Covina City Council
June 4, 2024

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As discussed in Section 3.3, the project is located within SCAQMD jurisdictional boundaries. In October 2008, the SCAQMD proposed recommended numeric CEQA significance thresholds for GHG emissions for lead agencies to use in assessing GHG impacts of residential and commercial development projects as presented in its Draft Guidance Document—Interim CEQA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Significance Threshold (SCAQMD 2008). This document, which builds on the previous guidance prepared by the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, explored various approaches for establishing a significance threshold for GHG emissions. The draft interim CEQA thresholds guidance document was not adopted or approved by the Governing Board. However, in December 2008, the SCAQMD adopted an interim 10,000 MT CO2e peryear screening level threshold for stationary source/industrial projects for which the SCAQMD is the lead agency (SCAQMD 2008). The 10,000 MT CO2e per-year threshold, which was derived from GHG reduction targets established in Executive Order S-3-05, was based on the conclusion that the threshold was consistent with achieving an emissions capture rate of 90% of all new or modified stationary source projects.

The SCAQMD formed a GHG CEQA Significance Threshold Working Group to work with SCAQMD staff on developing GHG CEQA significance thresholds until statewide significance thresholds or guidelines are established. From December 2008 to September 2010, the SCAQMD hosted working group meetings and revised the draft threshold proposal several times, although it did not officially provide these proposals in a subsequent document. The SCAQMD has continued to consider adoption of significance thresholds for residential and general land-use development projects. The most recent proposal issued by SCAQMD, issued in September 2010, uses the following tiered approach to evaluate potential GHG impacts from various uses (SCAQMD 2010):

Tier 1 Determine if CEQA categorical exemptions are applicable. If not, move to Tier 2.

Tier 2 Consider whether or not the project is consistent with a locally adopted GHG reduction plan that has gone through public hearing and CEQA review, that has an approved inventory, includes monitoring, etc. If not, move to Tier 3.

Tier 3 Consider whether the project generates GHG emissions in excess of screening thresholds for individual land uses. The 10,000 MT CO2e per-year threshold for industrial uses would be recommended for use by all lead agencies. Under option 1, separate screening thresholds are proposed for residential projects (3,500 MT CO2e per year), commercial projects (1,400 MT CO2e per year), and mixed-use projects (3,000 MT CO2e per year).

Under option 2, a single numerical screening threshold of 3,000 MT CO2e per year would be used for all non-industrial projects. If the project generates emissions in excess of the applicable screening threshold, move to Tier 4.

Tier 4 Consider whether the project generates GHG emissions in excess of applicable performance standards for the project service population (population plus employment).

The efficiency targets were established based on the goal of AB 32 to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. If the project generates emissions in excess of the applicable efficiency targets, move to Tier 5.

Tier 5 Consider the implementation of CEQA mitigation (including the purchase of GHG offsets) to reduce the project efficiency target to Tier 4 levels.

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Because the Project consists of a construction and operation of a digital billboard, this analysis applies the recommended SCAQMD threshold of 1,400 MT CO2e per year, applicable to commercial projects (see “Tier 3”). Per the SCAQMD guidance, construction emissions should be amortized over the operational life of the project, which is assumed to be 30 years (SCAQMD 2008). This impact analysis, therefore, adds amortized construction emissions to the estimated annual operational emissions and then compares operational emissions to the threshold.

Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Construction of the Project would result in GHG emissions, which are primarily associated with the use of off-road construction equipment, on-road haul and vendor trucks, and worker vehicles. The SCAQMD Draft Guidance Document – Interim CEQA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Significance Threshold (SCAQMD 2008) recommends that “construction emissions be amortized over a 30-year project lifetime, so that GHG reduction measures will address construction GHG emissions as part of the operational GHG reduction strategies.” Thus, the total construction GHG emissions were calculated, amortized over 30 years, and added to the total operational emissions for comparison with the GHG significance threshold of 3,000 MT CO2e per year. The determination of significance, therefore, is addressed in the operational emissions discussion following the estimated construction emissions.

CalEEMod was used to calculate the annual GHG emissions based on the construction scenario described in Section 3.3. Construction of the Project was modeled as commencing and concluding in October 2023, lasting approximately 2 weeks.
10 On-site sources of GHG emissions include off-road equipment and off-site sources include haul trucks, vendor trucks, and worker vehicles. Table 3.8-1 presents construction GHG emissions for the Project from on-site and off-site emission sources.

Table 3.8-1. Estimated Annual Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions Year
CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Metric Tons per Year
2023 16.6 <0.01 <0.01 16.7
Amortized Emissions (over 30 years) 0.56
Source: Appendix A
Notes: CO2 = carbon dioxide; CH4 = methane; N2O = nitrous oxide; CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent.

As shown in Table 3.8-1, the estimated total GHG emissions during construction of the Project would be approximately 17 MT CO2e. Estimated Project-generated construction emissions amortized over 30 years would be less than one MT CO2e per year. As with Project-generated construction air quality pollutant emissions, GHG emissions generated during construction of the Project would be short-term in nature, lasting only for the duration of the construction period, and would not represent a long-term source of GHG emissions. Because there is no separate GHG threshold for construction, the evaluation of significance is discussed in the operational emissions analysis in the following text. 10 October 2023 has passed, and in practice, construction is anticipated to begin in late 2024 or early 2025. However, using an earlier start date for construction represents a worst-case scenario for criteria air pollutant and GHG emissions, because equipment and vehicle emission factors for later years would be slightly less due to more stringent standards for in-use off-road equipment and heavy-duty trucks, as well as fleet turnover replacing older equipment and vehicles in later years. As such, while October 2023 has passed, it has been retained as the construction date for the purposes of this analysis to yield conservative results.

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Operational Greenhouse Gas Emissions
CalEEMod Version 2022.1.1.7 was used to estimate potential Project-generated operational GHG emissions from area, energy, and mobile sources. As with the air quality analysis, mobile source GHG emissions were estimated using CalEEMod based on EMFAC2021 emission factors. Emissions from each category (area sources, energy sources, mobile sources, solid waste, water supply, and wastewater treatment) are discussed in the following text with respect to the Project. For additional details, see Section 3.3 for a discussion of operational emission calculation methodology and assumptions, specifically for area, energy, and mobile sources. Operational year 2024 was assumed to be the first potential year of operation.

Area Sources
Area source emissions from landscaping maintenance (e.g., from lawn mowers, blowers, and other equipment) were assumed to be consistent with existing conditions at the site and are therefore not captured in the emissions inventory. Consumer product use and architectural coatings result in VOC emissions, which are analyzed in the air quality analysis only, since they are associated with low to no GHG emissions.

Energy Sources
The estimation of operational energy emissions was based on annual energy demand information provided by the Project applicant. Emissions are calculated by multiplying the energy use by the utility carbon intensity (pounds of GHGs per kilowatt-hour for electricity or 1,000 BTUs) for CO2 and other GHGs.

The CalEEMod default energy intensity factor (CO2, CH4, and N2O mass emissions per kilowatt-hour) for Southern California Edison were used for this analysis. SB X1 2 established a target of 33% from renewable energy sources for all electricity providers in California by December 31, 2020, and SB 100 calls for further development of renewable energy, with a target of 44% by December 31, 2024; 52% by December 31, 2027; and 60% by December 31, 2030. As such, GHG emissions associated with Project electricity demand would continue to decrease over time.

Mobile Sources
All details for criteria air pollutants discussed in Section 3.3 are also applicable for the estimation of operational mobile source GHG emissions. Regulatory measures related to mobile sources include AB 1493 (Pavley) and related federal standards. AB 1493 required that CARB establish GHG emission standards for automobiles, light-duty trucks, and other vehicles determined by CARB to be vehicles that are primarily used for noncommercial personal transportation in the state. In addition, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and EPA have established corporate fuel economy standards and GHG emission standards, respectively, for automobiles and light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles. Implementation of these standards and fleet turnover (replacement of older vehicles with newer ones) would gradually reduce emissions from the Project’s motor vehicles. The effectiveness of fuel economy improvements was evaluated to the extent it was captured in the EMFAC2021 emission factors for motor vehicles in 2023.

Water, Solid Waste, and Wastewater
The Project would not generate solid waste or wastewater or require significant quantities of water during operation. Therefore, no GHG emissions are associated with these source categories.

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The estimated operational (year 2024) GHG emissions from area sources, energy usage, motor vehicles, solid waste generation, water usage and wastewater generation, and off-road equipment are shown in Table 3.8-2.

Table 3.8-2. Estimated Annual Operational Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emission Source
CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
metric tons per year
Proposed Project
Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy 15.6 <0.001 <0.01 15.7
Mobile 0.97 <0.01 <0.01 0.99
Solid waste 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water supply and wastewater 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Project Total 16.70
Amortized Construction Emissions 0.56
Proposed Project + Amortized Construction Emissions Total 17.26 Source: Appendix A.

Notes: CO2 = carbon dioxide; CH4 = methane; N2O = nitrous oxide; CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent.

As shown in Table 3.8-2, estimated annual generated GHG emissions would be approximately 17 MT CO2e per year as a result of Project operation. Annual operational GHG emissions with amortized construction emissions would not exceed the threshold of 1,400 MT CO2e per year and impacts would be less than significant. b) Would the project generate conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases?
Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would result in less-than-significant impacts related to conflicts with GHG emission reduction plans, for the reasons described as follows.

Potential to Conflict with the City’s Energy Action Plan The City adopted an EAP in 2012; however, the EAP’s scope was limited to energy and gas consumption and did not address strategies to reduce GHG emissions from other sources, such as transportation or solid waste (City of Covina 2012). The Project would be consistent with the intent of the EAP due to the Project’s energy efficient digital display design. The City has not adopted a comprehensive climate action plan and there is currently no local guidance that would be applicable to the Project. However, there are regional and statewide plans and goals that have been set forth to reduce GHG emissions at the regional and statewide scale, such as the CARB Scoping Plan and SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS. The Project’s consistency with these plans and GHG reduction goals is described below.

Potential to Conflict with the Southern California Association of Governments 2020– 2045 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy The SCAG 2020–2045 RTP/SCS (Connect SoCal) is a regional growth management strategy that targets per capita GHG reduction from passenger vehicles and light trucks in the Southern California Region pursuant to SB 375. In addition to demonstrating the region’s ability to attain the GHG emission-reduction

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targets set forth by CARB, the 2020-2045 RTP/SCS outlines a series of actions and strategies for integrating the transportation network with an overall land use pattern that responds to projected growth, housing needs, changing demographics, and transportation demands. Thus, successful implementation of the 2020-2045 RTP/SCS would result in more complete communities with various transportation and housing choices while reducing automobile use.

The following strategies are intended to be supportive of implementing the 2020-2045 RTP/SCS and reducing GHGs: focus growth near destinations and mobility options; promote diverse housing choices; leverage technology innovations; support implementation of sustainability policies; and promote a green region (SCAG 2020). The strategies that pertain to SCAG’s focusing growth near transit, promoting diverse housing, and support of local jurisdiction sustainability efforts would not apply to the Project because the Project is the operation of a digital billboard display and would not include a source of either new housing or jobs within the SCAG’s jurisdiction. The Project’s potential to conflict with the remaining applicable strategies is presented in the following text.

Leverage Technology Innovations. One of the technology innovations identified in the 2020–2045 RTP/SCS is the promotion of the use of high efficiency lighting in development projects. The Project would not conflict with SCAG’s ability to implement this strategy because it would include the use of energy-efficient LED digital displays. Use of LEDs reduces electricity demand by at least a factor of five compared to incandescent bulbs. Additionally, the displays would not require heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, which was sometimes required for older digital billboard technologies. This would further reduce the energy demand and thus GHG emissions of the Project.

Promote a Green Region. Another applicable strategy within the 2020–2045 RTP/SCS for individual developments, such as the Project, involves promoting a green region through efforts such as supporting local policies for renewable energy production and promoting more resource efficient development (e.g., reducing energy consumption) to reduce GHG emissions. As discussed above, the Project would use an energy efficient LED digital display and would not require an HVAC system.

Based on the analysis above, the Project would not conflict with the SCAG 2020–2045 RTP/SCS.

Potential to Conflict with the CARB Scoping Plan
California State Legislature passed AB 32 to provide initial direction to limit California’s GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and to initiate the state’s long-range climate objectives. Since the passage of AB 32, the state has adopted GHG emissions reduction targets for future years beyond the initial 2020 horizon year. CARB is required to develop the Scoping Plan, which provides the framework for actions to achieve the state’s GHG emission targets. While the Scoping Plan is not directly applicable to specific projects, nor is it intended to be used for project-level evaluations, it is the official framework for the measures and regulations that will be implemented to reduce California’s GHG emissions in alignment with the adopted targets. Therefore, a project would be found to not conflict with the statutes if it would meet the applicable Scoping Plan policies and would not impede attainment of the goals therein.

For the Project, the relevant GHG emissions reduction targets include those established by SB 32 and AB 1279, which require GHG emissions to be reduced to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 85% below 1990 levels by 2045. In addition, AB 1279 requires that the state achieve net zero GHG emissions by no later than 2045 and achieve and maintain net negative GHG emissions thereafter. CARB’s 2017 Climate

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Change Scoping Plan Update was the first to address the state’s strategy for achieving the 2030 GHG reduction target set forth in SB 32 (CARB 2017), and the most recent 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality outlines the state’s plan to reduce emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 in alignment with AB 1279 and assesses the progress that the state is making toward the 2030 SB 32 target (CARB 2022). As such, given that SB 32 and AB 1279 establish the relevant GHG emission targets, the 2017 and 2022 Scoping Plan updates that outline the strategy to achieve those targets are the most applicable to the Project.

The 2017 Scoping Plan included measures to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency (including the mandates of SB 350). The 2017 Scoping Plan also increased the stringency of several existing programs including the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), Mobile Source and Freight Strategies, and SB 375 targets. The 2022 Scoping Plan builds upon and accelerates programs currently in place, including moving to zero-emission transportation; phasing out use of fossil gas use for heating homes and buildings; reducing chemical and refrigerants with high global warming potential; providing communities with sustainable options for walking, biking, and public transit; and displacement of fossil-fuel fired electrical generation through use of renewable energy alternatives (e.g., solar arrays and wind turbines) (CARB 2022).

The 2045 carbon neutrality goal required CARB to expand proposed actions in the 2022 Scoping Plan to include those that capture and store carbon in addition to those that reduce only anthropogenic sources of GHG emissions.

Many of the measures and programs included in the Scoping Plan would result in the reduction of Projectrelated GHG emissions with no action required at the project-level, including GHG emission reductions through increased energy efficiency and renewable energy production (SB 350), reduction in carbon intensity of transportation fuels (LCFS), and the accelerated efficiency and electrification of the statewide vehicle fleet (Mobile Source Strategy). Given that the Project would generate minimal operational vehicle trips and associated mobile source GHG emissions, the Project would also not conflict with the Scoping Plan’s goal of reducing GHG emissions through reductions in vehicle miles traveled statewide.

Of note, the 2022 Scoping Plan emphasizes that reliance on carbon sequestration in the state’s natural and working lands will not be sufficient to address residual GHG emissions, and achieving carbon neutrality will require research, development, and deployment of additional methods to capture atmospheric GHG emissions (e.g., mechanical direct air capture). Given that the specific path to neutrality will require development of technologies and programs that are not currently known or available, the Project’s role in supporting the statewide goal would be speculative and cannot be wholly identified at this time.

Overall, the Project would comply with all regulations adopted in furtherance of the Scoping Plan to the extent applicable and required by law. The Project would not conflict with CARB’s 2017 or 2022 Scoping Plan updates or with the state’s ability to achieve the 2030 and 2045 GHG reduction and carbon neutrality goals and would support GHG reduction efforts by using high efficiency LED lighting and using updated display designs that would not require energy intensive HVAC systems. For these reasons, impacts would be less than significant.

References
CAPCOA (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association). 2008. CEQA & Climate Change: Evaluating and Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Projects Subject to the California Environmental Quality Act.

January 2008.

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CARB (California Air Resources Board). 2017. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. November 2017.

Accessed December 2019. https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf.

CARB. 2022. 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality. November 16th, 2022. Accessed April 2023. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/2022-sp.pdf.

City of Covina. 2012. City of Covina Energy Action Plan. December 2012. Accessed April 2023. https://covinaca.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/public_works/page/584/ covina-eap-december-2012_final.pdf.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. Accessed October 2016. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/syr/.

SCAG (Southern California Association of Governments). 2020. The 2020-2045 Reginal Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy. September 3, 2020. Accessed April 2023. https://scag.ca.gov/ sites/main/files/file-attachments/0903fconnectsocal-plan_0.pdf?1606001176.

SCAQMD (South Coast Air Quality Management District). 2008. A Resolution of the Governing Board of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) approving the Interim Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Significance Threshold to Be Used by the AQMD for Industrial Source Projects, Rules and Plans When It Is the Lead Agency for Projects Subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).” Resolution No. 08-35.

Adopted December 5, 2008.

SCAQMD. 2010. “Greenhouse Gas CEQA Significance Threshold Stakeholder Working Group Meeting #15.” September 28, 2010. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/ceqa/handbook/greenhouse-gases- (ghg)-ceqa-significance-thresholds/year-2008-2009/ghg-meeting-15/ghg-meeting-15-mainpresentation.pdf?sfvrsn=2.

3.9 Hazards and Hazardous Materials

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
IX. HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS – Would the project:
a) Create a significant hazard to the public or
the environment through the routine
transport, use, or disposal of hazardous
materials?
b) Create a significant hazard to the public or
the environment through reasonably
foreseeable upset and accident conditions
involving the release of hazardous materials
into the environment?

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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
c) Emit hazardous emissions or handle
hazardous or acutely hazardous materials,
substances, or waste within one-quarter
mile of an existing or proposed school?
d) Be located on a site that is included on a list
of hazardous materials sites compiled
pursuant to Government Code Section
65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a
significant hazard to the public or the
environment?
e) For a project located within an airport land
use plan or, where such a plan has not been
adopted, within two miles of a public airport
or public use airport, would the project
result in a safety hazard or excessive noise
for people residing or working in the project
area?
f) Impair implementation of or physically
interfere with an adopted emergency
response plan or emergency evacuation
plan?
g) Expose people or structures, either directly
or indirectly, to a significant risk of loss,
injury or death involving wildland fires?
a) Would the project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials?
Less Than Significant Impact. Relatively small amounts of commonly used hazardous substances, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, adhesive materials, grease, solvents, and architectural coatings, would be used during construction the Project. These materials are not considered acutely hazardous and are used routinely throughout urban environments for both construction projects and small-scale structural improvements. Additionally, these materials would be transported and handled in compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws regulating the management and use of hazardous materials.

Therefore, the use of these materials for their intended purposes would not pose a significant risk to the public or environment. Once the construction of the Project is completed, fuels and other petroleum products associated with the Project would no longer remain on the site.

The operation of the Project would not generally require additional materials, whether hazardous or nonhazardous, beyond those that are currently used on the Project site for operation and maintenance of the existing office building, surface parking lot, and landscaping. The proposed billboard would involve several types of additional materials, including LED bulbs for the billboard. LED modules require periodic replacement. During these periodic maintenance events, the used modules would be recycled at a nearby facility, if possible; LEDs

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are not regulated wastes, and therefore could also be disposed of as solid waste. As LEDs are not considered a hazardous material, and would be recycled, if possible, disposal would not pose a significant risk to the public or environment. As such, with the compliance of applicable regulations governing the transport, use, and disposal of hazardous materials, Project impacts would be less than significant. b) Would the project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. As discussed under Section 3.9(a), construction of the Project would involve relatively small amounts of commonly used hazardous substances, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, grease, adhesive materials, solvents, and architectural coatings. These materials are not considered acutely hazardous and are used routinely throughout urban environments for both construction projects and small-scale structural improvements.

Additionally, these materials would be transported and handled in accordance with all federal, state, and local laws regulating the management and use of hazardous materials. Therefore, construction of the Project is not anticipated to release hazardous materials into the environment that would pose a threat to the public or the environment.

As further discussed in Section 3.9(d), the Project site is not mapped on government databases as a hazardous materials site, nor are there any hazardous materials sites within the immediate vicinity of the Project site. However, the Project site is located adjacent to the I-10 freeway, and soils on the Project site would thus have the potential to be contaminated with lead, due to historical use of leaded gasoline.

Specifically, the historical use of leaded gasoline has caused aerially deposited lead (ADL) to be distributed along older roadways, resulting in elevated lead concentrations in soils. Some of these lead concentrations have been found to exceed hazardous waste levels, especially on roads that have had high vehicle emissions from large traffic volumes or congestion, generally prior to 1986 when leaded gasolines were used. The I-10 freeway has been a major roadway, in some form, since the 1930s, and was expanded to an interstate freeway in the 1960s. As such, due to the Project site’s proximity to the I-10 freeway, there is the potential for ADL in surface soils. During construction, limited amounts of ground disturbance would be required for pole foundation and structure installation at the southwestern corner of the Project site. Due to the nature of the aerial deposition, ADL is typically limited to surface soils. The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) entered into an enforceable agreement with Caltrans in 2016 pertaining to ADL (DTSC 2016). This agreement established the definition of “clean soil” as soil which contains total lead less than 80 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or soluble lead less than 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as determined by the California Waste Extraction Test (CA-WET) (also known as the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration, or STLC) (DTSC 2016). Per the agreement between DTSC and Caltrans, if soils with lead concentrations exceeding either 80 mg/kg total lead or 5 mg/L soluble lead are identified, such soils must be removed and disposed of in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. The proposed Project is not a Caltrans-lead project; rather, it is a private development proposed on land within the City of Covina jurisdiction. Nevertheless, as the proposed area of ground disturbance associated with the Project would be used solely for billboard advertising, the clean soil criteria established by Caltrans and DTSC can be utilized to evaluate the presence of lead at the Project site.11 Additionally, soils with a lead concentration greater than 5 mg/L based on the CA-WET are considered hazardous waste as defined in 22 CCR Section 11 For informational purposes, it is noted that 80 mg/kg also meets the Environmental Screening Level (ESL) for residential soils established by San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board (SFRWQCB) in 2019. However, the Project site would not be developed for residential purposes as part of the Project and is zoned for commercial use.

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66261.24 and, as such, are required to be managed as hazardous waste in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations.

If lead-impacted soils with lead concentrations above the aforementioned thresholds are present at the Project site and are disturbed during construction without proper safety procedures, such soils could be inadvertently released to the environment as airborne dust and/or runoff, causing potentially adverse impacts to the public and/or the environment based on exposure to lead, which is a hazardous substance in soluble quantities above 5 mg/L. Additionally, if proper procedures for handling such soils are not implemented during construction, construction workers could be exposed to lead, which can result in adverse health effects. Due to the potential presence of lead-impacted soils on the Project site and the impacts that could result from the release of lead into the environment and/or worker exposure, MM-HAZ-1 has been set forth to ensure that any lead-impacted soils are identified and handled properly.

MM-HAZ-1 Surface Soil Evaluation
Prior to Project construction, the Project applicant shall retain a qualified hazardous materials professional to collect at least three surface soils samples from the proposed area of ground disturbance. (The qualified hazardous materials professional shall be trained in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) and shall have one or more of the following qualifications: Professional Geologist (PG), Professional Engineer (PE), and/or a bachelor’s or advanced degree in environmental, geological, or soil sciences with knowledge of soil contamination issues.) The samples shall be analyzed for total lead using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Test Method 6010B and soluble lead using the California Waste Extraction Test or the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration. Should concentrations of lead exceed either a total lead concentration of 80 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or a soluble lead concentration of 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L), either by determining the 95% upper confidence level or the maximum detected concentration, appropriate handling procedures shall be implemented during Project construction, as follows:
▪ If soils are found to have lead concentrations exceeding 5 mg/L, on-site soils shall be characterized as hazardous waste and shall be handled in accordance with 22 CCR Division 4.5, Environmental Health Standards for the Handling of Hazardous Wastes.

This would include, but is not limited to, creating a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Identification number for hazardous waste generation, manifesting hazardously classified materials, transporting hazardously classified materials using a licensed hazardous waste transporter under manifest procedures, and disposing of wastes at a licensed hazardous waste facility.
▪ If soils are found to have total lead concentrations above 80 mg/kg but soluble lead concentrations of less than 5 mg/L, on-site soils shall be removed and disposed of at a licensed solid waste landfill that allows for the disposal of non-hazardous leadimpacted soils. Such soils shall be handled and transported in accordance with applicable transportation, handling, and disposal regulations on a federal, state, and local level.

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Should concentrations of lead be less than the aforementioned thresholds, soils are not considered hazardous and can be reused on site or disposed of at a landfill that accepts soils.

Upon implementation of MM-HAZ-1, on-site soils would be properly characterized and handled to avoid releases of lead into the environment and/or exposure of construction workers to lead. Implementation of MM-HAZ-1 would also ensure that construction would be in compliance with SCAQMD Rule 1466: Control of Particulate Emissions from Soils with Toxic Air Contaminants. Construction of the Project would also comply with SCAQMD District rules, including Rule 403: Fugitive Dust, as stated in Section 3.3, above.

Upon Project implementation, the Project site uses would not substantially change. As discussed in Section

3.9(a), new operational materials associated with the Project, including LED bulbs, would be handled and disposed of in accordance with all federal, state, and local requirements. Therefore, upon compliance with applicable regulations, Project operation is not anticipated to result in the release of hazardous materials such that a significant hazard to the public or to the environment would occur. Operational impacts would thus be less than significant, and construction impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated. c) Would the project emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? No Impact. There are no existing or proposed schools located within one-quarter mile of the Project site.

As such, there would be no impact.
d) Would the project be located on a site that is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment?
No Impact. The Project site is not included on any hazardous waste site lists including the California Department of Toxic Substance Control (DTSC) EnviroStor Database, the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) GeoTracker site, the Cortese List, the Superfund Site list, or other lists compiled pursuant to Section 65962.5 of the Government Code (DTSC 2023; SWRCB 2023a, 2023b; CalEPA 2023a, 2023b).

Therefore, there would be no impact.
e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project result in a safety hazard or excessive noise for people residing or working in the project area? No Impact. The nearest airport to the Project site is Brackett Field Airport, which is located approximately

4.5 miles to the east-northeast. The City, including the Project site, is not located in this airport’s influence area, according to the Brackett Field Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan (County of Los Angeles 2015).

Therefore, the Project would not be located within an airport land use plan, nor would it be located within two miles of a public airport or public use airport. No impact would occur. f) Would the project impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan?
No Impact. The City has prepared the “multi-hazard Covina Emergency Plan” for emergency response within the City. The multi-hazard Covina Emergency Plan addresses the City’s planned response to

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emergencies associated with natural disasters and hazardous materials incidents (City of Covina 2000).

According to the City’s General Plan Safety Element, all major public streets serve as the principal evacuation routes. These principal routes are well maintained to support an evacuation function to the extent feasible (City of Covina 2000). The proposed Project would result in the development of a billboard structure on a developed site. The Project would not result in significant impacts to circulation within the City during construction or operation, such that emergency response or evacuation could be impaired.

Specifically, construction staging would occur within the existing paved parking lot at the Project site and is not expected to require roadway or lane closures. While the Project site’s western driveway may be temporarily closed during the Project’s relatively brief construction period, the eastern driveway would remain open and fully accessible throughout construction and would allow for emergency access and/or evacuations, in the event of an emergency. As such, Project construction is not expected to impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. During operations, the proposed Project would not be associated with substantial increases in traffic volumes such that nearby roadways would be adversely affected relative to existing conditions and the Project site, including the driveways and parking lot, would remain relatively unchanged compared to existing conditions. The Project would not include development of habitable structures such that additional people would need to evacuate the site in the event of an emergency. The Project would be required to comply with the multi-hazard Covina Emergency Plan, and any evacuations would proceed in a similar manner with or without the Project. In addition, as discussed in Section 3.15, Public Services, the Project would not result in an increase in the demand for fire protection or emergency services. Therefore, the Project would not impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan, and there would be no impact. g) Would the project expose people or structures, either directly or indirectly, to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving wildland fires?
No Impact. A designated very high fire hazard severity zone (VHFHSZ) generally surrounds the Project site to the east, south, and west, with a small portion of the VHFHSZ overlapping with the southwestern corner of the Project site (CALFIRE 2023). However, the Project site is developed and is surrounded on all sides by other urban development, including commercial buildings, a City park, and the I-10 freeway. The nearest wildland area to the site is within the Covina Hills, approximately 0.60 miles southeast of the site (City of Covina 2000). This area is separated from the Project site by existing commercial and residential development, as well as the I-10 freeway, which would likely preclude a wildland fire originating in the Covina Hills from reaching the Project site. Furthermore, the proposed Project would not change existing conditions such that additional people or structures would be exposed to significant risk of loss, injury, or death caused by a wildland fire. The proposed Project does not involve new buildings or new building occupants, which could increase the number of people exposed to wildland fire hazards in the area. While the Project would involve construction activities in the vicinity of a VHFHSZ, due to the short duration of construction (2 weeks) combined with required adherence to standard construction safety practices and fire code requirements, hazardous ignitions due to construction activities is not anticipated. While the Project would involve the operation of LED bulbs on the Project site, when used for their intended purposes and when operated and installed in accordance with standard procedures, LED bulbs do not pose an increased risk of fire relative to other lighting sources. As such, the proposed Project is not expected to increase the potential for fires to occur in the Project area. In the unlikely event of a wildland fire emergency in the project area, the Los Angeles County Fire Department would provide fire protection services.

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Therefore, the Project would not expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires, and there would be no impact.

References
CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 2023a. Cortese List: Section 65962.5(a). Accessed March 8, 2023. https://calepa.ca.gov/sitecleanup/corteselist/section-65962-5a/.

CalEPA. 2023b. List of Solid Waste Disposal Sites. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://calepa.ca.gov/ wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/10/SiteCleanup-CorteseList-CurrentList.pdf.

CALFIRE (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection). 2023. FHSZ Viewer. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://egis.fire.ca.gov/FHSZ/.

City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/ community-development/planning/.

County of Los Angeles. 2015. Brackett Field Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan. December 9, 2015. https://planning.lacounty.gov/long-range-planning/brackett-field-airport-land-use-compatibility-plan/.

DTSC (Department of Toxic Substance Control). 2016. Docket No. ESPO-SMA 15/16-001 Soil Management Agreement for Aerially Deposited Lead-Contaminated Soils. June 29, 2016. https://dtsc.ca.gov/ wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2018/11/DTSC-Caltrans-ADL-Agreement-Signed-w-Exhibits-Final6.30.16.pdf?emrc=520240.

DTSC. 2023. List of Hazardous Waste and Substances Sites. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/search?cmd=search&reporttype=CORTESE&site_type=CSITES ,FUDS&status=ACT,BKLG,COM&reporttitle=HAZARDOUS+WASTE+AND+SUBSTANCES+SITE+LIST+% 28CORTESE%29.

SWRCB (State Water Resources Control Board). 2023a. List of “Active” CDO and CAO. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://calepa.ca.gov/sitecleanup/corteselist/.

SWRCB. 2023b. List of Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/.

3.10 Hydrology and Water Quality

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
X. HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY – Would the project:
a) Violate any water quality standards or waste
discharge requirements or otherwise
substantially degrade surface or ground
water quality?

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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
b) Substantially decrease groundwater
supplies or interfere substantially with
groundwater recharge such that the project
may impede sustainable groundwater
management of the basin?
c) Substantially alter the existing drainage
pattern of the site or area, including through
the alteration of the course of a stream or
river or through the addition of impervious
surfaces, in a manner which would:
i) result in substantial erosion or siltation
on- or off-site;
ii) substantially increase the rate or
amount of surface runoff in a manner
which would result in flooding onor offsite;
iii) create or contribute runoff water which
would exceed the capacity of existing or
planned stormwater drainage systems
or provide substantial additional
sources of polluted runoff; or
iv) impede or redirect flood flows?
d) In flood hazard, tsunami, or seiche zones,
risk release of pollutants due to project
inundation?
e) Conflict with or obstruct implementation of
a water quality control plan or sustainable
groundwater management plan?
a) Would the project violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements or otherwise substantially degrade surface or ground water quality?
Less Than Significant Impact. Short-term construction activities associated with the Project would have some potential to affect the quality of stormwater discharged from the Project site. Land disturbance activities could result in erosion and sedimentation, and spills and leaks of petroleum products used by construction equipment could also affect the quality of stormwater. The City’s Municipal Code, however, prohibits discharges to the storm drain system of any pollutant, which includes fuel, chemical waste, or other materials that have potential adverse effects on water quality (Section 8.50.030 of the City’s Municipal Code). Additionally, the City’s Municipal Code requires the implementation of BMPs that serve to minimize the potential for leaks, spills, or discharges of pollutants to occur (Section 8.50.060 of the City’s Municipal Code). Standard site management practices and typical equipment maintenance, in combination with the implementation of municipal code requirements involving stormwater quality, would generally preclude leaks and spills of a magnitude that would adversely impact stormwater runoff. ConstructionPage 544 of 792 1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 69
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related water quality impacts can also occur if land disturbance activities result in erosion or sedimentation downstream. As previously discussed, the Project would require relatively limited ground disturbance for its construction. Additionally, the Project would not result in large areas of exposed soils that could be transported offsite during storm events. During operation, the proposed Project would not require water, aside from occasional watering needs of any potential replacement landscaping that may be installed.

However, because such landscaping would be installed to replace any existing landscaping that is removed, the total irrigation requirements of the Project site are not anticipated to substantially change. If new irrigation is installed, it would be installed such that water is directed towards each plant and away from adjacent sidewalks and roadways. Therefore, due to the limited construction activities and ground disturbance that would be required for the Project, as well as required compliance with the regulations outlined in the City’s Municipal Code, including stormwater management BMPs, the Project’s impacts in regard to water quality standards and waste discharge requirements would be less than significant. b) Would the project substantially decrease groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that the project may impede sustainable groundwater management of the basin? Less Than Significant Impact. The placement of the pole and pole foundation associated with the Project would result in the conversion of existing permeable landscaping area to impermeable surface area.

However, the impermeable surface area of the pole foundation would be limited in size and relatively negligible compared to the existing planter areas that surround the Project site. Specifically, the pole foundation is expected to occupy a surface area of approximately 28 square feet. As such, a majority of the existing planter areas would remain. Therefore, the Project’s impacts regarding the conversion of permeable land to impermeable land would be isolated to the area in which the pole would be placed in, which is a relatively small portion of the Project site. Additionally, the Project would not involve direct use of groundwater, nor would it substantially increase water use on the Project site relative to existing conditions. While excavation for the billboard pole foundation and structure may have the potential to encounter groundwater, this would not result in adverse effects to groundwater supply or sustainable groundwater management. Because the Project would result in only minor changes to the Project site’s impermeable surface cover, and because the Project would not require additional extraction of groundwater supplies or a substantial increase in water use, the Project’s impacts on groundwater supply and groundwater recharge would be less than significant.
c) Would the project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river or through the addition of impervious surfaces, in a manner which would:
i) Result in substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project site does not contain any streams or rivers. The proposed Project would result in limited ground disturbance on a site that contains an office building, surface parking lot, and landscaped areas. In addition, as discussed in Section 3.10(a), all construction activities would be required to comply with the City’s stormwater management regulations established in Chapter 8.50 of the City’s Municipal Code. Further, the Project would not result in any ground disturbing activities during operation. Therefore, stormwater flows on the site would largely follow the same course as existing flows upon Project implementation, and impacts regarding erosion of siltation would be less than significant.

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ii) Substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on- or offsite?
No Impact. As previously discussed, the stormwater flows on the Project site would largely follow the same course as existing flows upon implementation of the Project. In addition, the proposed Project would not result in an increase in the amount of surface runoff that would potentially lead to flooding. This is because the Project would not substantially change the conditions of the Project site, including the amount of impervious surface cover. As such, there would be no impact associated with flooding. iii) Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff? Less Than Significant Impact. During operation, the proposed Project would not require water, aside from occasional watering needs of any potential replacement landscaping that may be installed. However, because such landscaping would be installed to replace any existing landscaping that is removed, the total irrigation requirements of the Project site are not anticipated to substantially change. If new irrigation is installed, it would be installed such that water is directed towards each plant and away from adjacent sidewalks and roadways. Installation of the proposed billboard pole would result in an increase in the impermeable surface area at the Project site, however, this change would be relatively minor and would only contribute nominally to the amount of impermeable surfaces on the Project site relative to existing conditions. Therefore, Project implementation would not result in a substantial increase in stormwater runoff and would not exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems.

As discussed in Section 3.9(a), construction of the Project would temporarily increase potential sources of stormwater pollutants on the Project site. These potential pollutants would include construction-related chemicals such as petroleum products used for construction equipment and sediments resulting from temporary ground disturbance. However, the duration of construction and the amount of required equipment and materials for the Project would be limited. Additionally, compliance with the regulations established in Chapter 8.50 of the City’s Municipal Code would minimize the potential for stormwater contamination to occur during construction of the Project. As such, because the drainage patterns of the Project site would remain relatively unchanged and the Project would be required to comply with applicable stormwater regulations, impacts regarding stormwater runoff would be less than significant. iv) Impede or redirect flood flows?
Less Than Significant Impact. The Project site is mapped within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Zone X, which includes areas determined to be outside the 0.2% annual chance of serious flooding (FEMA 2023). As such, the Project site is not located in a flood hazard zone. As previously discussed, implementation of the Project would slightly increase the amount of impervious surfaces on the Project site. This change would be minor, however, and would not result in substantial changes in water flow on the Project site. As such, impacts associated with impeding or redirecting flood flows would be less than significant.
d) In flood hazard, tsunami, or seiche zones, would the project risk release of pollutants due to project inundation? Less Than Significant Impact. As previously stated, the Project site is not located in a flood hazard zone.

The nearest body of water to the Project site is the Puddingstone Reservoir and Dam complex, located

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approximately 3 miles to the northeast of the Project site. In the event of dam failure, some areas of the City could be subject to flooding-related hazards. As specified in the General Plan Safety Element, in the event of dam failure, flooding could reach the City in as little as 20 minutes, and rushing water could overflow the banks of Walnut Creek by approximately one-quarter mile on each side (City of Covina 2000).

The Project site is located approximately 0.4 miles south of Walnut Creek and is thus situated outside of the potential area of flooding that is described in the General Plan. Additionally, there are a number of flood control infrastructure components in the City, such as two large flood control spreading grounds located at the easterly terminus of Workman Avenue (approximately 0.55 miles northwest of the Project site) and at the southwest corner of Arrow Highway and Barranca Avenue (approximately 2.5 miles northwest of the Project site) (City of Covina 2000). Furthermore, Puddingstone Dam is subject to a variety of inspections and regulations that preclude dam failure to the extent practicable. In the unlikely event of dam failure at the Puddingstone Reservoir and Dam complex, the Project site is not anticipated to be susceptible to hazardous flooding conditions. There are other reservoir-serving dams north and northeast of the City in the San Gabriel Mountains that could also break. However, as stated in the General Plan Safety Element, potentially negative impacts on the City would be minimized because these facilities are all several miles from the City, which would enable most, if not all, of the water to be caught by storm drains in adjacent communities and also would allow officials adequate time for emergency activities. Additionally, the community’s flood control system in the upper and central portions of the City is expected to be able to handle incoming residual waters, in the unlikely event of dam breakage to the north of the City (City of Covina 2000). Impacts related to flooding would, therefore, be less than significant.

Seiches are earthquake-induced waves in enclosed bodies of water, such as lakes or reservoirs.

Puddingstone Reservoir, the closest reservoir to the Project site, is located approximately 3 miles northeast of the site. The City has identified seiches as a potential hazard to the community due to the presence of the Puddingstone Reservoir and Dam complex (City of Covina 2000). In the General Plan Safety Element, the City identifies several courses of action to deal with the impacts of seiches including administering reasonable development standards for properties abutting Walnut Creek, which extends west of Puddingstone Dam and could be affected in the event of a seiche, and continuing emergency preparedness activities (City of Covina 2000). The Project site does not abut Walnut Creek and would not conflict with the City’s emergency preparedness activities. While a catastrophic earthquake event and associated seiche could pose a hazard to portions of the City, inundation of the Project site is not anticipated due to intervening distance between Puddingstone Reservoir and the Project site and the flood control infrastructure in the urbanized areas around the Project site. Impacts related to seiches would, therefore, be less than significant.

A tsunami is a sea wave generated by an underwater seismic disturbance, such as a sudden faulting or landslide activity. Because the City is not located in a coastal area (the City is located approximately 27 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean), the risk of tsunami affecting the Project area is low. Therefore, for the reasons described above, Project impacts associated with flooding, seiche, and tsunamis would be less than significant.
e) Would the project conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan?
No Impact. The Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) has adopted the Basin Plan for the Coastal Watersheds of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties (Basin Plan) for its region of responsibility, which includes the City of Covina (Los Angeles RWQCB 2014). The Basin Plan contains water quality

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regulations and implementation programs for the region. As previously discussed, the Project is not anticipated to cause substantial runoff or increase of pollutants that would impact water quality or groundwater management. Additionally, the Project would be required to comply with the City’s regulations regarding stormwater management practices during construction. As such, the Project would not conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan, and there would be no impact.

References
City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/communitydevelopment/planning/.

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2023. National Flood Hazard Layer. Accessed March 9, 2023. https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/national-flood-hazard-layer.

Los Angeles RWQCB (Regional Water Quality Control Board). 2014. Basin Plan for the Coastal Watersheds of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties. September 11, 2014. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/losangeles/ water_issues/programs/basin_plan/basin_plan_documentation.html.

3.11 Land Use and Planning

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XI. LAND USE AND PLANNING – Would the project:
a) Physically divide an established
community?
b) Cause a significant environmental
impact due to a conflict with any land use
plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the
purpose of avoiding or mitigating an
environmental effect?
a) Would the project physically divide an established community? No Impact. The Project is located on a parcel that contains an existing commercial office building and associated improvements. Upon Project implementation, the site would contain a single billboard pole, which would not have the potential to create a division within an established community. Implementation of the Project would not result in any other on- or off-site development that may have the potential to divide an established community, such as a highway, aboveground infrastructure, or an easement through an established neighborhood. As such, there would be no impact.

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b) Would the project cause a significant environmental impact due to a conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? Less Than Significant Impact. Land use plans and policies applicable to the Project site are set forth in the City’s General Plan, the City’s zoning ordinance, and the Village Oaks Office Park PCD Overlay District.

Project development requires changes to the zoning ordinance and to the PCD Overlay District, in order to allow for a billboard to be installed on the Project site. These changes would bring the proposed Project into consistency with the land use and zoning designations for the Project site. As demonstrated throughout this IS/MND, the proposed Project would not result in significant, unavoidable effects on the environment.

Upon approval of the proposed amendments to the zoning ordinance and to the Village Oaks Office Park PCD Overlay District, the proposed Project would not conflict with any existing land use policies. As such, impacts would be less than significant.

References
None.

3.12 Mineral Resources

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XII. MINERAL RESOURCES – Would the project:
a) Result in the loss of availability of a known
mineral resource that would be of value to
the region and the residents of the state?
b) Result in the loss of availability of a locally
important mineral resource recovery site
delineated on a local general plan, specific
plan or other land use plan?
a) Would the project result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state?
No Impact. According to the California Geologic Energy Management Division (CalGEM), there are no oil, gas, geothermal, or other known wells located on the Project site. CalGEM maps indicate that the City has two dry holes; however, both are located in residential areas and have been abandoned and plugged. (Dry holes are wellbores that have not encountered resources in economically producible quantities) (CalGEM 2023). As such, the development of the proposed Project would not have the potential to interfere with extraction of oil, gas, or geothermal resources.

The City is located within the San Gabriel Production-Consumption Region for Portland Cement Concrete– grade aggregate resources, as mapped by the Division of Mines and Geology (renamed the California Geological Survey in 2006) (Division of Mines and Geology 1982a). The Division of Mines and Geology has

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mapped the Project site within Mineral Resource Zone 3 for aggregate resources (Division of Mines and Geology 1982b). Mineral Resource Zone 3 is a designation given to “areas containing mineral deposits the significance of which cannot be evaluated from available data.” The majority of the City has been mapped within Mineral Resource Zone 3. Portions of the City, particularly to the north, are within Mineral Resource Zone 2, which is a designation given to “areas where adequate information indicates that significant mineral deposits are present or where it is judged that a high likelihood for their presence exists” (Division of Mines and Geology 1982b). The City’s General Plan indicates that the state identified the presence of two subsurface areas in the northern part of the City that may contain mineral deposits. However, the City’s General Plan states that the state has also declared these areas to be insignificant due to urbanization and potentially negative incursions that would preclude extraction (City of Covina 2000). Additionally, the City’s General Plan states that there are no mining activities, aggregate production activities, or drilling/producing of minerals in the City and that such activities are prohibited from occurring within the City. Due to the urbanized nature of the City, as well as the Project area, mineral resource extraction would be an incompatible land use. Furthermore, the Project is proposed within an urbanized, built-out area and would not involve land use changes that would affect the availability of mineral resources in the City. For these reasons, no impact to the availability of state or regionally important mineral resources would occur. b) Would the project result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan or other land use plan? No Impact. According to the City’s General Plan Natural Resources and Open Spaces Element, there are no significant mineral resources present in the City (City of Covina 2000). Additionally, the City’s General Plan states that there are no mining activities, aggregate production activities, or drilling/producing of minerals occurring in the City. Furthermore, the City’s zoning ordinance prohibits the extraction or production of aggregates. As such, the City has not identified any locally important mineral resource recovery sites. Therefore, the Project would not result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource, and no impact would occur.

References
City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/communitydevelopment/planning/.

CalGEM (California Geology Energy Management Division). 2023. CalGEM GIS: Well Finder. Accessed March 2023. https://www.conservation.ca.gov/calgem/Pages/WellFinder.aspx.

Division of Mines and Geology. 1982a. Mineral Land Classification of Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, San Gabriel Valley Production-Consumption Region.

Division of Mines and Geology. 1982b. Mineral Land Classification Map Aggregate Resource Only, ClaremontUpland P-C Region.

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3.13 Noise

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XIII. NOISE – Would the project result in:
a) Generation of a substantial temporary or
permanent increase in ambient noise levels
in the vicinity of the project in excess of
standards established in the local general
plan or noise ordinance, or applicable
standards of other agencies?
b) Generation of excessive groundborne
vibration or groundborne noise levels?
c) For a project located within the vicinity of a
private airstrip or an airport land use plan
or, where such a plan has not been
adopted, within two miles of a public airport
or public use airport, would the project
expose people residing or working in the
project area to excessive noise levels?
Noise and Vibration Characteristics
Noise
Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound may be described in terms of level or amplitude (measured in decibels [dB]), frequency or pitch (measured in hertz or cycles per second), and duration (measured in seconds or minutes). The standard unit of measurement of the amplitude of sound is the decibel. Because the human ear is not equally sensitive to sound at all frequencies, a special frequency-dependent rating scale is used to relate noise to human sensitivity. The A-weighted decibel scale (dBA) scale performs this compensation by discriminating against low and very high frequencies in a manner approximating the sensitivity of the human ear. Several descriptors of noise (noise metrics) exist to help predict average community reactions to the adverse effects of environmental noise, including traffic-generated noise, on a community. These descriptors include the equivalent noise level over a given period (Leq), the statistical sound level, the day–night average noise level (Ldn), and the Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL).

Each of these descriptors uses units of dBA. Table 3.13-1 provides examples of A-weighted noise levels from common sounds. In general, human sound perception is such that a change in sound level of 3 dB is barely noticeable, a change of 5 dB is clearly noticeable, and a change of 10 dB is perceived as doubling or halving the sound level.

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Table 3.13-1. Typical Sound Levels in the Environment
Common Outdoor Activities Noise Level (dBA) Common Indoor Activities — 110 Rock band
Jet flyover at 300 meters (1,000 feet) 100 —
Gas lawn mower at 1 meter (3 feet) 90 —
Diesel truck at 15 meters (50 feet), at 80
kilometers per hour (50 mph)
80 Food blender at 1 meter (3 feet)
Garbage disposal at 1 meter (3 feet)
Noisy urban area, daytime
gas lawn mower at 30 meters (100 feet)
70 Vacuum cleaner at 3 meters (10 feet)
Commercial area
Heavy traffic at 90 meters (300 feet)
60 Normal speech at 1 meter (3 feet)
Quiet urban daytime 50 Large business office
Dishwasher, next room
Quiet urban nighttime 40 Theater, large conference room (background)
Quiet suburban nighttime 30 Library
Quiet rural night time 20 Bedroom at night, concert hall (background)
— 10 Broadcast/recording studio
Lowest threshold of human hearing 0 Lowest threshold of human hearing Source: Caltrans 2013
Note: dBA = A-weighted decibel.

Leq is a sound energy level averaged over a specified period (typically no less than 15 minutes for environmental studies). Leq is a single numerical value that represents the amount of variable sound energy received by a receptor during a time interval. For example, a 1-hour Leq measurement would represent the average amount of energy contained in all the noise that occurred in that hour. Leq is an effective noise descriptor because of its ability to assess the total time-varying effects of noise on sensitive receptors.

Unlike the Leq metrics, Ldn and CNEL metrics always represent 24-hour periods, usually on an annualized basis. Ldn and CNEL also differ from Leq because they apply a time-weighted factor designed to emphasize noise events that occur during the evening and nighttime hours (when speech and sleep disturbance is of more concern). “Time weighted” refers to the fact that Ldn and CNEL penalize noise that occurs during certain sensitive periods. In the case of CNEL, noise occurring during the daytime (7:00 a.m.–7:00 p.m.) receives no penalty. Noise during the evening (7:00 p.m.–10:00 p.m.) is penalized by adding 5 dB, while nighttime (10:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m.) noise is penalized by adding 10 dB. Ldn differs from CNEL in that the daytime period is defined as 7:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m., thus eliminating the evening period. Ldn and CNEL are the predominant criteria used to measure roadway noise affecting residential receptors. These two metrics generally differ from one another by no more than 0.5 dB to 1 dB and, as such, are often treated as equivalent to one another.

Vibration
Vibration is an oscillatory motion through a solid medium in which the motion’s amplitude can be described in terms of displacement, velocity, or acceleration. Vibration can cause buildings to shake and rumbling sounds to be heard. In contrast to noise, vibration is not a common environmental problem. It is unusual

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for vibration from sources such as buses and trucks to be perceptible, even in locations close to major roads. Some common sources of vibration are trains, buses on rough roads, and construction activities, such as blasting, pile driving, and heavy earthmoving equipment.

Several different methods are used to quantify vibration. Peak particle velocity (PPV) is defined as the maximum instantaneous peak of the vibration signal. PPV is most frequently used to describe vibration impacts to buildings and is usually measured in inches per second. The root mean square amplitude is most frequently used to describe the effect of vibration on the human body and is defined as the average of the squared amplitude of the signal. Decibel notation is commonly used to measure root mean square.

The decibel notation acts to compress the range of numbers required to describe vibration.

High levels of vibration may cause physical injury or damage to buildings. However, vibration levels rarely affect human health. Instead, most people consider vibration to be an annoyance that can affect concentration or disturb sleep. In addition, high levels of vibration can damage fragile buildings or interfere with equipment that is highly sensitive to vibration (e.g., electron microscopes). Most perceptible indoor vibration is caused by sources within buildings, such as operation of mechanical equipment, movement of people, or slamming of doors. Typical outdoor sources of perceptible vibration are construction equipment, steel-wheeled trains, and traffic on rough roads. If the roadway is smooth, the vibration from traffic is rarely perceptible.

Sensitive Receptors
Noise- and vibration-sensitive land uses are locations where people reside or where the presence of unwanted sound could adversely affect the use of the land. Residences, schools, hospitals, guest lodging, libraries, and some passive recreation areas would be considered noise and vibration sensitive.

The nearest sensitive receptors for the purposes of the noise analysis for this Project are considered to be the hotel to the northwest of the Project site, the nearest façade of which is approximately 150 feet from the Project work area. The next-nearest sensitive land use is Jalapa Park, located approximately 350 feet northeast of the Project work area. Other noise-sensitive receivers, such as the residences located to the northwest (approximately 450 feet away) would be less affected by Project-related noise by virtue of distance. 12 Existing Noise Conditions
The City of Covina is located in an urbanized and developed environment which is subject to numerous noise sources. The primary noise source in the City is vehicular traffic along major freeways and arterials including the adjacent San Bernardino Freeway (I-10), Garvey Street, and Holt Avenue. In addition, typical urban noise sources (e.g., businesses, construction activities, landscape equipment, etc.) also contribute to the overall noise environment.

According to the City of Covina General Plan Noise Element, the potentially affected receivers near the proposed Project are within the 65 dB traffic noise level contour generated by vehicles traveling on major arterial roadways including the San Bernardino Freeway and Holt Avenue. 12 Residences are also located to the south (south of the I-10 freeway) approximately 400 feet or more from the Project site; these residences would not be affected by Project-related noise because in addition to the distance, the freeway would effectively block any such potential noise effects.

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Local Noise Regulations
Covina Noise Ordinance
The City’s Noise Ordinance (Chapter 9.40 of the City’s Municipal Code) serves to protect people from nontransportation noise sources such as construction activities, commercial operations, machinery, and nightlife. The City’s Noise Ordinance outlines factors to be considered when determining whether a noise, sound, or vibration is a prohibited noise source within the City (Section 9.40.080); provides examples of prohibited noises (Section 9.40.030); and discusses noise exemptions (Section 9.40.140).

The City’s Noise Ordinance includes noise regulations (Section 9.40.110) that regulate noise from construction activities. Specifically, it is unlawful to operate equipment or perform outside construction or repair work within 500 feet of a residential land use between the hours of 8:00 p.m. of any one day and 7:00 a.m. of the next day, or on Sundays or public holidays such that a reasonable person of normal sensitivity residing in the area is caused discomfort or annoyance, unless a permit has been obtained in advance.

The City’s exterior noise standards for operational stationary noise source activities is specified by associated land uses in Section 9.40.040, as shown here in Table 3.13-2. For low density residential, the allowable noise standard is 55 dBA between the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. and 45 dBA between the hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. For medium density residential, the allowable noise standard is 60 dBA between the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. and 50 dBA between the hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.

Table 3.13-2. City of Covina Exterior Noise Level Limits (Stationary Noise Sources) Receiving Land Use Category Time
Sound Level (A-Weighted)
Decibels
Residential estate or agricultural 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
50 40
Residential low density 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
55 45
Residential medium and high density 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
60 50
Commercial 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
65 55
Industrial 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
70 60
Source: City of Covina 1988.

Vibration Standards
Section 9.40.120(J) of the City’s Municipal Code limits vibration levels created on a particular property from being felt at or beyond the property boundary line. Section 9.40.020(30) of the City’s Municipal Code defines the vibration perception threshold as motion velocity of 0.01 inches per second over the range of one to 100 Hertz.

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a) Would the project result in generation of a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies?
Short-Term On-Site Construction Noise
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. Noise generated by Project construction equipment would include a combination of heavy equipment including a drill rig, cranes, front end loaders, backhoes, and a concrete saw that, when combined, can reach relatively high noise levels. The number and mix of construction equipment would vary during the Project’s construction phases. The duration of construction would be relatively brief and would consist of two phases; it is estimated that the new billboard construction phase would require approximately 1 week of work and the landscaping phase would also require approximately 1 week of work.

With the noise sources identified above (and using the same specific construction equipment assumptions as used for the air quality analysis (Section 3.3), a noise analysis was performed using a model developed by the Federal Highway Administration called the Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) (FHWA 2008).

Input variables for the RCNM consist of the receiver/land use types, the equipment type (i.e., backhoe, crane, truck, etc.), the number of equipment pieces, the duty cycle for each piece of equipment (i.e., percentage of hours the equipment typically works per day), and the distance between the construction noise source and the sensitive receiver. The RCNM has default duty-cycle values for the various pieces of equipment, which were derived from an extensive study of typical construction activity patterns. Those default duty-cycle values were used for this noise analysis.

Table 3.13-3 provides a summary of the construction noise levels by each phase at the nearest noisesensitive receptor. The input and output data are provided in Appendix B. As described above, the nearest sensitive receptors for the purposes of the noise analysis are considered to be the hotel to the northwest of the proposed Project located approximately 150 feet from the Project work area, and the park located approximately 350 feet from the Project work area. Construction noise levels at other sensitive receivers would be lower relative to the values shown in Table 3.13-3.

Table 3.13-3. Construction Noise Model Results Summary
Construction Phase
Construction Noise at Representative Receiver Distances (Leq [dBA]) Hotel, Northwest of Project
(Approx. 150 Feet Away)
Park Northeast of Project
(Approx. 350 Feet Away)
Billboard Construction 68 62
Landscaping 74 66
Source: Appendix B
Notes: Leq = equivalent noise level; dBA = A-weighted decibel.

According to Section 9.40.110 of the City’s Municipal Code, it is unlawful to operate equipment or perform outside construction or repair work within 500 feet of a residential land use between the hours of 8:00 p.m. of any one day and 7:00 a.m. of the next day, or on Sundays or public holidays such that a reasonable person of normal sensitivity residing in the area is caused discomfort or annoyance, unless a permit has been obtained in advance. Although nearby off-site residences would be exposed to elevated construction noise levels, the exposure would be short-term and would cease upon completion of Project construction.

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Construction activities associated with the proposed Project would take place between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. and would not take place on Sundays or public holidays. Therefore, Project construction would not violate the City’s standards for construction noise. However, construction noise levels may be higher than existing ambient daytime noise levels. Therefore, noise impacts from construction are considered to be potentially significant. The implementation of mitigation measures MM-NOI-1 and MM-NOI-2 would substantially reduce construction noise, reducing the effects to below a level of significance.13 Therefore, temporary construction-related noise impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

MM-NOI-1 Construction Hours
Construction activities shall take place during the permitted times and days per Chapter

9.40.110 of the City’s Municipal Code. The applicant shall ensure that construction activities are limited to the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Monday through Saturday and shall not occur during other hours or on Sundays or public holidays. This condition shall be listed on the Project’s final design to the satisfaction of the City Engineering Department.

MM-NOI-2 Construction Noise Reduction
The City of Covina shall require the applicant to adhere to the following measures as a condition of approving the grading permit:
▪ The Project contractor shall, to the extent feasible, schedule construction activities to avoid the simultaneous operation of construction equipment so as to minimize noise levels resulting from operating several pieces of high noise level emitting equipment. ▪ All construction equipment, fixed or mobile, shall be equipped with properly operating and maintained mufflers. Enforcement shall be accomplished by random field inspections by applicant personnel during construction activities, to the satisfaction of the City Engineering Department.
▪ Construction noise reduction methods such as shutting off idling equipment, construction of a temporary noise barrier, maximizing the distance between construction equipment staging areas and adjacent residences, and use of electric air compressors and similar power tools, rather than diesel equipment, shall be used where feasible.
▪ During construction, stationary construction equipment shall be placed such that emitted noise is directed away from or shielded from sensitive receptors. ▪ Construction hours, allowable workdays, and the phone number of the job superintendent shall be clearly posted at all construction entrances to allow surrounding property owners to contact the job superintendent if necessary. In the event the City receives a complaint, appropriate corrective actions shall be implemented and a report of the action provided to the reporting party. 13 Effectiveness of these mitigation measures would vary from several decibels (which in general is a relatively small change) to ten or more decibels (which subjectively would be perceived as a substantial change), depending upon the specific equipment and the original condition of that equipment, the specific locations of the noise sources and the receivers, etc. Installation of more effective silencers could range from several decibels to well over 10 decibels. Reduction of idling equipment could reduce overall noise levels from barely any reduction to several decibels. Cumulatively, however, these measures would result in substantial decreases in construction noise.

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Short-Term Off-Site Construction Traffic Noise
Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would result in brief local, short-term increases in roadway noise as a result of construction traffic. Based on information developed as part of the Project’s air quality analysis, Project-related traffic would include workers commuting to and from the Project site as well as vendor and haul trucks bringing or removing materials. The highest number of average daily vehicle trips would be 24 one-way worker vehicle trips per day (i.e., 12 round-trips), 18 one-way vendor truck trips per day (i.e., 9 round-trips), and 16 haul truck trips per day (i.e., 8 round-trips), all occurring during the billboard construction phase.

Based upon a review of the traffic survey data near the Project site (City of West Covina 2017), Garvey Street carries approximately 5,000 vehicles per day and Holt Avenue carries approximately 7,700 vehicles per day. Comparing the maximum number of daily construction-related trips (58 trips) to the traffic volumes for the street with fewer daily vehicle trips (5,000 vehicles per day on Garvey Street), the additional vehicle trips would amount to a temporary increase in traffic of approximately 1.2%. Based upon the fundamentals of acoustics, a doubling of traffic (i.e., a 100% increase) would be needed to result in a 3 decibel increase in noise levels, which is the level corresponding to an audible change to the typical human listener. While individual truck pass-bys would be clearly audible, the change in traffic noise levels on the hourly average basis would be negligible. An incremental increase of approximately 1% of traffic volumes would not correspond to an audible or measurable increase, and thus would be less than significant. Therefore, traffic related to construction activities would not result in a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the Project. Impacts from Project-related construction traffic noise would be less than significant.

Project Operational Noise
Less Than Significant Impact. The proposed Project would consist of a digital billboard with electrical components, as well as landscaping improvements. Pumps, motors, or other noisy equipment would not be used during standard operations of the billboard or landscaping. Periodic maintenance would be required; however, the maintenance trips are anticipated to be relatively infrequent and would have a negligible effect on roadway traffic noise. Therefore, Project operational noise would be less than significant. b) Would the project result in generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels? Less Than Significant Impact. The main concern associated with groundborne vibration is annoyance; however, in extreme cases, vibration can cause damage to buildings, particularly those that are old or otherwise fragile. Some common sources of groundborne vibration are construction activities such as blasting, pile-driving, and heavy earth-moving equipment. The primary source of groundborne vibration occurring as part of the proposed Project would be construction activities.

The heavier pieces of construction equipment associated with this Project, such as a drill rig, would register up to approximately 0.089 inches per second PPV at a distance of 25 feet (FTA 2018). As previously stated, for the purposes of this analysis, the City’s threshold for perceptibility (0.010 inches per second) is used as the significance threshold for annoyance from groundborne vibration (City of Covina 1988).

Groundborne vibration is typically attenuated over relatively short distances. At the nearest vibrationsensitive use to the nearest construction area (approximately 150 feet to the northwest of the Project site)

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and with the anticipated construction equipment, the vibration level would be approximately 0.006 inches per second PPV, which is below the City’s threshold of 0.010 inches per second. As such, there would not be significant groundborne vibration impacts associated with annoyance.

Construction vibration as a result of the proposed Project also would not result in structural building damage, which typically occurs at vibration levels of 0.4 inches per second PPV or greater for standard buildings (FTA 2018). The building adjacent to the Project’s construction area (the existing 2-story, on-site office/commercial structure) is not of masonry construction (which may necessitate a more stringent threshold). The heavier pieces of Project-related construction equipment (e.g., the drill rig) are anticipated to operate at least 25 feet from the adjacent on-site building. (This is because the more intensive pieces of equipment are expected to be used for billboard installation and construction, which would not be situated directly adjacent to the on-site building; see Figure 2-1) As such, vibration experienced by the adjacent building is expected to be approximately 0.089 inches per second PPV or less, which would fall below the applicable threshold for structural building damage. Buildings situated further from the Project site, such as the hotel to the northwest, would experience even lower levels of vibration and thus would not be significantly impacted. As such, impacts related to groundborne vibration would be less than significant. c) For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? No Impact. There are no private airstrips in the vicinity of the Project site. The nearest airport is Brackett Field, located approximately 4.5 miles to the east-northeast. The Project area is not located within 2 miles of any public airport, nor is it located within the boundaries of any airport land use plans. Therefore, the proposed Project would not expose or result in excessive airport-related noise for people residing or working in the Project area, and no impact would occur.

References
Caltrans (California Department of Transportation). 2013. Technical Noise Supplement to the Caltrans Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol. Division of Environmental Analysis, Environmental Engineering, Hazardous Waste, Air, Noise, Paleontology Office. September 2013.

City of Covina. 1988. Covina Noise Ordinance, Chapter 9.40, Noise.

City of West Covina. 2017. Engineering and Traffic Survey. October 2017.

FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2008. Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM), Software Version 1.1.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division.

December 8, 2008.

FTA (Federal Transit Administration). 2018. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual. September 2018.

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3.14 Population and Housing

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XIV. POPULATION AND HOUSING – Would the project:
a) Induce substantial unplanned population
growth in an area, either directly (for
example, by proposing new homes and
businesses) or indirectly (for example,
through extension of roads or other
infrastructure)?
b) Displace substantial numbers of
existing people or housing, necessitating
the construction of replacement
housing elsewhere?
a) Would the project induce substantial unplanned population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure)?
No Impact. The Project would not include construction or operation of any new residential or commercial land uses and, therefore, would not result in population growth in the Project area. Additionally, the Project does not include any other off-site improvements, including the extension of roads or other infrastructure that could potentially induce unplanned population growth. During the minor construction activities that would be required for the proposed Project, several construction personnel would be required during the construction period. Several workers would also be required for the routine maintenance activities associated with the proposed Project, which would be required about once every other month, with additional maintenance activities possibly being required in the event of inclement weather. Due to the minimal number of workers required for these activities and the routine, brief nature of the construction processes and maintenance activities, the need for workers is expected to be accommodated within the existing and future labor market in the City and the surrounding Los Angeles metropolitan area. As such, the proposed Project would not induce substantial unplanned population growth. There would be no impact. b) Would the project displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere?
No Impact. The Project does not involve the development of housing, nor would it necessitate the removal of housing or the displacement of people. As such, the Project would not displace any people or housing and no impact would occur.

References
None.

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3.15 Public Services

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XV. PUBLIC SERVICES – Would the project:
a) Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, or other performance objectives for any of the public services:

Fire protection?
Police protection?
Schools?
Parks?
Other public facilities?
a) Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, or other performance objectives for any of the public services:

Fire protection?
No Impact. New or physically altered government facilities are usually required when the population in a localized area increases substantially such that the existing facilities and services cannot meet the increase in demand. The City contracts with the County of Los Angeles Fire Department to provide fire protection and emergency response services (City of Covina 2000). There are three fire stations within the City: Fire Station 153, located approximately 1.70 miles north of the Project site at 1577 East Cypress Street; Fire Station 154, located at approximately 1.80 miles northwest of the Project site at 401 North Second Avenue; and Fire Station 152, located approximately 2.9 miles northwest of the Project site at 807 West Cypress Street.

The Project would not change the use of any existing buildings resulting in additional occupants and would not result in new buildings requiring fire protection services. Additionally, the Project is located in an urbanized area and would not cause an increase of use on the site such that additional fire services would be required. The proposed billboard’s digital faces would require the use of LED bulbs. LED bulbs do not pose an increased risk of fire relative to other lighting sources when they are used for their intended purposes, and when operated and installed in accordance with standard procedures. As such, the Project would not result in the need for construction or expansion of fire facilities, and no impacts would occur.

Police protection?
No Impact. The City receives police protection services from the City of Covina Police Department. The Covina Police department is located approximately 1.90 miles northwest of the Project site at 444 North Citrus Avenue. As previously discussed, the Project would not result in population growth, additional

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building occupants, or additional buildings. The Project would not cause an intensification of uses over existing conditions such that additional police services would be required. As such, the proposed Project would not create the need for new or expanded police protection facilities, and no impact would occur.

Schools?
No Impact. The City is served by the Covina Valley Unified School District. As discussed in Section 3.14, the Project would not generate population growth. Therefore, no new students would be generated by the Project, and no increase in demand for local schools would occur. As such, there would be no impact.

Parks?
No Impact. The Project does not include development of residential or commercial uses and would not generate any new permanent residents or employees such that the demand for local park and recreational facilities would occur. As such, the Project would not result in the need for new or expanded park facilities, and there would be no impact.

Other public facilities?
No Impact. The Project would not include the development of residential or commercial uses and would not increase the demand for other public facilities, such as libraries. Additionally, as described in Section

3.14, the Project would not result in indirect population growth, which could increase the demand for public facilities. There would be no impact.

References
City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/ community-development/planning/.

3.16 Recreation

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XVI. RECREATION
a) Would the project increase the use of
existing neighborhood and regional parks or
other recreational facilities such that
substantial physical deterioration of the
facility would occur or be accelerated?
b) Does the project include recreational
facilities or require the construction or
expansion of recreational facilities which
might have an adverse physical effect on
the environment?

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a) Would the project increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? No Impact. The nearest park to the Project site, Jalapa Park, is located directly east of the Project site across East Garvey Street. The Project would not generate new or permanent residents that would increase the use of this park or any other existing parks and recreational facilities in the City. Construction personnel working at the Project site could potentially use nearby parks during the temporary construction period.

However, due to the limited nature and duration of the construction activities, as well as the minimal required personnel, construction would not introduce new permanent workers to the City such that new park facilities would be required to provide an adequate level of service. Jalapa Park is considered a sensitive receptor for the purposes of the environmental analysis in this IS/MND, particularly within the light/glare and noise analyses. As determined herein, the proposed Project would not have significant, adverse impacts to Jalapa Park. No impacts would occur. b) Does the project include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities, which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment? No Impact. The Project does not include the development of residential uses and would not generate new permanent residents that would increase the demand for recreational facilities. As such, no new or expanded recreational facilities would be included as part of the Project or required as a result of the development of the Project. There would be no impact.

References
None.

3.17 Transportation

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XVII. TRANSPORTATION – Would the project:
a) Conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or
policy addressing the circulation system,
including transit, roadway, bicycle, and
pedestrian facilities?
b) Conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA
Guidelines Section 15064.3, subdivision (b)?
c) Substantially increase hazards due to a
geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves
or dangerous intersections) or incompatible
uses (e.g., farm equipment)?
d) Result in inadequate emergency access?

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a) Would the project conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities? Less Than Significant Impact. Construction of the Project would generate additional, albeit minimal, vehicle trips in the Project vicinity during the temporary construction period. The Project would not result in obstructions to any roadways or pedestrian walkways. The Project site contains two driveways, one located along the Project site’s western boundary, and one located along the Project site’s eastern boundary. During construction of the Project, the Project site’s western driveway may be inaccessible due to construction activities. These activities, however, would be temporary and the Project site’s eastern driveway would remain accessible during construction. Upon the completion of construction, both driveways would be accessible, consistent with existing conditions. Construction activities would involve a maximum of 58 oneway vehicle trips per day (including truck trips and worker vehicle trips). Increases in traffic in the Project area on the order of 58 one-way vehicle trips per day during the construction period would be considered minor and temporary and would not significantly impact the circulation system. Therefore, construction of the Project would not substantially conflict with any program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system.

Operation of the Project would require limited travel necessary for maintenance of the billboard structure, which is anticipated to be required about once every two months, with additional maintenance activities possibly being required in the event of inclement weather. Each maintenance event is expected to be associated with one worker driving to and from the site. Due to the limited frequency and magnitude of these activities, impacts to transit, roadway, bicycle, or pedestrian facilities would not occur. In the context of the City and the Project area, the addition of one vehicle driving to and from the Project site less than one time per month would be considered negligible and would not have the potential to alter the operations of the circulation system.

Overall, the additional vehicle trips required for construction and operations of the Project would be negligible and would not have a substantial effect on the circulation system. Additionally, the Project would not result in the obstruction or closure of any public roadways or pedestrian walkway. Therefore, the Project would not have a substantial adverse impact on the circulation system, and impacts from the proposed Project would be less than significant.
b) Would the project conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, subdivision (b)? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would not generate a significant amount of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Construction activities would involve a maximum of 58 one-way vehicle trips per day (including truck trips and worker vehicle trips). Once construction is complete, the Project would generate vehicle trips associated with the maintenance of the billboard structure, which is anticipated to be required about once every two months, with additional maintenance activities possibly being required in the event of inclement weather.

VMT is used to measure the performance of the transportation network and to evaluate potential transportation-related impacts on the environment. VMT is often expressed on an efficiency basis (i.e., per unit, per thousand square feet, etc.) to understand whether people are traveling more or less by vehicle over time, across different areas, or across different planning scenarios. As such, construction and maintenance activities are not considered when determining VMT impacts as these trips do not represent permanent changes in the transportation network based on the proposed use. Vehicle trips resulting from

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the Project would be limited to construction and maintenance trips. As such, the proposed project would not increase or contribute to VMT in the project area. Impacts would be less than significant. c) Would the project substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment)? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would not require the closure of any roadway or pedestrian walkway. The Project site contains two driveways, one located along the Project site’s western boundary, and one located along the Project site’s eastern boundary. During construction of the Project, the Project site’s western driveway may be inaccessible due to construction activities. These activities, however, would be temporary and the Project site’s eastern driveway would remain accessible during construction. Upon the completion of construction, both driveways would be accessible, consistent with existing conditions.

The Project would not involve any permanent alterations to existing roadways, driveways, or the Project site’s surface parking lot. As such, the Project would not include any hazardous geometric roadway design features or incompatible uses. While the Project would be associated with new visual elements including digital signage, these elements would be regulated and monitored pursuant to state and local regulations and guidelines. The sign faces would be oriented towards the I-10 freeway, which is a Caltrans facility. Prior to Project implementation, the Project applicant would be required to obtain an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit issued by Caltrans. The Project would be required to comply with the Outdoor Advertising Display Permit requirements, which establish measures regarding the placement and display of billboards located in close proximity to highways under the jurisdiction of Caltrans. These measures establish minimum distances between advertising displays and maximum size for advertising displays (Caltrans 2023).

Furthermore, the Project would be required to comply with Chapter 2, Article 3 of the California Vehicle Code, which establishes requirements regarding the placement and brightness of light sources that may affect drivers. Upon compliance with the applicable laws and requirements, the Project would not substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature or incompatible use, and impacts would be less than significant.
d) Would the project result in inadequate emergency access? Less Than Significant Impact. Inadequate emergency access may occur if emergency access is obstructed by the Project or if new driveways, roadways, or fire truck turnaround areas are insufficient to accommodate the necessary emergency equipment. As previously discussed, the Project would not result in the closure of any roadways or pedestrian walkways. The Project site contains two driveways, one located along the Project site’s western boundary, and one located along the Project site’s eastern boundary. During construction of the Project, the Project site’s western driveway may be inaccessible due to construction activities. These activities, however, would be temporary and the Project site’s eastern driveway would remain accessible during construction. During operation of the Project, both driveways would be accessible. Therefore, the Project would not result in inadequate emergency access, and impacts would be less than significant.

References
Caltrans (California Department of Transportation). 2023. Outdoor Advertising Display Permit Requirements.

Accessed April 4, 2023. https://dot.ca.gov/programs/traffic-operations/oda/permit-requirements.

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3.18 Tribal Cultural Resources

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XVIII. TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES
Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code Section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
a) Listed or eligible for listing in the California
Register of Historical Resources, or in a
local register of historical resources as
defined in Public Resources Code Section
5020.1(k), or

b) A resource determined by the lead agency,
in its discretion and supported by
substantial evidence, to be significant
pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision
(c) of Public Resources Code Section
5024.1? In applying the criteria set forth in
subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code
Section 5024.1, the lead agency shall
consider the significance of the resource to
a California Native American tribe.

Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code Section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
a) Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in a local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code Section 5020.1(k)? Less Than Significant Impact. As previously discussed in Section 3.5, records searches at the SCCIC and a Sacred Lands File search of the Project area have been conducted. These searches did not reveal the presence of any previously recorded tribal cultural resources (TCRs) listed in the California Register of Historical Resources or on a local register within or near the Project site. Further, no specific TCRs have been identified by California Native American tribes as part of the City’s Assembly Bill (AB) 52 notification and consultation process. Therefore, the proposed Project would not adversely affect TCRs that are listed or eligible for listing in the state or local register. Impacts are considered less than significant.

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b) A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1? In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resource Code Section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe.

Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. There are no resources in the Project area that have been determined by the lead agency to be significant pursuant to the criteria set forth in Public Resources Code Section 5024.1. Further, no specific TCRs were identified in the Project area by the NAHC, by California Native American tribes, or by the City as part of the AB 52 notification and consultation process.

On February 22, 2023, notification of the proposed Project was sent to California Native American tribal representatives that are traditionally or culturally affiliated with the geographic area. One tribe (Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians - Kizh Nation (“Kizh Nation”)) requested formal consultation via a letter dated March 2, 2023. Via subsequent email communication between the Kizh Nation and the City during July through September 2023, the Kizh Nation identified concerns related to uncovering of previously unidentified TCRs, which could occur during Project construction, particularly during ground-disturbing activities. If resources were to be uncovered but not properly treated, they could be destroyed or damaged, resulting in a potentially significant impact. The City, in coordination with the Kizh Nation, determined that mitigation measures MM-TCR-1, MM-TCR-2, and MM-TCR-3 would reduce potential impacts to below a level of significance. (In the event of unexpected discovery of human remains during construction, MM-CUL-2 and MM-TCR-3 would apply.) These measures would ensure that any unanticipated significant discoveries are protected. Consultation was formally concluded between the City and the Kizh Nation via email and written letter on September 11, 2023. Impacts from the proposed Project would thus be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

MM-TCR-1 Retain a Native American Monitor Prior to Commencement of Ground Disturbing Activities
▪ The Project applicant/lead agency shall retain a Native American Monitor from or approved by the Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation. The monitor shall be retained prior to the commencement of any “ground-disturbing activity” for the subject Project at all Project locations (i.e., both on-site and any off-site locations that are included in the Project description/definition and/or required in connection with the Project, such as public improvement work). “Ground-disturbing activity” shall include, but is not limited to, demolition, pavement removal, potholing, auguring, grubbing, tree removal, boring, grading, excavation, drilling, and trenching. ▪ A copy of the executed monitoring agreement shall be submitted to the lead agency prior to the earlier of the commencement of any ground-disturbing activity, or the issuance of any permit necessary to commence a ground-disturbing activity. ▪ The monitor will complete daily monitoring logs that will provide descriptions of the relevant ground-disturbing activities, the type of construction activities performed, locations of ground-disturbing activities, soil types, cultural-related materials, and any other facts, conditions, materials, or discoveries of significance to the Tribe. Monitor logs will identify and describe any discovered tribal cultural resources (TCRs), including but not limited to, Native American cultural and historical artifacts, remains, places of significance, etc., (collectively, tribal cultural resources, or “TCR”), as well as any

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discovered Native American (ancestral) human remains and burial goods. Copies of monitor logs will be provided to the Project applicant/lead agency upon written request to the Tribe.
▪ On-site tribal monitoring shall conclude upon the latter of the following (1) written confirmation to the Kizh from a designated point of contact for the Project applicant/lead agency that all ground-disturbing activities and phases that may involve ground-disturbing activities on the Project site or in connection with the Project are complete; or (2) a determination and written notification by the Kizh to the Project applicant/lead agency that no future, planned construction activity and/or development/construction phase at the Project site possesses the potential to impact Kizh TCRs.

MM-TCR-2 Unanticipated Discovery of Tribal Cultural Resource Objects (Non-Funerary/ Non-Ceremonial)
Upon discovery of any TCRs, all construction activities in the immediate vicinity of the discovery shall cease (i.e., not less than the surrounding 50 feet) and shall not resume until the discovered TCR has been fully assessed by the Kizh monitor and/or Kizh archaeologist. The Kizh will recover and retain all discovered TCRs in the form and/or manner the Tribe deems appropriate, in the Tribe’s sole discretion, and for any purpose the Tribe deems appropriate, including for educational, cultural and/or historic purposes.

MM-TCR-3 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains and Associated Funerary or Ceremonial Objects ▪ Native American human remains are defined in PRC 5097.98 (d)(1) as an inhumation or cremation, and in any state of decomposition or skeletal completeness. Funerary objects, called associated grave goods in Public Resources Code Section 5097.98, are also to be treated according to this statute.
▪ If Native American human remains and/or grave goods are discovered or recognized on the Project site, then Public Resource Code 5097.9 as well as Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 shall be followed.
▪ Human remains and grave/burial goods shall be treated alike per California Public Resources Code section 5097.98(d)(1) and (2).
▪ Preservation in place (i.e., avoidance) is the preferred manner of treatment for discovered human remains and/or burial goods.
▪ Any discovery of human remains/burial goods shall be kept confidential to prevent further disturbance.

References
None.

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3.19 Utilities and Service Systems

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XIX. UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS – Would the project:
a) Require or result in the relocation or
construction of new or expanded water,
waste water treatment or storm water
drainage, electric power, natural gas, or
telecommunications facilities, the
construction or relocation of which could
cause significant environmental effects?
b) Have sufficient water supplies available to
serve the project and reasonably
foreseeable future development during
normal, dry, and multiple dry years?
c) Result in a determination by the waste
water treatment provider which serves or
may serve the project that it has adequate
capacity to serve the project’s projected
demand in addition to the provider’s
existing commitments?
d) Generate solid waste in excess of state or
local standards, or in excess of the
capacity of local infrastructure, or
otherwise impair the attainment of solid
waste reduction goals?
e) Comply with federal, state, and local
management and reduction statutes and
regulations related to solid waste?
a) Would the project require or result in the relocation or construction of new or expanded water, waste water treatment or storm water drainage, electric power, natural gas, or telecommunications facilities, the construction or relocation of which could cause significant environmental effects? Less Than Significant Impact. The Project would not substantially increase the amount of water used within the Project area, as no changes to the existing land uses would occur. New landscaping may be installed to replace any landscaping that is removed. However, because such landscaping would replace existing landscaping that is removed, the total irrigation requirements of the Project site are not anticipated to substantially change. As such, any increased water demand at the Project site would be negligible, as the water demand would remain relatively consistent with existing conditions. Additionally, the Project would not have a demand for wastewater services or natural gas. As further described in Section 3.10, the Project would not substantially increase the amount of surface runoff generated at the Project site. As such, the Project would not require additional stormwater drainage infrastructure.

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The Project would require electric power for the billboard. The proposed billboard would connect to existing electrical infrastructure on the Project site, which is provided by Southern California Edison. A few feet of trenching would be required to attach the billboard to a transformer that is located on the western portion of the Project site. Construction work required to establish the electrical connection is included as part of the construction scenario that is analyzed herein. As demonstrated throughout this document, significant environmental impacts would not occur as a result of Project construction. Based on information provided by the Project applicant, the proposed Project is anticipated to require approximately 64,800 kWh of electricity per year. In 2022, the total system sales of electricity in Southern California Edison’s service area was approximately 84.2 billion kWh (Southern California Edison 2023). The increase in electricity consumption that would be associated with the Project would thus represent approximately 0.00008% of Southern California Edison’s total 2022 electricity sales. As such, the amount of electricity needed for Project operations would be minimal compared to existing electricity consumption in the region and would not necessitate new or expanded electrical facilities.

Telecommunications services for the billboard would be established via a modem and would not require additional trenching or an expansion of infrastructure. For the reasons described above, impacts would be less than significant.
b) Would the project have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project and reasonably foreseeable future development during normal, dry and multiple dry years? No Impact. The Project would not substantially increase the amount of water used within the Project area, as no changes to the existing land uses would occur. New landscaping may be installed to replace any landscaping that is removed. However, because such landscaping would replace existing landscaping that is removed, the total irrigation requirements of the Project site are not anticipated to substantially change. As such, any increased water demand at the Project site would be negligible, as the water demand would remain relatively consistent with existing conditions. As such, there would be no impact. c) Would the project result in a determination by the waste water treatment provider which serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project’s projected demand in addition to the provider’s existing commitments?
No Impact. The Project would not result in the generation of wastewater or require any wastewater treatment services. As such, there would be no impact.
d) Would the project generate solid waste in excess of state or local standards, or in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair the attainment of solid waste reduction goals? No Impact. Construction of the Project would generate minor amounts of solid waste and debris. The Project, however, would not involve demolition or substantial amounts of dirt removal. The Project would incorporate source reduction techniques and recycling measures to divert waste away from landfills, in accordance with City and state requirements. The Project would comply with Section 8.09.040 of the City’s Municipal Code, which requires recycling of at least 75% of construction materials that require disposal. All non-recyclable construction waste generated would be disposed of at a landfill approved to accept such materials.

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During operation, the Project would not result in the generation of substantial amounts of solid waste. The proposed billboard’s LED modules (i.e., one square foot of pixels) would require periodic replacing. Due to the long lifespan of LED lightbulbs, however, the associated waste would be minimal and would only be produced periodically, as only four to eight modules are expected to be replaced per year per face of the billboard. Therefore, the amount of waste generated by the Project would not be in excess of any standards or in the capacity of local infrastructure. There would be no impact. e) Would the project comply with federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes and regulations related to solid waste?
No Impact. The Project would be required to comply with federal, state, and local statutes and regulations related to solid waste. Construction waste would be recycled or disposed of in accordance with all existing regulations, including Section 8.09.040 of the City’s Municipal Code, which requires recycling of at least 75% of construction materials that require disposal. During Project operation, spent LED modules would be transported to an appropriate waste facility in accordance with applicable regulations. As such, because all waste materials associated with the Project would be handled and disposed of in accordance with existing local, state, and federal regulations, there would be no impact.

References
Southern California Edison. 2023. 2022 Annual Report. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://www.edison.com/ investors/financial-reports-information/annual-reports.

3.20 Wildfire

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XX. WILDFIRE – If located in or near state responsibility areas or lands classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, would the project:
a) Substantially impair an adopted emergency
response plan or emergency evacuation
plan?
b) Due to slope, prevailing winds, and other
factors, exacerbate wildfire risks, and
thereby expose project occupants to
pollutant concentrations from a wildfire or
the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire?
c) Require the installation or maintenance of
associated infrastructure (such as roads,
fuel breaks, emergency water sources,
power lines or other utilities) that may
exacerbate fire risk or that may result in
temporary or ongoing impacts to the
environment?

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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
d) Expose people or structures to significant
risks, including downslope or downstream
flooding or landslides, as a result of runoff,
post-fire slope instability, or drainage
changes?
The Project site is not located within a state responsibility area or a VHFHSZ (CALFIRE 2023). The nearest fire hazard severity zone is a VHFHSZ, which generally surrounds the Project site to the east, south, and west, with a small portion of the VHFHSZ overlapping with the southwestern corner of the Project site. a) Would the project substantially impair an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan? No Impact. As discussed in Section 3.9(f), the City has prepared the “multi-hazard Covina Emergency Plan,” which addresses the City’s planned response to emergencies associated with natural disasters and hazardous materials incidents (City of Covina 2000), and the Project would be required to comply with applicable aspects of this plan. Additionally, the City’s General Plan Safety Element identifies all major public streets as principal evacuation routes. The Project would not alter any roadways and would not result in a growth in population in the City. Additionally, the Project would not result in a significant increase in traffic volumes, as explained in Section 3.17. As such, the Project would not involve development that would impair the ability of major public streets to serve as evacuation routes. Additionally, the Project would not increase the likelihood of exposure to wildfire at the Project site. As such, no impacts would occur. b) Due to slope, prevailing winds, and other factors, would the project exacerbate wildfire risks, and thereby expose project occupants to pollutant concentrations from a wildfire or the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire? No Impact. The Project site and its immediate surroundings consist of relatively flat land developed with urban uses. The Project would not result in the development of buildings or structures that would be occupied by people and therefore would not expose additional occupants to the risk of wildfire hazards. Furthermore, the implementation of the proposed billboard would not exacerbate the risk of wildfire in the Project area due to its location and use. As such, the Project would not result in the exposure of occupants to pollutant concentrations from wildfire or the uncontrolled spread of wildfire, and there would be no impact. c) Would the project require the installation or maintenance of associated infrastructure (such as roads, fuel breaks, emergency water sources, power lines, or other utilities) that may exacerbate fire risk or that may result in temporary or ongoing impacts to the environment? No Impact. The proposed Project does not include the development of any roads, fuel breaks, emergency water sources, or power lines. The Project would require electric power for the proposed billboard. The electrical equipment used to connect the Project to existing electrical infrastructure would be installed underground and thus would not exacerbate wildfire risk. Telecommunications services for the billboard would be provided via a modem. As such, the Project would not require the installation or maintenance of infrastructure that may exacerbate fire risk or that may result in impacts to the environment. There would be no impact.

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d) Would the project expose people or structures to significant risks, including downslope or downstream flooding or landslides, as a result of runoff, post-fire slope instability, or drainage changes? No Impact. The Project site is flat and surrounded by urban development. The Project would not include structures with occupants and, as such, would not expose additional people to risks associated with flooding or landslides. As discussed in Section 3.7 and Section 3.10, flooding and landslide is not anticipated to occur on the Project site, and the implementation of the Project would not exacerbate the risk of flooding or landslides. While the Project site is located directly adjacent to and partially overlapping with a VHFHSZ, post-fire hazards are not likely to reach the Project site due to the City’s flood and stormwater infrastructure and the surrounding intervening elements of the urban environment, including existing roadways and commercial and residential uses. As such, the Project would not expose people or structures to significant post-fire risks, and there would be no impact.

References
City of Covina. 2000. Covina General Plan. March 2000. https://covinaca.gov/city-departments/communitydevelopment/planning/.

CALFIRE (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection). 2023. FHSZ Viewer. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://egis.fire.ca.gov/FHSZ/.

3.21 Mandatory Findings of Significance

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
XXI. MANDATORY FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANCE
a) Does the project have the potential to
substantially degrade the quality of the
environment, substantially reduce the
habitat of a fish or wildlife species, cause a
fish or wildlife population to drop below selfsustaining levels, threaten to eliminate a plant or animal community, substantially
reduce the number or restrict the range of a
rare or endangered plant or animal, or
eliminate important examples of the major
periods of California history or prehistory?
b) Does the project have impacts that are
individually limited, but cumulatively
considerable? (“Cumulatively considerable”
means that the incremental effects of a
project are considerable when viewed in
connection with the effects of past projects,
the effects of other current projects, and the
effects of probable future projects.)

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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less Than
Significant
Impact With
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less Than
Significant
Impact No Impact
c) Does the project have environmental effects
which will cause substantial adverse effects
on human beings, either directly or
indirectly?
a) Does the project have the potential to substantially degrade the quality of the environment, substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species, cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below selfsustaining levels, threaten to eliminate a plant or animal community, substantially reduce the number or restrict the range of a rare or endangered plant or animal, or eliminate important examples of the major periods of California history or prehistory?
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. As discussed in Section 3.4 of this IS/MND, the Project site is located in a developed and urbanized community and is not expected to support sensitive vegetation, sensitive wildlife, or sensitive habitat. The Project site does, however, support trees that have the potential to support nesting birds and raptors which are protected under the California Fish and Game Code and under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act. In the event that any nesting birds or raptors are present during construction activities associated with the Project, the birds and/or raptors would be protected in accordance with mitigation measure MM-BIO-1, which would require a pre-construction nesting bird and raptor survey to be completed if construction is initiated during the nesting season. In accordance with mitigation measure MM-BIO-1, any nesting birds or raptors that are discovered within or near the Project site would be protected with a no-disturbance buffer. Impacts to biological resources resulting from the proposed Project would therefore be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

As described in Section 3.5 of this IS/MND, the Project site does not support any known important examples of major periods in California history or prehistory. The on-site building at the Project site is not eligible for historic designation under national, state, or local designation criteria because the building is less than 45 years old. The Project, however, would include ground disturbance that could result in the inadvertent discovery of sub-surface archaeological resources or human remains. In the unlikely event that archaeological resources or humans remains were to be discovered during ground disturbing activities associated with the Project, the resource(s) would be protected in accordance with mitigation measures MM-CUL-1 and MM-CUL-2. Additionally, as described in Section 3.18 of this IS/MND, MM-TCR-1, MM-TCR2, and MM-TCR-3 would ensure protection of any TCRs that may be discovered during construction grounddisturbing activities. Therefore, after mitigation, the Project would not eliminate important examples of major periods of California history or prehistory. For these reasons, impacts to cultural and/or tribal cultural resources resulting from the Project would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

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b) Does the project have impacts that are individually limited, but cumulatively considerable? (“Cumulatively considerable” means that the incremental effects of a project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects.) Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. As described throughout this IS/MND, the Project would result in potentially significant impacts to aesthetics, biological resources, cultural resources, geology and soils, hazards and hazardous materials, noise, and tribal cultural resources. Mitigation measures have been identified that would reduce these impacts to less than significant levels. Most of these impacts are site-specific in nature and/or limited to the Project’s relatively brief construction period (2 weeks) and therefore would not be expected to combine with other projects in the immediate area contributing to a cumulative effect. However, the aesthetics impacts of the project involving light trespass and glare would affect nearby properties in the vicinity of the Project site throughout Project operation.

Other development projects in the vicinity with illumination could combine with the proposed Project to create a cumulative effect. Other development in the Project area is anticipated to consist largely of commercial and residential development. Per general plan and zoning requirements, any such future development would be consistent with existing land use patterns and intensities in the Project area and would not be expected to contribute substantial new sources of light/glare. As described in Section 3.1, the City of Covina and adjacent City of West Covina have municipal code provisions limiting light trespass and glare at residential properties, which are considered light-sensitive receptors. These provisions would prevent future development projects in the area from contributing significant, adverse light trespass and glare to residential properties. The Project itself would be required to mitigate light trespass effects to levels more stringent than these municipal code requirements, which would further reduce the potential for the Project to create or contribute to a cumulative effect. In addition to commercial and residential development in the Project area, other billboards could potentially be developed in the future and would have the potential to combine with the Project to produce cumulative aesthetic impacts. However, any future billboard along the I-10 freeway would be subject to Caltrans requirements stating that no digital billboard can be placed within 1,000 feet of another digital billboard on the same side of the freeway (BPC Section 5405(d)). For non-digital billboards, the spacing requirement is 500 feet on the same side of the freeway (BPC Section 5408(d)). These spacing requirements would reduce the potential for overlapping light/glare impacts to occur and would also reduce the potential for visual clutter. Furthermore, any future digital billboards along the I-10 freeway would be subject to the same Caltrans requirements for light and glare control, as described in Section 3.1 of this IS/MND. For these reasons, with implementation of the light/glare mitigation measures identified herein, the Project is not anticipated to contribute or lead to a cumulatively considerable aesthetics impact.

The air quality and GHG analysis presented in Section 3.3 and Section 3.8 of this IS/MND considers cumulative impacts and has determined that cumulative air quality and GHG impacts would not be significant. All reasonably foreseeable future development in the City would be subject to the same land use and environmental regulations that have been described throughout this document. Furthermore, all development projects are guided by the policies identified in the City’s General Plan and by the regulations established in the City’s Municipal Code. Therefore, compliance with applicable land use and environmental regulations would ensure that environmental effects associated with the Project would not combine with effects from reasonably foreseeable future development in the City or Project vicinity to cause cumulatively considerable significant impacts. For these reasons, cumulative impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

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c) Does the project have environmental effects which will cause substantial adverse effects on human beings, either directly or indirectly?
Less Than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. Environmental categories typically associated with indirect or direct effects to human beings include aesthetics, air quality, hazards and hazardous materials, noise, and public services. As detailed throughout this IS/MND, the proposed Project would not result in significant impacts in the categories of air quality or public services. However, the proposed Project could result in potentially significant impacts associated with construction activities in the categories of hazards and hazardous materials and noise. With implementation of mitigation measures identified in Section 3.9 and Section 3.13 of this IS/MND, these impacts would be reduced to a less than significant level (mitigation measures MM-HAZ-1, MM-NOI-1, and MM-NOI-2). During operations, the proposed Project could result in potentially significant impacts associated with light and glare. The Project is located in proximity to light-sensitive receptors, such as residential and hotel properties. Without mitigation, the billboard could be sufficiently bright such that significant light trespass and/or glare would occur at light-sensitive properties. However, as described in Section 3.1 of this IS/MND, MM-AES-1 through MM-AES-4 would establish light trespass limits and sign brightness limits for the billboard. These measures would also ensure ongoing monitoring of light/glare and would establish a system for handling any light/glare complaints from the community. With implementation of MM-AES-1 through MM-AES-4, the Project’s light/glare impacts would be considered less than significant. As such, impacts related to direct or indirect effects on human beings would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

References
None.

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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

8817.13 101
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4 List of Preparers
City of Covina – Lead Agency
Brian K. Lee, AICP – Director of Community Development
Lisette Sanchez-Mendoza – Senior Planner
Daniella Andrade – Management Analyst
Dudek – Environmental Consultant
Nicole Cobleigh – Project Director
Michele Finneyfrock – Project Manager
Armando Gonzales – Environmental Analyst
Nicholas Lorenzen – Air Quality/Greenhouse Gas Specialist Michael Cady – Senior Biologist
Heather McDaniel McDevitt, MA, RPA – Senior Archaeologist Audrey Herschberger, PE – Hazards/Environmental Engineer Michael Greene, INCE Bd. Cert. – Senior Noise Specialist Christopher Starbird – GIS Specialist
Francis Krahe & Associates – Light/Glare Consultant
Francis J. Krahe, PE/IALD/IES/LC – President

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SOURCE: Esri and Digital Globe, Open Street Map 2019
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SOURCE: RMG Outdoor Inc. 2017

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Project Rendering – East
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SOURCE: Bulletin Displays, LLC 2023

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Project Rendering – West
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SOURCE: Bulletin Displays, LLC 2023

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5 Response to Comments
This section of the Final IS/MND includes a copy of each comment letter provided during the public review period of the IS/MND, as well as a comment letter received prior to the City of Covina Planning Commission Meeting held on April 23, 2024. This section also presents a summary of verbal comments pertaining to environmental topics that were received at the Planning Commission meeting from commissioners and members of the public.

The City has prepared responses to environmental issues raised within these written and verbal comments, and the City’s responses are included in this chapter. Written comments are addressed in Section 5.1, Written Comments.

The written comments have each been given an alphanumeric label (e.g., A, B, C), and the individual issues within each comment letter are bracketed and numbered (e.g., A-1, A-2). The comment letters precede the City’s responses, which are lettered and numbered to correspond with the bracketed comments. Verbal comments received during the Planning Commission meeting are summarized and addressed in Section 5.2, Verbal Comments.

The City’s responses to comments on the IS/MND represent a good-faith, reasoned effort to address the environmental issues identified by the comments. Pursuant to State CEQA Guidelines Section 15074(b), decision makers will consider the proposed IS/MND together with the comments received during the public review process.

5.1 Written Comments
The City received comment letters from two agencies and one individual. Table 5-1 provides an index to the comment letters that were received.

Table 5-1. List of Commenters
Comment Letter Name Date Received
Agencies
A California Department of Transportation March 18, 2024 B County of Los Angeles Fire Department March 7, 2024
Individuals
C David and Laurie McIntosh April 23, 2024*
Note:
* Comment letter received after close of the public comment period.

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Comment Letter A

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Response to Comment Letter A
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
March 18, 2024
A-1 The comment summarizes the project description from the IS/MND. Specific issues are addressed in the comments below.

A-2 The comment requests that the IS/MND provide confirmation that there is a minimum of 20 feet of horizontal clearance from the edge of the traveled way to the face of the billboard foundation for a clear recovery zone.

It is assumed that “clear recovery zone” is referring to the area of unobstructed roadside allowing vehicles to stop safely or regain control if a vehicle has left the roadway (FHWA 2023). This response also assumes that Caltrans is inquiring about the distance between the edge of the traveled way and the above-grade sign column, as opposed to the distance between the edge of the traveled way and the below-grade billboard foundation (which would be underground and would, therefore, not present an obstruction of the clear recovery zone).

The applicant verified that there would be 22 feet and 7 inches of horizontal clearance between the edge of the traveled way and the south side of the sign column (Bulletin Displays 2024).

The Project would be required to obtain an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from Caltrans prior to construction and would thus be held to all Caltrans standards, including any applicable standards pertaining to billboard placement in relation to the traveled way.

A-3 The comment states that the Project boundary is directly adjacent to the Caltrans right-of-way and encroachment permits are required for any work proposed on or in the vicinity of the Caltrans right-ofway, and all safety and environmental concerns must be adequately addressed. Additionally, the comment states that any work performed within the state right-of-way requires a new Outdoor Advertising Display Permit.

Necessary permits would be obtained for any Project-related work requiring encroachment onto the state right-of-way. Such work would be designed per state standards and specifications, where required. As demonstrated throughout this IS/MND, the Project’s environmental impacts have been analyzed under CEQA and were determined to be less than significant with mitigation. The Project would be required to comply with all applicable Caltrans regulations pertaining to safety and environmental protections during construction and operations. Additionally, the digital billboard would be designed and constructed in accordance with an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit from Caltrans, which ensures compliance with the Outdoor Advertising Act.

A-4 The comment states that the applicant should work with Caltrans Office of Permits for a designated truck route for construction trucks to transport construction equipment to and from the construction site. The comment also notes that construction equipment and vehicle trips are recommended to use alternative routes during peak hours to avoid congested state facilities.

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Any required permits would be obtained by the construction contractor or equipment owners who are responsible for transporting the equipment. Truck trips would be scheduled for off-peak commute periods to the extent practicable.

A-5 The comment recommends that construction trucks be covered with tarpaulin to avoid debris spillage.

Construction vehicles would be operated in compliance with all applicable state and local requirements, including use of tarpaulin as applicable.

A-6 The comment states that transportation of heavy construction equipment and/or materials requiring the use of oversized transport vehicles on state highways require a transportation permit from Caltrans. This comment also notes that construction traffic is recommended to occur during off-peak commute periods.

Any oversized transport vehicles used during construction would be subject to applicable Caltrans requirements. Any required permits would be obtained by the construction contractor or equipment owners who are responsible for transporting the equipment. Truck trips would be scheduled for offpeak commute periods to the extent practicable.

A-7 The comment provides contact information for Caltrans. The City will use this contact information, should any questions arise for Caltrans.

References
Bulletin Displays. 2024. “Caltrans’ MND Comment on 3-18-24 Regarding 20’ Horizontal Clearance.” Letter to the City of Covina. March 18, 2024.

FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 2023. “Clear Zones.” Accessed May 3, 2024. https://highways.dot.gov/ safety/rwd/provide-safe-recovery/clear-zones/clear-zones.

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Comment Letter B

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Response to Comment Letter B
County of Los Angeles Fire Department
March 7, 2024
B-1 The comment states that the Los Angeles County Fire Department has no comments or objections to the proposed Project. The comment also provides contact information for the fire department. The Project would be subject to all applicable Los Angeles County Fire Department standards, including any conditions from further review and plan check, as required. No further response is required.

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Comment Letter C

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Response to Comment Letter C
Laurie and David McIntosh
April 23, 2024
C-1 The comment serves as an introduction to the letter and states the commenter’s relationship to the City of Covina. The comment does not contain any specific concerns related to the adequacy or accuracy of the environmental analysis or conclusions in the IS/MND. No response is required.

C-2 The commenter expresses concerns that the proposed Project would negatively affect the same residents that opposed a prior freeway sign project in 1999.

The 1999 freeway sign project and the proposed Project are different from one another in location and design. Consequently, any analysis provided for the 1999 project is not directly applicable to the proposed Project. The City has an obligation to consider any application properly filed with the City and to conduct appropriate review, analysis, and processing as appropriate. The proposed Project has thus been evaluated for its potential environmental impacts under CEQA in this IS/MND. Analysis on the proposed Project’s aesthetic impacts, as required under CEQA, is presented in Section 3.1, Aesthetics of this IS/MND. Effects were identified but were determined to be less than significant under CEQA, upon incorporation of mitigation measures to address potential light/glare effects (MM-AES-1 through MM-AES-4). See Response to Comment C-3 and Responses to Verbal Comments #1 and #2, below, for further discussion on residential areas and the Project’s aesthetic effects.

C-3 The comment states that the proposed billboard would be directly visible from the commenter’s residence and that the Project would affect the commenter’s property value.

The effects of the project relative to aesthetics have been analyzed pursuant to CEQA in Section 3.1 of this IS/MND. Effects were identified but were determined to be less than significant under CEQA, upon incorporation of mitigation measures to address potential light/glare effects (MM-AES-1 through MMAES-4). Effects on private views, such as those from the commenter’s residence, are not considered impacts on the environment generally under CEQA. This is supported by numerous CEQA cases, including Ocean View Estates Homeowners Assn., Inc. v. Montecito Water Dist., supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 402. Additionally, economic effects such as potential impacts to property values are not considered environmental impacts under CEQA (see CEQA Guidelines, Section 15131).

C-4 The comment mentions a lawsuit related to a digital billboard near Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and states that the California Highway Patrol has deemed Kellogg Hill to be a potentially dangerous stretch of the I-10 freeway. The comment expresses concerns regarding distracted driving.

The Project’s sign faces would be oriented towards the I-10 freeway, which is a Caltrans facility. Caltrans regulates billboards placed along its facilities through the Outdoor Advertising Permit program, and such billboards are required to comply with all regulations and restrictions concerning driver safety.

Prior to Project implementation, the Project applicant would be required to obtain an Outdoor Advertising Display Permit issued by Caltrans, thus ensuring compliance with Caltrans standards for billboards along its facilities.

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C-5 The comment requests that City decisionmakers vote no on the proposed Project.

The comment is noted and will be included in the record before the City’s decisionmakers. The comment does not contain any specific concerns related to the adequacy or accuracy of the environmental analysis or conclusions in the IS/MND. No further response is required.

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5.2 Verbal Comments
This section addresses and provides responses to environmental topics raised during the proceedings of the City of Covina Planning Commission meeting that occurred on April 23, 2024, for the proposed Project. Members of the public who attended the meeting were given the opportunity to provide verbal comments. The verbal comments received by commissioners and members of the public pertaining to environmental topics are summarized below, followed by the City’s responses to these comments.

During the meeting on April 23, 2024, the Planning Commission expressed concerns about light and glare at nearby residences, both during the day and at night, and gave an example of a resident within a nearby community who reported light/glare issues from a digital billboard within the resident’s home.

Verbal Comment Response #1: As discussed in Section 3.1(d) of this IS/MND, the Project is designed to be viewed by travelers along the I-10 freeway. However, the illuminated sign faces also have the potential to create light trespass at nearby properties to the north, east, south, and/or west of the Project site. Some properties in the vicinity of the Project site are developed with land uses that may be light sensitive, such as residential properties. Due to the Project’s potential effects to such properties, mitigation measures MM-AES-1 through MM-AES-4 would be imposed to restrict light and glare emitted by the Project to less-than-significant levels. MM-AES-1 would require that sign luminance not exceed 200 candelas per meter squared after sunset and limits daytime luminance to 7,500 candelas per meter squared between sunrise and sunset. The nighttime luminance limit of 200 candelas per meter squared is more conservative than industry standards and is also more conservative compared to levels that have been set for digital billboards in other areas within Los Angeles County, as detailed in Section 3.1(d). The daytime luminance limit of 7,500 candelas per meter squared would allow the billboard’s content to be visible during the daytime while avoiding substantial contrast. MM-AES-2 would limit light trespass from the Project to 0.74-footcandles above ambient lighting at light-sensitive properties. This light trespass limit is consistent with recommendations from the Illuminating Engineering Society and the American National Standards Institute and is below light trespass restrictions from both the Covina and West Covina municipal codes. MM-AES-3 would require ongoing monitoring of light levels from the Project, and MM-AES-4 would require complaints about light/glare from the Project to be investigated by the City. With implementation of these measures, the Project’s light/glare impacts were determined to be less than significant pursuant to CEQA.

Three members of the public provided verbal comments regarding the proposed Project. Of these commenters, two commenters raised questions and concerns pertaining to the Project, which are summarized below.

Commenters presented concerns for potential aesthetic impacts as a result of Project implementation. Specific concerns related to the visibility of the sign from neighborhoods and residences, as well as light and glare effects to residences. One commenter expressed concerns regarding the height and size of the proposed billboard, suggesting that it is too large and too tall. One commenter also noted that there are already a lot of accidents on the I-10 freeway.

Verbal Comment Response #2: The effects of the project relative to aesthetics have been analyzed pursuant to CEQA in Section 3.1 of this IS/MND. Effects were identified but were determined to be less than significant under CEQA, upon incorporation of mitigation measures to address potential light/glare effects (MM-AES-1 through MM-AES-4). Effects on private views, such

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as those from the commenters’ residences, are not considered impacts on the environment generally under CEQA. CEQA does require, however, that effects to scenic vistas be evaluated under the threshold question “would the Project have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista?” (CEQA Guidelines, Appendix G). Accordingly, Section 3.1(a) of this IS/MND evaluates whether the Project would have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista, which are generally defined as views that are accessible from public vantage points, such as public roadways and parks. As part of this analysis, the findings from a “flagging study” conducted by the Project applicant are summarized. The flagging study involves using a crane to raise a flag at the proposed billboard location and then observing locations in the surrounding community where the flag is visible or partially visible. The study focuses on publicly available views only. To the north and northwest of the Project site, the flagging study demonstrates that the billboard would not generally be visible from locations north of Jalapa Park. Specifically, along South Village Oaks Drive north of Jalapa Park, the billboard would be obstructed by vegetation. (South Village Oaks Drive extends north– south directly to the north of the Project site.) To the northwest, buildings and vegetation were shown to block the billboard from public vantage points within the residential neighborhood near Center Court Drive and South Forest Hills Drive (Bulletin Displays 2023).

To the south and southwest of the Project site, the flagging study demonstrates that the billboard would be visible or partially visible from several public vantage points within residential neighborhoods to the south of the I-10 freeway. For example, views of the billboard (including its illuminated sign faces) would be available from certain vantage points along East Temple Way and East Garvey Avenue South, in the vicinity of the Project site. Views of the billboard at these locations would be intermittent, due to intervening vegetation, structures, and the sound wall bordering the I10 freeway (Bulletin Displays 2023). Furthermore, views of scenic resources such as the Covina Hills and the San Gabriel Mountains are not available when looking towards the Project site from these locations. As such, while the billboard would be intermittently visible from public vantage points south of the Project site and the I-10 freeway (including from residential streets), substantial adverse effects to scenic vistas would not occur. The analysis determined that effects on scenic vistas pursuant to CEQA would be less than significant. As such, while the billboard would be visible from some residential neighborhoods in the vicinity, significant impacts pursuant to CEQA would not occur.

For a discussion of light/glare effects to residential areas, please refer Verbal Comment Response #1.

Regarding the Project’s scale and size, it is noted that the proposed Project has been designed in accordance with Caltrans height and size requirements for Outdoor Advertising Displays. Caltrans limits advertising display areas to 25 feet in height and 60 feet in length, with an overall maximum of 1,200 square feet for each face of an advertising display (BPC Section 5408). The proposed Project’s billboard faces would be 14 feet in height and 48 feet in width, which is under the maximum size limits set forth by Caltrans. The Project, at its proposed height and scale, has been evaluated for environmental impacts pursuant to CEQA throughout this IS/MND, and impacts were determined to be less than significant after mitigation.

For a discussion on the proposed Project in relationship to vehicular accidents on the I-10 freeway, please refer to Response to Comment C-4.

References
Bulletin Displays. 2023. Covina Flagging at 1270 E. Garvey St. August 31, 2023.

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6 Mitigation Monitoring and
Reporting Program
The State CEQA Guidelines, Section 15074(d), requires that a lead or responsible agency adopt a mitigation monitoring plan when approving or carrying out a project when an IS/MND identifies changes that the lead agency has required in the project or made a condition of approval to mitigate or avoid significant environmental effects.

As lead agency for the Project, the City is responsible for adoption and implementation of the mitigation monitoring and reporting program (MMRP).

The MMRP is presented below in Table 6-1 and will be in place and effective throughout all phases of the Project.

The City will be responsible for administering the MMRP and ensuring that all parties comply with its provisions. The City may delegate monitoring activities to staff, consultants, or contractors. The City will also ensure that monitoring is documented through periodic reports and that deficiencies are promptly corrected. The designated environmental monitor will track and document compliance with required measures, note any problems that may result, and take appropriate action to rectify problems.

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Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
Aesthetics
MM-AES-1: Sign Luminance. Sign luminance measured
on the sign surface perpendicular to the sign face shall not exceed 200 candelas per meter squared (or nits)
after sunset, and 7,500 candelas per meter squared
(or nits) between sunrise and sunset. Pursuant to state law, the sign must be equipped with a time clock and
photocell to automatically adjust the sign luminance
according to the time of day and ambient lighting
conditions. When ambient sunlight illuminance during
the daytime is less than 100 footcandles, the sign shall transition from the daytime luminance level to the
nighttime luminance level. Transitions between
luminance levels shall be made smoothly and at a
consistent rate over the course of an extended time
period (15 minutes to 20 minutes at a minimum).

Project design;
Project operation
Project
applicant
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development
MM-AES-2: Light Trespass/Illuminance. The Project
shall not exceed 0.74 footcandles above ambient
lighting levels at sensitive use properties (defined as properties with residential, hotel, retirement home,
and/or hospital uses).

The applicant may install a billboard equipped with
light blocking technology, such as louvers, to direct
light toward the Interstate 10 freeway and to
substantially limit light emitted to adjacent areas,
including nearby sensitive use properties. The light
blocking technology component shall be depicted on
Project plans during plan check. If the applicant installs light-blocking technology, on-going annual illuminance
testing as described in MM-AES-3 shall not be
required.

Project design;
Project operation
Project
applicant
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 139
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
MM-AES-3: Testing. The Project applicant shall provide
a renewable cash deposit to be used by the City of
Covina to produce Lighting Testing Reports verifying
luminance and illuminance. The renewable cash
deposit shall be of an amount specified by the
Community Development Department Director.

Lighting Testing Reports shall be conducted upon
installation of the Project, three months after
installation, and annually thereafter. Illuminance can
be omitted from annual testing if Light Blocking
Technology is installed as described in MM-AES-2.

The Lighting Testing Reports shall be prepared
pursuant to the requirements defined below and shall
demonstrate that the sign complies with the
requirements of MM-AES-1 and MM-AES-2. If the
illuminance requirement defined in MM-AES-2 is not
met, sign luminance shall be reduced until the sign
complies.

Lighting Testing Report(s) shall document the results of testing conducted by a Qualified Lighting Professional
or under the direction of a Qualified Lighting
Professional. The Qualified Lighting Professional shall be selected to the satisfaction of the Community
Development Department Director and is defined as a
Professional Engineer, Illuminating Engineering Society member, and/or other equivalent professional
recognized by the state. Illuminance testing shall be
conducted at the property line of nearby sensitive-use
properties, which shall include residential and hotel
properties in the Project vicinity. Testing locations shall be selected in coordination with, and to the
satisfaction of, the Community Development
Upon Project
installation;
throughout
Project
operations
Project
applicant, City
of Covina
Department of
Community
Development,
Qualified
Lighting
Professional
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 140
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
Department, and testing methodology shall be in
accordance with City-approved protocol.

MM-AES-4: Light/Glare Complaints. Complaints about
light and/or glare will be investigated by the City, and if determined necessary by the Director of Community
Development, an updated Lighting Testing Report shall
be produced. The Lighting Testing Report shall adhere
to the requirements outlined in MM-AES-3.

Project operation City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development
Biological Resources
MM-BIO-1: Nesting Birds. Initiation of construction
activities (i.e., initial vegetation clearing) should avoid the migratory bird nesting season (February 15 through
August 31), to reduce any potential significant impact
to birds that may be nesting on the Project site. If
construction activities must be initiated during the
migratory bird-nesting season, an avian nesting survey
must be conducted for protected migratory birds,
raptors, and active nests. A qualified biologist shall
survey the construction zone and a 250-foot radius
surrounding the construction zone in areas that are
accessible visually. The avian nesting survey shall be
performed by a qualified wildlife biologist within 72
hours prior to the start of construction in accordance
with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and California Fish
and Game Code.

If an active bird nest is found, the nest shall be flagged and mapped on the construction plans along with an
appropriate no disturbance buffer, which will be
determined by the biologist based on the species’
sensitivity to disturbance (typically 50 feet for common, urban-adapted species, 300 feet for other passerine
species, and 500 feet for raptors and special-status
Prior to
construction;
during
construction (if
active nests are
identified)
Contractor/
builder;
qualified
wildlife
biologist
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 141
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
species). The nest area shall be avoided until the nest is vacated and the juveniles have fledged. The nest
area shall be demarcated in the field with flagging and stakes or construction fencing. A qualified biologist
(with the ability to stop work) shall serve as a
construction monitor during those periods when
construction activities will occur near active nest areas to ensure that no inadvertent impacts on these nests
occur.

Cultural Resources
MM-CUL-1: Unanticipated Archaeological Finds. In the
event that archaeological resources (sites, features, or artifacts) are unearthed during ground-disturbing
activities associated with the proposed Project, the
contractor shall cease all earth-disturbing activities
within 50 feet of the discovery and shall retain a
qualified archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the
Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards. The
archaeologist shall evaluate the significance of the find and determine whether or not additional study is
warranted. Construction activities may continue in other areas. Depending upon the significance of the find
under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
(14 CCR 15064.5(f); California PRC Section 21082), the
archaeologist may simply record the find and allow work to continue. If the discovery proves significant under
CEQA, additional work, such as preparation of an
archaeological treatment plan, testing, data recovery,
and/or monitoring may be warranted.

Grounddisturbing
construction
activities
Contractor/
builder;
qualified
archaeologist
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development
MM-CUL-2: Human Remains. In accordance with
Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety
Code, if human remains are found the contractor shall
Construction Contractor/
builder;
qualified
City of Covina
Department of

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 142
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
cease all earth-disturbing activities within no less than 100 feet of the discovery, immediately notify the
County Coroner, and contact a qualified archaeologist.

No further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent
remains shall occur until the County Coroner has
determined, within two working days of notification of
the discovery, the appropriate treatment and
disposition of the human remains. If the County
Coroner determines that the remains are, or are
believed to be, Native American, he or she shall notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) in
Sacramento within 24 hours. In accordance with
California Public Resources Code, Section 5097.98,
the NAHC must immediately notify those persons it
believes to be the most likely descendent from the
deceased Native American. The most likely descendent
shall complete their inspection within 48 hours of
being granted access to the site. The most likely
descendent would then determine, in consultation with
the property owner, the disposition of the human
remains. Upon discovery, a qualified archaeologist will be retained to ensure proper implementation of the
treatment agreed upon by the most likely descendant
and property owner.
archaeologist;
County Coroner
Community
Development
Geology and Soils
MM-GEO-1: Paleontological Monitoring. Prior to
commencement of any ground disturbing activity onsite, the applicant shall retain a qualified paleontologist pursuant to the Society of Vertebrate
Paleontology (SVP 2010) guidelines. The qualified
paleontologist or a qualified paleontological monitor
Prior to and
during grounddisturbing
construction
activities
Project
applicant;
qualified
paleontologist
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 143
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
shall attend the preconstruction meeting and be onsite during rough grading, trenching, large diameter drilling (greater than 2 feet in diameter), and other
significant ground-disturbing activities below a depth of five feet below the ground surface in previously
undisturbed Holocene or older alluvial deposits. The
qualified paleontologist shall determine the amount of
monitoring necessary based on observed subsurface
geology and project grading plans. Pursuant to the SVP
(2010) guidelines, if abundant plant debris,
invertebrate shells, small bones or teeth, or finegrained sediments conducive to fossil preservation are observed, sediment samples shall be collected and
screened to determine the presence of
microvertebrate remains.

In the event that paleontological resources (e.g.,
fossils) are unearthed during grading, the
paleontological monitor will temporarily halt and/or
divert grading activity to allow recovery of
paleontological resources. The area of discovery will be roped off with a 50-foot radius buffer. Once
documentation and collection of the find is completed,
the monitor will remove the rope and allow grading to
recommence in the area of the find. Paleontological
specimens recovered from the Project site, if any, will be processed in the laboratory. Processing will include removal of any matrix so that the fossil(s) can be
identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. The
specimen(s) will then be identified and cataloged into a paleontological database and accessioned into an
accredited fossil repository such as the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Any fossil lab or

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 144
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
curation costs (if necessary due to fossil recovery) are the responsibility of the Project proponent.

Following the paleontological monitoring program, a
final monitoring report shall be submitted to the Project proponent and City of Covina for review and approval.

The report shall summarize the monitoring program
and include geological observations and any
paleontological resources recovered during
paleontological monitoring for the proposed Project.

Hazards and Hazardous Materials
MM-HAZ-1: Surface Soil Evaluation. Prior to Project
construction, the Project applicant shall retain a
qualified hazardous materials professional to collect at least three surface soils samples from the proposed
area of ground disturbance. (The qualified hazardous
materials professional shall be trained in Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER) and shall have one or more of the
following qualifications: Professional Geologist (PG),
Professional Engineer (PE), and/or a bachelor’s or
advanced degree in environmental, geological, or soil
sciences with knowledge of soil contamination issues.)
The samples shall be analyzed for total lead using U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency Test Method 6010B
and soluble lead using the California Waste Extraction
Test or the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentration.

Should concentrations of lead exceed either a total
lead concentration of 80 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) or a soluble lead concentration of 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L), either by determining the 95% upper
confidence level or the maximum detected
concentration, appropriate handling procedures shall
Prior to and
during
construction
Project
applicant;
contractor/
builder;
qualified
hazardous
materials
professional
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 145
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
be implemented during Project construction, as
follows:
▪ If soils are found to have lead concentrations
exceeding 5 mg/L, on-site soils shall be
characterized as hazardous waste and shall be
handled in accordance with 22 CCR Division 4.5,
Environmental Health Standards for the Handling
of Hazardous Wastes. This would include, but is
not limited to, creating a U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Identification number for
hazardous waste generation, manifesting
hazardously classified materials, transporting
hazardously classified materials using a licensed
hazardous waste transporter under manifest
procedures, and disposing of wastes at a licensed
hazardous waste facility.
▪ If soils are found to have total lead concentrations
above 80 mg/kg but soluble lead concentrations of
less than 5 mg/L, on-site soils shall be removed
and disposed of at a licensed solid waste landfill
that allows for the disposal of non-hazardous leadimpacted soils. Such soils shall be handled and transported in accordance with applicable
transportation, handling, and disposal regulations
on a federal, state, and local level.
▪ Should concentrations of lead be less than the
aforementioned thresholds, soils are not
considered hazardous and can be reused on site
or disposed of at a landfill that accepts soils.

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 146
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
Noise
MM-NOI-1: Construction Hours. Construction activities
shall take place during the permitted times and days
per Chapter 9.40.110 of the City’s Municipal Code. The
applicant shall ensure that construction activities are limited to the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Monday
through Saturday and shall not occur during other
hours or on Sundays or public holidays. This condition
shall be listed on the Project’s final design to the
satisfaction of the City Engineering Department.

Construction Project
applicant;
contractor/
builder
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development
MM-NOI-2: Construction Noise Reduction. The City of
Covina shall require the applicant to adhere to the
following measures as a condition of approving the
grading permit:
▪ The Project contractor shall, to the extent feasible, schedule construction activities to avoid the
simultaneous operation of construction equipment
so as to minimize noise levels resulting from
operating several pieces of high noise level
emitting equipment.
▪ All construction equipment, fixed or mobile, shall be equipped with properly operating and maintained
mufflers. Enforcement shall be accomplished by
random field inspections by applicant personnel
during construction activities, to the satisfaction of
the City Engineering Department.
▪ Construction noise reduction methods such as
shutting off idling equipment, construction of a
temporary noise barrier, maximizing the distance
between construction equipment staging areas
and adjacent residences, and use of electric air
Construction Project
applicant;
contractor/
builder; City
Engineering
Department
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 147
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
compressors and similar power tools, rather than
diesel equipment, shall be used where feasible.
▪ During construction, stationary construction
equipment shall be placed such that emitted noise
is directed away from or shielded from sensitive
receptors.
▪ Construction hours, allowable workdays, and the
phone number of the job superintendent shall be
clearly posted at all construction entrances to
allow surrounding property owners to contact the
job superintendent if necessary. In the event the
City receives a complaint, appropriate corrective
actions shall be implemented and a report of the
action provided to the reporting party.

Tribal Cultural Resources
MM-TCR-1: Retain a Native American Monitor Prior to
Commencement of Ground Disturbing Activities.
▪ The Project applicant/lead agency shall retain a
Native American Monitor from or approved by the
Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation.

The monitor shall be retained prior to the
commencement of any “ground-disturbing activity”
for the subject Project at all Project locations (i.e., both on-site and any off-site locations that are
included in the Project description/definition
and/or required in connection with the Project,
such as public improvement work). “Grounddisturbing activity” shall include, but is not limited to, demolition, pavement removal, potholing,
auguring, grubbing, tree removal, boring, grading,
excavation, drilling, and trenching.

Prior to and
during
construction
Project
applicant;
consulting
Native
American Tribe
and Native
American Tribal
monitor
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 148
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
▪ A copy of the executed monitoring agreement shall
be submitted to the lead agency prior to the earlier
of the commencement of any ground-disturbing
activity, or the issuance of any permit necessary to
commence a ground-disturbing activity.
▪ The monitor will complete daily monitoring logs
that will provide descriptions of the relevant
ground-disturbing activities, the type of
construction activities performed, locations of
ground-disturbing activities, soil types, culturalrelated materials, and any other facts, conditions, materials, or discoveries of significance to the
Tribe. Monitor logs will identify and describe any
discovered tribal cultural resources (TCRs),
including but not limited to, Native American
cultural and historical artifacts, remains, places of
significance, etc., (collectively, tribal cultural
resources, or “TCR”), as well as any discovered
Native American (ancestral) human remains and
burial goods. Copies of monitor logs will be
provided to the Project applicant/lead agency upon
written request to the Tribe.
▪ On-site tribal monitoring shall conclude upon the
latter of the following (1) written confirmation to
the Kizh from a designated point of contact for the
Project applicant/lead agency that all grounddisturbing activities and phases that may involve ground-disturbing activities on the Project site or in
connection with the Project are complete; or (2) a
determination and written notification by the Kizh
to the Project applicant/lead agency that no future,
planned construction activity and/or development/

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 149
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
construction phase at the Project site possesses
the potential to impact Kizh TCRs.

MM-TCR-2: Unanticipated Discovery of Tribal Cultural
Resource Objects (Non-Funerary/Non-Ceremonial).

Upon discovery of any TCRs, all construction activities in the immediate vicinity of the discovery shall cease
(i.e., not less than the surrounding 50 feet) and shall not resume until the discovered TCR has been fully
assessed by the Kizh monitor and/or Kizh
archaeologist. The Kizh will recover and retain all
discovered TCRs in the form and/or manner the Tribe
deems appropriate, in the Tribe’s sole discretion, and
for any purpose the Tribe deems appropriate, including
for educational, cultural and/or historic purposes.

Construction Contractor/
builder; Native
American Tribal
monitor
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development
MM-TCR-3: Unanticipated Discovery of Human
Remains and Associated Funerary or Ceremonial
Objects.
▪ Native American human remains are defined in
PRC 5097.98 (d)(1) as an inhumation or
cremation, and in any state of decomposition or
skeletal completeness. Funerary objects, called
associated grave goods in Public Resources Code
Section 5097.98, are also to be treated according
to this statute.
▪ If Native American human remains and/or grave
goods are discovered or recognized on the Project
site, then Public Resource Code 5097.9 as well as
Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 shall be
followed.
▪ Human remains and grave/burial goods shall be
treated alike per California Public Resources Code
section 5097.98(d)(1) and (2).

Construction Contractor/
builder; County
Coroner
City of Covina
Department of
Community
Development

1270 GARVEY STREET DIGITAL BILLBOARD PROJECT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION 8817.13 150
MAY 2024
Table 6-1. Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Monitoring Verification of Compliance
Implementing
Period
Implementing
Party
Enforcing
Agency Comments Date Initials
▪ Preservation in place (i.e., avoidance) is the
preferred manner of treatment for discovered
human remains and/or burial goods.
▪ Any discovery of human remains/burial goods shall
be kept confidential to prevent further disturbance.

Appendix A
Air Quality, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and
Energy Modeling Data

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Covina Digital Sign Detailed Report
Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.3. Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated

2.6. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Trenching (2023) - Unmitigated

3.2. Trenching (2023) - Mitigated

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3.3. Trenching (2023) - Unmitigated

3.4. Trenching (2023) - Mitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.1.2. Mitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.2. Unmitigated

4.3.1. Mitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.2. Unmitigated

4.4.1. Mitigated

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4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.2. Unmitigated

4.5.1. Mitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.6.2. Mitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.7.2. Mitigated

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated

4.8.2. Mitigated

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated

4.9.2. Mitigated

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

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4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated

4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated

4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.2.2. Mitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.3.2. Mitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

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5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.9.2. Mitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.1.1. Unmitigated

5.10.1.2. Mitigated

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated

5.11.2. Mitigated

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5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.12.2. Mitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated

5.13.2. Mitigated

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.14.2. Mitigated

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.15.2. Mitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

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5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated

5.18.2.2. Mitigated

6. Climate Risk Detailed Report

6.1. Climate Risk Summary

6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores

6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores

6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures

7. Health and Equity Details

7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores

7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores

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7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores

7.4. Health & Equity Measures

7.5. Evaluation Scorecard

7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures

8. User Changes to Default Data

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1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name Covina Digital Sign
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.60
Precipitation (days) 22.4
Location 34.071105162872215, -117.86378850869406
County Los Angeles-South Coast
City Covina
Air District South Coast AQMD
Air Basin South Coast
TAZ 5038
EDFZ 7
Electric Utility Southern California Edison
Gas Utility Southern California Gas

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
City Park 1.00 Acre 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — —

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

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Sector # Measure Title
Construction C-10-A Water Exposed Surfaces
Construction C-11 Limit Vehicle Speeds on Unpaved Roads

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 1.32 1.04 11.7 11.9 0.03 0.41 0.77 1.18 0.38 0.20 0.58 — 4,249 4,249 0.20 0.29 0.15 4,341 Mit. 1.32 1.04 11.7 11.9 0.03 0.41 0.77 1.18 0.38 0.20 0.58 — 4,249 4,249 0.20 0.29 0.15 4,341 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.17 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 54.2 54.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 55.4 Mit. 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.17 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 54.2 54.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 55.4 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 8.97 8.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 9.16 Mit. < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 8.97 8.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 9.16 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2023 1.32 1.04 11.7 11.9 0.03 0.41 0.77 1.18 0.38 0.20 0.58 — 4,249 4,249 0.20 0.29 0.15 4,341 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2023 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.17 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 54.2 54.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 55.4 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2023 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 8.97 8.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 9.16

2.3. Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2023 1.32 1.04 11.7 11.9 0.03 0.41 0.77 1.18 0.38 0.20 0.58 — 4,249 4,249 0.20 0.29 0.15 4,341 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2023 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.17 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 54.2 54.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 55.4 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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2023 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 8.97 8.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 9.16

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 101 101 0.01 < 0.005 0.03 101 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 100 100 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 101 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 100 100 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 101 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 16.6 16.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 16.7

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.06 6.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 6.17 Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8

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Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 101 101 0.01 < 0.005 0.03 101 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.80 5.80 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 5.88 Area — 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 100 100 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 101 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.87 5.87 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 5.97 Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 100 100 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 101 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.99 Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 15.6 15.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 15.7 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.00 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.03

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Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 16.6 16.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 16.7

2.6. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.06 6.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 6.17 Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 101 101 0.01 < 0.005 0.03 101 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.80 5.80 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 5.88 Area — 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 100 100 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 101 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.87 5.87 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 5.97

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Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 100 100 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 101 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.99 Area 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 15.6 15.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 15.7 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.00 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.03 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 16.6 16.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 16.7

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Trenching (2023) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment

1.05 0.88 9.26 9.35 0.02 0.39 — 0.39 0.36 — 0.36 — 2,185 2,185 0.09 0.02 — 2,192

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Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment

0.01 0.01 0.10 0.10 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 23.9 23.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 24.0 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 3.96 3.96 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.98 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.13 0.11 0.15 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.07 0.07 — 328 328 0.02 0.01 0.04 332 Vendor 0.05 0.02 0.75 0.37 < 0.005 0.01 0.15 0.16 0.01 0.04 0.05 — 589 589 0.02 0.08 0.04 614 Hauling 0.09 0.02 1.53 0.56 0.01 0.01 0.30 0.32 0.01 0.08 0.10 — 1,147 1,147 0.07 0.18 0.07 1,202 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.65 3.65 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 3.70 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.46 6.46 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.73 Hauling < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 12.6 12.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 13.2 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.60 0.60 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.61 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.07 1.07 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.11 Hauling < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.08 2.08 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.18

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3.2. Trenching (2023) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment

1.05 0.88 9.26 9.35 0.02 0.39 — 0.39 0.36 — 0.36 — 2,185 2,185 0.09 0.02 — 2,192 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment

0.01 0.01 0.10 0.10 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 23.9 23.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 24.0 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 3.96 3.96 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.98 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Worker 0.13 0.11 0.15 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.07 0.07 — 328 328 0.02 0.01 0.04 332 Vendor 0.05 0.02 0.75 0.37 < 0.005 0.01 0.15 0.16 0.01 0.04 0.05 — 589 589 0.02 0.08 0.04 614 Hauling 0.09 0.02 1.53 0.56 0.01 0.01 0.30 0.32 0.01 0.08 0.10 — 1,147 1,147 0.07 0.18 0.07 1,202 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.65 3.65 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 3.70 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.46 6.46 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.73 Hauling < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 12.6 12.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 13.2 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.60 0.60 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.61 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.07 1.07 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.11 Hauling < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.08 2.08 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.18

3.3. Trenching (2023) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment

0.26 0.22 1.64 1.88 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.05 — 0.05 — 244 244 0.01 < 0.005 — 245 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Off-Road < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 2.68 2.68 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.69 Equipment
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment
< 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.45 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.10 0.08 0.11 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.06 — 246 246 0.01 0.01 0.03 249 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.25 0.12 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.05 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 — 196 196 0.01 0.03 0.01 205 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.74 2.74 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 2.78 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.15 2.15 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.24 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.45 0.45 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.46 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.36 0.36 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.37 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.4. Trenching (2023) - Mitigated

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Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment

0.26 0.22 1.64 1.88 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.05 — 0.05 — 244 244 0.01 < 0.005 — 245 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 2.68 2.68 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.69 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Road
Equipment
< 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.45 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.10 0.08 0.11 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.06 — 246 246 0.01 0.01 0.03 249 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.25 0.12 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.05 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 — 196 196 0.01 0.03 0.01 205

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Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.74 2.74 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 2.78 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.15 2.15 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.24 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.45 0.45 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.46 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.36 0.36 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.37 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.06 6.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 6.17 Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.06 6.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 6.17 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.80 5.80 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 5.88 Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.80 5.80 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 5.88 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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City Park < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.99 Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.99

4.1.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.06 6.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 6.17 Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.06 6.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 6.17 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.80 5.80 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 5.88 Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.80 5.80 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 5.88 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.99 Total < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.97 0.97 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.99

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — 15.6 15.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 15.7 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 15.6 15.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 15.7

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.4 94.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 94.8 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — 15.6 15.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 15.7 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 15.6 15.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 15.7

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4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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City Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.2. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Products
— 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipme
nt

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Products
— 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Consum — 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
er
Products
Landsca
pe
Equipme
nt

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00

4.3.1. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Products
— 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipme
nt

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Products
— 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Products
— 0.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Landsca
Equipment

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.2. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00

4.4.1. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.2. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.00 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.03 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.00 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.03

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4.5.1. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.05 0.00 0.05 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.16 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.00 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.03 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.00 0.01 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.03

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00

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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00

4.6.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
City Park — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

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Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipme
nt
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.7.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipme
nt
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipme
nt
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipme
nt
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipme
nt
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipme
nt
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetatio
n
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Remove — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetatio
n
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description New Billboard Construction Trenching 10/3/2023 10/6/2023 5.00 4.00 — Landsacping Trenching 10/7/2023 10/12/2023 5.00 4.00 —

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5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor New Billboard
Construction
Bore/Drill Rigs Diesel Average 1.00 4.00 83.0 0.50
New Billboard
Construction
Cranes Diesel Average 2.00 6.00 367 0.29
New Billboard
Construction
Tractors/Loaders/Backh
oes
Diesel Average 2.00 7.00 84.0 0.37
Landsacping Concrete/Industrial
Saws
Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 33.0 0.73

5.2.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor New Billboard
Construction
Bore/Drill Rigs Diesel Average 1.00 4.00 83.0 0.50
New Billboard
Construction
Cranes Diesel Average 2.00 6.00 367 0.29
New Billboard
Construction
Tractors/Loaders/Backh
oes
Diesel Average 2.00 7.00 84.0 0.37
Landsacping Concrete/Industrial
Saws
Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 33.0 0.73

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix New Billboard Construction — — — —
New Billboard Construction Worker 24.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2

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New Billboard Construction Vendor 18.0 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
New Billboard Construction Hauling 16.0 20.0 HHDT
New Billboard Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Landsacping — — — —
Landsacping Worker 18.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Landsacping Vendor 6.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Landsacping Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Landsacping Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.3.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix New Billboard Construction — — — —
New Billboard Construction Worker 24.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 New Billboard Construction Vendor 18.0 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
New Billboard Construction Hauling 16.0 20.0 HHDT
New Billboard Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Landsacping — — — —
Landsacping Worker 18.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Landsacping Vendor 6.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Landsacping Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Landsacping Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.5. Architectural Coatings

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Phase Name Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres)

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.7. Construction Paving
Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
City Park 0.00 0%

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2023 0.00 532 0.03 < 0.005

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year City Park 0.70 0.70 0.70 255 7.26 7.26 7.26 2,650

5.9.2. Mitigated

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Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year City Park 0.70 0.70 0.70 255 7.26 7.26 7.26 2,650

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.1.1. Unmitigated

5.10.1.2. Mitigated

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
Residential Interior Area Coated (sq ft) Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq ft) Non-Residential Interior Area Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
— — — — —

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00
Summer Days day/yr 250

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00
Summer Days day/yr 250

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

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5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) City Park 64,800 532 0.0330 0.0040 0.00

5.11.2. Mitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) City Park 64,800 532 0.0330 0.0040 0.00

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) City Park 0.00 0.00

5.12.2. Mitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) City Park 0.00 0.00

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
City Park 0.09 0.00

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5.13.2. Mitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
City Park 0.09 0.00

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced City Park Other commercial A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
City Park Stand-alone retail
refrigerators and
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.04 1.00 0.00 1.00

5.14.2. Mitigated
Land Use Type Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced City Park Other commercial A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
City Park Stand-alone retail
refrigerators and
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.04 1.00 0.00 1.00

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated
Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor

5.15.2. Mitigated

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Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps
Equipment Type Fuel Type Number per Day Hours per Day Hours per Year Horsepower Load Factor

5.16.2. Process Boilers
Equipment Type Fuel Type Number Boiler Rating (MMBtu/hr) Daily Heat Input (MMBtu/day) Annual Heat Input (MMBtu/yr)

5.17. User Defined
Equipment Type Fuel Type
— —

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1.2. Mitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

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5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1.2. Mitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

5.18.2.2. Mitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

6. Climate Risk Detailed Report

6.1. Climate Risk Summary
Cal-Adapt midcentury 2040–2059 average projections for four hazards are reported below for your project location. These are under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 which assumes GHG emissions will continue to rise strongly through 2050 and then plateau around 2100.

Climate Hazard Result for Project Location Unit
Temperature and Extreme Heat 20.0 annual days of extreme heat Extreme Precipitation 6.45 annual days with precipitation above 20 mm Sea Level Rise 0.00 meters of inundation depth
Wildfire 5.36 annual hectares burned
Temperature and Extreme Heat data are for grid cell in which your project are located. The projection is based on the 98th historical percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures from observed historical data (32 climate model ensemble from Cal-Adapt, 2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

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Extreme Precipitation data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The threshold of 20 mm is equivalent to about ¾ an inch of rain, which would be light to moderate rainfall if received over a full day or heavy rain if received over a period of 2 to 4 hours. Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

Sea Level Rise data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from Radke et al. (2017), as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider different increments of sea level rise coupled with extreme storm events. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential inundation depth for the grid cell. The four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 50 meters (m) by 50 m, or about 164 feet (ft) by 164 ft.

Wildfire data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from UC Davis, as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider historical data of climate, vegetation, population density, and large (> 400 ha) fire history. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential wildfire probabilities for the grid cell. The four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Temperature and Extreme Heat N/A N/A N/A N/A
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wildfire N/A N/A N/A N/A
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation N/A N/A N/A N/A
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the greatest exposure.

The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the greatest ability to adapt.

The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores do not include implementation of climate risk reduction measures.

6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Temperature and Extreme Heat N/A N/A N/A N/A
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wildfire N/A N/A N/A N/A

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Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation N/A N/A N/A N/A
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the greatest exposure.

The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the greatest ability to adapt.

The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores include implementation of climate risk reduction measures.

6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures

7. Health and Equity Details

7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.

Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Exposure Indicators —
AQ-Ozone 76.9
AQ-PM 87.5
AQ-DPM 51.3
Drinking Water 98.4
Lead Risk Housing 64.3
Pesticides 0.00
Toxic Releases 71.6
Traffic 90.7
Effect Indicators —
CleanUp Sites 0.00
Groundwater 0.00

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Haz Waste Facilities/Generators 44.7
Impaired Water Bodies 33.2
Solid Waste 52.9
Sensitive Population —
Asthma 28.7
Cardio-vascular 15.3
Low Birth Weights 68.4
Socioeconomic Factor Indicators —
Education 58.3
Housing 27.8
Linguistic 52.9
Poverty 45.1
Unemployment 1.34

7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.

Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Economic —
Above Poverty 72.37264211
Employed 33.01680996
Median HI 59.59194149
Education —
Bachelor's or higher 53.44539972
High school enrollment 18.81175414
Preschool enrollment 86.8728346
Transportation —
Auto Access 88.68215065

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Active commuting 14.21788785
Social —
2-parent households 46.0284871
Voting 46.93956114
Neighborhood —
Alcohol availability 64.48094444
Park access 81.35506224
Retail density 54.43346593
Supermarket access 45.36122161
Tree canopy 31.66944694
Housing —
Homeownership 61.36276145
Housing habitability 80.35416399
Low-inc homeowner severe housing cost burden 57.73129732 Low-inc renter severe housing cost burden 81.00859746
Uncrowded housing 79.21211344
Health Outcomes —
Insured adults 59.70742974
Arthritis 89.6
Asthma ER Admissions 61.5
High Blood Pressure 91.4
Cancer (excluding skin) 55.0
Asthma 91.1
Coronary Heart Disease 79.3
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 93.7
Diagnosed Diabetes 73.9
Life Expectancy at Birth 67.7

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Cognitively Disabled 50.3
Physically Disabled 14.9
Heart Attack ER Admissions 73.4
Mental Health Not Good 76.1
Chronic Kidney Disease 79.8
Obesity 68.0
Pedestrian Injuries 75.2
Physical Health Not Good 78.6
Stroke 84.7
Health Risk Behaviors —
Binge Drinking 13.6
Current Smoker 82.7
No Leisure Time for Physical Activity 73.6
Climate Change Exposures —
Wildfire Risk 17.6
SLR Inundation Area 0.0
Children 44.4
Elderly 26.5
English Speaking 72.7
Foreign-born 46.1
Outdoor Workers 61.1
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity —
Impervious Surface Cover 69.5
Traffic Density 90.9
Traffic Access 63.1
Other Indices —
Hardship 50.2

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Other Decision Support —
2016 Voting 47.5

7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
Metric Result for Project Census Tract
CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Score for Project Location (a) 50.0 Healthy Places Index Score for Project Location (b) 58.0 Project Located in a Designated Disadvantaged Community (Senate Bill 535) No Project Located in a Low-Income Community (Assembly Bill 1550) No Project Located in a Community Air Protection Program Community (Assembly Bill 617) No a: The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state. b: The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.

7.4. Health & Equity Measures
No Health & Equity Measures selected.

7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
Health & Equity Evaluation Scorecard not completed.

7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
No Health & Equity Custom Measures created.

8. User Changes to Default Data
Screen Justification
Construction: Construction Phases a
Construction: Off-Road Equipment a
Construction: Trips and VMT a
Operations: Vehicle Data a
Operations: Energy Use project specific information

Appendix B
Noise Calculations

Construction Noise Model Input / Output

To User: bordered cells are inputs, unbordered cells have formulae noise level limit for construction phase at occupied building, per FTA guidance = 80 allowable hours over which Leq is to be averaged (example: 8 per FTA guidance) = 8 Construction Activity Equipment Total
Equipment Qty
AUF % (from

FHWA RCNM)
Reference
Lmax @ 50 ft.
from FHWA
RCNM
Client Equipment
Description, Data
Source and/or Notes
Source to NSR
Distance (ft.)
Barrier / Topo
Insertion Loss (dB)
DistanceAdjusted LmaxAllowable Operation
Time (hours)
Allowable
Operation Time
(minutes)
Predicted 8-
hour Leq
New Billboard Construction Drill Rig Truck 1 20 79 150 69.5 4 240 59 Crane 1 16 81 175 70.1 6 360 61
Crane 1 16 81 200 69.0 6 360 60
Backhoe 1 40 78 175 67.1 7 420 63
Front End Loader 1 40 79 225 65.9 7 420 61
Total for New Billboard Construction Phase: 67.9
Landscaping Concrete Saw 1 20 90 150 80.5 8 480 73
Total for Landscaping Phase: 73.5

To User: bordered cells are inputs, unbordered cells have formulae noise level limit for construction phase at occupied building, per FTA guidance = 80 allowable hours over which Leq is to be averaged (example: 8 per FTA guidance) = 8 Construction Activity Equipment Total
Equipment Qty
AUF % (from

FHWA RCNM)
Reference Lmax
@ 50 ft. from

FHWA RCNM
Client Equipment
Description, Data
Source and/or Notes
Source to NSR
Distance (ft.)
Barrier / Topo
Insertion Loss (dB)
DistanceAdjusted LmaxAllowable Operation
Time (hours)
Allowable
Operation Time
(minutes)
Predicted 8-
hour Leq
New Billboard Construction Drill Rig Truck 1 20 79 350 62.1 4 240 52 Crane 1 16 81 375 63.5 6 360 54
Crane 1 16 81 400 62.9 6 360 54
Backhoe 1 40 78 375 60.5 7 420 56
Front End Loader 1 40 79 425 60.4 7 420 56
Total for New Billboard Construction Phase: 61.6
Landscaping Concrete Saw 1 20 90 350 73.1 8 480 66
Total for Landscaping Phase: 66.1

ATTACHMENT 4
RESOLUTION CC 2024-28

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF COVINA,

CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION
(SCH2024020529) PURSUANT TO THE CALIFORNIA

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT AND THE MITIGATION

MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPMENT

AGREEMENT (DA), PLANNED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
MODIFICATION (PCDM) 22-4, ZONE CHANGE (ZCH) 24-01, ZONING CODE AMENDMENT (ZCA) 22-6 CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP)
22-10, AND SITE PLAN REVIEW (SPR) 22-227 FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF AN 83-FOOT HIGH OUTDOOR ADVERTISING
STRUCTURE (FREEWAY BILLBOARD) WITHIN A 1.64-ACRE SITE,
FOR THE PROPERTY LOCATED AT 1270 E GARVEY STREET – APN – 8447-031-052

WHEREAS, Bulleting Displays, LLC c/o Mark Kudler, the applicant, has applied for several entitlements to permit the construction of a freeway billboard sign. The applicant proposes to develop a v-shape digital freeway billboard with two faces each approximately 672 square feet in area and with the overall height of sign measuring 83 feet and other associated site improvements, within the PCD/C-P – Planned Community Development /Commercial Zone (Administrative and Professional Office) on a 1.64-acre site, located at 1270 E Garvey Street – APN – 8447-031-052 – referred to herein as the “Project”; and WHEREAS, the Project requires the following land use entitlements:

1. Zoning Code Amendment (ZCA) 22-6 – to a) allow properties with C-P zoning adjacent to freeway right of way to establish an S overlay, b) establish advertising displays adjacent to landscape freeways as a conditionally permitted use and c) provide specific sign criteria for these types of signs.

2. Zone Change (ZCH) 24-01- to establish an S overlay at 1270 E Garvey Street.

3. Planned Community Development Modification (PCDM) 22-4 – to allow advertising displays adjacent to landscape freeways to be added to the list of permitted signs in Phase I areas of the Village Oaks Park adjacent to freeway right of ways and will reference Section 17.56 for specific sign criteria.

4. Conditional Use Permit (CUP) 22-10 and Site Plan Review (SPR) 22-227, to allow the construction of an “Outdoor Advertising Structure (Freeway Billboard)” at 1270 E Garvey Street zoned PCD/C-P - Planned Community Development / Commercial Zone (Administrative and Professional Office (APN 8447-031-052).

5. Development Agreement (DA), between Bulletin Displays, LLC. and the City of Covina.

WHEREAS, the Project is considered a “project” as defined by the California Environmental Quality Act, Public Resources Code § 21000 et seq. (CEQA) and the State CEQA Guidelines (14 Cal. Code Regs. sections 15000, et seq.) (CEQA Guidelines); and

WHEREAS, pursuant to CEQA, City is the lead agency for the Project; and WHEREAS, the City subsequently contracted for the independent preparation of environmental review for the Project, including all necessary technical studies and reports; and WHEREAS, the City completed an Initial Study to determine whether the Project may have a significant effect on the environment, in accordance with CEQA. The Initial Study, which reflects the independent judgment of the City, concluded that the Project, with mitigation measures, will not have a significant effect on the environment. The City therefore prepared a Mitigated Negative Declaration (MND), to be considered by the Planning Commission and City Council. Pursuant to Section 15072 of the CEQA guidelines, the Project site is not on any of the lists enumerated under Section 65962.5 of the Government Code; and WHEREAS, the Draft IS/MND identifies that the proposed project would result in no impact or less than significant impacts in the following environmental impact categories:
agricultural and forestry resources, air quality, biological resources, energy, geology and soils, greenhouse gas emissions, hydrology and water quality, land use and planning, mineral resources, public services, recreation, transportation, utilities and service systems, and wildfire. With the incorporation of mitigation measures identified in the MND, the potentially significant impacts of the proposed project in the following categories would be reduced below a level of significance, cultural and tribal resources, hazards and hazardous materials, and noise. No significant and unmitigable impacts have been identified in the MND; and WHEREAS, a Notice of Intent to adopt the Draft IS/MND was published in the San Gabriel Valley Examiner on February 15, 2024 and the Draft IS/MND was released for a 30-day public comment period beginning on February 15, 2024 and ending on March 18, 2024. The Draft IS/MND was available at City Hall, Community Development Department, Planning Division, located at 125 E. College Street, Covina, CA, 91723, and at http://covinaca.gov/pc/page/prjectsunder-review. The City received two comment letters one from Caltrans and the other of Los Angeles County Fire Department; and
WHEREAS, on April 11, 2024, the notice of public hearing including the Intent to Adopt the Final IS/MND was published in the San Gabriel Valley Examiner in a one-eighth page legal advertisement. Further, the notice of Planning Commission public hearing was sent to all property owners within 300 feet radius of the Project Site; and
WHEREAS, on April 23, 2024 at a duly noticed public hearing as prescribed by law, the Planning Commission considered the proposed Project, and any comments received prior to or at the public hearing, at which time staff presented its report, and interested persons had an opportunity to and did testify either in support or in opposition to the proposed project, Draft IS/MND and the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program; and WHEREAS, following consideration of the entire record of information received at the public hearing and due consideration of the Project, the Planning Commission found that there is no substantial evidence that the Project will have a significant effect upon the environment, and the Planning Commission, adopted Resolution No. 2024-03 PC, incorporated herein by this reference, recommending that the City Council adopt the MND and the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program prepared for this Project; and

WHEREAS, on June 4, 2024, at a duly notice public hearing as prescribed by law, the City Council considered the MND and the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program for the Project, and any comments received prior to or at the public hearing, at which time staff presented its report, and interested persons had an opportunity to and did testify either in support or in opposition to the proposed project, MND and the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program; and
WHEREAS, all legal prerequisites prior to adoption of this Resolution have occurred.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, after reviewing the Final MND and considering all oral and written information regarding the project presented before and during that hearing, the City Council hereby finds and determines as follows:

SECTION 1. The City Council hereby finds that the above recitals are true and correct and hereby incorporates as though set forth in full by this reference.

SECTION 2. The City Council hereby finds that agencies and interested members of the public have been afforded ample notice and opportunity to comment on the Final IS/MND and the Project.

SECTION 3. The City Council has independently reviewed and considered the contents of the Final IS/MND prior to rendering as decision on the Project. The City Council finds that the Final IS/MND reflects the City Council’s independent judgment and analysis. The City Council hereby finds on the basis of the whole record before it (including the initial study and any comments received), that with the imposition of mitigation measures, there is no substantial evidence that the Project will have a significant effect on the environment.

SECTION 4. The City Council finds that the additional information provided in the staff reports, the comments on the Final IS/MND, and the evidence presented in written and oral testimony at the City Council and Planning Commission hearings, does not constitute new information requiring recirculation of the MND under CEQA. None of the information presented to the Planning Commission or City Council has deprived the public of a meaningful opportunity to comment upon an environmental impact of the Project or a feasible mitigation measure or alternative that Covina has declined to implement.

SECTION 5. The City Council finds that the comments regarding the Final IS/MND and the responses to those comments have been received by the City; that the Planning Commission and City Council received information and public testimony regarding the adequacy of the Final IS/MND; and that the City Council has reviewed and considered all such documents and testimony and the Final IS/MND prior to making its determination on the Project.

SECTION 6. The City Council, exercising its independent judgment and analysis, and after considering the administrative record, pursuant to CEQA Guidelines section 15074, hereby adopts the Final IS/MND, attached hereto as Exhibit “A” and incorporated herein by this reference.

The City Council also hereby adopts the mitigation measures set forth in the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program, attached hereto as Exhibit “B” and incorporated herein by this reference, and imposes each mitigation measure as a condition of Project approval.

SECTION 7. The documents and materials that constitute the record of proceedings on

which these findings and this Resolution are based are located at the City Clerk’s office or the Community Development Department, Planning Division, located at 125 E. College Street, Covina, CA 91723 or at www.covinaca.gov. The custodian of these records is the City Clerk.

SECTION 8. The City Council hereby directs the Director of Community Development to prepare and file a Notice of Determination with the County Clerk under Title 14, California Code of Regulations Section 15075.

SECTION 9. This resolution shall become effective upon adoption.

SECTION 10. The City Clerk shall certify to the passage and adoption of this Resolution and shall enter the same in the Book of Original Resolutions.

APPROVED and PASSED this 4th day of June, 2024.

City of Covina, California
BY:

JOHN C. KING, Mayor
ATTEST:
______________________________________
FABIAN VELEZ, Chief Deputy City Clerk

CERTIFICATION
I, Fabian Velez, Chief Deputy City Clerk of the City of Covina, do hereby certify that Resolution CC 2024-28 was duly adopted by the City Council of the City of Covina at a regular meeting held on the 4th day of June, 2024, by the following vote:

AYES: COUNCIL MEMBERS:

NOES: COUNCIL MEMBERS:

ABSTAIN: COUNCIL MEMBERS:

ABSENT: COUNCIL MEMBERS:

Dated:
___________________________________
FABIAN VELEZ, Chief Deputy City Clerk

EXHIBIT “A”
Initial Study / Mitigated Negative Declaration
1270 Garvey Street Digital Billboard Project - Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
The State CEQA Guidelines, Section 15074(d), requires that a lead or responsible agency adopt a mitigation monitoring plan when approving or carrying out a project when an Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration (IS/MND) identifies changes that the lead agency has required in the project or made a condition of approval to mitigate or avoid significant environmental effects. As lead agency for the 1270 Garvey Street Digital Billboard Project (Project or proposed Project), the City is responsible for adoption and implementation of the mitigation monitoring and reporting program (MMRP).

The MMRP is presented below and will be in place and effective throughout all phases of the Project. The City will be responsible for administering the MMRP and ensuring that all parties comply with its provisions. The City may delegate monitoring activities to staff, consultants, or contractors. The City will also ensure that monitoring is documented through periodic reports and that deficiencies are promptly corrected. The designated environmental monitor will track and document compliance with required measures, note any problems that may result, and take appropriate action to rectify problems.