays adjacent to landscape freeways as a conditionally permitted use and c) provide specific sign criteria for these types of signs.

Zone Change-The proposed zone change establishes the S overlay at 1270 E Garvey Street. The S overlay would allow for the construction of the proposed sign.

Conditional Use Permit/Site Plan Review- to allow the use and construction of an “Outdoor Advertising Structure (Freeway Billboard)” at 1270 E Garvey Street.

Development Agreement- between Bulletin Displays, LLC. and the City of Covina.

BACKGROUND:

At the duly noticed public hearing on April 23, 2024, the Planning Commission considered the proposed project, as described in the title of this report, and adopted Resolution No. 2024-003 PC, by a 5-0-0 vote recommending that the City Council adopt and approve the proposed Project (Attachment 1).

During the Planning Commission meeting, discussion ensued regarding limitation on types of advertisement and it was expressed that adult content and cannabis are prohibited. In addition, there was a question about how many billboards exist in the City. Currently the City has none and due to the limited freeway frontage, and Caltrans distance and permitting requirements, the city would likely only have one of its kind. Additional questions concerned the amount of construction demolition and debris and how the recycling of this is being monitored.

The Community Development Director explained that there would be minimal debris resulting from this project of which its collection is monitored by the building permit process. Finally Chair McMeekin raised questions regarding the Development Agreement and its negotiations, specifically what methods were used to negotiate payments back to the city. The Community Development Director explained that the agreement and its escalators were negotiated between City Staff, a City Council Subcommittee consisting of Mayor King and Council Member Linares over a year’s worth of negotiations.

A summary was provided by Environmental Consultant Finneyfrock explaining that the primary environmental impacts resulting from this project are light and glare however that there are mitigations in place to mitigate those impacts in addition to other standard mitigations. Additional questions regarding the proximity of glare to nearby by residences were raised to which Consultant Finneyfrock responded that, based on the assessment in the aesthetics analysis, there could be some visibility from residential areas, however, there are fairly stringent mitigation measures applied that exceed levels in terms of light trespass that are set in Covina and West Covina Municipal Codes, and they do not consider impacts as significant pursuant to CEQA.

During public comment the applicant gave a brief presentation and the Commission asked questions regarding the current cost of advertising and the bond amount. The applicant explained the prices based on tiers and how digital billboards are more profitable than static signs and that he was not opposed to a higher bond amount.

Two Covina Residents spoke in opposition to the project referencing position of sign and size of sign as well as light. One Covina Resident spoke in favor of the project stating that Bulletin Displays partners with non-profits to utilize their billboards, such as missing persons advertisements, and providing additional opportunities for local businesses to advertise. One comment letter in opposition to the project was received via email.

FISCAL IMPACT:

Payments to the City of Covina: The digital billboard operator shall pay to the City of Covina over a thirty (30) year period an amount of not less than Three Million Four Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars

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($3,450,000). The payments to the City would commence upon the issuance of a Covina Building Permit (to the digital billboard operator) and upon each yearly anniversary of the issuance of the building permit, the digital billboard operator would pay the City $110,000.00. Subsequent to the inaugural payment, the digital billboard operator would pay the City $110,000.00 on the anniversary date of the building permit issuance. Every tenth-year anniversary, the digital billboard operator payment will increase. The second 10- year term, the payment will be $115,000.00; and then $120,000.00 for the completion of the thirty (30) year term.

CEQA (CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT):

A Mitigated Negative Declaration of Environmental Impact (MND) has been prepared pursuant to the requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Mitigation measures have been incorporated into the project’s design and as conditions of approval to reduce impacts on the environment to a less than significant level. The Notice of Intent to Adopt a Mitigated Negative Declaration was sent on February 15, 2024, to the California Office of Planning and Research and the County Clerk, County of Los Angeles. Also, the MND was circulated for public review and comment for 30 days, starting on February 15, 2024, and ending on March 18, 2024. The final MND, which consist of the Draft MND, Comments on the Draft MND, and Responses to Comments, has been completed in accordance with the requirements of CEQA. The MND is provided herein as Attachment #4.

Respectfully submitted,

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Attachment II
Planning Commission Staff Report

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Planning Commission Regular Meeting

STAFF REPORT
ITEM NO. PH. 1
Meeting: Planning Commission Regular Meeting of April 23, 2024 Title: Freeway Billboard Sign
Title Description: A Request for the construction of an “Outdoor Advertising Structure (Freeway Billboard)” at 1270 E Garvey Street zoned PCD/C-P - Planned Community Development / Commercial Zone (Administrative and Professional Office (APN 8447-031-052) has a General Plan Land Use Designation of Commercial, and approving a Mitigated Negative Declaration (MND).

Presented by: Brian K. Lee, Director of Community Development

PROJECT SITE INFORMATION
A. Project Information:

Request: Planned Community Development Modification (PCDM) 22-4 Zoning Code Amendment (ZCA) 22-6
Zone Change (ZCH) 24-1
Conditional Use Permit (CUP) 22-10
Site Plan Review (SPR) 22-227
Property Owner: Bulletin Displays, LLC
Agent of Owner: Bulletin Displays, LLC

B. Site and Surrounding Land Uses:

Table B-1
General Plan Zoning Existing Uses
Site General Commercial PCD/C-P – Planned
Community
Development
/Commercial Zone
(Administrative
and Professional
Office
Office Building
North General Commercial PCD/C-P – Planned
Community
Development
/Commercial Zone
(Administrative
and Professional
Office
Vanlee Hotel
South General Commercial PCD/C-P – Planned
Community
Development
Office Building

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/Commercial Zone
(Administrative
and Professional
Office
East P- Park PCD/C-P – Planned
Community
Development
/Commercial Zone
(Administrative
and Professional
Office
Park
West Interstate 10 Interstate 10 Interstate 10
C. Site Characteristics:

The Project site is fully developed with a two-story office building as well as associated improvements including a paved parking lot and landscaping. The site is approximately 1.64 acres and consists of a single parcel, APN 8447-031-052. The parcel is bound by East Garvey Street to the north and east, East Holt Avenue to the south, and I-10 to the west (Attachment 1). The on-site office building features Spanish Colonial architecture and contains features such as clay roof tiles, white stucco walls, and wooden support beams. Access to the site is via two existing driveways located on Garvey Street.

BACKGROUND
The City adopted PCD 75-001 in 1975 called Village Oaks Office Park, located in the southeastern corner of the City. The Village Oaks Office Park is divided into three sub-areas, each representing a phase of development (Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III). The Project site is located in the Phase I area. The Village Oaks Office Park is within the City’s Administrative and Professional Office (C-P) Zone and has a PCD overlay. Development within the Village Oaks Office Park is subject to design guidelines and conditions set forth in the approval of the PCD designation (Ordinance No. 1299, Ordinance No. 1510 and Ordinance No. 91-1725). Ordinance 91-1725 was approved establishing new sign criteria. This proposed amendment will add signs for advertising displays adjacent to landscape freeways subject to a Conditional Use Permit and provides specific development standards.

PROJECT ANALYSIS
The project proposes the construction of a two-sided, V-shaped advertising display adjacent to landscape freeway (Freeway Billboard) located at 1270 E Garvey Street. (Attachment 1), the project requires the approval of an Outdoor Advertising Display from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and City approval of the following applications:

Zone Change-The proposed zone change establishes the S overlay at 1270 E Garvey Street. The S overlay would allow for the construction of the proposed sign.

Conditional Use Permit/Site Plan Review- to allow the use and construction of an “Outdoor Advertising Structure (Freeway Billboard)” at 1270 E Garvey Street.

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Development Agreement- between Bulletin Displays, LLC. and the City of Covina.

Design The V-shaped advertising display will provide a digital display on both side of the sign. One side of the freeway billboard would face west while the other would face east, and both would be oriented toward the adjacent I-10 freeway. Each billboard face would be 14 feet in height and 48 feet in width. (Attachment 1) The freeway billboard pole foundation would be approximately 5 feet in diameter. The billboard faces would be supported by a standalone pole structure, and the height of the freeway billboard structure would be 83 feet.

The Project would not include any changes to the on-site office building or the on-site parking lot. However, the Project would require the removal of 1 to 2 existing eucalyptus trees along the southern portion of the Project site, and some of the existing trees to remain may require trimming. The trees that would be removed would be replaced with new vegetation.

A digital freeway billboard consists of clusters of LEDs that display illuminated sign content through the use of a computer that receives images remotely via the Internet. Digital billboards are equipped with lighting sensors and controls to adjust brightness based on ambient light conditions. The display can be dimmed at a specified time or a light sensor can be installed that determines ambient light levels and adjusts the brightness of the screen accordingly. Due to the energy required to illuminate the clusters of LEDs during both daytime and nighttime, digital billboards have electricity consumption that is greater than that of static billboards.

Upon Project implementation, the western corner of the Project site would be developed with a two-sided, Vshaped freeway billboard. Both faces of the billboard would have a digital display.

Construction Project construction is expected to occur in late 2024 or early 2025. Construction is expected to take approximately 2 weeks. Construction staging would occur within the Project site, and off-site improvements are not required.

During the first week of construction, the freeway billboard would be constructed and installed. The second week would be used for landscaping improvements, such as installation of new landscaping to replace the removed trees. All staging and construction work would be completed on the western portion of the on-site parking lot. During construction, approximately 17 of the existing parking spaces are anticipated to be occupied with construction activities and staging. The western driveway may also be closed to general parking lot ingress/egress during construction. The on-site office building and the eastern portion of the parking lot, including 43 parking spaces and the eastern driveway, would remain operational during construction activities.

In addition, street parking is available on East Garvey Street, directly north of the building, should there be a need for additional temporary parking during Project construction.

Operations- The freeway billboard would be illuminated by LEDs. Once installed, the billboard would generally be illuminated and in operation 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Operations of the digital freeway billboard, including lighting levels and digital content, would be in accordance with all federal, state, and local laws, as well as with established industry standards. Brightness levels would be automatically adjusted based on ambient light conditions (e.g., nighttime versus daytime). The digital display would change at a maximum rate of once every 4 seconds to 8 seconds, per industry standards and state law. Digital imagery would be limited to cycling static images. No video, flashing, or motion would be displayed, pursuant to state law. The digital freeway billboard would be designed and constructed in accordance with an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), which ensures compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Act.

Operation of the Project would require additional electricity and, as such, would increase the energy use at the Project site relative to existing conditions. Estimated electricity consumption associated with the Project would be approximately 64,800 kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. Maintenance associated with the Project is anticipated to be required approximately once every two months, with additional maintenance activities possibly being

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required in the event of inclement weather. Maintenance activities would include a technician conducting routine maintenance on the sign’s electrical components.

Development Agreement. A Development Agreement is a key feature of the proposed digital billboard project. The Development Agreement would be implemented pursuant to the adoption of Ordinance No. 2024- XXX. Pursuant to the initial digital billboard proposal by the applicant, the Covina City Council formed a subcommittee of two (2) City Councilmembers that provided general business input to City staff. The resulting Development Agreement contains several significant business points for the City of Covina as follows:

The payments to the City would commence upon the issuance of a Covina Building Permit (to the digital billboard operator) and upon each yearly anniversary of the issuance of the building permit, the digital billboard operator would pay the City $110,000.00. Subsequent to the inaugural payment, the digital billboard operator would pay the City $110,000.00 on the anniversary date of the building permit issuance. Every tenth-year anniversary, the digital billboard operator payment will increase. The second 10-year term, the payment will be $115,000.00; and then $120,000.00 for the completion of the thirty (30) year term.

City use of the digital billboard: In addition to providing to the City display time in connection with local emergencies, the digital billboard operator shall provide five (5) weeks’ worth of display time per year for public service announcements (“PSA”) by the City on one of two display panels of the Billboard, subject to availability of space.

FINDINGS OF FACTS
Findings for Planned Community Development (CMC Section 17.58.140) CMC Section 17.58.140 provides that the Planning Commission, in approving a Planned Community Development, shall find as follows:

1. That the site for the proposed use is adequate in size and shape to accommodate the use; Facts: The project proposes to construct a sign with surrounding landscaping. The Project proposes no physical changes to the existing building. All existing parking is to remain. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

2. That the site for the proposed use relates to streets and highways adequate in width and pavement type to carry the quantity and kind of traffic generated by the proposed use; Facts: The site is within an established area characterized by commercial/office uses that conform well to surrounding neighborhood infrastructure and support services with access to major streets, freeway systems, and retail services. The proposed project does impact quantity and kind of traffic generated by the use and its surrounding environment. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

3. That the proposed use is not detrimental to the surrounding properties or uses permitted in the general area;
Facts: The existing site is surrounded by commercial sites to the north and west. Interstate 10 is located directly south of the project site and a park is located to the east. The construction of a new freeway billboard sign is compatible with the surrounding uses. Sensitive receptors have been identified and mitigation

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measures will be implemented to ensure light trespass from the Project does not exceed 0.74 foot-candles above ambient lighting at light-sensitive properties. Consequently, the Project is not anticipated to produce light or glare such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected. No video, flashing, or motion would be displayed, pursuant to state law. In conclusion, the proposed use will have no adverse effects on the abutting properties or the permitted use. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

4. That the conditions stated in the decision are deemed necessary to protect the health, safety and general welfare;

5. Facts: The Development Review Committee, comprised of Building & Safety, Environmental Services, Los Angeles County Fire, Covina Police Department, Planning and Engineering, were provided an opportunity to review and comment on the project application. In addition, the proposed use has been conditioned to ensure that no potential issues would arise during operations. The staff’s comments confirm that the proposed use would operate in a manner that would be consistent with the Covina Municipal Code and would not negatively affect the public health, safety, and general welfare of the community. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

Findings for Conditional Use Permit (CMC Section 17.62.120) CMC Section 17.62.120 provides that the Planning Commission, in approving a Conditional Use Permit, shall find as follows:

1. The site for the proposed is adequate in size and shape to accommodate the use and all yards, spaces, walls, fences, parking, loading, landscaping, and other features required by this title to adjust the use of land and uses in the neighborhood.

Facts: The proposed project proposes to construct a sign with surrounding landscaping. Proposed no physical changes to the existing building. All existing parking is to remain. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

2. That the site for the proposed use relates to streets and highways adequate in width and pavement type to carry the quantity and kind of traffic generated by the proposed use.

Facts: The site is within an established area characterized by commercial/office uses that conform well to surrounding neighborhood infrastructure and support services with access to major streets, freeway systems, and retail services. The proposed project does impact quantity and kind of traffic generated by the use and its surrounding environment. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

3. The proposed use will have no adverse effects on the abutting properties or the permitted use thereof.

Facts: The existing space is surrounded by commercial sites to the north and west. Interstate 10 is located directly south of the project site and a park is located to the east. The construction of a new freeway billboard sign is compatible with the surrounding uses. Sensitive receptors have been identified and mitigation measures will be implemented to ensure light trespass from the Project does not exceed 0.74 footcandles above ambient lighting at light-sensitive properties. Consequently, the Project is not anticipated to produce light or glare such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected. No video, flashing, or motion would be displayed, pursuant to state law. In conclusion, the proposed use will have no adverse effects on the abutting properties or the permitted use. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

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4. That the conations stated in the decisions are deemed necessary to protect public health, safety, and general welfare. Such conditions include regulations of use, regulation of signs, requiring maintenance of grounds, regulations of noise, vibrations, odors, etc., regulation of time for certain activities, duration of use, and any such other conditions as will make possible the developments of the city in an orderly and efficient manner and conformity with the intent and purposes set forth in Title 17 of the Municipal Code.

Facts: The Development Review Committee, comprised of Building & Safety, Environmental Services, Los Angeles County Fire, Covina Police Department, Planning and Engineering, were provided an opportunity to review and comment on the project application. In addition, the proposed use has been conditioned to ensure that no potential issues would arise during operations. The staff’s comments confirm that the proposed use would operate in a manner that would be consistent with the Covina Municipal Code and would not negatively affect the public health, safety, and general welfare of the community. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

Findings for Site Plan Review (CMC Section 17.64.070)

1. The design elements are so arranged that traffic congestion is avoided, pedestrian and vehicular safety and welfare are protected, and there will be no adverse effect to surrounding properties:
buildings, structures and improvements; vehicular ingress, egress and internal circulation; setbacks; building height; location of service; walls; and landscaping.

Facts: The proposed project proposes to construct a sign with surrounding landscaping. There are no proposed physical changes to the existing building. All existing parking is to remain. The Project will not create an increase in traffic and the billboard would require minimal maintenance. Access to the site will not change and will not be impacted by the Project. The Project will require the removal of 1 to 2 existing eucalyptus trees along the southern portion of the Project site, and some of the existing trees to remain may require trimming. The trees that would be removed would be replaced with new vegetation. It complies with the Covina Municipal Code, Planned Community Development, Covina General Plan, and Covina Design Guidelines. Therefore, this criterion has been met. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

2. The project design conforms to the Covina General Plan, the design guidelines, transportation demand management regulations, and any specific plans or guidelines applicable to the project.

Facts: The Project complies with all applicable regulations as described in the staff report. The Freeway Billboard has the opportunity to attract new business and shoppers consisted with General Plan Land Use Objective 2, section 3 Policies: “Maintain its variety of functional commercial office, retail and service businesses, and whenever possible seek to expand the amount and mix of businesses to attract more shoppers/customers/patrons and to increase sales tax”. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

3. The project design is harmonious, consistent, and complete within itself and functionally and visually compatible with neighboring structures and the area in which it is located.

Facts: The project proposes to construct a sign with surrounding landscaping. No physical changes to the existing building are proposed. All existing parking is to remain. The proposed sign will be confined to conformance with development standards consistent with the character, appearance, and features of the surrounding sites. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

4. The development will constitute an adequate environment for the intended use by sustaining the desirability and stability of the neighborhood and community;

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Facts: The surrounding neighborhood and community constitutes an adequate environment for a freeway sign. The proposed project is designed and in conformance local and state laws as well as consistent with the character, appearance, and features of a sign and its surrounding neighborhood. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

5. Proposed lighting is so arranged as to reflect lighting away from adjoining properties:

Facts: Th freeway billboard would be illuminated and in operation 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. The lighting levels and digital content, would be in accordance with all federal, state, and local laws, as well as with established industry standards. Brightness levels would be automatically adjusted based on ambient light conditions (e.g., nighttime versus daytime). Sensitive receptors have been identified and mitigation measures will be implemented to ensure light trespass from the Project does not exceed 0.74 footcandles above ambient lighting at light-sensitive properties. Consequently, the Project is not anticipated to produce light or glare such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected. No video, flashing, or motion would be displayed, pursuant to state law. The digital freeway billboard would be designed and constructed in accordance with an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), which ensures compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Act. Therefore, this criterion has been met.

6. Proposed signs will not by size, location, color or lighting, interfere with traffic or limit visibility, Utility and street improvements pursuant to CMC Sections 17.64.120 and 17.64.130.

Facts: The digital freeway billboard would be designed and constructed in accordance with an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), which ensures compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Act compliance and with the City of Covina’s Municipal Code and with PCD 75-001. The Project is not anticipated to produce light or glare such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected. No video, flashing, or motion would be displayed, pursuant to state law.

Therefore, this criterion has been met.

PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE AND NOTIFICATION
The public hearing notice was published in the San Gabriel Valley Examiner newspaper on April 11, 2024 as a display advertisement at least one-eighth page in size, and a minimum ten (10) days before the April 23, 2024 hearing as required by law.

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION
A Mitigated Negative Declaration of Environmental Impact (MND) has been prepared pursuant to the requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Mitigation measures have been incorporated into the project’s design and as conditions of approval to reduce impacts on the environment to a less than significant level. The Notice of Intent to Adopt a Mitigated Negative Declaration was sent on February 15, 2024, to the California Office of Planning and Research and the County Clerk, County of Los Angeles.

Also, the MND was circulated for public review and comment for 30 days, starting on February 15, 2024, and ending on March 18, 2024. The MND is provided herein as Attachment #4.

STAFF RECOMMENDATION
The Department of Community Development recommends the following actions of the Planning Commission:

Approve Resolution No. 2024-003 PC recommending to the City Council the adoption of mitigated negative declaration (SCH2024020529) as adequately prepared in accordance with the California Environmental Quality

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Act, and adopting the required findings under CEQA and the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program, and recommending the approval of the following Land Use Entitlements:
 Recommend approval of Zoning Code Amendment (ZCA) 22-6  Recommend approval of Zone Change (ZCH) 24-1
 Recommend approval of Planned Community Development Modification (PCDM) 22-4  Recommend approval of Conditional Use Permit (CUP) 22-10 and Site Plan Review (SPR) 22- 227
 Recommend approval of Development Agreement
Prepared by: Approved By:
______________________________
Lisette Sanchez-Mendoza
Contract Planner

ATTACHMENTS

1. Project Plans

2. Resolution No. 2024-003 recommending approval of the MND and all entitlements with Conditions of Approval and attached Exhibits A-E:

Exhibit A – Draft Ordinance No. 2024-XX - CC for ZCA 22-6 and ZCH 24-1 Exhibit B – Draft Ordinance No. 2024-XX- CC for PCD 22-4 Exhibit C – Draft Resolution No. 2024-XX – CC for CUP 2022-10 and SPR 22-227 Exhibit D – Draft Ordinance No 2024-XX- CC for Development Agreement Exhibit E – Draft Resolution No. 2024-XX- CC for MND and MMRP

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Attachment III
Project Location and Renderings Page 461 of 792

SITE PLAN

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AERIAL PHOTO

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PROJECT RENDERING (EAST)

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PROJECT RENDERING (WEST)

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PROJECT ELEVATIONS

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FINAL
Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration
1270 Garvey Street Digital
Billboard Project
MAY 2024
Prepared for:

CITY OF COVINA
125 East College Street
Covina, California 91723
Prepared by:
225 South Lake Avenue
Suite M210
Pasadena, California 91101

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Printed on 30% post-consumer recycled material.

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8817.13 i
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Table of Contents

SECTION PAGE
Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................ iii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Project Overview.....................................................................................................................................1

1.2 California Environmental Quality Act Compliance ................................................................................1

1.3 Project Location......................................................................................................................................1

1.4 Environmental Setting............................................................................................................................2 2 Project Description...............................................................................................................................................3

2.1 Design .....................................................................................................................................................3

2.2 Construction............................................................................................................................................3

2.3 Operations ..............................................................................................................................................4

2.4 Updates to the Zoning Code & Village Oaks Office Park Regulations .................................................5

2.5 Required Permits and Approvals...........................................................................................................5 3 Initial Study Checklist...........................................................................................................................................7

3.1 Aesthetics ............................................................................................................................................ 11

3.2 Agriculture and Forestry Resources ................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 24

3.4 Biological Resources ........................................................................................................................... 37

3.5 Cultural Resources .............................................................................................................................. 41

3.6 Energy .................................................................................................................................................. 44

3.7 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................................ 47

3.8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions................................................................................................................ 54

3.9 Hazards and Hazardous Materials ..................................................................................................... 61

3.10 Hydrology and Water Quality............................................................................................................... 67

3.11 Land Use and Planning ....................................................................................................................... 72

3.12 Mineral Resources .............................................................................................................................. 73

3.13 Noise .................................................................................................................................................... 75

3.14 Population and Housing...................................................................................................................... 83

3.15 Public Services .................................................................................................................................... 84

3.16 Recreation............................................................................................................................................ 85

3.17 Transportation ..................................................................................................................................... 86

3.18 Tribal Cultural Resources.................................................................................................................... 89

3.19 Utilities and Service Systems.............................................................................................................. 92

3.20 Wildfire ................................................................................................................................................. 94

3.21 Mandatory Findings of Significance ................................................................................................... 96

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4 List of Preparers..............................................................................................................................................101 5 Response to Comments .................................................................................................................................121

5.1 Written Comments.............................................................................................................................121

5.2 Verbal Comments..............................................................................................................................135 6 Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program..............................................................................................137

APPENDICES
A Air Quality, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Energy Modeling Data B Noise Calculations

FIGURES
1-1 Project Location ..............................................................................................................................................103 1-2 Village Oaks Office Park Planned Community Development........................................................................105 1-3 Project Site Aerial............................................................................................................................................107 1-4 Surrounding Land Uses ..................................................................................................................................109 2-1 Site Plan...........................................................................................................................................................111 2-2 Aerial Project Overview ...................................................................................................................................113 2-3 Project Elevations............................................................................................................................................115 2-4A Project Rendering — East................................................................................................................................117 2-4B Project Rendering — West...............................................................................................................................119 TABLES

3.3-1 South Coast Air Quality Management District Air Quality Significance Thresholds ...................................... 27

3.3-2 Construction Scenario Assumptions................................................................................................................ 29

3.3-3 Estimated Maximum Daily Construction Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions ..................................................... 30

3.3-4 Estimated Maximum Daily Operation Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions.......................................................... 31

3.3-5 Construction Localized Significance Thresholds Analysis .............................................................................. 32

3.6-1 Project Construction Petroleum Demand........................................................................................................ 45

3.8-1 Estimated Annual Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions......................................................................... 56

3.8-2 Estimated Annual Operational Greenhouse Gas Emissions .......................................................................... 58

3.13-1 Typical Sound Levels in the Environment........................................................................................................ 76

3.13-2 City of Covina Exterior Noise Level Limits (Stationary Noise Sources) .......................................................... 78

3.13-3 Construction Noise Model Results Summary.................................................................................................. 79 5-1 List of Commenters.........................................................................................................................................121 6-1 Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program..............................................................................................138

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8817.13 iii
MAY 2024
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym/Abbreviation Definition
AB Assembly Bill
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APN Assessor’s Parcel Number
AQMP Air Quality Management Plan
BACT Best Achievable Control Technology
Basin Plan Basin Plan for the Coastal Watersheds of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties bgs below the ground surface
BMP best management practice
BPC Business and Professions Code
CAAQS California Ambient Air Quality Standards
CalEEMod California Emissions Estimator Model
CalGEM California Geologic Energy Management Division
Caltrans California Department of Transportation
CARB California Air Resources Board
CA-WET California Waste Extraction Test
CCR California Code of Regulations
CDOC California Department of Conservation
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CH4 methane
CHRIS California Historical Resources Information System City City of Covina
CNDDB California Natural Diversity Database
CNEL Community Noise Equivalent Level
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent
C-P Administrative and Professional Office zone
CRHR California Register of Historical Resources
CUP Conditional Use Permit
dB decibels
dBA A-weighted decibels
DPM diesel particulate matter
DTSC Department of Toxic Substances Control
EAP Energy Action Plan
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
GC General Commercial zone
GHG greenhouse gas
GWP global warming potential
HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

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Acronym/Abbreviation Definition
HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
I Interstate
IES Illuminating Engineering Society
kWh kilowatt hours
LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard
Ldn day–night average noise level
LED light-emitting diode
Leq equivalent noise level over a given period
LST localized significance threshold
LZ Lighting Zone
mg/kg milligrams per kilogram
mg/L milligrams per liter
MM mitigation measure
MND Mitigated Negative Declaration
MT metric tons
N2O nitrous oxide
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAHC Native American Heritage Commission
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
NOx oxides of nitrogen
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
NRHP National Register of Historic Places
O3 ozone
PCD Planned Community Development
PE Professional Engineer
PG Professional Geologist
PM10 particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 microns
PM2.5 particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns
PPV peak particle velocity
PRC Public Resources Code
Project or proposed Project 1270 Garvey Street Digital Billboard Project RCNM Roadway Construction Noise Model
RTP/SCS Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board
SB Senate Bill
SCAB South Coast Air Basin
SCAG Southern California Association of Governments
SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District
SCCIC South Central Coastal Information Center
SLF Sacred Lands File
SOX sulfur oxides

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1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 v
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Acronym/Abbreviation Definition
STLC Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration
SVP Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board
TAC toxic air contaminant
TCR tribal cultural resource
VHFHSZ very high fire hazard severity zone
VMT vehicle miles traveled
VOC volatile organic compound

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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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8817.13 vii
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Preface
The Final Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration (IS/MND) is an informational document intended to disclose to the City of Covina (City) and to the public the environmental consequences of approving and implementing the 1270 Garvey Street Digital Billboard Project (proposed Project). This document has been prepared in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) as outlined below.

The IS/MND for the proposed Project was released for public review and comment on February 15, 2024. The public review period ended on March 18, 2024. Two comment letters were received by the City during the public review period. On April 23, 2024, the City of Covina Planning Commission held a public hearing to consider recommending Project approval to the City Council. One additional comment letter was received prior to the hearing, and verbal comments on the Project were received during the hearing from commissioners and community members. Chapter 5 of this Final IS/MND includes copies of written comment letters received by the City during the public review period and prior to the Planning Commission hearing, as well as a summary of environmental topics raised in verbal comments received at the Planning Commission hearing. The City’s responses to environmental issues raised within the written and verbal comments are also included in Chapter 5. Pursuant to Section 15074 of the CEQA Guidelines, the City of Covina City Council will consider this MND together with the comments received during the public review process when deciding whether to approve the proposed Project.

The City has also prepared a mitigation monitoring and reporting program (MMRP) pursuant to CEQA Guidelines, Section 15074(d), which requires that a lead or responsible agency adopt a mitigation monitoring plan when approving or carrying out a project when an MND identifies measures to mitigate or avoid significant environmental effects. The MMRP constitutes Chapter 6 of this Final IS/MND.

CEQA Guidelines Regarding Recirculation
Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines, Section 15073.5, the City is required to recirculate an IS/MND when the document is substantially revised after public notice of its availability but prior to its adoption. A substantial revision is identified as follows: (1) a new avoidable significant effect is identified and mitigation measures or project revisions must be added in order to reduce the effect to insignificance or (2) the lead agency determines that the proposed mitigation measures or project revisions will not reduce potential effects to less than significant and new measures or revisions must be required.

The City has determined that based on CEQA Guidelines Section 15073.5, recirculation of the IS/MND prior to adoption is not required. This conclusion is based on the fact that no new, avoidable significant effects have been identified, no new mitigation measures were added, and the text of the document has not been revised in a manner requiring recirculation. Following this Preface, the original text of the IS/MND is included in its entirety. No changes have been made to the text since publication of the IS/MND.

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Record of Proceedings
The documents and other materials that constitute the record of proceedings upon which the City’s Project approval is based are located at the address below:

City of Covina, Planning Division
125 East College Street
Covina, California 91723
The City’s Community Development Department is the custodian of such documents and other materials that constitute the record of proceedings. The location of and custodian of the documents or other materials that constitute the record of proceedings for the proposed Project is provided in compliance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15074(c).

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8817.13 1
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1 Introduction

1.1 Project Overview
The 1270 Garvey Street Digital Billboard Project (Project or proposed Project) consists of the construction and operations of a two-sided, V-shaped billboard at the western corner of the property located at 1270 Garvey Street in the City of Covina (City). The new billboard would consist of two digital sign faces that would be oriented toward the adjacent Interstate 10 (I-10) freeway.

1.2 California Environmental Quality Act Compliance
As lead agency for the proposed Project, the City must complete an environmental review to determine if implementation of the proposed Project would result in significant adverse environmental impacts. To fulfill the purpose of CEQA, an Initial Study has been prepared to assist in making that determination. Based on the nature and scope of the proposed Project and the evaluation contained in the Initial Study environmental checklist (contained herein), the City, as the lead agency, concluded that a Mitigated Negative Declaration is the proper environmental documentation for the proposed Project. The Initial Study shows that impacts caused by the proposed Project are either less than significant or significant but mitigable with incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures as defined herein. This conclusion is supported by CEQA Guidelines Section 15070, which states that a Mitigated Negative Declaration (MND) can be prepared when “(a) the initial study shows that there is not substantial evidence, in light of the whole record before the agency, that the project may have a significant effect on the environment, or (b) the initial study identifies potentially significant effects, but (1) revisions in the project plans or proposals made by, or agreed to by the applicant, before a proposed mitigated negative declaration and initial study are released for public review would avoid the effects or mitigate the effects to a point where clearly no significant effects would occur; and (2) there is no substantial evidence, in light of the whole record before the agency, that the project as revised may have a significant effect on the environment.”

1.3 Project Location
The Project site is located at 1270 Garvey Street within the southeastern portion of the City. One parcel is associated with the Project site, identified as Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) 8447-031-052. The Project site is located in an urbanized area in the southeastern portion of the City. Regional access to the site is provided via the I-10 freeway, which is located immediately west of the Project site. Figure 1-1 shows the regional location of the Project site.

Local access is provided via East Holt Avenue, which is located immediately south of the Project site, East Garvey Street, which is located immediately north and west of the Project site, and South Village Oaks Drive, which is located approximately 50 feet north of the site. The Project site is bound by East Holt Drive and the I-10 freeway onramp to the south; the I-10 freeway and East Garvey Street to the west; a hotel facility, Jalapa Park, and East Garvey Street to the north; and East Garvey Street and Jalapa Park to the east.

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1.4 Environmental Setting
General Plan and Zoning Designations
The Project site is located within the Village Oaks Office Park, which is a Planned Community Development (PCD) in the southeastern corner of the City. The Village Oaks Office Park is divided into three sub-areas, each representing a phase of development (Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III). The Project site is located in the Phase I area, as shown in Figure 1-2. Figure 1-2 shows the area of the City within the Village Oaks Office Park and the areas encompassed by each phase, as well as an outline of the Project site. The Village Oaks Office Park is within the City’s Administrative and Professional Office (C-P) Zone and has a PCD overlay. Development within the Village Oaks Office Park is subject to design guidelines and conditions set forth in the approval of the PCD designation (Ordinance No. 1299, Ordinance No. 1510, and Ordinance No. 91-1725).

The City of Covina General Plan designates the Project site with a “General Commercial” (GC) land use designation (City of Covina 2022). Permitted uses within a GC land use designation include various types of retail and service businesses; administrative, professional, and organizational offices that serve a diverse population; institutional uses, such as churches, group homes, nursing homes, and hospitals; utility and transportation facilities; automotive sales; automotive repair shops; gas stations; self-storage outlets; animal hospitals; and parking lots (City of Covina 2000).

Existing Site Conditions
Figure 1-3 shows an aerial image of the Project site and its immediate surroundings. Under existing conditions, the Project site is fully developed with a two-story office building as well as associated improvements including a paved parking lot and landscaping. The site is approximately 1.64 acres and consists of a single parcel, APN 8447-031- 052. The parcel is bound by East Garvey Street to the north and east, East Holt Avenue to the south, and the I-10 freeway to the west. The on-site office building features Spanish Colonial architecture and contains features such as clay roof tiles, white stucco walls, and wooden support beams.

On-site landscaping includes palm trees and turf located along the footprint of the building. Additionally, along the southern and western boundary of the parcel along East Holt Avenue and the I-10 freeway onramp, landscaping includes turf, shrubs, and trees, including several eucalyptus trees. Ingress and egress to the Project site’s parking lot is provided via two driveways located along East Garvey Street. One is located along the western boundary of the Project site, while the other is located along the eastern boundary of the Project site.

Adjacent and Surrounding Land Uses
Figure 1-4 shows the land uses surrounding the Project site. To the northeast of the Project site is Jalapa Park, which is approximately 2 acres in size. To the northwest of the Project site is a two-story hotel building and an associated surface parking lot. To the southeast and east of the Project site are several office buildings of approximately 2-stories each, with associated surface parking. To the south is the I-10 freeway and associated onramps.

References
City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/ community-development/planning/.

City of Covina. 2022 General Plan Land Use Map. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/communitydevelopment/planning/.

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2 Project Description
The proposed Project would involve the construction of a two-sided digital billboard on the western corner of the Project site. A conceptual design of the billboard structure, as well as the activities that would be required for construction and operations, is described in further detail below.

2.1 Design
A digital billboard consists of clusters of light-emitting diodes or LEDs that display illuminated sign content through the use of a computer that receives images remotely via the Internet. Digital billboards are equipped with lighting sensors and controls to adjust brightness based on ambient light conditions. The display can be dimmed at a specified time or a light sensor can be installed that determines ambient light levels and adjusts the brightness of the screen accordingly. The imagery that is displayed typically consists of a series of static slides, a video or animation sequence, or a combination of both. Digital billboards can also be used to display news feeds, live scores, traffic, social media content, local weather forecasts, countdowns, and other time-sensitive, local, and/or interactive content. Due to the energy required to illuminate the clusters of LEDs during both daytime and nighttime, digital billboards have electricity consumption that is greater than that of static billboards.

Upon Project implementation, the western corner of the Project site would be developed with a two-sided, V-shaped billboard. Both faces of the billboard would have a digital display. Figures 2-1 and 2-2 show the proposed location of the billboard on the Project site. One side of the billboard would face west while the other would face east, and both would be oriented toward the adjacent I-10 freeway. Each billboard face would be 14 feet in height and 48 feet in width. The billboard pole foundation would be approximately 5 feet in diameter. The billboard faces would be supported by a standalone pole structure, and the height of the billboard structure would be 83 feet. Figure 2-3 shows the elevations of the proposed billboard faces while Figure 2-4A and Figure 2-4B show renderings of the proposed billboard from east and west of the Project site along the I-10 freeway. The Project would not include any changes to the on-site office building or the on-site parking lot. However, the Project would require the removal of 1 to 2 existing eucalyptus trees along the southern portion of the Project site, and some of the existing trees to remain may require trimming. The trees that would be removed would be replaced with new vegetation.

2.2 Construction
Project construction is expected to occur in late 2024 or early 2025. Construction is expected to take approximately 2 weeks. Construction staging would occur within the Project site, and off-site improvements are not anticipated to be required.

An existing transformer is located near the west end of the Project site and would provide electrical services to the billboard. Minor trenching would be required within the existing on-site landscaping planter to establish the electrical connection between the billboard and the transformer. Telecommunications services would be established via a modem and would not require additional trenching. As such, all utilities connections would occur on site and would not require off-site construction activities.

Construction would involve the following primary activities: excavation for the billboard pole structure and foundation (anticipated to be approximately 30–35 feet deep and 5–6 feet wide), placement of the billboard pole

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structure within the excavated area, assembly of the billboard sign faces, installation of the faces on the pole, tree trimming and removal, and vegetation planting. Soils removed during excavation are anticipated to be exported off site to a local landfill approved to accept soil and construction debris. During the first week of construction, the billboard would be constructed and installed. Specifically, excavation and pouring of the foundation are expected to take approximately 1 day to complete, and construction and installation of the billboard structure are expected to take approximately 5 to 6 days to complete. The second week would be used for landscaping improvements, such as installation of new landscaping to replace the removed trees. Anticipated equipment would include one bore/drill rig, two cranes, two loaders, two dump trucks, and two semi-trucks for hauling the sign components. All staging and construction work would be completed on the western portion of the on-site parking lot. During construction, approximately 17 of the existing parking spaces are anticipated to be occupied with construction activities and staging. The western driveway may also be closed to general parking lot ingress/egress during construction. The on-site office building and the eastern portion of the parking lot, including 43 parking spaces and the eastern driveway, would remain operational during construction activities. In addition, street parking is available on East Garvey Street, directly north of the building, should there be a need for additional temporary parking during Project construction.

2.3 Operations
During operation, the Project would consist of a two-sided, V-shaped billboard with displays oriented toward the I-10 freeway, facing east and west. The billboard would primarily display off-site advertising; however, the City would require a certain percentage of content to consist of City advertising (e.g., announcements for civic events). The amount of City content required to be displayed would be specified in the Development Agreement for the billboard.

The billboard would be illuminated by LEDs. Once installed, the billboard would generally be illuminated and in operation 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Operations of the digital billboard, including lighting levels and digital content, would be in accordance with all federal, state, and local laws, as well as with established industry standards. Brightness levels would be automatically adjusted based on ambient light conditions (e.g., nighttime versus daytime). The digital display would change at a maximum rate of once every 4 seconds to 8 seconds, per industry standards and state law (California Code, Business and Professions Code (BPC), Section 5405). Digital imagery would be limited to cycling static images. No video, flashing, or motion would be displayed, pursuant to state law (BPC Section 5405). The digital billboard would be designed and constructed in accordance with an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), which ensures compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Act.1
Operation of the Project would require additional electricity and, as such, would increase the energy use at the Project site relative to existing conditions. Estimated electricity consumption associated with the Project would be approximately 64,800 kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. Maintenance associated with the Project is anticipated to be required approximately once every two months, with additional maintenance activities possibly being required in the event of inclement weather. Maintenance activities would include a technician conducting routine maintenance on the sign’s electrical components.
1 Under the Outdoor Advertising Act (BPC Section 5200 et seq.), an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit administered by Caltrans is required for projects adjacent to an Interstate or primary highway. The Outdoor Advertising Display Permit sets forth criterion for display and display location of outdoor billboards and signage.

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2.4 Updates to the Zoning Code & Village Oaks Office
Park Regulations
In May 1975, the City established the Village Oaks Office Park PCD Overlay District (PCD 75-001) along with development regulations and design guidelines for the PCD area. Subsequently, the Village Oaks Office Park PCD was amended in 1981 and in 1991. The amendment in 1981 (Ordinance 1510) approved the precise plans for the Village Oaks Office Park (Phase III) project and imposed certain conditions of approval for the Phase III area. The amendment in 1991 (Ordinance 91-1725) approved the sign criteria of the Design Guidelines in the Village Oaks Office Park Area (Phases I, II and III). Subsequent to the adoption of the ordinances establishing the Village Oaks Office Park and the associated development regulations, the Village Oaks Office Park was largely built out.

The Project site is within an area designated as “Phase I” of the Village Oaks Office Park PCD. Under current conditions, off-site advertising signage is not allowable within the Village Oaks Office Park Area. As such, development of the proposed Project would require amendments to the Village Oaks Office Park PCD Overlay District. The amendments would state that off-site advertising is allowable within the Phase I area of the Village Oaks Office Park upon approval of a Conditional Use Permit (CUP). While this amendment would apply to the entirety of the Phase I area, additional freeway-facing off-site signage proposals are not anticipated by the City due to Caltrans requirements for spacing of billboards near state highway facilities. In the unlikely event of a future billboard proposal within another portion of the Village Oaks Office Park, the City would require discretionary approvals (CUP, Zoning Code Amendment, etc.) and associated CEQA review.

The Project site would also need to be placed into an overlay zone for Outdoor Advertising Structures (also referred to as the “S zone”), pursuant to Chapter 17.56 of the City’s Municipal Code. Chapter 17.56, Overlay Zone (Outdoor Advertising Structures), states that outdoor advertising structures are only permitted on properties that are within the S overlay zone. Upon Project approval, the Project site would thus be zoned as C-P with a PCD overlay and an S overlay. The text of Chapter 17.56 would also need to be amended in order to allow for the Project. Chapter 17.56 currently allows for S zones to be overlaid only upon the M-1 zone. Additionally, the Project would not be in compliance with certain restrictions in Chapter 17.56, including limitations on billboard height and location. The Project would thus require amendments to Chapter 17.56 in order to bring the Project into consistency with the City’s Zoning Code requirements for off-site advertising. The amendments to Chapter 17.56 would be designed for the purposes of this Project only and would not open new areas of the City to billboard development without further discretionary review and approval. As stated above, additional freeway-facing off-site signage proposals are not anticipated by the City due to Caltrans requirements for spacing of billboards near state highway facilities. In the unlikely event of a future billboard proposal within another portion of the City, the City would require discretionary approvals and associated CEQA review.

2.5 Required Permits and Approvals
City Permits and Approvals
The proposed project would require a number of discretionary permits and approvals from the City, listed below. ▪ PCD Amendment (Zoning Code Amendment): an ordinance to amend the Village Oaks Office Park PCD Overlay District to expand the land use category for off-site signage (billboards) and to change the “Provisional Plan” enacted with the approval of the Village Oaks Office Park Phase I/PCD to approve a “Provisional Plan” for the proposed off-site signage (billboard).

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▪ Zoning Code Amendment: a Zoning Code Amendment is required to place the Project site within an overlay zone for Outdoor Advertising Structures (also referred to as the “S zone”), pursuant to Chapter 17.56 of the City’s Municipal Code, as well as a Zoning Code Amendment to amend the text of Chapter 17.56 to allow for the Project.
▪ Conditional Use Permit
▪ Precise/Site Plan Review (required for changes to the Village Oaks Office Park Provisional Plan) ▪ Development Agreement between the City of Covina and project applicant (Bulletin Displays) Approvals and Review from Other Agencies
Approvals from other agencies may also be required and are listed below. ▪ California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) – Outdoor Advertising Display Permit

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3 Initial Study Checklist

1. Project title:
1270 Garvey Street Digital Billboard Project (Project or proposed Project)

2. Lead agency name and address:

City of Covina
125 East College Street
Covina, California 91723

3. Contact person and phone number:

Brian Lee, AICP
125 East College Street
Covina, California 91723
626.384.5450

4. Project location:
1270 East Garvey Street
Covina, California 91724

5. Project sponsor’s name and address:

Mark A. Kudler, President
Bulletin Displays
3127 E. South Street, Ste. B
Long Beach, California 90805
310.285.5384

6. General plan designation:

General Commercial

7. Zoning:

C-P zone with a Planned Community development (PCD) overlay

8. Description of Project:

See Section 2 of this document.

9. Surrounding land uses and setting: Briefly describe the Project’s surroundings:
▪ North: East Garvey Street, a two-story hotel building, and an associated surface parking lot

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▪ East: East Garvey Street and Jalapa Park
▪ South: East Holt Avenue and vacant land
▪ West: Interstate-10

10. Other public agencies whose approval is required (e.g., permits, financing approval, or participation agreement):
▪ Caltrans

11. Have California Native American tribes traditionally and culturally affiliated with the project area requested consultation pursuant to Public Resources Code section 21080.3.1? If so, is there a plan for consultation that includes, for example, the determination of significance of impacts to tribal cultural resources, procedures regarding confidentiality, etc.?
Yes, the Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians - Kizh Nation requested consultation. See Section 3.18 for details.

Environmental Factors Potentially Affected
The environmental factors checked below would be potentially affected by this project, involving at least one impact that is a “Potentially Significant Impact,” as indicated by the checklist on the following pages.

Aesthetics Agriculture and
Forestry Resources
Air Quality
Biological Resources Cultural Resources Energy
Geology and Soils Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Hazards and Hazardous
Materials
Hydrology and Water Quality Land Use and
Planning
Mineral Resources
Noise Population and
Housing
Public Services
Recreation Transportation Tribal Cultural Resources
Utilities and Service Systems Wildfire Mandatory Findings of Significance

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Determination (To be completed by the Lead Agency)
On the basis of this initial evaluation:

I find that the proposed project COULD NOT have a significant effect on the environment, and a NEGATIVE DECLARATION will be prepared.

I find that although the proposed project could have a significant effect on the environment, there will not be a significant effect in this case because revisions in the project have been made by or agreed to by the project proponent. A MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION will be prepared.

I find that the proposed project MAY have a significant effect on the environment, and an ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT is required.

I find that the proposed project MAY have a “potentially significant impact” or “potentially significant unless mitigated” impact on the environment, but at least one effect (1) has been adequately analyzed in an earlier document pursuant to applicable legal standards, and (2) has been addressed by mitigation measures based on the earlier analysis as described on attached sheets. An ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT is required, but it must analyze only the effects that remain to be addressed.

I find that although the proposed project could have a significant effect on the environment, because all potentially significant effects (a) have been analyzed adequately in an earlier ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT or NEGATIVE DECLARATION pursuant to applicable standards, and (b) have been avoided or mitigated pursuant to that earlier ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT or NEGATIVE DECLARATION, including revisions or mitigation measures that are imposed upon the proposed project, nothing further is required.

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Evaluation of Environmental Impacts
A brief explanation is required for all answers except “No Impact” answers that are adequately supported by the information sources a lead agency cites in the parentheses following each question. A “No Impact” answer is adequately supported if the referenced information sources show that the impact simply does not apply to projects like the one involved (e.g., the project falls outside a fault rupture zone). A “No Impact” answer should be explained where it is based on project-specific factors as well as general standards (e.g., the project would not expose sensitive receptors to pollutants, based on a project-specific screening analysis).

All answers must take account of the whole action involved, including off-site as well as on-site, cumulative as well as project-level, indirect as well as direct, and construction as well as operational impacts.

Once the lead agency has determined that a particular physical impact may occur, then the checklist answers must indicate whether the impact is potentially significant, less than significant with mitigation, or less than significant. “Potentially Significant Impact” is appropriate if there is substantial evidence that an effect may be significant. If there are one or more “Potentially Significant Impact” entries when the determination is made, an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) is required. “Negative Declaration: Less Than Significant With Mitigation Incorporated” applies where the incorporation of mitigation measures has reduced an effect from “Potentially Significant Impact” to a “Less Than Significant Impact.” The lead agency must describe the mitigation measures, and briefly explain how they reduce the effect to a less than significant level.

Earlier analyses may be used where, pursuant to the tiering, program EIR, or other CEQA process, an effect has been adequately analyzed in an earlier EIR or negative declaration. Section 15063(c)(3)(D). In this case, a brief discussion should identify the following:
a. Earlier Analysis Used. Identify and state where they are available for review. b. Impacts Adequately Addressed. Identify which effects from the above checklist were within the scope of and adequately analyzed in an earlier document pursuant to applicable legal standards, and state whether such effects were addressed by mitigation measures based on the earlier analysis. c. Mitigation Measures. For effects that are “Less Than Significant With Mitigation Measures Incorporated,” describe the mitigation measures which were incorporated or refined from the earlier document and the extent to which they address site-specific conditions for the project.

Lead agencies are encouraged to incorporate into the checklist references to information sources for potential impacts (e.g., general plans, zoning ordinances). Reference to a previously prepared or outside document should, where appropriate, include a reference to the page or pages where the statement is substantiated.

Supporting Information Sources: A source list should be attached, and other sources used or individuals contacted should be cited in the discussion.

This is only a suggested form, and lead agencies are free to use different formats; however, lead agencies should normally address the questions from this checklist that are relevant to a project’s environmental effects in whatever format is selected.

The explanation of each issue should identify:
a. the significance criteria or threshold, if any, used to evaluate each question; and b. the mitigation measure identified, if any, to reduce the impact to less than significance

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3.1 Aesthetics

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
I. AESTHETICS – Except as provided in Public Resources Code Section 21099, would the project:
a) Have a substantial adverse effect on a
scenic vista?
b) Substantially damage scenic resources,
including, but not limited to, trees, rock
outcroppings, and historic buildings within a
state scenic highway?
c) In non-urbanized areas, substantially
degrade the existing visual character or
quality of public views of the site and its
surroundings? (Public views are those that
are experienced from publicly accessible
vantage point). If the project is in an
urbanized area, would the project conflict
with applicable zoning and other regulations
governing scenic quality?
d) Create a new source of substantial light or
glare which would adversely affect day or
nighttime views in the area?
a) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista? Less Than Significant Impact. Scenic vistas generally refer to views of expansive open space areas or other natural features, such as mountains, undeveloped hillsides, large natural water bodies, or coastlines.

Less commonly, certain urban settings or features, such as a striking or renowned skyline, may also represent a scenic vista. Scenic vistas generally refer to views that are accessible from public vantage points, such as public roadways and parks. There are no officially designated scenic vistas in the City (City of Covina 2000). However, views of the San Gabriel Mountains and the Covina Hills are available from a variety of locations throughout the City. Scenic highway corridors are designated under the California Scenic Highway Program to preserve the aesthetic value of lands adjacent to and visible from highways. There are currently no designated scenic corridors within or visible from the Project site (Caltrans 2023). In addition to scenic highways, Caltrans also designates certain sections of its network as “classified landscaped freeways.” Classified landscaped freeways are sections of freeway with ornamental vegetation that meet the criteria set forth in the California Code of Regulations, Sections 2500–2519 (Title 4, Division 6, Chapter5, “Outdoor Advertising Displays Adjacent to Landscaped Freeways”). An approximately 1,300-foot segment of the I-10 freeway adjacent to the Project site is currently listed as a classified landscaped freeway by Caltrans (I-10 Post Mile 38.850 to Post Mile 39.100) (Caltrans 2024a). Pursuant to state regulations (BPC Section 5440) and local regulations (Municipal Code Section 17.56.050), advertising displays are generally not allowed on property adjacent to a classified landscaped freeway. However, the Project applicant has represented that the applicant and Caltrans have an established Relocation

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Agreement that would allow the billboard to be permitted by Caltrans on the Project site, despite the adjacent landscaped freeway designation. At the local level, discretionary approvals are required for the Project, including Zoning Code Amendments (see Section 2.4 and 2.5 for details). Upon approval of these amendments, the Project would be allowable on the Project site at the local level. The City would include a condition of approval for the Project stating that the applicant must demonstrate to the City of Covina that Caltrans has issued a permit for the billboard, prior to commencement of construction. This condition of approval would ensure that the Project is in compliance with the Relocation Agreement and all applicable Caltrans requirements.

Ornamental freeway landscaping is located south of the proposed billboard location (on the south side of the freeway) and east of the billboard location (on the north side of the freeway). The billboard would rise above an existing freeway sound wall adjacent to the Project site and would not obstruct or otherwise interfere with views of the ornamental freeway landscaping. Classified landscaped freeways are described by Caltrans as sections of freeways that have been landscaped within the state right-of-way and are generally located in urban areas. In contrast, scenic highways contain natural scenic beauty and require protection of scenic corridors (Caltrans 2024b). As such, the landscaped freeway designation does not indicate the presence of scenic vistas that could be adversely affected by the Project.

The viewshed experience from public areas in the vicinity of the Project site is primarily dominated by views of commercial development, roadways, trees, and some views of the San Gabriel Mountains and the Covina Hills. Under existing conditions, the Project site is developed with a two-story office building and a surface parking lot. Partially obstructed views of the Covina Hills are available when looking south from the Project site, while views of the San Gabriel Mountains when looking north from the Project site are generally limited by surrounding commercial development and trees.

Views of and through the Project site are experienced from several surrounding public vantage points: the I-10 freeway, Jalapa Park, East Garvey Street, and East Holt Avenue. Views from these public vantage points and the potential effects of the proposed Project are described and analyzed below. Additionally, the potential for the billboard to be visible from locations further from the site is reviewed below. This analysis is based on Google Earth imagery, as well as a “flagging study” conducted by the Project applicant, which involves using a crane to raise a flag at the proposed billboard location and then observing locations in the surrounding community where the flag is visible or partially visible.

I-10 Freeway. The I-10 freeway is a major highway with a total of 12 travel lanes. It extends east–west, just south of the City’s southern borders. The proposed billboard would be visible from segments of the I-10 freeway near the Project site.
▪ Westbound I-10 Freeway. Western-facing views on the I-10 freeway in the vicinity of the Project site largely consist of existing roadways, commercial and residential development, and trees. For travelers in the westbound lanes, the billboard would become clearly visible near the Holt Avenue exit (Exit 38B), about 1,165 feet east of the proposed billboard location. The curvature of the freeway would generally block clear views of the billboard from further away (i.e., further east on the westbound side of the freeway) (Bulletin Displays 2023). Views of scenic resources, including the Covina Hills and San Gabriel Mountains, are not visible when looking towards the Project site from the westbound lanes of the I-10 freeway, as shown in Figure 2-4A. Therefore, while the proposed billboard would be visible as travelers approach the Project site, the billboard would not disrupt western-facing views of scenic resources along the I-10 freeway.

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▪ Eastbound I-10 Freeway. Views of the Covina Hills are visible from the I-10 freeway in the vicinity of the Project site when looking east from the eastbound travel lanes. The billboard would become readily visible near the Holt Avenue exit (Exit 38B), about 1,110 feet west of the proposed billboard location (Bulletin Displays 2023). However, more distant views of the billboard may be visible from further away (i.e., further west on the eastbound side of the freeway), based on the orientation of the freeway relative to the billboard location. The billboard could result in disruptions to views of the Covina Hills from the I-10 freeway. Under existing conditions, however, the views that would be disrupted by the Project are heavily obstructed by trees that are located in the Project area.

Therefore, as shown in Figure 2-4B, the Project would not substantially interfere with the existing views of the Covina Hills from the I-10 freeway. The billboard would be placed in an area in which views are heavily obstructed under existing conditions.

Overall, views of the billboard along the I-10 freeway would be relatively fleeting. The speed limit along the I-10 freeway in the vicinity of the Project site is 65 miles per hour, and the curvature and topography of the freeway would limit long-distance views to the billboard, particularly for westbound travelers.

While the Project would be readily visible from the I-10 freeway, it would not have substantial adverse effects to scenic vistas as observed from the I-10 freeway.

Jalapa Park. Jalapa Park is located to the north/northeast of the Project site. The park would be separated from the billboard structure by East Garvey Street and by the on-site two-story office building.

Nevertheless, the top of the billboard structure would be 83 feet in height and would thus project over the top of the on-site office building. The digital sign faces would be oriented toward the I-10 freeway, away from the direction of the park. The illuminated sign faces and advertising content would not be readily visible from the park, but the back and sides of the billboard structure may be visible from certain vantage points within the park and along adjacent roadways. The park itself is heavily vegetated, which may obstruct or screen views to the billboard from some vantage points within the park. Views from the park looking towards the billboard location do not include any scenic resources. As such, even though portions of the billboard structure may be visible from within and/or near the park, the Project would not have substantial adverse effects to scenic vistas as observed from Jalapa Park.

East Garvey Street. East Garvey Street is a two-lane roadway that borders the Project site to the north and west and then continues along the alignment of the I-10 freeway. Where East Garvey Street winds around the Project site, views of the back and/or side of the billboard structure would be visible from certain vantage points. However, similar to the viewshed from Jalapa Park, no scenic vistas are available from this portion of East Garvey Street. West of the Project site, East Garvey Street becomes a frontage road to the I-10 freeway and is separated from the freeway by a sound wall. The billboard would be visible to eastbound travelers along this section of East Garvey Street. Along portions of eastbound East Garvey Street, a narrow view of the Covina Hills can be observed between the sound wall and vegetation. The billboard may affect or partially affect this view. However, the existing view is narrow, relatively fleeting, and has already been substantially compromised by the freeway sound wall and existing vegetation. Effects to scenic vistas from East Garvey Street may occur but would not be significant or adverse.

East Holt Avenue. East Holt Avenue is a four-lane roadway bordering the east side of the Project site, extending northeast–southwest through Covina and West Covina. At the border of Covina and West Covina, East Holt Avenue passes underneath the I-10 freeway. To the north of the I-10 freeway, views of the billboard structure would be available to southbound travelers on East Holt Avenue within the vicinity of the Project site. Such views would largely consist of the back or sides of the billboard structure, since the illuminated

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faces would be oriented towards the I-10 freeway. North of the intersection of East Holt Avenue with Park View Drive, the billboard would become largely obstructed by vegetation (Bulletin Displays 2023). Views from East Holt Avenue looking south/southwest towards the Project site do not include scenic vistas; as such, visibility of the billboard structure as travelers approach the Project site would not result in adverse effects to scenic vistas. To the south of the I-10 freeway, northbound travelers along East Holt Avenue would have views of the billboard when looking towards the freeway. However, as with southbound travelers, no scenic vistas are observable that could potentially be compromised by the billboard structure. As such, even though the billboard would be visible from certain portions of East Holt Avenue, the Project would not have substantial adverse effects to scenic vistas as observed from East Holt Avenue.

To the north and northwest of the Project site, the flagging study (Bulletin Displays 2023) demonstrates that the billboard would not generally be visible from locations north of Jalapa Park. Specifically, along South Village Oaks Drive north of Jalapa Park, the billboard would be obstructed by vegetation. (South Village Oaks Drive extends north–south directly to the north of the Project site.) To the northwest, buildings and vegetation were shown to block the billboard from public vantage points within the residential neighborhood near Center Court Drive and South Forest Hills Drive (Bulletin Displays 2023).

To the south and southwest of the Project site, the flagging study demonstrates that the billboard would be visible or partially visible from several public vantage points within residential neighborhoods to the south of the I-10 freeway. For example, views of the billboard (including its illuminated sign faces) would be available from certain vantage points along East Temple Way and East Garvey Avenue South, in the vicinity of the Project site. Views of the billboard at these locations would be intermittent, due to intervening vegetation, structures, and the sound wall bordering the I-10 freeway (Bulletin Displays 2023).

Furthermore, views of scenic resources are not available when looking towards the Project site from these locations. As such, while the billboard would be intermittently visible from public vantage points south of the Project site and the I-10 freeway (including from residential streets), substantial adverse effects to scenic vistas would not occur.

For the reasons described above, the implementation of the Project would not have the potential to substantially degrade or obstruct an existing scenic vista and effects on scenic vistas would be less than significant. b) Would the project substantially damage scenic resources, including, but not limited to, trees, rock outcroppings, and historic buildings within a state scenic highway? No Impact. There are no state scenic highways that contain views of the Project site. The nearest eligible state scenic highway is State Route 39, which is located approximately 4.3 miles northwest of the Project site (Caltrans 2023). The nearest officially designated state scenic highway is State Route 91, which is located approximately 15.2 miles south of the Project site (Caltrans 2023). As such, the Project would not substantially damage scenic resources within a state scenic highway, and there would be no impact. c) In non-urbanized areas, would the project substantially degrade the existing visual character or quality of public views of the site and its surroundings? (Public views are those that are experienced from publicly accessible vantage point). If the project is in an urbanized area, would the project conflict with applicable zoning and other regulations governing scenic quality?
Less Than Significant Impact. As established in California Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 21071, an urbanized area is defined as an incorporated city that has a population of at least 100,000 people or

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one that has a population of less than 100,000 people but the population of the city and not more than two contiguous incorporated cities combined equals at least 100,000 people. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the City of Covina had a 2021 population of 50,411 residents (U.S. Census Bureau 2023a). The City of West Covina, which is located adjacent to the City of Covina, had a 2021 population of 107,017 (U.S. Census Bureau 2023b). As such, the City of Covina, which includes the Project site, is considered an urbanized area pursuant to PRC Section 21071.

The Project site is surrounded by existing urban development, including residential uses, commercial uses, and roadways. The Project site is located in the PCD Overlay District for the Village Oaks Office Park, has a general plan land use designation of General Commercial, and is within the C-P zone. Under existing conditions, billboard structures are not permitted within the PCD Overlay District for the Village Oaks Office Park, nor are they permitted within the C-P zone. As such, the Project proposes amendments to the PCD Overlay District and to the zoning code to allow for the construction and operation of the proposed billboard on the Project site. Additionally, a Zoning Code Amendment is required to place the Project site into the “S” overlay zone and to amend the text of Chapter 17.56, in order to allow for an outdoor advertising structure to be placed on the property. Upon approval of the necessary amendments, the Project would be in compliance with local zoning and land use designations. Furthermore, the Project would be subject to the City’s development and design review process. As part of this process, project plans are reviewed with the intent of encouraging efficient, aesthetic, and desirable use of land. The Project would also require an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit issued by Caltrans and would be subject to compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Act and all Caltrans permit requirements for billboards along state freeway facilities. However, as described above under Section 3.1(a), the Project is located adjacent to a classified landscaped freeway, where billboards are not generally allowed under state or local law. The Project applicant has represented that the applicant and Caltrans have an established Relocation Agreement that would allow the billboard to be permitted by Caltrans on the Project site, despite the landscaped freeway designation. At the local level, discretionary approvals are required for the Project, including Zoning Code Amendments, as described above. Upon approval of these amendments, the Project would be allowable on the Project site at the local level. The billboard would rise above an existing freeway sound wall immediately adjacent to the Project site and would not obstruct or otherwise interfere with views of the nearby ornamental freeway landscaping. As such, while the billboard is proposed adjacent to a classified landscaped freeway segment, it would not substantially degrade or interfere with the existing landscaping. The Project would be subject to all other applicable provisions of the Outdoor Advertising Act. Upon approval of the required local Zoning Code Amendments and Caltrans’ approval of an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit, the Project would be brought into consistency with applicable zoning and permitting requirements at the state and local level.

Compliance with the City’s Municipal Code and the local development and design review process would ensure the Project’s scenic quality to the satisfaction of the City. Impacts would be less than significant. d) Would the project create a new source of substantial light or glare which would adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area?
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. The existing lighting conditions in the Project area include a variety of light sources that contribute to a moderately high illuminated outdoor environment.

Light sources in the immediate Project vicinity include streetlights, building lighting, and vehicle headlamps illuminating the I-10 freeway, East Garvey Street, and East Holt Avenue. The parking lot at the Project site is illuminated, and the commercial building on the Project site has exterior illumination sources. Nearby commercial uses, such as the hotel property to the northwest and the office buildings to the southeast and

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east of the Project site, are similarly illuminated. While the immediate Project area is generally commercial in nature, there are other land uses in the vicinity with lower nighttime light levels and fewer lighting sources. Specifically, Jalapa Park is located approximately 350 feet from the proposed billboard location.

The park is heavily vegetated and is primarily developed with passive recreational uses. Low-density residential uses are located approximately 800 feet to the east of the Project site. Residential uses within the City of West Covina are located across the I-10 freeway from the Project site. The nearest such properties are zoned as “Residential Single Family” and “Residential Agriculture” and are located approximately 600 feet and 400 feet south of the Project site, respectively. Residential neighborhoods in Covina and West Covina are also located to the north and northwest of the Project site, the closest of which are approximately 450 feet northwest of the Project site. No off-site advertising billboards are located in the Project vicinity under existing conditions.

The proposed billboard would introduce a new source of light to the Project area, in the form of two illuminated digital sign faces. The digital sign faces would be oriented towards the I-10 freeway. Near the Project site, the I-10 freeway supports approximately 6 lanes in each direction (for a total of 12 lanes). The freeway is illuminated with streetlights and supports volumes of approximately 200,000 vehicles per day on average in the vicinity of the Project site (Caltrans 2021). The Project would be required to comply with Caltrans requirements for digital billboards along Caltrans facilities. Such requirements prohibit advertising displays that simulate or that may be confused with traffic control devices. Flashing, intermittent, or moving lights and video imagery are prohibited, as are red, blinking, or intermittent lights that could be mistaken for a warning or danger sign. Additionally, vision-impairing illumination as defined in Section 21466.5 of the Vehicle Code is prohibited (BPC Sections 5403 and 5405). The Project would require approval of an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from Caltrans, which would ensure that the lighting specifications established by Caltrans for billboards along Caltrans facilities are implemented. Required compliance with Caltrans’ billboard lighting standards would ensure that travelers on the I-10 freeway would not be subject to adverse light or glare effects. Additionally, views of the billboard from the I-10 freeway would be relatively fleeting. The speed limit along the I-10 freeway in the vicinity of the Project site is 65 miles per hour, and the curvature and topography of the freeway would limit long-distance views to the billboard, as described in Section 3.1(a). Furthermore, as also described in Section 3.1(a), the billboard structure itself would not adversely impact views of scenic resources that can be observed from the I-10 freeway. As such, the light and glare produced by the billboard similarly would not be expected to adversely affect views available from the I-10 freeway. For these reasons, travelers along the I-10 freeway would not be subject to substantial light/glare effects from the Project such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected.

While the Project is designed to be viewed by travelers along the I-10 freeway, the illuminated sign faces have the potential to create light trespass at nearby properties to the north, east, south, and/or west of the Project site. Some properties in the vicinity of the Project site are developed with land uses that may be light sensitive. Residential properties are generally considered to be light-sensitive receptors. Light-sensitive receptors may also include hotel, hospital, or nursing home uses, where excessive light at night may impact the use of the property. In addition to light trespass, views of the illuminated sign faces in contrast to a darker background (e.g., the night sky) may create glare that could be visible at nearby light-sensitive receptors. The nearest light-sensitive receptor to the Project site is a hotel property located approximately 60 feet to the northwest of the Project site. Other nearby light-sensitive receptors include residential uses, the closest of which are approximately 400 feet to the south (across the I-10 freeway) and approximately 450 feet to the northwest of the Project site. A retirement home is located approximately 430 feet east of the Project site.

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The potential effects of the billboard on nearby light-sensitive receptors are described further below. The discussion is divided into an analysis of billboard luminance and associated glare effects and billboard illuminance and associated light trespass effects.

Luminance and Glare
Glare is defined as visual discomfort resulting from high contrast in brightness levels. Substantial glare impacts can adversely affect daytime and/or nighttime views. The magnitude of the sensation of glare depends on factors such as the size, position, and luminance of sources, the number of sources, and the luminance to which the eyes are adapted. Luminance is a measure of emissive or reflected light from a specific surface in a specific direction and over a standard area. Luminance can be measured in units of candelas per square meter. As discussed above, a variety of light-sensitive uses are located within the vicinity of the Project site. Views of the illuminated billboard faces would be available from some of the nearby properties that are developed with light-sensitive uses, particularly from some residential properties to the south of the I-10 freeway (see Section 3.1(a) for a discussion on the visibility of the billboard from surrounding areas). Unlike views of the illuminated billboard faces as observed from the I-10 freeway, views of the Project from nearby properties would be fixed as opposed to fleeting. While the billboard faces would not obstruct scenic resources in the Project area as described in Section 3.1(a), the illuminated sign faces (particularly when viewed in contrast to the background of the night sky) may produce glare that could adversely affect views from light-sensitive use properties, primarily at night.

The City’s Municipal Code does not provide quantitative luminance standards applicable to the Project.

The Outdoor Advertising Association of America recommends that nighttime luminance levels for digital billboards not exceed 350 nits (one nit is equivalent to one candela per meter squared) (OAAA 2024).

Other jurisdictions in Los Angeles County have set forth more restrictive limitations of 300 candelas per meter squared for digital billboards (City of West Hollywood 2019, City of Los Angeles 2019), and the City of Los Angeles recently adopted an ordinance for a new sign district with luminance limitations of 300 candelas per meter squared (nits) for digital displays (City of Los Angeles 2023). In the absence of specific requirements applicable to the proposed Project, the City has determined that a limitation in nighttime luminance of 200 candelas per meter squared is appropriate. This luminance level is more conservative than industry standards and when compared to levels set forth for digital billboards in the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. Given that Covina is generally characterized by reduced nighttime use intensity relative to West Hollywood and Los Angeles, the City determined that a lower luminance level would be appropriate. In order to ensure that the nighttime luminance level of 200 candelas per meter squared is maintained throughout the life of the Project, mitigation measures MM-AES-1 and MM-AES-3 have been set forth herein. MM-AES-1 requires that sign luminance shall not exceed 200 candelas per meter squared (or nits) after sunset, and MM-AES-3 requires annual verification that the required luminance levels are being maintained. Limiting sign luminance to a level below industry standards would reduce the potential for the billboard faces to create glare as observed from nearby light-sensitive properties.

During the daytime, the visual contrast between the billboard and the surrounding environment would be reduced through the presence of sunlight. MM-AES-1 would provide a daytime luminance limit of 7,500 candelas per meter squared (or nits) between sunrise and sunset, which would allow the billboard’s content to be visible during the daytime while avoiding substantial contrast.

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As required by state law and as described in MM-AES-1, the billboard would employ a photocell that would adjust billboard luminance in response to ambient lighting conditions, such that the billboard luminance would be gradually dimmed near sunset and during cloudy weather. Through implementation of MM-AES1 and MM-AES-3, the billboard is not anticipated to produce a significant source of glare in the Project area such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected.

Illuminance & Light Trespass
The proposed billboard could result in potentially significant impacts if it were to generate light trespass at light-sensitive properties such that daytime or nighttime views are adversely affected. Light trespass is measured in terms of illuminance in a unit of measurement called a “footcandle,” which is typically defined as the illuminance on a one-square-foot surface coming from a uniform source of light.

The City does not have an established light trespass threshold that would be applicable to the Project.

However, the City and the adjacent City of West Covina both have municipal code provisions limiting light trespass onto residential properties in certain circumstances. These limitations are cited herein to establish context for light trespass levels that are generally considered unacceptable in the Project vicinity.

Specifically, Section 9.42.020 of the City’s Municipal Code regulates light trespass affecting adjacent residential uses:

Covina Municipal Code, Section 9.42.020 – Sources of environmental disturbances.

The following disturbances, when imposed upon residential uses only, are declared to be unnecessary and contrary to the intent of this chapter. Such disturbances, however, shall not be deemed exhaustive:
…
B. Glare. No operation, activity, sign, or lighting fixture shall create illumination that exceeds five foot-candles on any adjacent property, whether the illumination is direct or indirect light from the source. Glare levels shall be measured with a photoelectric photometer following the standard spectral luminous efficiency curve adopted by the International Commission on Illumination. For purposes of this subsection, a foot-candle is the illumination produced by a light of one international candle upon a surface one foot away.

The Project site is not adjacent to residential uses within the City of Covina; as such, the above provision may not be directly applicable to the Project. Nevertheless, this provision establishes context for light trespass levels that are generally considered unacceptable for the City’s residential properties.

The border of West Covina is adjacent to the Project site (see Figure 1-3). Residential properties to the south of the Project site are within the City of West Covina, and some of these properties may have views to the billboard. As such, the City of West Covina’s regulations for light trespass are also considered herein and are listed below.

West Covina Municipal Code, Section 26-318 – Illumination (a) Signs shall be designed, installed, and maintained in such a manner that the spillover of any illumination of signs onto residential property shall not exceed two (2.0) foot candles

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above ambient light levels, and the spillover of glare produced by the illumination of signs shall not negatively impact any surrounding properties.

West Covina Municipal Code, Section 26-409 - Mechanical equipment and lighting in RA/R-1 zones …
(e) Lighting shall be designed, installed, and maintained in such a manner that illumination spillover from such lighting does not exceed 2.0 foot candles above ambient illumination levels onto another residential property and glare spillover from such lighting will not negatively impact another residential property.
(1) Illumination and/or glare spillover onto other property shall be measured from any point five (5) feet above natural grade on a vertical plane on the other property. Ambient illumination shall include only non-artificial light and street lights present exclusive of the offending light source.
(2) If, upon inspection by authorized city staff, it is determined that a violation of this section is occurring, the planning director may require mitigation measures in order to minimize impacts, including, but not limited to: Relocation (setback, height restrictions) of the fixture, reduction of lamp wattage, the installation of hoods, shields, louvers, or other fixtures accessories to redirect light, the installation of coated or frosted lamp covers to soften glare, the re-aiming of the fixture, or the placement of landscaping or fencing as barriers.

Based upon the regulations cited above, light trespass onto residential properties from a light source (such as a sign) in excess of 2–5 footcandles above ambient levels are generally considered unacceptable in Covina and West Covina.

In addition to the local regulations summarized above, the state has established designations for outdoor Lighting Zones (LZs), which correspond to light trespass recommendations established by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). Specifically, Section 10-114 of the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards establishes rules for implementing outdoor LZs, and Table 10-114-A shows definitions for LZ0 through LZ4. As defined therein, LZ0 applies to areas of very low ambient lighting, and LZ4 applies to areas of high ambient lighting. All urban areas as defined by the U.S. Census are designated as LZ3 (moderately high ambient illumination) by default under the California Energy Code. The City is within an urbanized area as designated by the U.S. Census (SCAG 2023). As such, a designation of LZ3 is appropriate for the Project site and City. As stated in Section 10-114, “Special districts within a default LZ3 may be designated as LZ4 by a local jurisdiction for high intensity nighttime use, such as entertainment or commercial districts or areas with special security considerations requiring very high light levels.” While the Project area is urbanized, it has not been designated by the City as an LZ4 and is not an area of high intensity nighttime use, such as an entertainment district.

The IES and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) define recommended light trespass levels for each outdoor LZ within ANSI/IES RP-8-22 (Recommended Practice: Lighting Roadway and Parking Facilities). Table 4-2 within ANSI/IES RP-8-22 limits the maximum light trespass for LZ3 to 8.0 lux, or 0.74 footcandles. As such, the appropriate light trespass limit applicable in the Project area would be

0.74 footcandles.

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Given the above, the City has determined that light trespass caused by the Project in excess of

0.74 footcandles at the properties of light-sensitive land uses would be considered significant. This level of light trespass is more stringent than levels established for residential properties in both the Covina Municipal Code and the West Covina Municipal Code and would be consistent with the more conservative standards set forth by the IES and ANSI. In order to ensure that the Project does not create light trespass in excess of 0.74 footcandles at light-sensitive properties, MM-AES-2 has been set forth and would limit light trespass from the Project to 0.74 footcandles above ambient lighting at light-sensitive properties.

MM-AES-3 would require annual monitoring to verify that this light trespass limit is met throughout the life of the Project. However, as noted in MM-AES-2, annual monitoring for light trespass can be omitted in the event that the applicant elects to install light blocking technology, such as louvers, on the billboard. Once the effectiveness of the louvers is verified as required by MM-AES-3, ongoing annual verification would not be needed, since light blocking technology would be physically integrated as part of the billboard structure and would thus remain in place throughout the life of the Project.

Through implementation of MM-AES-1, MM-AES-2, and MM-AES-3, the Project is not anticipated to produce light or glare such that daytime or nighttime views would be adversely affected. Nevertheless, given the proximity of the Project site to light-sensitive receptors, such as residential properties and a hotel property, MM-AES-4 has been included herein to support coordination and cooperation with the surrounding community. MM-AES-4 sets forth a complaint system for light/glare concerns related to the Project. As required by MM-AES-4, complaints about light and/or glare from the billboard will be investigated by the City, and the sign luminance and/or illuminance will be tested, if deemed necessary, to ensure that the required lighting levels are being maintained.

In summary, the proposed billboard would introduce a new source of light and glare to the Project area.

The City does not have requirements in place to limit the brightness or light trespass produced by the billboard. As such, in the absence of mitigation, the billboard could potentially be of sufficient brightness to generate significant glare and/or light trespass such that views from nearby light-sensitive use properties are adversely affected, particularly during the nighttime. MM-AES-1 and MM-AES-2 set forth limits for the billboard’s light levels that are consistent with, or more stringent than, industry standards, state standards, and standards established in other jurisdictions within Los Angeles County. MM-AES-3 would ensure consistent, on-going monitoring and verification of the lighting levels established in MM-AES-1 and MMAES-2, and MM-AES-4 would allow for cooperation and coordination with the surrounding community for light/glare concerns. With implementation of MM-AES-1, MM-AES-2, MM-AES-3, and MM-AES-4, the Project’s light and glare impacts would thus be reduced to less than significant. Impacts related to light and glare are considered less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

MM-AES-1 Sign Luminance
Sign luminance measured on the sign surface perpendicular to the sign face shall not exceed 200 candelas per meter squared (or nits) after sunset, and 7,500 candelas per meter squared (or nits) between sunrise and sunset. Pursuant to state law, the sign must be equipped with a time clock and photocell to automatically adjust the sign luminance according to the time of day and ambient lighting conditions. When ambient sunlight illuminance during the daytime is less than 100 footcandles, the sign shall transition from the daytime luminance level to the nighttime luminance level. Transitions between luminance levels shall be made smoothly and at a consistent rate over the course of an extended time period (15 minutes to 20 minutes at a minimum).

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MM-AES-2 Light Trespass/Illuminance
The Project shall not exceed 0.74 footcandles above ambient lighting levels at sensitive use properties (defined as properties with residential, hotel, retirement home, and/or hospital uses).

The applicant may install a billboard equipped with light blocking technology, such as louvers, to direct light toward the Interstate 10 freeway and to substantially limit light emitted to adjacent areas, including nearby sensitive use properties. The light blocking technology component shall be depicted on Project plans during plan check. If the applicant installs light-blocking technology, on-going annual illuminance testing as described in MM-AES-3 shall not be required.

MM-AES-3 Testing
The Project applicant shall provide a renewable cash deposit to be used by the City of Covina to produce Lighting Testing Reports verifying luminance and illuminance. The renewable cash deposit shall be of an amount specified by the Community Development Department Director.

Lighting Testing Reports shall be conducted upon installation of the Project, three months after installation, and annually thereafter. Illuminance can be omitted from annual testing if Light Blocking Technology is installed as described in MM-AES-2.

The Lighting Testing Reports shall be prepared pursuant to the requirements defined below and shall demonstrate that the sign complies with the requirements of MM-AES-1 and MMAES-2. If the illuminance requirement defined in MM-AES-2 is not met, sign luminance shall be reduced until the sign complies.

Lighting Testing Report(s) shall document the results of testing conducted by a Qualified Lighting Professional or under the direction of a Qualified Lighting Professional. The Qualified Lighting Professional shall be selected to the satisfaction of the Community Development Department Director and is defined as a Professional Engineer, Illuminating Engineering Society member, and/or other equivalent professional recognized by the state.

Illuminance testing shall be conducted at the property line of nearby sensitive-use properties, which shall include residential and hotel properties in the Project vicinity.

Testing locations shall be selected in coordination with, and to the satisfaction of, the Community Development Department, and testing methodology shall be in accordance with City-approved protocol.

MM-AES-4 Light/Glare Complaints
Complaints about light and/or glare will be investigated by the City, and if determined necessary by the Director of Community Development, an updated Lighting Testing Report shall be produced. The Lighting Testing Report shall adhere to the requirements outlined in MM-AES-3.

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References
Bulletin Displays. 2023. Covina Flagging at 1270 E. Garvey St. August 31, 2023.

Caltrans (California Department of Transportation). 2021. Traffic Volumes: Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT). 2021 AADT. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://dot.ca.gov/programs/traffic-operations/census.

Caltrans. 2023. California State Scenic Highway System Map. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://caltrans.maps.arcgis.com/ apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=465dfd3d807c46cc8e8057116f1aacaa.

Caltrans. 2024a. Classified Landscaped Freeways List. Prepared by the California Department of Transportation Landscape Architecture Program. January 9, 2024. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://dot.ca.gov/programs/design/lap-landscape-architecture-and-community-livability/ lap-liv-b-classified-landscaped-freeways.

Caltrans. 2024b. Landscaped Freeways – Questions and Answers. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/design/documents/class-ls-fwy-q-and-a-a11y.pdf.

City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/ community-development/planning/.

City of Los Angeles. 2019. Guide to Off-Site Signs (Billboards) in the City of Los Angeles – Policies, Programs, Processes, and Provisions. Draft. May 2019. Accessed January 10, 2024. https://clkrep.lacity.org/ onlinedocs/2011/11-1705_misc_05-22-2019.pdf.

City of Los Angeles. 2023. Ordinance No. 188082. LA Metro – Transportation Communication Network. Approved December 26, 2023. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2022/ 22-0392_ord_188082_02-05-2024.pdf.

City of West Hollywood. 2019. Sunset Boulevard Off-Site Signage Policy. Adopted March 18, 2019. Accessed January 10, 2024. https://www.weho.org/city-government/city-departments/community-developmentdepartment/long-range-planning/land-use-planning/sunset-boulevard-arts-advertising.

OAAA (Outdoor Advertising Association of America). 2024. “Digital Billboard Lighting Measurement.” Digital Lighting Guidelines. Accessed January 10, 2024. https://oaaa.org/resources/digital-lighting-guidelines/.

SCAG (Southern California Association of Governments). 2023. U.S. Census Urbanized Areas – SCAG Region.

October 18, 2023. Accessed January 11, 2024. https://gisdata-scag.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/c98ee3c6677d43058d30ed53c41c965a_0/explore?location=34.141356% 2C-117.778548%2C11.60.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2023a. Quick Facts, Covina city, California. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/covinacitycalifornia.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2023b. Quick Facts, West Covina city, California. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/westcovinacitycalifornia.

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3.2 Agriculture and Forestry Resources

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
II. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RESOURCES – In determining whether impacts to agricultural resources are significant environmental effects, lead agencies may refer to the California Agricultural Land Evaluation and Site Assessment Model (1997) prepared by the California Dept. Conservation as an optional model to use in assessing impacts on agriculture and farmland. In determining whether impacts to forest resources, including timberland, are significant environmental effects, lead agencies may refer to information compiled by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection regarding the state’s inventory of forest land, including the Forest and Range Assessment Project and the Forest Legacy Assessment project; and forest carbon measurement methodology provided in Forest Protocols adopted by the California Air Resources Board. Would the project:
a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland,
or Farmland of Statewide Importance
(Farmland), as shown on the maps prepared
pursuant to the Farmland Mapping and
Monitoring Program of the California
Resources Agency, to non-agricultural use?
b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural
use, or a Williamson Act contract?
c) Conflict with existing zoning for, or cause
rezoning of, forest land (as defined in Public
Resources Code Section 12220(g)),
timberland (as defined by Public Resources
Code Section 4526), or timberland zoned
Timberland Production (as defined by
Government Code Section 51104(g))?
d) Result in the loss of forest land or
conversion of forest land to non-forest use?
e) Involve other changes in the existing
environment which, due to their location or
nature, could result in conversion of
Farmland, to non-agricultural use or
conversion of forest land to non-forest use?
a) Would the project convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance (Farmland), as shown on the maps prepared pursuant to the Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program of the California Resources Agency, to non-agricultural use? No Impact. According to the California Department of Conservation (CDOC), the Project site is located on “Urban and Built-Up Land” and does not contain Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance (Farmland) (CDOC 2022). As such, the Project would not result in the conversion of Farmland to non-agricultural use, and there would be no impact.

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b) Would the project conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use, or a Williamson Act contract? No Impact. The Project site is within the City’s Administrative and Professional Office (C-P) zone. As such, the site is not zoned for agricultural use. Additionally, the site is not under a Williamson Act contract and is not a suitable site for agricultural preservation. As such, the Project would not conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use or a Williamson Act contract, and there would be no impact. c) Would the project conflict with existing zoning for, or cause rezoning of, forest land (as defined in Public Resources Code Section 12220(g)), timberland (as defined by Public Resources Code Section 4526), or timberland zoned Timberland Production (as defined by Government Code Section 51104(g))? No Impact. The Project site does not contain forest land or timberland, nor is forest land or timberland present in the vicinity of the Project site. Additionally, the site is within the City’s Administrative and Professional Office (C-P) zone. As such, the proposed Project would not conflict with zoning for forest land or timberland and no impact would occur.
d) Would the project result in the loss of forest land or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? No Impact. As described in Section 3.2(c), the Project site does not contain forest land. Therefore, the proposed Project would not result in the loss or conversion of forest land and no impact would occur. e) Would the project involve other changes in the existing environment which, due to their location or nature, could result in conversion of Farmland, to non-agricultural use or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? No Impact. As described in Section 3.2(a) through (d), the Project site does not contain agricultural or forest land and would not convert agricultural or forest uses, and. No impact would occur.

References
CDOC (California Department of Conservation). 2022. California Important Farmland Finder. Accessed February 21, 2023. https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/DLRP/CIFF/.

3.3 Air Quality

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
III. AIR QUALITY – Where available, the significance criteria established by the applicable air quality management district or air pollution control district may be relied upon to make the following determinations. Would the project:
a) Conflict with or obstruct implementation of
the applicable air quality plan?

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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
b) Result in a cumulatively considerable net
increase of any criteria pollutant for which
the project region is non-attainment under
an applicable federal or state ambient air
quality standard?
c) Expose sensitive receptors to substantial
pollutant concentrations?
d) Result in other emissions (such as those
leading to odors) adversely affecting a
substantial number of people?
a) Would the project conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project site is located within the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), which includes the non-desert portions of Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino Counties, and all of Orange County, and is within the jurisdictional boundaries of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD).

SCAQMD administers SCAB’s Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP), which is a comprehensive document outlining an air pollution control program for attaining the California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Currently, the most recent approved SCAQMD AQMP is the 2022 AQMP (SCAQMD 2022), which was adopted by the SCAQMD Governing Board in December 2022. The SCAQMD 2022 AQMP was developed to address the attainment of the 2015 national 8-hour ozone ambient air quality standard (70 parts per billion) for the SCAB and Coachella Valley. The 2022 AQMP provides actions, strategies, and steps needed to reduce air pollutant emissions and meet the ozone standard by 2037.

The purpose of a consistency finding regarding the AQMP is to determine if a project is consistent with the assumptions and objectives of the 2022 AQMP and if it would interfere with the region’s ability to comply with federal and state air quality standards. SCAQMD has established criteria for determining consistency with the currently applicable AQMP in Chapter 12, Sections 12.2 and 12.3 of the SCAQMD CEQA Air Quality Handbook. These criteria are as follows (SCAQMD 1993):
▪ Consistency Criterion No. 1: Whether the project would result in an increase in the frequency or severity of existing air quality violations, cause or contribute to new violations, or delay timely attainment of the ambient air quality standards or interim emission reductions in the AQMP. ▪ Consistency Criterion No. 2: Whether the project would exceed the assumptions in the AQMP or increments based on the year of project buildout and phase.

To address the first criterion, Project-generated criteria air pollutant emissions have been estimated and analyzed for significance and are addressed under Section 3.3(b). Detailed results of this analysis are included in Appendix A, Air Quality, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Energy Modeling Data. As presented

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in Section 3.3(b), the Project would not generate construction or operational criteria air pollutant emissions that exceed the SCAQMD’s thresholds, and the Project would therefore be consistent with Criterion No. 1.

The second criterion regarding the potential of the Project to exceed the assumptions in the AQMP or increments based on the year of Project buildout and phase is primarily assessed by determining consistency between the Project’s land use designations and its potential to generate population growth.

In general, projects are considered consistent with, and not in conflict with or obstructing implementation of, the AQMP if the growth in socioeconomic factors is consistent with the underlying regional plans used to develop the AQMP (SCAQMD 1993). The SCAQMD primarily uses demographic growth forecasts for various socioeconomic categories (e.g., population, housing, and employment by industry) developed by Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) for its Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS) (SCAG 2020). SCAQMD uses this document, which is based on general plans for cities and counties in the SCAB, to develop the AQMP emissions inventory (SCAQMD 2022). The SCAG RTP/SCS and associated Regional Growth Forecast are generally consistent with the local plans; therefore, the 2022 AQMP is generally consistent with local government plans.

As discussed in Section 1.4, the City of Covina General Plan designates the Project site with a “General Commercial” (GC) land use designation (City of Covina 2022). Permitted uses within a GC land use designation include various types of retail and service businesses; administrative, professional, and organizational offices that serve a diverse population; institutional uses, such as churches, group homes, nursing homes, and hospitals; utility and transportation facilities; automotive sales; automotive repair shops; gas stations; self-storage outlets; animal hospitals; and parking lots. The proposed Project would develop a digital billboard on an existing parcel that has already been developed. Installation of a billboard on this parcel would require approval of a zoning code amendment and amendments to the provisional and precise plan for the Village Oaks Office Park PCD area. However, with or without the proposed billboard installation, the Project site would remain in use for general commercial purposes, consistent with the existing land use designation. Further, since the proposed Project is not anticipated to result in residential population growth or generate an increase in employment that would conflict with existing employmentpopulation projections, it would not conflict with or exceed the assumptions in the 2022 AQMP. Accordingly, the Project is consistent with the SCAG RTP/SCS forecasts used in development of the SCAQMD AQMP.

In summary, based on the considerations presented for the two criteria, impacts relating to the Project’s potential to conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable AQMP would be less than significant. b) Would the project result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard? Less Than Significant Impact. Air pollution is largely a cumulative impact. The nonattainment status of regional pollutants is a result of past and present development, and the SCAQMD develops and implements plans for future attainment of ambient air quality standards. Based on these considerations, project-level thresholds of significance for criteria pollutants are used to determine whether a project’s individual emissions would have a cumulatively considerable contribution to air quality. If a project’s emissions would exceed the SCAQMD significance thresholds, it would be considered to have a cumulatively considerable contribution. Conversely, projects that do not exceed the project-specific thresholds are generally not considered to be cumulatively significant (SCAQMD 2003a).

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A quantitative analysis was conducted to determine whether the Project might result in emissions of criteria air pollutants that may cause exceedances of the NAAQS or CAAQS or cumulatively contribute to existing nonattainment of ambient air quality standards. Criteria air pollutants include ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to

2.5 microns (PM2.5), and lead. Pollutants that are evaluated herein include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which are important because they are precursors to O3, as well as CO, sulfur oxides (SOx), PM10, and PM2.5.

Regarding NAAQS and CAAQS attainment status,2 the SCAB is designated as a nonattainment area for federal and state O3 and PM2.5 standards (CARB 2022; EPA 2023). The SCAB is also designated as a nonattainment area for state PM10 standards; however, it is designated as an attainment area for federal PM10 standards. The SCAB is designated as an attainment area for federal and state CO and NO2 standards, as well as for state sulfur dioxide standards. Although the SCAB has been designated as nonattainment for the federal rolling 3-month average lead standard, it is designated attainment for the state lead standard.3 The Project would result in emissions of criteria air pollutants for which the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have adopted ambient air quality standards (i.e., the NAAQS and CAAQS). Projects that emit these pollutants have the potential to cause, or contribute to, violations of these standards. The SCAQMD CEQA Air Quality Significance Thresholds set forth quantitative emission significance thresholds for criteria air pollutants, which, if exceeded, would indicate the potential for a project to contribute to violations of the NAAQS or CAAQS. Table 3.3-1 lists the revised SCAQMD Air Quality Significance Thresholds (SCAQMD 2019).

Table 3.3-1. South Coast Air Quality Management District Air Quality Significance Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants Mass Daily Thresholds
Pollutant Construction (Pounds per Day) Operation (Pounds per Day) VOCs 75 55
NOx 100 55
CO 550 550
SOx 150 150
PM10 150 150
PM2.5 55 55
Leada 3 3
TACs and Odor Thresholds
TACsb Maximum incremental cancer risk 10 in 1 million
Cancer Burden >0.5 excess cancer cases (in areas 1 in 1 million) Chronic and acute hazard index 1.0 (Project increment) 2 An area is designated as in attainment when it is in compliance with the NAAQS and/or the CAAQS. These standards for the maximum level of a given air pollutant that can exist in the outdoor air without unacceptable effects on human health or the public welfare are set by the EPA and CARB, respectively. Attainment = meets the standards; attainment/maintenance = achieves the standards after a nonattainment designation; nonattainment = does not meet the standards. 3 Re-designation of the lead NAAQS designation to attainment for the Los Angeles County portion of the SCAB is expected based on current monitoring data. The phase-out of leaded gasoline started in 1976. Since gasoline no longer contains lead, the Project is not anticipated to result in impacts related to lead; therefore, it is not discussed in this analysis.

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Table 3.3-1. South Coast Air Quality Management District Air Quality Significance Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants Mass Daily Thresholds
Pollutant Construction (Pounds per Day) Operation (Pounds per Day) Odor Project creates an odor nuisance pursuant to SCAQMD Rule 402 Source: SCAQMD 2019.

Notes: VOC = volatile organic compounds; NOx = oxides of nitrogen; CO = carbon monoxide; SOx = sulfur oxides; PM10 = coarse particulate matter; PM2.5 = fine particulate matter; TAC = toxic air contaminant; SCAQMD = South Coast Air Quality Management District.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions thresholds for industrial projects, as added in the March 2015 revision to the SCAQMD Air Quality Significance Thresholds, were not included in this table as they are addressed within the GHG emissions analysis and not the air quality analysis.
a The phase out of leaded gasoline started in 1976. Since gasoline no longer contains lead, the Project is not anticipated to result in impacts related to lead; therefore, it is not discussed in this analysis. b TACs include carcinogens and noncarcinogens.

The Project would result in a cumulatively considerable net increase for O3, which is a nonattainment pollutant, if the Project’s construction or operational emissions would exceed the SCAQMD VOC or NOx thresholds shown in Table 3.3-1. These emission-based thresholds for O3 precursors are intended to serve as a surrogate for an O3 significance threshold (i.e., the potential for adverse O3 impacts to occur) because O3 itself is not emitted directly, and the effects of an individual project’s emissions of O3 precursors (i.e., VOCs and NOx) on O3 levels in ambient air cannot be determined through air quality models or other quantitative methods.

The California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod) Version 2022.1.1.74 was used to estimate emissions from construction and operation of the Project. The following discussion quantitatively evaluates Projectgenerated construction and operational emissions and impacts that would result from implementation of the Project.

Construction Emissions
Construction of the Project would result in the temporary addition of pollutants to the local airshed caused by on-site sources (e.g., off-road construction equipment, soil disturbance, and VOC off-gassing from architectural coatings) and off-site sources (e.g., vendor trucks, haul trucks, and worker vehicle trips).

Specifically, entrained dust results from the exposure of earth surfaces to wind from the direct disturbance and movement of soil, resulting in PM10 and PM2.5 emissions. Internal combustion engines used by construction equipment, haul trucks, vendor trucks (i.e., delivery trucks), and worker vehicles would result in emissions of VOC, NOx, CO, PM10, and PM2.5. Construction emissions can vary from day to day depending on the level of activity, the specific type of operation, and, for dust, the prevailing weather conditions. 4 CalEEMod is a statewide computer model developed in cooperation with air districts throughout the state to quantify criteria air pollutant emissions associated with construction and operational activities from a variety of land use projects, including residential, office and retail.

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Emissions from the construction phase of the Project were estimated using CalEEMod default values. For the purpose of conservatively estimating Project emissions, construction was modeled beginning in October 20235 and lasting less than one month. The analysis contained herein is based on the following schedule assumptions (duration of phases is approximate):
▪ New Billboard Construction: 1 week (October 2023)
▪ Landscaping: 1 week (October 2023)
Construction modeling assumptions for equipment and vehicles are provided in Table 3.3-2. Equipment mix and horsepower were based on CalEEMod default values, including equipment load factor. The Project may require the export of soils, which are expected to be removed from the site via haul truck during the billboard construction phase. For the analysis, it was assumed that heavy-duty construction equipment would be operating at the site 5 days per week.

Table 3.3-2. Construction Scenario Assumptions
Construction
Phase
One-Way Vehicle Trips Equipment
Average
Daily
Worker
Trips
Average
Daily
Vendor
Truck
Trips
Total Haul
Truck
Trips Equipment Type Quantity
Usage
Hours
Billboard
Construction
24 18 16 Bore/Drill Rigs 1 4
Cranes 2 6
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 7
Landscaping 18 6 0 Concrete/Industrial Saw 2 8
Emissions generated during construction (and operation) of the Project are subject to the rules and regulations of the SCAQMD. Rule 403, Fugitive Dust, requires the implementation of measures to control the emission of visible fugitive/nuisance dust, such as wetting soils that would be disturbed. It was assumed that the portion of the Project site where active ground disturbance is occurring would be watered at least two times daily in compliance with requirements of SCAQMD standard dust control measures in Rule 403. The application of architectural coatings, such as paint and other finishes, would also produce VOC emissions; however, the contractor is required to procure architectural coatings that comply with the requirements of SCAQMD’s Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings (SCAQMD 2016). 6 Table 3.3-3 shows the estimated maximum daily construction emissions associated with the construction phase of the Project.
5 October 2023 has passed, and in practice, construction is anticipated to begin in late 2024 or early 2025. However, using an earlier start date for construction represents a worst-case scenario for criteria air pollutant and GHG emissions, because equipment and vehicle emission factors for later years would be slightly less due to more stringent standards for in-use off-road equipment and heavy-duty trucks, as well as fleet turnover replacing older equipment and vehicles in later years. As such, while October 2023 has passed, it has been retained as the construction date for the purposes of this analysis to yield conservative results. 6 SCAQMD Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings, requires manufacturers, distributors, and end users of architectural and industrial maintenance coatings to reduce VOC emissions from the use of these coatings, primarily by placing limits on the VOC content of various coating categories.

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Table 3.3-3. Estimated Maximum Daily Construction Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Year
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
Pounds Per Day
2023 1.32 11.7 11.9 0.03 1.18 0.58
SCAQMD Threshold 75 100 550 150 150 55
Threshold Exceeded? No No No No No No
Source: Appendix A.

Notes: VOC = volatile organic compound; NOx = oxides of nitrogen; CO = carbon monoxide; SOx = sulfur oxides; PM10 = coarse particulate matter; PM2.5 = fine particulate matter; SCAQMD = South Coast Air Quality Management District.

The values shown are the maximum summer or winter daily emissions results from CalEEMod.

These estimates reflect control of fugitive dust required by SCAQMD Rule 403.

As shown in Table 3.3-3, daily construction emissions would not exceed the SCAQMD significance thresholds for VOC, NOx, CO, SOx, PM10, or PM2.5 during Project construction, and short-term construction impacts would be less than significant.

Operational Emissions
Emissions from the operational phase of the Project were estimated using CalEEMod. Operational year 2024 was assumed as the first potential year of operations.

Area Sources
CalEEMod was used to estimate operational emissions from area sources, including emissions from consumer product use and architectural coatings. Area source emissions from landscaping from lawn mowers, blowers and other equipment were assumed to be consistent with existing conditions at the site and were therefore not captured in emissions inventory.

Energy Sources
As represented in CalEEMod, energy sources include emissions associated with electricity and natural gas usage. Electricity use would contribute indirectly to criteria air pollutant emissions; however, the emissions from electricity use are only quantified for greenhouse gases (GHGs) in CalEEMod, since criteria pollutant emissions occur at the site of the power plant, which is typically off site. The proposed Project would not include any natural gas emissions sources such as hot water heaters or boilers. Therefore, no criteria air pollutant emissions from energy sources are anticipated for the proposed Project.

Mobile Sources
To quantify emissions associated with Project operational mobile sources, one trip a month was assumed for maintenance of the digital billboard which is based on information provided by the Project applicant.7 Project-related traffic was assumed to include a mixture of vehicles consistent with CalEEMod default vehicle fleet assumptions. Emission factors for 2024 (the first potential year of project operation) were used to estimate emissions associated with full buildout of the Project. 7 Maintenance of the billboard is generally expected to occur once every two months; however, additional maintenance activities may be required in the event of inclement weather. As such, monthly maintenance activities throughout the year have been assumed for the air quality, energy, and GHG calculations to ensure conservative analysis.

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Table 3.3-4 presents the maximum daily emissions associated with operation of the Project in 2024. The values shown are the maximum summer and winter daily emissions results from CalEEMod. Complete details of the emissions calculations are provided in Appendix A.

Table 3.3-4. Estimated Maximum Daily Operation Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Emissions Source
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
Pounds per Day
Proposed Project
Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mobile <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Total Operational <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
SCAQMD Threshold 55 55 550 150 150 55
Threshold Exceeded? No No No No No No
Notes: VOC = volatile organic compound; NOx = oxides of nitrogen; CO = carbon monoxide; SOx = sulfur oxides; PM10 = coarse particulate matter; PM2.5 = fine particulate matter; SCAQMD = South Coast Air Quality Management District; <0.01 = reported value less than 0.01.

See Appendix A for complete results.

As shown in Table 3.3-4, maximum daily operational emissions of VOC, NOx, CO, SOx, PM10, and PM2.5 generated by the Project would not exceed the SCAQMD’s significance thresholds, and long-term operational impacts would be less than significant.

As previously discussed, the SCAB has been designated as a federal nonattainment area for O3 and PM2.5 and a state nonattainment area for O3, PM10, and PM2.5. However, as indicated in Tables 3.3-3 and 3.3-4, Project-generated construction and operational emissions would not exceed the SCAQMD emission-based significance thresholds for VOCs, NOx, PM10, or PM2.5.

Therefore, the Project would not result in a cumulatively considerable increase in emissions of nonattainment pollutants, and impacts would be less than significant during construction and operation. c) Would the project expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would not expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations, as evaluated below.

Sensitive Receptors
Sensitive receptors are those individuals more susceptible to the effects of air pollution than the population at large. People most likely to be affected by air pollution include children, the elderly, and people with cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases. According to the SCAQMD, sensitive receptors include sites such as residences, schools, playgrounds, childcare centers, long-term healthcare facilities, rehabilitation centers, convalescent centers, and retirement homes (SCAQMD 1993). The nearest sensitive receptors is Jalapa Park which is located approximately 350 feet northeast of the Project work area.

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Localized Significance Thresholds
The SCAQMD recommends a localized significance threshold (LST) analysis to evaluate localized air quality impacts to sensitive receptors in the immediate vicinity of a project as a result of project activities. The impacts of the proposed Project were analyzed using methods consistent with those in the SCAQMD’s Final Localized Significance Threshold Methodology (SCAQMD 2009). Maximum daily emissions would be generated during the billboard construction phase. The Project site is 1.64 acres; however, only a small portion of the site would undergo disturbance during construction of the billboard. To provide a conservative analysis, the thresholds for a one-acre project site were utilized. The Project is located within Source-Receptor Area 9 (East San Gabriel Valley). This analysis applies the SCAQMD LST values for a 1-acre site within Source-Receptor Area 9 with a receptor distance of 100 meters (328 feet), which is the closest available distance, relative to the distance between the Project work area and Jalapa Park (350 feet), provided in the SCAQMD’s methodology.

Project construction activities would result in temporary sources of on-site criteria air pollutant emissions associated with off-road equipment exhaust and fugitive dust generation. According to the Final Localized Significance Threshold Methodology, “off-site mobile emissions from the project should not be included in the emissions compared to the LSTs” (SCAQMD 2009). Trucks and worker trips associated with the Project are not expected to cause substantial air quality impacts to sensitive receptors along off-site roadways since emissions would be brief in nature and would cease once the vehicles pass through the main streets.

Off-site emissions from truck trips were limited to 1,000 feet of estimated on-site activity within the LST analysis. The maximum daily on-site emissions generated by construction of the Project are presented in Table 3.3-5 and compared to the SCAQMD localized significance criteria for Source-Receptor Area 9 to determine whether Project-generated on-site emissions would result in potential LST impacts.

Table 3.3-5. Construction Localized Significance Thresholds Analysis

NO2 CO PM10 PM2.5
Pounds per Day (On Site)
Maximum 11.7 11.9 1.18 0.58
SCAQMD LST Criteriaa 159 1,914 34 9
Threshold Exceeded? No No No No
Source: SCAQMD 2009; Appendix A.

Notes: NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; CO = carbon monoxide; PM10 = particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 10 microns (coarse particulate matter); PM2.5 = particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns (fine particulate matter); SCAQMD = South Coast Air Quality Management District; LST = localized significance threshold.

Maximum on-site emissions occurred during the overlap of the following phases: grading and site preparation. a LST are shown for a 1-acre disturbed area corresponding to a distance to a sensitive receptor of 100 meters in Source-Receptor Area 9 (East San Gabriel Valley).

As shown in Table 3.3-5, proposed construction activities would not generate emissions more than sitespecific LSTs for NOx, CO PM10 and PM2.5. Thus, impacts would be less than significant.

Carbon Monoxide Hotspots
Traffic-congested roadways and intersections have the potential to generate localized high levels of CO.

Localized areas where ambient concentrations exceed federal and/or state standards for CO are termed “CO hotspots.” The transport of CO is extremely limited, as it disperses rapidly with distance from the source. However, under certain extreme meteorological conditions, CO concentrations near a congested roadway or intersection may reach unhealthy levels, affecting sensitive receptors. Typically, high CO

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concentrations are associated with severely congested intersections. Projects contributing to adverse traffic impacts may result in the formation of a CO hotspot. Additional analysis of CO hotspot impacts would be conducted if a project would result in a significant impact or contribute to an adverse traffic impact at a signalized intersection that would potentially subject sensitive receptors to CO hotspots. The proposed Project would generate less than one monthly trip associated with maintenance of the billboard, therefore, traffic congestion would not be substantially altered or affected by the Project.

At the time that the SCAQMD Handbook (SCAQMD 1993) was published, the SCAB was designated nonattainment under the CAAQS and NAAQS for CO. In 2007, the SCAQMD was designated in attainment for CO under both the CAAQS and NAAQS because of the steady decline in CO concentrations in the SCAB due to turnover of older vehicles, introduction of cleaner fuels, and implementation of control technology on industrial facilities. The SCAQMD conducted CO modeling for the 2003 AQMP8 (SCAQMD 2003b) for the four worst-case intersections in the SCAB:

Wilshire Boulevard and Veteran Avenue
Sunset Boulevard and Highland Avenue
La Cienega Boulevard and Century Boulevard
Long Beach Boulevard and Imperial Highway
At the time the 2003 AQMP was prepared, the intersection of Wilshire Boulevard and Veteran Avenue was the most congested intersection in Los Angeles County, with an average daily traffic volume of about 100,000 vehicles per day. The 2003 AQMP projected 8-hour CO concentrations at these four intersections for 1997 and from 2002 through 2005. From years 2002 through 2005, the maximum 8-hour CO concentration was 3.8 parts per million at the Sunset Boulevard and Highland Avenue intersection in 2002 and the maximum 8-hour CO concentration was 3.4 parts per million at the Wilshire Boulevard and Veteran Avenue in 2002.

Accordingly, CO concentrations at congested intersections would not exceed the 1-hour or 8-hour CO CAAQS unless projected daily traffic would be at least over 100,000 vehicles per day. Because the Project is not anticipated to increase daily traffic volumes at any intersection to more than 100,000 vehicles per day, a CO hotspot is not anticipated to occur.

Based on these considerations, the Project would not generate traffic that would contribute to potential adverse traffic impacts that may result in the formation of CO hotspots. This conclusion is supported by the analysis in Section 3.17, which demonstrates that traffic impacts would be less than significant. In addition, due to continued improvement in vehicular emissions at a rate faster than the rate of vehicle growth and/or congestion, the potential for CO hotspots in the SCAB is steadily decreasing. Based on these considerations, the Project would result in a less-than-significant impact to air quality with regard to potential CO hotspots.

Toxic Air Contaminants
TACs are defined as substances that may cause or contribute to an increase in deaths or in serious illness, or that may pose a present or potential hazard to human health. 8 SCAQMD’s CO hotspot modeling guidance has not changed since 2003.

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Health effects from carcinogenic air toxics are usually described in terms of cancer risk. The SCAQMD recommends an incremental cancer risk threshold of 10 in 1 million. “Incremental cancer risk” is the net increased likelihood that a person continuously exposed to concentrations of TACs resulting from a project over a 9-, 30-, and 70-year exposure period will contract cancer based on the use of standard Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment risk-assessment methodology (OEHHA 2015). In addition, some TACs have noncarcinogenic effects. The SCAQMD recommends a Hazard Index of 1 or more for acute (shortterm) and chronic (long-term) noncarcinogenic effects.9 TACs that would potentially be emitted during construction activities associated with the Project would be diesel particulate matter (DPM).

DPM emissions would be emitted from heavy equipment operations and heavy-duty trucks. Heavy-duty construction equipment is subject to a CARB Airborne Toxics Control Measure for in-use diesel construction equipment to reduce diesel particulate emissions. PM10, and PM2.5 (representative of DPM) exposure would be minimal. According to the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, health risk assessments (which determine the exposure of sensitive receptors to toxic emissions) should be based on a 30-year exposure period for the maximally exposed individual resident; however, such assessments should also be limited to the period/duration of activities associated with the Project. The duration of the proposed construction activities would constitute a small percentage of a total 30-year exposure period. The construction period for the Project would be approximately 2 weeks, after which construction-related TAC emissions would cease. Therefore, due to the relatively short period of exposure (2 weeks), minimal diesel particulate emissions on site, and distance from sensitive receptors, TACs generated during construction are not expected to result in concentrations causing significant health risks.

Following completion of on-site construction activities, the Project would not involve routine operational activities that would generate TAC emissions. Operation of the Project would not result in any non-permitted direct emissions such as an on-site generator or off-road equipment. For these reasons, the Project would not result in substantial TAC exposure to sensitive receptors, and impacts would thus be less than significant.

Health Effects of Criteria Air Pollutants
Construction and operation of the Project would generate criteria air pollutant emissions; however, estimated construction and operational emissions would not exceed the SCAQMD mass-emission daily thresholds as shown in Tables 3.3-3 and 3.3-4, respectively. As previously discussed, the SCAB has been designated as a federal nonattainment area for O3 and PM2.5 and a state nonattainment area for O3, PM10, and PM2.5.

Health effects associated with O3 include respiratory symptoms, worsening of lung disease leading to premature death, and damage to lung tissue (CARB 2023). VOCs and NOx are precursors to O3, for which the SCAB is designated as nonattainment with respect to the NAAQS and CAAQS. The contribution of VOCs and NOx to regional ambient O3 concentrations is the result of complex photochemistry. The increases in O3 concentrations in the SCAB due to O3 precursor emissions tend to be found downwind from the source location to allow time for the photochemical reactions to occur. However, the potential for exacerbating excessive O3 concentrations would also depend on the time of year that the VOC emissions would occur because exceedances of the O3 ambient air quality standards tend to occur between April and October when solar radiation is highest. The holistic effect of a single project’s emissions of O3 precursors is speculative because of the lack of quantitative methods to assess this impact. Because construction and 9 Non-cancer adverse health risks are measured against a hazard index, which is defined as the ratio of the predicted incremental exposure concentrations of the various noncarcinogens from the Project to published reference exposure levels that can cause adverse health effects.

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operation of the Project would not result in O3 precursor emissions (i.e., VOCs or NOX) that would exceed the SCAQMD thresholds, as shown in Tables 3.3-3 and 3.3-4, the Project is not anticipated to substantially contribute to regional O3 concentrations and their associated health impacts.

Health effects associated with NOx and NO2 include lung irritation and enhanced allergic responses (CARB 2023). Construction and operation of the Project would not generate NOx emissions that would exceed the SCAQMD mass daily thresholds; therefore, construction and operation of the Project is not anticipated to contribute to exceedances of the NAAQS and CAAQS for NO2 or contribute to associated health effects. In addition, the SCAB is designated as in attainment of the NAAQS and CAAQS for NO2, and the existing NO2 concentrations in the area are well below the NAAQS and CAAQS standards.

Health effects associated with CO include chest pain in patients with heart disease, headache, lightheadedness, and reduced mental alertness (CARB 2023). CO tends to be a localized impact associated with congested intersections. CO hotspots were discussed previously as a less-than-significant impact.

Thus, the Project’s CO emissions would not contribute to the health effects associated with this pollutant.

Health effects associated with PM10 and PM2.5 include premature death and hospitalization, primarily for worsening of respiratory disease (CARB 2023). As with O3 and NOX, and as shown in Tables 3.3-3 and 3.3-4, the Project would not generate emissions of PM10 or PM2.5 that would exceed the SCAQMD’s thresholds.

Accordingly, the Project’s PM10 and PM2.5 emissions are not expected to cause an increase in related health effects for this pollutant.

In summary, construction and operation of the Project would not result in exceedances of the SCAQMD significance thresholds for criteria pollutants, and potential health effects associated with criteria air pollutants would be less than significant.

In addition, an analysis of the Project’s potential to exceed the SCAQMD LSTs is presented above. The SCAQMD developed the LST analysis in response to CARB Governing Board’s Environmental Justice Enhancement Initiative I-4. LSTs represent the maximum emissions from a project that will not cause or contribute to an exceedance of the most stringent applicable NAAQS or CAAQS (which are health protective standards) at the nearest sensitive receptor, taking into consideration ambient concentrations in each source receptor area, project size, and distance to the nearest sensitive receptor. LSTs has been developed for NO2, CO, PM10, and PM2.5. As presented above, the Project’s localized construction emissions would not exceed site-specific LSTs. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant. d) Would the project result in other emissions (such as those leading to odors) adversely affecting a substantial number of people?
Less Than Significant Impact. The occurrence and severity of potential odor impacts depends on numerous factors. The nature, frequency, and intensity of the source; the wind speeds and direction; and the sensitivity of receiving location each contribute to the intensity of the impact. Although offensive odors seldom cause physical harm, they can be annoying and cause distress among the public and generate citizen complaints.

Construction could generate odors from vehicles and/or equipment exhaust emissions. Potential odors produced would be primarily attributable to concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from tailpipes of construction equipment and architectural coatings. Such odors would disperse rapidly and would occur at magnitudes that would not affect substantial numbers of people Additionally, the proposed Project

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does not include demolition of older buildings which may have included asbestos or lead in their building design. Therefore, impacts associated with odors and other emissions during construction would be less than significant.

Land uses and industrial operations associated with odor complaints include agricultural uses, wastewater treatment plants, food processing plants, chemical plants, composting, refineries, landfills, dairies, and fiberglass molding. The Project entails operation of a billboard and would not result in the creation of a land use that is commonly associated with odors. Therefore, no impact would occur during Project operations.

References
CARB (California Air Resources Board). 2022. “Area Designation Maps/State and National.” Last updated.

November 2022. http://www.arb.ca.gov/desig/adm/adm.htm.

CARB. 2023. “Common Air Pollutants. Accessed April 2023. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/common-air-pollutants.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2023. “Nonattainment areas for Criteria Air Pollutants.” Last updated March 31, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/green-book
OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment). 2015. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program. Risk Assessment Guidelines. Guidance Manual for Preparation of Health Risk Assessments. February 2015. http://oehha.ca.gov/air/hot_spots/2015/2015GuidanceManual.pdf.

SCAG (Southern California Association of Governments). 2020. Connect SoCal: The 2040-2045 Regional Transportation Plan/ Sustainable Communities Strategy of the Southern California Association of Governments. May 7, 2020. Accessed July 2020. https://www.connectsocal.org/ Documents/Adopted/fConnectSoCal-Plan.pdf.

SCAQMD (South Coast Air Quality Management District). 1993. CEQA Air Quality Handbook.

SCAQMD. 2003a. White Paper on Potential Control Strategies to Address Cumulative Impacts from Air Pollution.

August 2003. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/Agendas/Environmental-Justice/ cumulative-impacts-working-group/cumulative-impacts-white-paper.pdf?sfvrsn=2.

SCAQMD. 2003b. Final 2003 AQMP Appendix V Modeling and Attainment Demonstrations. August 2003. https://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/clean-air-plans/air-quality-management-plans/ 2003-air-quality-management-plan/2003-aqmp-appendix-v.pdf?sfvrsn=2.

SCAQMD. 2009. Final Localized Significance Threshold Methodology. Revised July 2009.

SCAQMD. 2016. Rule 1113. Architectural Coatings. Accessed January 2023. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/defaultsource/rule-book/reg-xi/r1113.pdf?sfvrsn=24SCAQMD. 2018. “SCAQMD Modeling Guidance for AERMOD.” Accessed April 2018. http://www.aqmd.gov/home/air-quality/air-quality-data-studies/ meteorological-data/modeling-guidance.

SCAQMD. 2019. “SCAQMD Air Quality Significance Thresholds.” Originally published in CEQA Air Quality Handbook, Table A9-11-A. Revised April 2019. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/ceqa/ handbook/scaqmd-air-quality-significance-thresholds.pdf?sfvrsn=2.

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SCAQMD. 2022. 2022 Air Quality Management Plan. Accessed January 2023. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/ default-source/clean-air-plans/air-quality-management-plans/2022-air-quality-management-plan/ final-2022-aqmp/final-2022-aqmp.pdf?sfvrsn=10.

3.4 Biological Resources

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
IV. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES – Would the project:
a) Have a substantial adverse effect, either
directly or through habitat modifications, on
any species identified as a candidate,
sensitive, or special status species in local
or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or
by the California Department of Fish and
Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
b) Have a substantial adverse effect on any
riparian habitat or other sensitive natural
community identified in local or regional
plans, policies, regulations, or by the
California Department of Fish and Wildlife or
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
c) Have a substantial adverse effect on state
or federally protected wetlands (including,
but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool,
coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling,
hydrological interruption, or other means?
d) Interfere substantially with the movement
of any native resident or migratory fish or
wildlife species or with established native
resident or migratory wildlife corridors,
or impede the use of native wildlife
nursery sites?
e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances
protecting biological resources, such as a
tree preservation policy or ordinance?
f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted
Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural
Community Conservation Plan, or other
approved local, regional, or state habitat
conservation plan?

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a) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? No Impact. Based on an electronic database review of the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB), there are 108 special status wildlife species, 76 special status plant species, and nine sensitive habitats with recorded occurrences in the U.S. Geologic Survey’s 7.5-minute quadrangles on which the Project site is located on and surrounded by (CDFW 2022). These 7.5-minute quadrangles include the San Dimas, Baldwin Park, Ontario, Mt. Baldy, Glendora, Azusa, La Habra, Yorba Linda, Prado Dam quadrangles.

While some special status species are known to occur in the Project area and surrounding region, the Project site and surrounding areas are developed under existing conditions and are located within an urban setting dominated by development and ornamental landscaping. As such, no special status species are expected to occur on the Project site or in the immediate vicinity of the Project site, due to the absence of suitable habitat. As such, no impact to special-status species is expected to occur. b) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
No Impact. The Project site is developed with a paved parking lot, an office building, and landscaping.

There are no riparian habitat areas located on or within the immediate vicinity of the Project site (USFWS 2023). The vegetation on the Project site consists of ornamental trees, shrubs, and turf that do not constitute a sensitive natural community. The nearest potential riparian area is a forested drainage located approximately 0.2 miles west of the Project site (USFWS 2023). The Project site is separated from this drainage by urban development, including the I-10 freeway and residential structures. Due to the distance and intervening development, the Project would not adversely affect this drainage. Therefore, the Project would not have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community, and there would be no impact.
c) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on state or federally protected wetlands (including, but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption, or other means?
No Impact. There are no wetlands located on or adjacent to the Project site (USFWS 2023). The nearest bodies of water are a forested drainage located approximately 0.2 mile west of the Project site (described above under Section 3.4(b)) and a series of freshwater wetlands approximately 0.4 mile southeast of the Project site (USFWS 2023). The Project site is separated from these areas by urban development, including the I-10 freeway. Therefore, the Project would not have a substantial adverse effect on state or federally protected wetlands, and there would be no impact.
d) Would the project interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites?
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. There are no wetland or water bodies within the Project site. As such, the Project would have no potential to affect the movement of migratory fish. The Project

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site does contain landscaping, including several trees located near the site of the proposed billboard. The Project may require the removal or trimming of some of the on-site trees. While these vegetated areas could potentially support wildlife, they are not connected with other naturalized corridors or habitat areas. Rather, these stands of trees are isolated from other naturalized areas and potential habitat by the I-10 freeway to the west, commercial development to the north, and existing roadways to the east and south. As such, the trees on the Project site have limited function as wildlife corridors. Therefore, the implementation of the Project would not interfere with wildlife corridors. The trees on the Project site, however, could provide potential nesting sites for birds and raptors, which are protected under Section 3503, 3503.5, and 3513 of the Fish and Game Code and under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Tree removal and other construction activities could negatively affect individual birds that are nesting on the Project site. In the event that one of the trees planned for trimming or removal are being used as a nesting site by a native bird, the removal of the tree could affect or kill the bird.

Construction activities would also elevate noise levels and could cause disturbance to protected bird species nesting on the Project site. Should construction of the Project occur during breeding, reproduction, or juvenile nesting periods for nesting birds and raptors (i.e., between February 15 and August 31), the construction activities associated with the Project would have the potential to negatively affect nesting birds or raptor species, which would be a significant impact under CEQA. Implementation of MM-BIO-1 would reduce this impact to below a level of significance.

During Project operations, the new billboard would result in an incremental increase in the ambient lighting conditions at the Project site and its surroundings. Additional sources of light have the potential to affect wildlife movement and behavior, particularly when introduced to an environment that is otherwise devoid of artificial lighting sources. However, the billboard would be surrounded by urban development that contains many sources of light, including residential uses, commercial uses, and traffic. As such, the proposed billboard would not substantially increase the light in the Project area when compared to existing conditions to the extent that wildlife movement or behavior would be adversely affected. Therefore, the light emitted from the billboard would not result in a substantial adverse impact to nesting birds. In addition, any vegetation that is removed during construction would be replaced with additional landscaping. While several trees may be permanently removed as part of the Project, numerous other trees would remain available on the Project site and within the immediate vicinity, providing similar nesting habitat. As such, the Project site would continue to provide potential nesting sites in an urban environment, consistent with existing conditions. Therefore, operational impacts would be less than significant and construction impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

MM-BIO-1 Nesting Birds
Initiation of construction activities (i.e., initial vegetation clearing) should avoid the migratory bird nesting season (February 15 through August 31), to reduce any potential significant impact to birds that may be nesting on the Project site. If construction activities must be initiated during the migratory bird-nesting season, an avian nesting survey must be conducted for protected migratory birds, raptors, and active nests. A qualified biologist shall survey the construction zone and a 250-foot radius surrounding the construction zone in areas that are accessible visually. The avian nesting survey shall be performed by a qualified wildlife biologist within 72 hours prior to the start of construction in accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and California Fish and Game Code.

If an active bird nest is found, the nest shall be flagged and mapped on the construction plans along with an appropriate no disturbance buffer, which will be determined by the

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biologist based on the species’ sensitivity to disturbance (typically 50 feet for common, urban-adapted species, 300 feet for other passerine species, and 500 feet for raptors and special-status species). The nest area shall be avoided until the nest is vacated and the juveniles have fledged. The nest area shall be demarcated in the field with flagging and stakes or construction fencing. A qualified biologist (with the ability to stop work) shall serve as a construction monitor during those periods when construction activities will occur near active nest areas to ensure that no inadvertent impacts on these nests occur. e) Would the project conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance?
No Impact. The Project site contains several trees, including eucalyptus, palm, and coniferous trees. As previously discussed, the Project may require the removal and/or trimming of up to two on-site trees.

Chapter 11.36 of the City’s Municipal Code sets forth protections for street trees within the City. According to Section 11.36.040 of the City’s Municipal Code, it is unlawful to remove or damage any trees that are located within a public right-of-way without first obtaining a permit from the City. In addition, Chapter 17.83 of the City’s Municipal Code sets forth the provisions of the City’s Tree Preservation Ordinance. This ordinance prohibits the removal or damaging of designated heritage trees within the City. According to Section 17.83.020 of the City’s Municipal Code, heritage trees are defined as all species of oak tree and any individual tree or groups of trees that have been specifically designated as heritage trees by the City Council. The trees that would be removed and/or trimmed during Project construction are not street trees or heritage trees, as defined by the City’s Municipal Code. As such, the Project would not conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources. There would be no impact. f) Would the project conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan? No Impact. The City’s General Plan does not designate any areas of the City as being located within a habitat conservation plan (City of Covina 2000). Additionally, the City is not located within any regional conservation plans designated by the state (CDFW 2019). Therefore, the implementation of the proposed Project would not conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan. There would be no impact.

References
CDFW (California Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2019. California Natural Community Conservation Plans.

April 2019. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Planning/NCCP.

CDFW. 2022. California Natural Diversity Database: RareFind 5; records of occurrence for USGS 7.5- minute Quadrangle maps: San Dimas, Baldwin Park, Ontario, Mt. Baldy, Glendora, Azusa, La Habra, Yorba Linda, Prado Dam. Accessed March 30, 2023. https://apps.wildlife.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RareFind.aspx.

City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/ community-development/planning/.

USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2023. National Wetlands Inventory. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://fwsprimary.wim.usgs.gov/wetlands/apps/wetlands-mapper.

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3.5 Cultural Resources

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
V. CULTURAL RESOURCES – Would the project:
a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the
significance of a historical resource
pursuant to Section 15064.5?
b) Cause a substantial adverse change in the
significance of an archaeological resource
pursuant to Section 15064.5?
c) Disturb any human remains, including those
interred outside of formal cemeteries?
a) Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource pursuant to Section 15064.5?
No Impact. The proposed Project would not involve demolition or alteration of structures. As such, direct effects to historic built environment resources would not result from the Project. However, the proposed billboard would introduce a new built environment feature on the Project site, having the potential to result in indirect effects to historical resources, in the event that any were present on the site or in the immediate vicinity. However, the office building that is currently on the Project site was constructed in 1985, according to information on file at the Los Angeles County Office of the Assessor (Los Angeles County 2023). This building is not over 45 years of age and, therefore, does not meet the age threshold for consideration under the National Register of Historic Places or California Register of Historical Resources, or for local designation. Therefore, the introduction of a billboard at this property would not result in a significant effect to on-site historical built environment resources, since none are present. As demonstrated in the records search conducted for the Project site and vicinity (described further in Section 3.5(b), below), there are no known historic built environment resources within the immediate Project surroundings. Specifically, the Project site’s immediate surroundings consist of a hotel building to the northwest (constructed in 1980 and thus not of historic age), a City park to the northeast, a commercial building to the east (constructed in 1985 and thus not of historic age), and the I-10 freeway to the south (Los Angeles County 2023). None of these built environment features are designated historic resources. For these reasons, implementation of the proposed billboard is not anticipated to have an indirect effect to historical built environment resources.

As such, effects to historical built environment resources are not anticipated, and no impact would occur. (Historical archaeological resources are addressed in Section 3.5(b)). b) Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to Section 15064.5?
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. A California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) records search was conducted for the Project site and a 1.0-mile radius around the Project site at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC), located on the campus of California

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State University, Fullerton on March 13, 2023. This search included their collections of mapped prehistoric, historic, and built environment resources, Department of Parks and Recreation Site Records, technical reports, and ethnographic references. Additional consulted sources include historical maps of the study area, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR), the California Historic Property Data File, the lists of California State Historical Landmarks, California Points of Historical Interest, and the Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility. SCCIC records indicate that no previously recorded cultural resources exist within or adjacent to the proposed Project site.

Dudek contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on March 3, 2023, and requested a review of their Sacred Lands File (SLF) as part of the process of identifying cultural resources within or near the Project site. The NAHC replied via email on May 24, 2023, stating that the results of the SLF search were negative. All tribal coordination was completed by the City pursuant to Assembly Bill (AB) 52. See Section 3.18, Tribal Cultural Resources, for more information.

Based on the research described above, there are no known archaeological resources on the Project site or in the vicinity of the Project site; therefore, there are no significant or unique archaeological resources that Project implementation may have the potential to adversely change.

The proposed Project would involve a minimal area of ground disturbance to construct the billboard foundation (which would be approximately 5–6 feet wide and would extend to a depth of approximately 30–35 feet below ground surface). However, ground disturbance would occur on a lot that has already undergone grading and ground disturbance, associated with the existing office building, surface parking lot, and ornamental landscaping. As such, it is anticipated that the area of proposed ground disturbance has already undergone disturbance in the past, which reduces the likelihood that previously undiscovered intact archaeological deposits with the potential to meet the criteria of significance in accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 would be discovered during construction of the proposed Project within disturbed soils. However, due to the anticipated depth of the pole foundation for the billboard (30–35 feet below grade), excavation could extend into previously undisturbed soils where, if archaeological resources were present, such resources would have a higher likelihood of retaining their provenience.

Nevertheless, due to the absence of known archaeological resources on the Project site or in the Project area, the minimal amount of proposed ground disturbance, and the previously disturbed nature of the Project site, the likelihood of encountering previously undiscovered, buried archaeological resources is low, and no discoveries are anticipated. However, there is always some potential for a previously undiscovered resource, with the potential to meet the criteria of significance per CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5, to be encountered during excavation. If such resources were to be uncovered but not properly treated, they could be destroyed or damaged, resulting in a potentially significant impact. As such, MM-CUL-1 is set forth to reduce impacts to below a level of significance, in the unlikely event of an unanticipated archaeological find. Incorporation of MM-CUL-1 would ensure that any unanticipated significant discoveries are protected to the extent required by law. Impacts from the proposed Project would thus be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

MM-CUL-1 Unanticipated Archaeological Finds
In the event that archaeological resources (sites, features, or artifacts) are unearthed during ground-disturbing activities associated with the proposed Project, the contractor shall cease all earth-disturbing activities within 50 feet of the discovery and shall retain a

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qualified archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards. The archaeologist shall evaluate the significance of the find and determine whether or not additional study is warranted. Construction activities may continue in other areas. Depending upon the significance of the find under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (14 CCR 15064.5(f); California PRC Section 21082), the archaeologist may simply record the find and allow work to continue. If the discovery proves significant under CEQA, additional work, such as preparation of an archaeological treatment plan, testing, data recovery, and/or monitoring may be warranted. c) Would the project disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries? Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. No known burials including those interred in a formal cemetery or those interred outside of formal cemeteries exist within the Project site or within close proximity of the Project site. However, there is always some potential for a previously undiscovered burial or a previously disturbed but unreported burial to be encountered during excavation. As discussed in Section 3.5(b), the proposed Project would involve minimal ground-disturbing activities. In the unlikely event that excavation activities during construction inadvertently uncover buried human remains, implementation of MM-CUL-2 would reduce potential impacts below a level of significance. Impacts would therefore be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

MM-CUL-2 Human Remains
In accordance with Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code, if human remains are found the contractor shall cease all earth-disturbing activities within no less than 100 feet of the discovery, immediately notify the County Coroner, and contact a qualified archaeologist. No further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent remains shall occur until the County Coroner has determined, within two working days of notification of the discovery, the appropriate treatment and disposition of the human remains. If the County Coroner determines that the remains are, or are believed to be, Native American, he or she shall notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) in Sacramento within 24 hours. In accordance with California Public Resources Code, Section 5097.98, the NAHC must immediately notify those persons it believes to be the most likely descendent from the deceased Native American. The most likely descendent shall complete their inspection within 48 hours of being granted access to the site. The most likely descendent would then determine, in consultation with the property owner, the disposition of the human remains. Upon discovery, a qualified archaeologist will be retained to ensure proper implementation of the treatment agreed upon by the most likely descendant and property owner.

References
Los Angeles County. 2023. Property Assessment Information System. Accessed April 14, 2023. https://maps.assessor.lacounty.gov/m/.

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3.6 Energy

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
VI. Energy – Would the project:
a) Result in potentially significant
environmental impact due to wasteful,
inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of
energy resources, during project
construction or operation?
b) Conflict with or obstruct a state or local plan
for renewable energy or energy efficiency?
a) Would the project result in potentially significant environmental impact due to wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy resources, during project construction or operation? Less Than Significant Impact. The short-term construction and long-term operation of the proposed Project would require the consumption of energy resources in several forms at the Project site and within the Project area. Construction and operational energy consumption for the proposed Project is evaluated in detail below.

Construction
Electricity
Temporary electric power for as-necessary lighting and electronic equipment would be provided by Southern California Edison. Any electricity used for construction activities would be temporary, would be substantially less than that required for Project operation, and would have a negligible contribution to the Project’s overall energy consumption. Therefore, impacts to electricity resources during construction would be less than significant.

Natural Gas
Natural gas is not anticipated to be required during construction of the Project. Fuels used for construction would primarily consist of diesel and gasoline, which are discussed below under the Petroleum subsection.

Any minor amounts of natural gas that may be consumed as a result of Project construction would have a negligible contribution to the Project’s overall energy consumption. Therefore, impacts to natural gas resources during construction would be less than significant.

Petroleum
Heavy-duty construction equipment associated with construction activities would rely on diesel fuel.

Construction workers would travel to and from the Project site throughout the duration of construction. It is

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assumed in this analysis that construction workers would travel to and from the site in gasoline-powered passenger vehicles.

Heavy-duty construction equipment of various types would be used during Project construction. Appendix A lists the assumed equipment usage for each phase of construction. Energy calculations are also included in Appendix A.

Fuel consumption from construction equipment was estimated by converting the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from each construction phase to gallons using the conversion factors for CO2 to gallons of gasoline or diesel. Construction is estimated to occur in 2023 based on the construction phasing schedule.

The conversion factor for gasoline is 8.78 kilograms per metric ton CO2 per gallon, and the conversion factor for diesel is 10.21 kilograms per metric ton CO2 per gallon (The Climate Registry 2021). The estimated diesel fuel usage from construction equipment is shown in Table 3.6-1.

Table 3.6-1. Project Construction Petroleum Demand
Phase
Off-Road Equipment
(diesel) Trucks (diesel)
Worker Vehicles
(gasoline)
gallons
Construction 678 48 37
Total Petroleum Consumed 763
Notes: See Appendix A for details.

In summary, construction of the Project is anticipated to consume 37 gallons of gasoline and 727 gallons of diesel over the course of two weeks. The Project would be subject to CARB’s In-Use Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Regulation that applies to certain off-road diesel engines, vehicles, or equipment greater than 25 horsepower. The regulation: (1) imposes limits on idling, requires a written idling policy, and requires a disclosure when selling vehicles; (2) requires all vehicles to be reported to CARB (using the Diesel OffRoad Online Reporting System) and labeled; (3) restricts the adding of older vehicles into fleets starting on January 1, 2014; and 4) requires fleets to reduce their emissions by retiring, replacing, or repowering older engines, or installing Verified Diesel Emission Control Strategies (i.e., exhaust retrofits). The fleet must either show that its fleet average index was less than or equal to the calculated fleet average target rate, or that the fleet has met the Best Achievable Control Technology (BACT) requirements. The Project is also located in an urban area and worker, vendor, and haul truck trip lengths would be shorter compared to a rural project location, resulting in less energy use. Therefore, impacts to petroleum resources during construction would be less than significant.

Operation
Electricity and Natural Gas
The operation of the Project would require electricity for powering of the digital billboard. Electricity consumption associated with Project operation is based on the CalEEMod outputs and energy calculations presented in Appendix A.

Energy demand information associated with the Project from powering of the digital billboard was provided by the Project applicant. According to these estimations, the Project would consume approximately 64,800

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kWh per year. For context, within the County of Los Angeles, non-residential energy demand was 4,438 million kilowatt hours in 2021 (CEC 2023). Therefore, the Project would represent a minimal increase in demand compared to the existing energy demand within the County of Los Angeles. The digital billboard display would also utilize high efficiency LEDs. Therefore, electricity use related to the Project would not be wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary and impacts related to operational electricity would be less than significant.

Natural gas consumption is not anticipated to be required during operation of the Project. The Project consists of construction and operation of a digital billboard and would not include on-site sources that require natural gas for fuel. Therefore, there would be no impact related to operational natural gas use.

Petroleum
Petroleum fuel consumption associated with motor vehicles traveling to and from the Project site is a function of the vehicle miles traveled as a result of Project operation. As shown in Appendix A the annual vehicle miles traveled attributable to the Project is expected to be 2,650 miles. Similar to the construction worker and vendor trips, fuel consumption from worker and truck trips are estimated by converting the total CO2 emissions from operation of the Project to gallons using the conversion factors for CO2 to gallons of gasoline or diesel. Mobile source fuel demand was estimated to be 860 gallons of gasoline per year based on the Project’s one MT CO2e per year.

Statewide emission reduction measures proposed in the CARB-adopted amendments to the Pavley regulations include measures aimed at reducing GHG emissions associated with transportation. CARB has adopted a new approach to passenger vehicles—cars and light trucks—by combining the control of smogcausing pollutants and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of standards. This approach also includes efforts to support and accelerate the number of plug-in hybrids and zero-emission vehicles in California (CARB 2017).

In summary, although electricity usage would increase due to the implementation of the Project, the Project would be subject to the State Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which would ensure that electricity is being used as efficiently as practicable. Although the Project would see an increase in petroleum use during construction and operation, vehicles would use less petroleum over time due to advances in fuel economy.

Therefore, impacts to energy resources during operation would be less than significant. b) Would the project conflict with or obstruct a state or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would be subject to and would comply with, at a minimum, the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards (24 CCR, Part 6). Part 6 of Title 24 establishes energy efficiency standards for non-residential buildings constructed in California to reduce energy demand and consumption. The digital billboard display would comply with the California code requirements for energy efficiency.

Part 11 of Title 24 sets forth voluntary and mandatory energy measures that are applicable to the Project under the California Green Building Standards. California Green Building Standards institute mandatory minimum environmental performance standards for all ground-up, new construction of commercial, lowrise residential, and state-owned buildings, as well as schools and hospitals. The proposed Project would meet all applicable California Green Building Standards.

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The City’s Energy Action Plan (EAP) demonstrates the City’s commitment to pursue energy efficiency and reduce GHGs across the community and municipal operations (City of Covina 2012). The Project would be consistent with the EAP since the Project would be designed using a high efficiency LED display. For these reasons, the Project would not conflict with or obstruct a state or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

References
CARB. 2017. The 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update—The Proposed Strategy for Achieving California’s 2030 Greenhouse Gas Target. January 20, 2017. Accessed April, 2023. https://www.arb.ca.gov/ cc/scopingplan/2030sp_pp_final.pdf.

California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. Electricity Consumption by County. Accessed April 2023. http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx.

City of Covina. 2012. City of Covina Energy Action Plan. December 2012. Accessed April 2023. https://covinaca.gov/ sites/default/files/fileattachments/public_works/page/584/covina-eap-december-2012_final.pdf.

The Climate Registry. 2021. “Default Emission Factors.” April. https://www.theclimateregistry.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/04/The-Climate-Registry-2021-Default-Emission-Factor-Document.pdf.

3.7 Geology and Soils

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
VII. GEOLOGY AND SOILS – Would the project:
a) Directly or indirectly cause potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving:
i) Rupture of a known earthquake fault,
as delineated on the most recent
Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning
Map issued by the State Geologist for
the area or based on other substantial
evidence of a known fault? Refer to
Division of Mines and Geology Special
Publication 42.
ii) Strong seismic ground shaking?
iii) Seismic-related ground failure, including
liquefaction?
iv) Landslides?
b) Result in substantial soil erosion or the loss
of topsoil?

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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
c) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is
unstable, or that would become unstable as
a result of the project, and potentially result
in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading,
subsidence, liquefaction or collapse?
d) Be located on expansive soil, as defined in
Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code
(1994), creating substantial direct or
indirect risks to life or property?
e) Have soils incapable of adequately
supporting the use of septic tanks or
alternative waste water disposal systems
where sewers are not available for the
disposal of waste water?
f) Directly or indirectly destroy a unique
paleontological resource or site or unique
geologic feature?
a) Would the project directly or indirectly cause potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving:
i) Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? Refer to Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 42.

No Impact. According to maps produced by the state, the Project site does not lie within an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone (CGS 2022). Thus, the potential for fault rupture on the Project site is low.

Furthermore, the construction and operation of the proposed billboard would not increase the probability or exacerbate the potential for fault rupture to occur. Therefore, the Project is not expected to result in substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death, involving rupture of a known earthquake fault. There would be no impact.
ii) Strong seismic ground shaking?
Less Than Significant Impact. As with most of Southern California, the Project site could be subject to seismic ground shaking. The nearest active faults to the City include the Sierra Madre and Duarte and Lower Duarte faults, which are located approximately between two and four miles north of the City (City of Covina 2000). A significant earthquake originating along any of these, or other regional faults, could pose a hazard to buildings and people in the City.

In the event of strong seismic ground shaking on the Project site, the proposed billboard structure would have the potential to undergo seismic damage, as is the case with surrounding buildings and structures.

The Project, however, would be designed and constructed in accordance with existing federal, state, and

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City laws and guidelines concerning seismic safety, thereby ensuring maximum feasible stability of the proposed billboard. Additionally, the Project would not introduce new habitable structures the Project site, nor would it change the existing use of the site. Additionally, the Project would not result in an increase in the probability or exacerbate the potential for strong seismic ground shaking to occur. Therefore, upon compliance with seismic safety regulations, the Project’s impacts associated with strong seismic ground shaking would be less than significant.
iii) Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction? Less Than Significant Impact. Liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs when water-laden, loose and cohesionless soils are subject to intense seismic shaking and form a fluid-like soils condition below the ground surface. As a result, structural damage may occur as building foundations lose ground support. A portion of the City’s southeast corner, including the Project site, is located within a liquefaction zone (CGS 2022). In the event that seismic-related ground failure were to occur on the Project site, the proposed billboard structure would have the potential to undergo damage. As previously discussed, however, the Project would be designed and constructed in accordance with existing federal, state, and City laws and guidelines concerning seismic safety, thereby ensuring maximum feasible stability of the billboard structure. Additionally, the Project would not introduce habitable structures to the Project site such that it would expose more people to seismic-related ground failure risks. Furthermore, the Project would not increase the probability or exacerbate the potential for seismic-related ground failure to occur. Upon compliance with seismic safety regulations, Project impacts associated with seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction, would be less than significant. iv) Landslides?
Less Than Significant Impact. The Project site is not located in an area that is identified as being susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides (CGS 2022). The nearest area that is susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides is located approximately 0.3 miles east of the Project site (CGS 2022). This area, however, is separated from the Project site by existing development, including residential uses, commercial uses, and East Holt Avenue. As such, if a landslide were to occur in this area, the existing development within the Project area would likely preclude the landslide from reaching the Project site.

Additionally, the Project site is relatively flat and does not contain significant slopes. The majority of the site is developed with an office building and surface parking lot and contains minimal areas with exposed soils.

The only excavation that would be required for the Project would be excavation for the billboard pole structure. As such, the construction of the Project would not result in the potential for exposed slopes on the Project site. Furthermore, the Project would be required to comply with the California Building Code, which outlines specific design, engineering, and development standards for structures and would ensure maximum feasible stability of the billboard structure. The implementation of the Project would not increase the probability or exacerbate the potential for landslides to occur. Therefore, upon compliance with applicable regulations, including the California Building Code, the Project’s impacts associated with landslides would be less than significant.
b) Would the project result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? Less Than Significant Impact. In an urbanized setting, substantial erosion or loss of topsoil typically occurs when ground disturbance causes soils to be exposed and the soils are washed away during a storm or wind event. Proposed project construction would cause minor amounts of ground disturbance on the Project site

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associated with installation of the billboard foundation and structure. These construction processes may cause temporary soil exposure. However, this process would not expose substantial amounts of the underlying soil. Specifically, installation of the billboard foundation would involve excavating a hole between 5 feet and 6 feet in diameter to a depth of approximately 30 feet to 35 feet within an area of the site that contains landscaping under existing conditions. No large areas of exposed soils subject to erosion would be created as a result of Project implementation. Additionally, in compliance with Section 8.50.100 of the City’s Municipal Code, the Project applicant would be required to prepare and submit an erosion and sediment control plan, which would establish best management practices (BMPs) that the Project would be required to abide by during construction to control erosion and sediment. As such, impacts associated with soil erosion or loss of topsoil would be less than significant. c) Would the project be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction or collapse?
Less Than Significant Impact. As described above, the Project site could be susceptible to soils hazards, such as liquefaction. In the event that soil instability were to occur at the Project site, the billboard structure would have the potential to undergo damage. However, the Project would be designed and constructed in compliance with existing federal, state, and City laws and guidelines concerning geologic safety, including the California Building Code, which outlines specific design, engineering, and development standards for structures. Compliance with the applicable regulations would ensure maximum feasible stability of the billboard structure. Ground disturbance involved with the proposed Project would consist of excavation for the billboard foundation and pole structure. As such, ground disturbance would be generally limited; however, excavation for the billboard pole structure would require a deep hole (30 to 35 feet deep), which could lead to temporary soil instability during excavation of the hole. However, the construction contractor would be required to adhere to state and local requirements establishing safe construction and excavation practices, which would ensure that any temporary soil instability would be minimized to the extent practicable. For these reasons, the proposed Project is not expected to result in substantial hazards related to soil instability.

Furthermore, implementation of the proposed Project would not increase the probability or exacerbate the potential for landslides, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse to occur. Upon compliance with seismic safety regulations and standard construction requirements for excavation, impacts related to soil hazards associated with implementation of the proposed Project would be less than significant. d) Would the project be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994), creating substantial direct or indirect risks to life or property? Less Than Significant Impact. Expansive soils are clay-based soils that tend to expand (increase in volume) as they absorb water and shrink (lessen in volume) as water is drawn away. If soils consist of expansive clays, foundation movement and/or damage can occur if wetting and drying of the clay does not occur uniformly across the entire area. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the Project site is underlain by Urban land-Azuvina-Montebello complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes (NRCS 2023). The profile of this soil unit includes loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, and fine sandy loam (NRCS 2023). As such, soils with clay components are present in the Project area, and the Project site could thus be potentially subject to soil expansion hazards. The Project, however, would be designed and constructed in compliance with existing federal, state, and City laws and guidelines associated with geotechnical hazards. This includes the California Building Code, which outlines specific design, engineering, and development standards concerning structural safety, thereby ensuring maximum feasible stability of the new billboard structure. The proposed Project would

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also not increase the number of habitable structures or building occupants potentially exposed to hazards associated with soil expansion. Furthermore, implementation of the proposed Project would not increase the probability or exacerbate the potential for soil expansion to occur. As such, impacts associated with expansive soils would be less than significant.
e) Would the project have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative waste water disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water? No Impact. The Project consists of the development of a billboard structure. The Project would not include installation of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems. As such, there would be no impact. f) Would the project directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature?
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. Paleontological resources are the remains or traces of plants and animals that are preserved in earth’s crust, and per the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) 2010 guidelines, are older than written history or older than approximately 5,000 years.

They are limited, nonrenewable resources of scientific and educational value, which are afforded protection under state laws and regulations.

The Project site is located within the northern Peninsular Ranges geomorphic province (CGS 2002; Harden 2004). This geomorphic province is characterized by northwest trending mountain ranges and valleys that extend over 900 miles from the tip of the Baja California Peninsula to the Transverse Ranges (e.g., the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains in southern California). Regionally, the Peninsular Ranges are bounded to the east by the Colorado Desert and the west by the continental shelf and offshore islands (Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, San Nicholas, and San Clemente) (CGS 2002; Harden 2004). Regional mountain ranges in the Peninsular Ranges geomorphic province include the Santa Ana, San Jacinto, and Santa Rosa Mountains. Geologically, these mountains are dominated by Mesozoic, plutonic igneous and metamorphic rocks that are part of the Peninsular Ranges batholith (Southern California batholith) (Jahns 1954; Harden 2004).

More specifically, surficial geological mapping at a 1:24,000 scale indicates the Project site is underlain by Holocene (less than 11,700 years old) alluvial deposits (map unit Qa) associated with a generally east-west trending drainage (Dibblee and Minch 2002; Cohen et al. 2022). Given these deposits are located within the drainage, they are likely late Holocene (less than 4,200 years old) in age. Pleistocene (approximately 11,700 years ago to 2.58 million years ago) alluvial deposits (map unit Qoa) are mapped on the northern Project site boundary (Dibblee and Minch 2002; Cohen et al. 2022).

A paleontological records search was requested from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) for a project very near the current Project site and underlain by the same geological units (LACM 2018). Therefore, this analysis relies on the results from that records search. The closest Pleistocene vertebrate fossil locality, LACM 1807, is located near Arrow Highway and Irwindale Avenue, north of Dalton Wash. The locality yielded a fossil mastodon (Mammut americanum) from a gravel pit at a depth of 115-120 feet below the ground surface (bgs). LACM 8014 produced a fossil bison (Bison) near the intersection of the Riverside Freeway (Highway 60) and the Corona Freeway (Highway 71) near the surface (LACM 2018). The next closest locality reported by the LACM, LACM 1728, is farther to the east-southeast

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and west of Chino. LACM 1728 produced fossil specimens of horse (Equus) and camel (Camelops) at a depth of 15 to 20 feet bgs.

The late Holocene alluvial deposits present within the majority of the Project site have not been shown to produce any fossil resources and therefore have low paleontological resources sensitivity, but the sensitivity becomes higher at depth as the sediments become older. Artificial fill, if present, also has low paleontological sensitivity. Undisturbed Pleistocene alluvial deposits, mapped on the northern boundary of the Project site, have high paleontological sensitivity throughout their stratigraphic extent. Ground disturbance associated with excavation for the billboard pole is limited to the southwest corner of the Project site, where the contact between Holocene and Pleistocene alluvial deposits is mapped.

No paleontological resources were identified within the Project site as a result of the institutional records search or desktop geological and paleontological review. In addition, the Project site is not anticipated to be underlain by unique geologic features. If intact paleontological resources are located on site, grounddisturbing activities associated with construction of the Project, such as excavation for the pole foundation, would have the potential to destroy a unique paleontological resource or site. As such, the Project site is considered to be potentially sensitive for paleontological resources at depth, and without mitigation, the potential damage to paleontological resources during construction associated with the Project is considered a potentially significant impact. Given the proximity of past fossil discoveries in the surrounding area within Pleistocene deposits and the proximity of Pleistocene deposits to the proposed area of ground disturbance, the Project site is considered highly sensitive for supporting paleontological resources below the depth of fill (if present), below a depth of five feet below the ground surface in areas underlain by late Holocene alluvial deposits or Pleistocene alluvial deposits. However, upon implementation of MM-GEO-1, impacts would be reduced to below a level of significance. Impacts of the proposed Project are thus considered less than significant with mitigation incorporated during construction. No operational impacts would occur, since excavation activities with the potential to uncover paleontological resources would not occur during Project operation.

MM-GEO-1 Paleontological Monitoring
Prior to commencement of any ground disturbing activity on-site, the applicant shall retain a qualified paleontologist pursuant to the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP 2010) guidelines. The qualified paleontologist or a qualified paleontological monitor shall attend the preconstruction meeting and be on-site during rough grading, trenching, large diameter drilling (greater than 2 feet in diameter), and other significant ground-disturbing activities below a depth of five feet below the ground surface in previously undisturbed Holocene or older alluvial deposits. The qualified paleontologist shall determine the amount of monitoring necessary based on observed subsurface geology and project grading plans.

Pursuant to the SVP (2010) guidelines, if abundant plant debris, invertebrate shells, small bones or teeth, or fine-grained sediments conducive to fossil preservation are observed, sediment samples shall be collected and screened to determine the presence of microvertebrate remains.

In the event that paleontological resources (e.g., fossils) are unearthed during grading, the paleontological monitor will temporarily halt and/or divert grading activity to allow recovery of paleontological resources. The area of discovery will be roped off with a 50-foot radius buffer. Once documentation and collection of the find is completed, the monitor will

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remove the rope and allow grading to recommence in the area of the find. Paleontological specimens recovered from the Project site, if any, will be processed in the laboratory.

Processing will include removal of any matrix so that the fossil(s) can be identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. The specimen(s) will then be identified and cataloged into a paleontological database and accessioned into an accredited fossil repository such as the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Any fossil lab or curation costs (if necessary due to fossil recovery) are the responsibility of the Project proponent.

Following the paleontological monitoring program, a final monitoring report shall be submitted to the Project proponent and City of Covina for review and approval. The report shall summarize the monitoring program and include geological observations and any paleontological resources recovered during paleontological monitoring for the proposed Project.

References
CGS (California Geological Survey). 2002. California Geomorphic Provinces: Note 36. 4 pp.

CGS. 2022. Earthquake Zones of Required Investigation. Accessed March 7, 2023. https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/EQZApp/.

City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/ community-development/planning/.

Cohen, K.M., S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard, and J.-X. Fan. 2022. “The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart.” Episodes 36: 199–-204. 2013; updated. Available at: https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ ChronostratChart2022-02.pdf.

Dibblee, T.W. and J.A. Minch. 2002a. Geologic map of the San Dimas and Ontario quadrangles, Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Dibblee Foundation Map DF-91. scale 1:24,000.

Harden, Deborah R. 2004. California Geology. 2nd Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey 552p.

Jahns, R.H., 1954 Geology of the Peninsular Range Province, Southern California and Baja California; California Division Mines Bull. 170: 24 pp.

McLeod, S.A. 2018. Vertebrate Paleontology Records Check for paleontological resources for the proposed Oakmont Senior Living / Memory Care Facility Project, Dudek Project #8817.0009, in the City of Covina, Los Angeles County, project area. Unpublished Records Search Results Letter from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service). 2023. Web Soil Survey. Accessed March 7, 2023. https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx.

SVP (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 2010. Standard Procedures for the Assessment and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts to Paleontological Resources. Available: https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/ uploads/2021/01/SVP_Impact_Mitigation_Guidelines.pdf.

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3.8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
VIII. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS – Would the project:
a) Generate greenhouse gas emissions, either
directly or indirectly, that may have a
significant impact on the environment?
b) Conflict with an applicable plan, policy or
regulation adopted for the purpose of
reducing the emissions of greenhouse
gases?
a) Would the project generate greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment?
Less Than Significant Impact. Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate (e.g., temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns) lasting for an extended period of time (i.e., decades or longer). The Earth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet’s system, and many factors (natural and human) can cause changes in Earth’s energy balance. The greenhouse effect is the trapping and buildup of heat in the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface (the troposphere). The greenhouse effect is a natural process that contributes to regulating the Earth’s temperature, and it creates a livable environment on Earth. Human activities that emit additional GHGs to the atmosphere increase the amount of infrared radiation that gets absorbed before escaping into space, thus enhancing the greenhouse effect and causing the Earth’s surface temperature to rise. Global climate change is a cumulative impact; a project contributes to this impact through its incremental contribution combined with the cumulative increase of all other sources of GHGs. Thus, GHG impacts are recognized exclusively as cumulative impacts (CAPCOA 2008).

A GHG is any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere; in other words, GHGs trap heat in the atmosphere. As defined in California Health and Safety Code Section 38505(g) for purposes of administering many of the state’s primary GHG emissions reduction programs, GHGs include CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride (see also CEQA Guidelines Section 15364.5). The three GHGs evaluated herein are CO2, CH4, and N2O because these gases would be emitted during project construction and operation.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed the global warming potential (GWP) concept to compare the ability of each GHG to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to another gas. The reference gas used is CO2; therefore, GWP-weighted emissions are measured in metric tons (MT) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e).

Consistent with CalEEMod Version 2022.1.1.7, this GHG emissions analysis assumed the GWP for CH4 is 25 (i.e., emissions of 1 MT of CH4 are equivalent to emissions of 25 MT of CO2), and the GWP for N2O is 298, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC 2007).

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Covina City CouncilJune 4, 2024

Covina City Council
June 4, 2024