Exhibit D-1 - 2023 Draft Environmental Impact Report with Appendices — Fresno City Council, May 21, 2026 (part 4 of 6)

Table 2-1. Summary of NAAQS and CAAQS
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
ARB - Air Resources Board PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CAAQS - California Ambient Air Quality Standards PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide ROG - reactive organic gases
lbs - pounds SOx
- sulfur oxide compounds
mg/m3 - milligrams per cubic meter U.S. EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards g/m3
- micrograms per cubic meter
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) VOC - volatile organic compounds ppm - parts per million
10 To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 100 ppb. Note that the national 1-hour standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the national 1-hour standard to the California standards the units can be converted from ppb to ppm. In this case, the national standard of 100 ppb is identical to 0.100 ppm. 9
On December 14, 2012, the national annual PM2.5 primary standard was lowered from 15 g/m3 to 12.0 g/m3. The existing national 24-hour PM2.5 standards (primary and secondary) were retained at 35 g/m3, as was the annual secondary standard of 15 g/m3. The existing 24-hour PM10 standards (primary and secondary) of 150 g/m3 also were retained. The form of the annual primary and secondary standards is the annual mean, averaged over 3 years. 11 On June 2, 2010, a new 1-hour SO2 standard was established and the existing 24-hour and annual primary standards were revoked. To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 99th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 75 ppb. The 1971 SO2 national standards (24-hour and annual) remain in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2010 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1971 standards, the 1971 standards remain in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2010 standards are approved.

Note that the 1-hour national standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the 1- hour national standard to the California standard the units can be converted to ppm. In this case, the national standard of 75 ppb is identical to 0.075 ppm. 12 The ARB has identified lead and vinyl chloride as 'toxic air contaminants' with no threshold level of exposure for adverse health effects determined. These actions allow for the implementation of control measures at levels below the ambient concentrations specified for these pollutants. 13 The national standard for lead was revised on October 15, 2008 to a rolling 3-month average. The 1978 lead standard (1.5 g/m3 as a quarterly average) remains
in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2008 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1978 standard, the 1978 standard remains in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2008 standard are approved. 14 In 1989, the ARB converted both the general statewide 10-mile visibility standard and the Lake Tahoe 30-mile visibility standard to instrumental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0.23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0.07 per kilometer" for the statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin standards, respectively.

Abbreviations:

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Table 2-2. SJVAPCD NAAQS and CAAQS Attainment Status
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Federal Standards2 California Standards3 Ozone (1 Hour) No Federal Standard4 Nonattainment/Severe Ozone (8 Hour) Nonattainment/Extreme5 Nonattainment
Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10) Attainment6 Nonattainment Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Nonattainment7 Nonattainment Carbon Monoxide (CO) Attainment/Unclassified Attainment/Unclassified Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Attainment/Unclassified Attainment Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Attainment/Unclassified Attainment Lead (Particulate) No Designation/Classification Attainment Visibility Reducing Particles No Federal Standard Unclassified Sulfates No Federal Standard Attainment
Hydrogen Sulfide No Federal Standard Unclassified
Vinyl Chloride No Federal Standard Attainment
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAAQS - California Ambient Air Quality Standards
CCR - California Code of Regulations
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
CO - carbon monoxide
EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NO2 - nitrogen dioxide
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter ROG - reactive organic gases
SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SJVAB - San Joaquin Valley Air Basin
SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
4 Effective June 15, 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revoked the federal 1-hour ozone standard, including associated designations and classifications. EPA had previously classified the SJVAB as extreme nonattainment for this standard. EPA approved the 2004 Extreme Ozone Attainment Demonstration Plan on March 8, 2010 (effective April 7, 2010). Many applicable requirements for extreme 1-hour ozone nonattainment areas continue to apply to the SJVAB. 7
The Valley is designated nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA designated the Valley as nonattainment for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS on November 13, 2009 (effective December 14, 2009). 5 Though the Valley was initially classified as serious nonattainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard, EPA approved Valley reclassification to extreme nonattainment in the Federal Register on May 5, 2010 (effective June 4, 2010).

Pollutant
Designation/Classification1
1 See SJVAPCD Attainment Status. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/aqinfo/attainment.htm. Accessed:

September 2021. 2 See 40 CFR Part 81. 3
See CCR Title 17 Sections 60200-60210. 6
On September 25, 2008, EPA redesignated the San Joaquin Valley to attainment for the PM10 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and approved the PM10 Maintenance Plan.

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Table 2-3. Local Ambient Air Quality Data (Fresno County) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Pollutant1,2 AveragingTime 2017 2018 2019 2020
Most Stringent
Ambient Air Quality
Standard3 Monitoring Station
1 hour 0.128 ppm 0.100 ppm 0.097 ppm 0.116 ppm 0.09 ppm (State) 8 hours 0.107 ppm 0.087 ppm 0.084 ppm 0.096 ppm 0.070 ppm (State/National)
24 hours 153.6 µg/m3
136.2 µg/m3334.9 µg/m3283.7 µg/m350 µg/m3 (State)
Annual 39.4 µg/m3

40.6 µg/m335.9 µg/m348.4 µg/m320 µg/m3 (State)
24 hours 86 µg/m3

95.7 µg/m351.3 µg/m3163.2 µg/m335 µg/m3 (National)
Annual 14.8 µg/m3

16.2 µg/m311.1 µg/m3163.2 µg/m312 µg/m3 (National)
1 hour 7.7 ppb 7.2 ppb 8.9 ppb 16.2 ppb 75 ppb (National) 24 hours 2.3 ppb 2.6 ppb 2.1 ppb 2.2 ppb 140 ppb (National) 1 hour 51 ppb 43 ppb 41 ppb 43 ppb 100 ppb (National)
Annual 7.21 ppb 7.93 ppb 6.98 ppb 7.5 ppb 30 ppb (State) 1 hour 2.3 ppb 2.1 ppb 1.9 ppb 5 ppb 20 (State)
8 hours 1.9 ppb 2 ppb 1.5 ppb 2.5 ppb 9.0 (State)
CARB - California Air Resources Board ppm - parts per million CO - carbon monoxide PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter EPA - Environmental Protection Agency PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter NO2 - nitrogen dioxide SO2 - sulfur dioxide
ppb - parts per billion g/m3
- micrograms per cubic meter
Ozone Fresno - Sierra Skypark #2
PM10 Fresno - Garland
PM2.5 Fresno - Garland
Abbreviations:

SO2 Fresno - First Street
NO2 Fresno - Sierra Skypark #2
CO Fresno - First Street
Notes: 1 Ozone, PM10, PM2.5 data obtained from CARB iDAM: Air Quality Data Statistics. Daily exceedances for particulate matter are estimated days because PM10 and PM2.5 are not monitored daily. Available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/select8/sc8start.php. 2 SO2, NO2, and CO data obtained from EPA AirData. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/monitor-values-report. Accessed:

September 2021. 3 Most Stringent Ambient Air Quality Standard obtained from the table of ambient air quality standards available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/aaqs2.pdf. Accessed: September 2021.

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Table 2-4. Frequency of Air Quality Standard Violations Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
National
24-Hour PM10
State
24-Hour PM10 National24-Hour PM2.5
State
1-Hour O3
State
8-Hour O3 National8-Hour O3
2017 1 97 31 6 46 44
2018 0 103 36 4 30 27
2019 3 73 10 2 9 9
2020 14 100 45 8 19 18
1 * = There was insufficient (or no) data available to determine the value.

CARB - California Air Resources Board
O3 - ozone PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter Abbreviations:

Monitoring Site Year
Number of Days Exceeding Standard1,2 Notes: 2 Ozone, PM10, PM2.5 data obtained from CARB iDAM: Air Quality Data Statistics. Daily exceedances for particulate matter are estimated days because PM10 and PM2.5 are not monitored daily. Available at: https://arb.ca.gov/adam/select8/sc8start.php. Accessed: September 2021.

Fresno-Sierra Skypark #2
(O3); Fresno-Garland (PM2.5,
PM10)

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Table 3-1. SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Permitted
Equipment and
Activities
Non-Permitted
Equipment and
Activities
NOX 10 10 10
VOC 10 10 10
PM10 15 15 15
PM2.5 15 15 15
SOX 27 27 27
CO 100 100 100
Carcinogens
Source:
µg/m3 - micrograms per cubic meter PM2.5 - fine particulate matter CO - carbon monoxide ppm - parts per million
CO2e - carbon dioxide equivalents SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District GHG - greenhouse gases SO2 - sulfur dioxide
lbs - pounds SOx - sulfur oxides
MT - metric ton TACs - toxic air contaminants
NO2 - nitrogen dioxide VOC - volatile organic compounds NOx - nitrogen oxides yr - year
PM10 - respirable particulate matter
Criteria Air Pollutant Annual Thresholds (tons/year)1
Non-Carcinogens 2
SJVAPCD. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Air Quality Thresholds of Significance - Toxic Air Contaminants. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-TACs-Thresholds-ofSignificance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Abbreviations:

Pollutant Construction
Operation
Maximum Exposed Individual Cancer Risk 20 in 1 million
Cancer Burden > 0.5 excess cancer cases (in areas 1 in 1 million) Chronic & Acute Hazard Index 1.0 (project increment)
Acute: Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for
the Maximally Exposed Individual
Chronic: Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for
the Maximally Exposed Individual
Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) Thresholds2
1 SJVAPCD. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Air Quality Thresholds of Significance - Criteria Pollutants. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-Pollutant-Thresholds-ofSignificance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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Table 4-1. Construction Schedule
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
CalEEMod®
Phase Type1Start Date1End Date1 Phase
Duration2
(days)
Demolition 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 7
Site Preparation 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 7
Grading 5/9/2023 6/12/2023 30
Grading/BC Overlap 6/13/2023 7/5/2023 20
Building Construction 7/6/2023 11/10/2023 110
Paving 7/29/2023 9/13/2023 40
Architectural Coating 9/14/2023 11/10/2023 50
Notes: 1
Construction phases and duration are based on Project-specific estimates. 2 The construction work week was assumed to be 6 days per week.

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model

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Table 4-2. Construction Equipment
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name
Offroad Equipment Type1 Number ofEquipment1 Usage Hours2(hours/day) Equipment
Horsepower2
(hp)
Equipment Load
Factor2
Concrete/Industrial Saws 1 8 81 0.73
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8 247 0.4
Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 4 8 97 0.37
Graders 3 8 187 0.41
Other Construction Equipment 2 8 401 0.42
Paving Equipment 1 8 132 0.36
Rubber Tired Dozers 4 8 247 0.4
Scrapers 2 8 367 0.48
Surfacing Equipment 1 8 263 0.3
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 97 0.37
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 8 97 0.37
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 7 97 0.37
Rough Terrain Forklifts 1 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 97 0.37
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 6 78 0.48
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
hp - horsepower 2
Equipment usage hours, horsepower, and load factor are based on CalEEMod® defaults, with the exception of the horsepower value for "Other Construction Equipment" during the Grading phase. The "Other Construction Equipment" represents soil compactors and is based is based on project-specific data.

Demolition
Grading
Grading/BC Overlap
Building Construction
Paving 1
Number and type of offroad equipment for the Grading, Grading/BC Overlap, Building Construction, and Paving phases based on Projectspecific data. Equipment used in the Demolition and Architectural Coating phases are based on CalEEMod® default values.

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Table 4-3. Construction Material Movement
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name
Material Imported1
(yd3)
Material Exported1
(yd3)
Grading 60,000 0
Grading/BC Overlap 0 3,000
Notes: 1 Soil import and export quantities based on project-specific data.

Abbreviations:
yd3 - cubic yard

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Table 4-4. Construction Demolition Assumptions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name Size Metric Unit Amount1 Demolition/Site Prep Tons of Debris 10 Notes: 1 Square-footage quantity based on project-specific data.

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Table 4-5. Annual and Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Construction Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California VOC 2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5 VOC
2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5 Project Construction4 2.1 3.9 4.6 0.01 0.6 0.2 11.3 21.4 25.4 0.1 3.3 1.3 SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds5 10 10 100 27 15 15 100 100 100 100 100 100 Exceeds Threshold for any Year of Construction? NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Notes: Abbreviations: CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel ROG - reactive organic gases CARB - California Air Resources Board SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District CO - carbon monoxide SO2 - sulfur dioxide lbs - pounds SOx - sulfur oxide compounds NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter VOC - volatile organic compounds PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter 2 For purposes of this analysis VOC emissions are assumed to be equal to ROG. 3 For purposes of this analysis SOX emissions are assumed to be equal to SO2. 5 SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds. Available at http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-Pollutant-Thresholds-of-Significance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. (pounds/day) Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1 Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1 Scenario (tons/year) 1 Total emissions for project construction were estimated using CalEEMod® (see Appendix A). Total construction emissions include construction of the fuel station, warehouse, car wash, and parking lot. 4 Construction emissions assume watering control consistent with SJVAPCD Rule 8021. Construction equipment greater than 50 hp used at the site shall meet USEPA Tier 3 emission standards for PM10 and PM2.5 and include particulate matter emissions control equivalent to CARB Level 3 verifiable diesel emission control devices. Page 1 of 1 Ramboll Table 4-6. Gasoline Dispensing Facility Operational VOC Emissions Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Loading Breathing Refueling
Hose
Permeation Spillage Total
Herndon/Riverside 9.9
Notes:

Abbreviations:

EVR - enhanced vapor recovery
lb - pounds
SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District VOC - volatile organic compounds 1
Emission factors obtained from SJVAPCD staff via email on October 13, 2021 for EVR Phase I and EVR Phase II Installed Underground Tank. 2
Herndon/Riverside emissions are estimated using a throughput of 25.5 million gallons/year.

Emissions2
(tons/year)
VOC Emission Factor1
(lb/1,000 gallons)
Scenario

0.15 0.024 0.356 0.009 0.24 0.779

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Table 4-7. TRU Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Calculations Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5

2.52 2.12 0.32 0.002 0.06 0.06
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5 Herndon/Riverside 712 0.39 0.33 0.05 0.000 0.009 0.009 Abbreviations:

CARB - California Air Resources Board ppm - parts per million CO - carbon dioxide SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District NOx - oxides of nitrogen
PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter Constants:

Horsepower 4
50 bhp
Load Factor 5

0.38 TRU Cycle Duration 6
622 minutes
Fuel Consumption2

0.040 gal/hp-hr
Fuel Sulfur Content2
15 ppm
Density of Diesel 3,221 g/gal
Conversion Factors:
453.592 g/lb
1000000 g/MT
60 min/hr
365 day/year
2000 lb/ton
VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds
TRU - transportation refrigeration unit
SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter Emission Factor1,2
(g/bhp-hr)
6 TRU Cycle Duration is based on 2 hours of off-site loading time plus the duration of the on-site and off-site transit. It is assumed that loading/unloading will occur while the TRU is plugged in, so no emissions are estimated for this time period. Assumptions based on Table II.G.1 of CARB Proposed Amendments to the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/board/rulemaking/tru2021/appi.pdf. Accessed: May 2022. 3 Approximately 15% of warehouse delivery trucks are equipped with TRUs.

Scenario
Number of Round Trips
with TRUs3 Annual Average TRU Emissions
(tons/year)
Notes: 1
Emission factors obtained from OFFROAD2021 emissions output for Calendar Year 2023, Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Instate Trailer and Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Out-Of-State Trailer in Fresno County. 2 SOX emission factors based on sulfur content of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm) and fuel consumption from OFFROAD2021. 4 Horsepower is based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling, section 2.3.1 Transportation Refrigeration unit (TRU), Modeling Parameters. 5
Load factor obtained from CARB Draft 2019 Update to Emissions Inventory for Transport Refrigeration Units, for TRUs Over 25 hp, 2013 and newer. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/coldstorage/documents/hra_emissioninventory2019.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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Table 4-8a. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Operation Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5
Gasoline Dispensing Facility 9.9 -- -- -- -- --
Permitted Total 9.9 -- -- -- -- --
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds4 10 10 100 27 15 15
Exceeds Threshold? NO -- -- -- -- --
Area5 0.95 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy5 0.01 0.13 0.11 0.00 0.01 0.01
Mobile6 8.6 11.8 81.3 0.2 18.1 4.6
Non-permitted Total 9.5 11.9 81.4 0.2 18.1 4.6
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds4 10 10 100 27 15 15
Exceeds Threshold? NO YES NO NO YES NO
Annual Emissions Reduction from Rule
9510 Compliance7 -- -3.0 -- -- -9.1 --
Non-permitted Total with Rule
Compliance8 9.5 8.9 81.4 0.2 9.1 4.6
Exceeds Threshold? NO NO NO NO NO NO
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide ROG - reactive organic gases
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District lbs - pounds SO2 - sulfur dioxide
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) SOx - sulfur oxide compounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter VOC - volatile organic compounds 1 Emissions totals may not add up due to rounding. Emissions shown as zero may be non-zero values; however, they are below a meaningful reporting level for this analysis.
2 For purposes of this analysis VOC emissions are assumed to be equal to ROG.

Permitted
Non-permitted
Emission Category
Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1
(tons/year)
3 For purposes of this analysis SOX emissions are assumed to be equal to SO2. 7 The annual emissions reductions from Rule 9510 compliance for NOx and PM10 are calculated using the SJVAPCD Indirect Source Rule Fee Estimator available at: https://ww2.valleyair.org/media/q2jdhwze/fee-estimator.xlsm. Accessed: February 2023. 5 Total area and energy emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® (see Appendix A). 6 Total mobile emissions include emissions from on-road vehicles and TRUs. On-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod ®
default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and Project-specific vehicle trip rates provided by Kittelson & Associates, See Appendix B for details. TRU emissions were estimated using OFFROAD2021 emission factors. 4 SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds. Available at http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-PollutantThresholds-of-Significance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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Table 4-8b. On-Site Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Operation Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5 Gasoline Dispensing Facility4

54.4 -- -- -- -- --
Total Daily Permitted On-Site
Emissions (lb/day) 54.4 -- -- -- -- -- SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds5 100 100 100 100 100 100
Exceeds Threshold? NO -- -- -- -- --
Area6

5.19 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy6

0.08 0.74 0.62 0.00 0.06 0.06
Mobile on-road 12.0 9.1 97.6 0.1 0.2 0.1
Mobile TRU Emissions 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mobile7

12.0 9.1 97.6 0.1 0.2 0.1
Total Daily Non-permitted On-Site
Emissions (lb/day) 17.3 9.8 98.3 0.1 0.3 0.2
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds5
100 100 100 100 100 100
Exceeds Threshold? NO NO NO NO NO NO
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide ROG - reactive organic gases
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District lbs - pounds SO2 - sulfur dioxide
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) SOx - sulfur oxide compounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter VOC - volatile organic compounds Emission Category
On-Site Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1 (lbs/day)
7 Total mobile emissions include emissions from on-road vehicles and TRUs. On-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and Project-specific vehicle trip rates provided by Kittelson & Associates, See Appendix B for details. TRU emissions were estimated using OFFROAD2021 emission factors. 4 The gasoline dispensing facility VOC emissions are for the Herndon/Riverside facility.

Permitted On-Site
5 SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds. Available at http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-PollutantThresholds-of-Significance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Non-permitted On-Site
1 Emissions totals may not add up due to rounding. Emissions shown as zero may be non-zero values; however, they are below a meaningful reporting level for this analysis. 2
For purposes of this analysis VOC emissions are assumed to be equal to ROG. 3 For purposes of this analysis SOX emissions are assumed to be equal to SO2. 6 Total area and energy emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® (see Appendix A).

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Table 5-1. HARP Health Risk Assessment Options for Construction HRA Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California Residential Cancer Risk Run Residential Chronic Risk Run Worker Cancer Risk Run Worker Chronic Risk Run Acute Risk Run Analysis Type Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Acute Risk (Non-cancer) Receptor Type N/A Exposure Duration2 0.53-Year (0 start age) N/A 0.53-Year (16 start age) N/A N/A Intake Rate Percentile 95th percentile (High End) 95th percentile (High End) N/A Tab “Inh” Use Defaults (No Change) Tab “Soil” N/A Tab “Derm” N/A Tab “MMlk” N/A N/A N/A Tab “HG Produce” N/A N/A N/A Tab “Pig, Chicken, & Egg” N/A N/A N/A Notes: Abbreviations: ADMRT - Air Dispersion Modeling and Risk Tool HARP - Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program N/A - not applicable SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Uncheck "Apply fraction of time spent at home (FAH) to ages greater than or equal to 16 years” Check box "Use Adjustment Factors" with WAF = 1.87 3 Use Defaults (No Change) HARP2 Risk Analyses Screen/ Option Title Options Chosen 1 Select Risk Scenario Individual Resident Worker 95th percentile (High End) 1 Options were chosen based on SJVAPCD's Draft HRA Guidance provided to Ramboll by Kyle Melching (SJVAPCD) on August 4, 2021. 2 Exposure duration was set to 0.53 years to reflect the duration of construction activity (i.e. 193 days). 3 Annual concentration adjustment factor for worker is set based on a construction schedule of 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM, 6 days a week. Use Defaults (No Change) Warm Climate Warm Climate Use Defaults (No Change) Use Defaults (No Change) Use Defaults (No Change) Select Pathways to Evaluate Tab “Pathways to Evaluate” User Defined Select "Worker Pathways" Default Inhalation Only Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Pathway Page 1 of 1 Ramboll Table 5-2. HARP Health Risk Assessment Options for Operational HRA Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California Residential Cancer Risk Run Residential Chronic Risk Run Worker Cancer Risk Run Worker Chronic Risk Run Analysis Type Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Receptor Type Exposure Duration2 69.47-Year N/A 39.47-Year (16.53 start age) N/A Intake Rate Percentile Tab Inh Tab Soil Tab Derm Tab MMlk N/A N/A Tab HG Produce N/A N/A Tab Pig, Chicken, & Egg N/A N/A Notes: Abbreviations: ADMRT - Air Dispersion Modeling and Risk Tool HARP - Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program HRA - health risk assessment N/A - not applicable SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District 1 Options were chosen based on SJVAPCD's Draft HRA Guidance provided to Ramboll by Kyle Melching (SJVAPCD) on August 4, 2021. 3 Annual concentration adjustment factor for workers is set based on Costco general operating hours of 16 hours per day and 7 days a week. 2 Exposure duration reflects the start of Project operation after a 0.53-year construction duration. Use Defaults (No Change) Warm Climate Warm Climate Use Defaults (No Change) Use Defaults (No Change) Use Defaults (No Change) Select Pathways to Evaluate Tab Pathways to Evaluate User Defined Select "Worker Pathways" Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Uncheck "Apply fraction of time spent at home (FAH) to ages greater than or equal to 16 years Check box "Use Adjustment Factors" with worker adjustment factor (WAF) = 1.5 3 Use Defaults (No Change) HARP2 Risk Analyses Screen/ Option Title Options Chosen 1 Select Risk Scenario Individual Resident Worker 95th percentile (High End) 95th percentile (High End) Page 1 of 2 Ramboll Table 5-3. Health Risk Assessment Results
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor Type
Maximum
Estimated
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Maximum
Estimated
Chronic Hazard
Index
Maximum
Estimated
Acute Hazard
Index
Residential 1.3 0.00 0.00
Sensitive 0.2 0.00 0.00
Worker 0.0 0.00 0.00
Residential 5.1 0.01 0.14
Sensitive 0.8 0.00 0.02
Worker 3.4 0.07 0.52
Residential 6.4 0.01 0.14
Sensitive 1.0 0.00 0.02
Worker 3.4 0.07 0.52
SJVAPCD Threshold3
20 1 1
Notes:

Abbreviations: 3
SJVAPCD CEQA Thresholds of Significance. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-TACs-Thresholds-ofSignificance.pdf. Accessed: July 2022.

SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District CEQA - California Environmental Quality Act
Project Construction
Project Operational
Total Health Risk1,2
1 Total cancer risk and chronic hazard index values are provided relative to the maximally impacted receptors from Project operation. 2
Acute health hazard index is provided as a maximum of construction and operational values. These values are not additive due to the short-term risk impacts.

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Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX A
CALEEMOD® OUTPUT

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX B

MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION CALCULATIONS
Table B-1a. Trip Lengths and Vehicle Miles Traveled by Operational Mobile Sources (Herndon/Riverside) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Average
One-Way Trip
Length1,2
Peak Daily Trips
(one-way
trips/day)3
Peak Daily
VMT4
Annual Average
Trips (one-way
trips/yr)
Annual
Average VMT
Primary 17.3 10,046 173,528 3,666,790 63,337,720
Diverted 1.0 4,038 4,119 1,473,870 1,503,435
Pass-By 0.1 3,788 379 1,382,620 138,262
Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash
Employee Vehicles Primary

30.7 300 9,210 109,500 3,361,650
MDO Driver and Warehouse Employee
Vehicles Primary

30.7 136 4,175 49,640 1,523,875
MDO Delivery Trucks Primary 81.5 20 1,630 7,300 594,950 Fuel Delivery Trucks Primary 125.0 14 1,750 5,110 638,750 Warehouse Delivery Trucks Primary 125.0 26 3,250 9,490 1,186,250 Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
MDO - market delivery operation
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
4 Peak daily VMT based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates or estimated as a product of average trip length and number of trips presented in this table.

Trip Type
Member Vehicles
1 Average trip lengths for primary and diverted trip types are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates. Pass-by trip length for member vehicles is assumed to be equal to the CalEEMod® default trip length of 0.1 miles. 3 Peak daily trips are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates. 2 Average trip length for MDO delivery trucks provided by Costco. The average routed round trip length for Fresno MDO delivery trucks is 163 miles.

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Table B-1b. Trip Lengths and Vehicle Miles Traveled by Operational Mobile Sources (4500 W. Shaw Avenue)
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Peak Daily Trips
(one-way
trips/day)1
Peak Daily
VMT2
Annual Average
Trips (one-way
trips/yr)
Annual Average
VMT
Primary 1,363 58,264 497,495 21,266,360
Pass-by 48 0 17,520 0
Diverted 2,099 3,442 766,135 1,256,330
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
MDO - market delivery operation
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
2 Peak daily VMT based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates or estimated as a product of average trip length and number of trips presented in this table.

Trip Type
1 Peak daily trips are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates.

Passenger Vehicles

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Table B-2. Operational Mobile Source Fleet Mixes
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Fleet Mix
CalEEMod®
Default1 Gas 12,057,533 52.8% 55.0%
Phe 351,337 1.54% 1.6%
Elec 514,390 2.25% 0%
Dsl 22,675 0.10% 0%
Gas 1,013,826 5.88% 5.9%
Phe 1,027 0.01% 0.0%
Elec 1,049 0.01% 0%
Dsl 250 0.00% 0%
Gas 5,488,159 19.29% 19.4%
Phe 39,774 0.14% 0.1%
Elec 17,710 0.06% 0%
Dsl 14,595 0.05% 0%
Gas 4,629,686 17.47% 17.8%
Phe 29,118 0.11% 0.1%
Elec 19,405 0.07% 0%
Dsl 71,606 0.27% 0%
LHD1 All 2.7% -- -- --
LHD2 All 0.7% -- -- --
MHD All 1.4% -- -- --
HHDT All 2.2% -- -- --
OBUS All 0.1% -- -- --
UBUS All 0.0% -- -- --
MCY All 2.4% -- -- --
SBUS All 0.2% -- -- --
MH All 0.3% -- -- --
Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel MDV - medium-duty vehicle EMFAC - EMission FACtors model MH - motor homes
HHDT - Heavy heavy-duty truck MHD - medium heavy-duty trucks LDA - light duty automobiles OBUS - other buses
LDT - light-duty trucks SBUS - school buses
LHD - light heavy-duty trucks UBUS - urban buses
MCY - motorcycles VMT - vehicle miles traveled

17.6%

16.1%
Notes:

Fuel Type

EMFAC VMT
Output2
(miles/day)
Employee Vehicle
Fleet Mix3 Member VehicleFleet Mix4
1 CalEEMod® default for Fresno County calendar year 2023. 2 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 3 Fleet mix for employee vehicles estimated based on the ratio of the vehicle classes in CalEEMod® default fleet mix and the EMFAC2021 VMT output. 4
Fleet mix for member vehicles visiting the Costco Gas Station are estimated based on the ratio of the vehicle classes in CalEEMod® default fleet mix and the EMFAC2021 VMT output. Vehicles are assumed to be gasoline or plug-in hybrid.

Vehicle
Category
LDA
LDT1
LDT2
MDV

51.0%

5.3%

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Table B-3. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Running Exhaust, Running Loss, Tire Wear, and Brake Wear
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC3 NOx CO SOx PM10
4 PM2.54
LDA Gas 12,057,533 0.51 0.58 10.53 0.04 0.20 0.07
LDA Phe 351,337 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDA Elec 514,390 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
LDA Dsl 22,675 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT1 Gas 1,013,826 0.16 0.21 2.25 0.00 0.02 0.01
LDT1 Phe 1,027 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT1 Elec 1,049 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT1 Dsl 250 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT2 Gas 5,488,159 0.28 0.52 6.01 0.02 0.10 0.03
LDT2 Phe 39,774 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT2 Elec 17,710 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT2 Dsl 14,595 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MDV Gas 4,629,686 0.34 0.67 6.18 0.02 0.08 0.03
MDV Phe 29,118 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
MDV Elec 19,405 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MDV Dsl 71,606 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
HHDT Dsl 2,030,441 0.03 3.94 0.16 0.03 0.32 0.14
VOC3 NOx CO SOx PM10
4 PM2.54
LDA 0.038 0.044 0.793 0.003 0.015 0.005
LDA 0.005 0.003 0.221 0.001 0.012 0.004
LDA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
LDA 0.032 0.275 0.339 0.002 0.035 0.024
LDT1 0.141 0.192 2.013 0.003 0.017 0.007
LDT1 0.003 0.003 0.201 0.001 0.012 0.004
LDT1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
LDT1 0.268 1.602 1.824 0.004 0.247 0.226
LDT2 0.046 0.086 0.994 0.004 0.016 0.006
LDT2 0.003 0.003 0.209 0.001 0.012 0.004
LDT2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
LDT2 0.016 0.080 0.136 0.003 0.023 0.012
MDV 0.067 0.131 1.210 0.004 0.017 0.006
MDV 0.004 0.003 0.220 0.001 0.012 0.004
MDV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
MDV 0.013 0.103 0.209 0.004 0.023 0.012
Gas
Phe
Dsl
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
Dsl
EMFAC Vehicle
Class Fuel

EMFAC VMT
Output1
(miles/day)
EMFAC Emissions Output1,2
(tons/day)
Passenger Vehicles5 Delivery Trucks5
EMFAC Vehicle
Class
Running Exhaust, Running Loss, Tire Wear and Brake Wear Emission Factors6 (grams/mile)
Passenger Vehicles5
Fuel
Gas
Phe
Elec

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0.050 0.075 0.967 0.003 0.016 0.005

0.049 0.075 0.945 0.003 0.016 0.005
HHDT 0.01 1.76 0.07 0.015 0.14 0.06
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAP - criteria air pollutant
CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter
Dsl - Diesel PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter EMFAC - EMission FACtors model PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter LDA - light-duty automobile ROG - reactive organic gases LDT - light-duty truck SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty truck VOC - volatile organic compounds MDV - medium-duty vehicle VMT - vehicle miles traveled
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2)
Conversion Factor:
907184.74 grams per ton
5 Delivery trucks are assumed to be diesel-fueled.

Member Vehicle Weighted Emission Factor7
1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 2 Sum of running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, and brake wear emissions obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 3 For purposes of this analysis VOC is assumed to be equal to ROG. 4 PM emissions are a sum of exhaust, tire wear, and brake wear.

Delivery Trucks5
Employee Vehicle Weighted Emission Factor7 Dsl 6
Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are estimated as a ratio of the EMFAC emissions output and EMFAC VMT output. 7 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are weighted based on the project-specific fleet mix in Table B-2 to estimate trip-based emission factors for passenger vehicles.

Phe - Plug-in hybrid

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Table B-4. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Starting Exhaust, Hot Soak, Diurnal Loss, and Resting Loss
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
Starting
Exhaust Hot Soak Diurnal RestingLoss
LDA Gas 1,459,129 0.547 0.156 0.574 0.000 0.428 5.313 0.001 0.004 0.003 LDA Phe 31,224 0.006 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.044 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDA Elec 56,838 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDA Dsl 3,207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 Gas 135,565 0.114 0.037 0.154 0.000 0.076 1.087 0.000 0.001 0.001 LDT1 Phe 83 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 Elec 118 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 Dsl 62 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 Gas 657,946 0.318 0.073 0.285 0.000 0.281 2.975 0.001 0.002 0.001 LDT2 Phe 3,337 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 Elec 2,516 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 Dsl 1,661 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV Gas 598,810 0.420 0.084 0.339 0.000 0.358 3.094 0.001 0.002 0.001 MDV Phe 2,568 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV Elec 2,761 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV Dsl 8,640 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 HHDT Dsl 237,288 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5 Starting
Exhaust Hot Soak Diurnal RestingLoss
LDA 0.340 0.097 0.357 0.000 0.266 3.303 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDA 0.167 0.043 0.130 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 0.763 0.251 1.029 0.000 0.512 7.275 0.001 0.004 0.003 LDT1 0.167 0.025 0.078 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.002 0.001 LDT1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 0.438 0.101 0.394 0.000 0.388 4.103 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDT2 0.167 0.027 0.088 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDT2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV 0.636 0.128 0.513 0.000 0.543 4.687 0.001 0.002 0.002 MDV 0.167 0.033 0.108 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.003 0.002 MDV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.433 0.111 0.427 0.000 0.351 3.901 0.001 0.002 0.002

0.423 0.108 0.417 0.000 0.342 3.804 0.001 0.002 0.002 HHDT 0 0 0 0 2.8 0 0 0 0 Notes: Abbreviations: CAP - criteria air pollutant CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter Dsl - Diesel PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter EMFAC - EMission FACtors model PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter LDA - light-duty automobile ROG - reactive organic gases LDT - light-duty truck SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty truck VOC - volatile organic compounds MDV - medium-duty vehicle VMT - vehicle miles traveled NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) Conversion Factor: 907184.74 grams per ton Phe Dsl Elec Dsl Gas Phe Elec
EMFAC Vehicle Class Fuel EMFAC Vehicle Trips
Output1 (trips/day)
EMFAC Emissions Output1
(tons/day) VOC2
Starting Exhaust
Passenger Vehicles
Member Vehicle Weighted Emission Factor5 Delivery Trucks3 1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 2 For purposes of this analysis VOC is assumed to be equal to ROG.

Employee Vehicle Emission Factor5 Dsl
Gas Phe Elec Dsl Gas Phe Elec Dsl Gas
Passenger Vehicle
Delivery Trucks3 Vehicle Class Starting Exhaust, Hot Soak, Diurnal, and Resting Loss Emission Factors4 (grams/trip) VOC2
Fuel Starting Exhaust
4 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are estimated as a ratio of the EMFAC emissions output and EMFAC trip output.

Phe - Plug-in hybrid 3 Delivery trucks are assumed to be diesel-fueled. 5 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are weighted based on the project-specific fleet mix in Table B-2 to estimate trip-based emission factors for passenger vehicles.

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Table B-5. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Idling Exhaust Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
LDA Gas 0.003 0.003 0.059 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDA Phe 0.001 0.001 0.041 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDA Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDA Dsl 0.012 0.012 0.177 0.000 0.004 0.003
LDT1 Gas 0.012 0.015 0.158 0.000 0.001 0.001
LDT1 Phe 0.001 0.000 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT1 Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT1 Dsl 0.049 0.044 0.209 0.000 0.042 0.040
LDT2 Gas 0.004 0.007 0.074 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT2 Phe 0.001 0.001 0.038 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT2 Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT2 Dsl 0.012 0.008 0.104 0.000 0.001 0.001
MDV Gas 0.006 0.010 0.091 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDV Phe 0.001 0.001 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDV Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDV Dsl 0.009 0.008 0.174 0.000 0.001 0.001

0.0041 0.0059 0.0730 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004

0.0040 0.0058 0.0720 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004
HHDT Dsl 0.045 0.928 0.628 0.002 0.001 0.001
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAP - criteria air pollutant NOx
- nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2)
CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter LDA - light-duty automobile PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter LDT - light-duty truck ROG - reactive organic gases
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty truck SOx
- sulfur oxide compounds
MDV - medium-duty vehicle VOC - volatile organic compounds mph - miles per hour
Conversion Factor:
60 minutes per hour
Employee Vehicle Weighted
Emission Factor3 Member Vehicle Weighted
Emission Factor3
EMFAC Vehicle
Class
Idling Emission Factors1
(grams/idle-minute)
Passenger Vehicles
Fuel
Delivery Trucks4
1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 project-level output. Passenger vehicle emission rates are equivalent to the running exhaust emission rate in grams per mile at 5 mph, multiplied by the speed correction factor of 2.5 mph. 2 For purposes of this analysis VOC is assumed to be equal to ROG. 4 Delivery trucks are assumed to be diesel-fueled. 3 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are weighted based on the project-specific fleet mix in Table B-2 to estimate trip-based emission factors for passenger vehicles.

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Table B-6. Entrained Road Dust Emission Factors for Operational Mobile Sources Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
PM10 PM2.5 Member/Employee Vehicles
Delivery Trucks
Notes:

0.0022 = kPM10 (lb/VMT), PM10 particle size multiplier

0.00054 = kPM2.5 (lb/VMT), PM2.5 particle size multiplier

0.1 = sL (g/m2
), silt loading (CalEEMod Default)

2.4 = W (tons), mean vehicle weight (CalEEMod Default)
Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
EF - emission factor
lb - pounds
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter VMT - vehicle miles traveled
3 Assumes 100% of on-road travel occurs on paved roads.

Vehicle Type
Entrained Road Dust
Emission Factor1
(ton/VMT)

3.31E-07 8.11E-08
1 Emission factor calculated following guidance in the CalEEMod® User's Guide, Appendix A, which is based on AP-42, Section 13.2.1 for vehicles traveling on paved roads. The equation is:

EF = k x (sL)0.91 x (W)1.02 , where:

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Table B-7a. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Operational Mobile Sources (Herndon/Riverside) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC4 NOx
5 CO5
SOx
5 PM106 PM2.56
Primary7 17.3 3,666,790 63,337,720 -- 7.44 6.69 83.29 0.23 22.04 5.53 Diverted8 1.0 1,473,870 1,503,435 -- 0.97 0.69 7.94 0.01 0.53 0.13 Pass-By8 0.10 1,382,620 138,262 -- 0.84 0.55 6.09 0.00 0.05 0.02 Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash
Employee Vehicles Primary7 30.7 109,500 3,361,650 -- 0.30 0.32 3.96 0.01 1.17 0.29 MDO Driver and Warehouse Employee Vehicles Primary7 30.70 49,640 1,523,875 -- 0.13 0.14 1.79 0.01 0.53 0.13 MDO Delivery Trucks Primary7 81.5 7,300 594,950 18,250 0.01 1.20 0.06 0.01 0.29 0.09 Fuel Delivery Trucks Primary7 125.0 5,110 638,750 12,775 0.01 1.27 0.06 0.01 0.31 0.10 Warehouse Delivery Trucks Primary7 125.0 9,490 1,186,250 23,725 0.02 2.36 0.11 0.02 0.58 0.18 -- -- -- 33,638,400 0.15 0.22 2.71 0.01 0.02 0.01

9.9 13.4 106.0 0.3 25.5 6.5
Abbreviations:

Trip Type
Idle
Duration2,3
(minutes/
year)
Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions
(tons/year)
Trip
Distance1
(miles)
Annual
Average
Trips1
(one-way
trips/year)
Annual
Average
VMT1
(miles/year)
7 Primary trip emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust), evaporative emissions (hot soak, diurnal, and resting loss), and starting exhaust emissions.
8 Pass-by and Diverted trip emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust) and hot soak evaporative emissions, and starting exhaust emissions.

GDF Vehicle Idling
Total Emissions
Notes
1 Data obtained from Table B-1a.
2 Idle duration for passenger vehicles visiting the gas station is estimated using a maximum queue length of 3 vehicles per queue lane and a transaction time of 4 minutes per vehicle. The queue is assumed to stay constant while the gas station is open (6 AM to 10 PM), 7 days/week. Queue length is based on Saturday midday peak hour average queue length projections from existing Costco facilities provided by Kittelson & Associates.
3 Delivery truck idle duration is 5 minutes based on the CARB Air Toxic Control Measure to Limit Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/atcm-tolimit-vehicle-idling/about. Accessed: September 2021. For GDF idling this is actually idling duration in units of minutes per year.

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Table B-7b. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Operational Mobile Sources (4500 W. Shaw Avenue) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx
3 CO3 SOx3 PM104 PM2.54
Primary5 497,495 21,266,360 1.71 1.96 24.81 0.08 7.40 1.85 Pass-by6 17,520 0 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
Diverted6 766,135 1,256,330 0.30 0.25 2.99 0.00 0.44 0.11

1.7 2.0 24.8 0.1 7.4 1.9
Abbreviations:

CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter
lb - pounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter NO - nitrogen monoxide PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter NO2 - nitrogen dioxide SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) VOC - Volatile Organic Compound Mobile Source Activity
Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions
(tons/year)
Annual
Average VMT1
Trip Type (miles/year)
Annual
Average
Trips1
(one-way
trips/year)
Passenger Vehicles
Total Emissions
Notes
1 Data obtained from Table B-1b.
6 Pass-by and diverted emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust) and evaporative emissions (hot soak), and starting exhaust emissions based on the number of round trips (i.e., half of one-way trips). 2 VOC emissions include running exhaust, running loss, hot soak, diurnal, resting loss, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration. 3 NOX, CO, and SOX emissions include running exhaust, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration.
4 PM10 and PM2.5 emissions include running exhaust, tire wear, brake wear, fugitive dust, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, B-5, and B-6 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration. 5 Primary trip emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust), evaporative emissions (hot soak, diurnal, and resting loss), and starting exhaust emissions.

Page 1 of 1 ends

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX C

CONSTRUCTION HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT EMISSION CALCULATIONS Table C-1. Off-Road Equipment DPM Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Year Phase
Phase
Duration1
(days)
Emission
Source
Category1 Mitigated PM10
Emissions1
(tons/year)
2023 Demolition 7 Off-Road 4.50E-04
2023 Site Preparation 7 Off-Road 2.60E-04
2023 Grading 30 Off-Road 5.62E-03
2023 Grading/BC Overlap 20 Off-Road 2.18E-03
2023 Building Construction 110 Off-Road 1.16E-02
2023 Paving 40 Off-Road 2.06E-03
2023 Architectural Coating 50 Off-Road 3.60E-04
Notes: 1
Unmitigated PM10 emissions are estimated using CalEEMod® default construction assumptions.

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter

Page 1 of 1 ends

Table C-2. Vendor and Haul Truck DPM Emissions Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California Source Group ID Percent of Incoming Trips2 Percent of Outgoing Trips2 Total Annual Hauling Truck Trips3 (one-way trips/year) Segment Length4 (miles) Segment Length (miles) Annual VMT5 (miles/year) DPM Emissions6 (lbs/year) Herndon Ave (west of Riverside Drive) OFFTRV1 100% 100% 7,877 389.3 0.24 1,905.44 1.12E-01 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV2 100% 0% 3,939 132.9 0.08 325.24 1.92E-02 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C and Entry D) OFFTRV3 100% 0% 3,939 99.0 0.06 242.28 1.43E-02 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B and Entry C) OFFTRV4 100% 0% 3,939 93.0 0.06 227.60 1.34E-02 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV5 0% 100% 3,939 53.8 0.03 131.66 7.77E-03 Herndon Ave (Between Riverside Dr and Arthur Ave) OFFTRV6 0% 100% 3,939 272.5 0.17 666.88 3.94E-02 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Entry F) OFFTRV7 0% 100% 3,939 292.9 0.18 716.81 4.23E-02 Herndon Ave (west of Riverside Drive) OFFTRV1 100% 100% 99.0 389.3 0.24 23.95 9.26E-04 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV2 100% 0% 49.5 132.9 0.08 4.09 1.58E-04 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C and Entry D) OFFTRV3 100% 0% 49.5 99.0 0.06 3.05 1.18E-04 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B and Entry C) OFFTRV4 100% 0% 49.5 93.0 0.06 2.86 1.11E-04 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV5 0% 100% 49.5 53.8 0.03 1.65 6.40E-05 Herndon Ave (Between Riverside Dr and Arthur Ave) OFFTRV6 0% 100% 49.5 272.5 0.17 8.38 3.24E-04 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Entry F) OFFTRV7 0% 100% 49.5 292.9 0.18 9.01 3.48E-04 Notes: Abbreviations: AERMOD - American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model m - meters CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter DPM - diesel particulate matter VMT - vehicle miles travelled lbs - pounds Modeled Roadway Links1 2 A roadway link was conservatively assumed to experience 100% of incoming and outgoing trips if it could experience any percentage of trips. 6 DPM emissions are calculated as the product of annual VMT and PM 10 emission factor per vehicle type. For purposes of this analysis, DPM emissions are assumed to be equal to PM 10 exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles. 3 Total annual one-way trips are calculated as the sum of inbound and outbound one-way trips. Annual one-way haul truck and vendor truck trips per construction phase are estimated using CalEEMod ®. 4 Segment length based on modeled source length in AERMOD. 5 Annual VMT is calculated as the product of segment length and total annual one-way trips. Hauling Truck Routes Vendor Truck Routes 1 See Figure 1 for a graphic representation of the modeled sources. Page 1 of 1 Ramboll Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX D

OPERATIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT EMISSION CALCULATIONS

Table D-2. Diesel Particulate Matter Emission Factors
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Off-site Running
Exhaust3
(g/mile)
On-site Running
Exhaust4
(g/mile)
Idle Exhaust
(g/idle-minute)
HHDT 2,030,441 0.029 0.012 0.0002
Notes:

Conversion Factors:
60 min/hr
907,185 g/ton
Abbreviations:

DPM - diesel particulate matter min - minutes
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model mph - miles per hour
HHDT - Heavy heavy-duty truck PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter g - grams VMT - vehicle miles travelled
hr - hours
3 Off-site running exhaust emission factor is based on EMFAC2021 default activity output for aggregated speeds. 4
On-site running exhaust emission factor is based on EMFAC2021 project-level emission rate output for a speed of 5 mph.

Fuel Delivery, Warehouse Delivery, and MDO Delivery Trucks DPM Emission Factor2
2 For purposes of this analysis, DPM emissions are assumed to be equal to PM10 exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles.

EMFAC VMT Output1
(miles/day)
EMFAC
Vehicle
Class 1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 output for HHDT diesel vehicle default emissions activity.

Page 1 of 1 ends

Table D-3. Delivery Truck Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Project VMT2
(miles)
Project Trips2
(one-way trips)
DPM Exhaust
Emissions3,4 Annual Annual
Annual
(lb/year)
FT_TRV1 Herndon Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 2,472 10,220 -- 1.60E-01
FT_TRV2 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D
and Herndon Ave) 844 10,220 -- 5.45E-02
FT_TRV3 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C
and Entry D) 629 10,220 -- 4.06E-02
FT_TRV4 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B
and Entry C) 591 10,220 -- 3.82E-02
FT_TRV5 Riverside Dr (Between Spruce
Ave and Entry B) 309 10,220 -- 2.00E-02
FT_TRV6 Spruce Ave (Between Riverside
Drive and Entry A) 365 10,220 -- 2.36E-02
FT_TRV7 Spruce Ave (Between Entry A and
Arthur Ave) 684 5,110 -- 4.42E-02
FT_TRV8 Arthur Ave (Between Spruce Ave
and Entry F) 200 5,110 -- 1.29E-02
FT_TRV9 Entry F 688 5,110 -- 1.89E-02
FT_TRV10 Entry A 169 5,110 -- 4.63E-03
FT_IDLE On-Site Idling -- 5,110 5 1.17E-02
WT_TRV1 Herndon Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 4,591 18,980 -- 2.97E-01
WT_TRV2 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D
and Herndon Ave) 784 9,490 -- 5.06E-02
WT_TRV3 Entry D 1,457 9,490 -- 4.00E-02
WT_TRV4 Entry E 744 9,490 -- 2.04E-02
WT_TRV5 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and
Herndon Ave) 317 9,490 -- 2.05E-02
WT_TRV6 Herndon Ave (Between Riverside
Dr and Arthur Ave) 1,607 9,490 -- 1.04E-01
WT_IDLE1 On-Site Idling -- 4,745 5 5.43E-03
WT_IDLE2 On-Site Idling -- 4,745 5 5.43E-03
MD_TRV1 Herndon Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 2,018 8,343 -- 1.30E-01
MD_TRV2 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D
and Herndon Ave) 517 6,257 -- 3.34E-02
MD_TRV3 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C
and Entry D) 160 2,607 -- 1.04E-02
MD_TRV4 Entry D 1,041 6,779 -- 6.73E-02
MD_TRV5 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B
and Entry C) 151 2,607 -- 9.74E-03
MD_TRV6 Entry E 613 7,821 -- 3.96E-02
MD_TRV7 Riverside Dr (Between Spruce
Ave and Entry B) 79 2,607 -- 5.10E-03
MD_TRV8 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and
Herndon Ave) 209 6,257 -- 1.35E-02
MD_TRV9 Spruce Ave (Between Entry A and
Arthur Ave) 209 1,564 -- 1.35E-02
MD_TRV10 Herndon Ave (Between Riverside
Dr and Arthur Ave) 1,059 6,257 -- 6.85E-02
MD_TRV11 Spruce Ave (Between Riverside
Drive and Entry A) 56 1,564 -- 3.61E-03
MD_TRV12 Arthur Ave (Between Spruce Ave
and Entry F) 61 1,564 -- 3.95E-03
MD_TRV13 Spruce Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 382 1,564 -- 2.47E-02
MD_TRV14 Riverside Drive (North of Spruce
Ave) 385 1,564 -- 2.49E-02
Source Group ID Modeled Roadway Link 1
Idle Duration
(minutes/round
trip)

Page 1 of 2 ends

Table D-3. Delivery Truck Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Project VMT2
(miles)
Project Trips2
(one-way trips)
DPM Exhaust
Emissions3,4 Annual Annual
Annual
Source Group ID Modeled Roadway Link (lb/year) 1
Idle Duration
(minutes/round
trip)
MD_TRV15 Spruce Ave (East of Arthur Ave) 258 1,043 -- 1.67E-02 MD_TRV16 Riverside Dr (South of Herndon
Ave) 300 1,043 -- 1.94E-02
MD_TRV17 Herndon Ave (East of Arthur Ave) 257 1,043 -- 1.66E-02 MD_TRV18 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and
Entry F) 285 1,564 -- 1.84E-02
MD_IDLE1 On-Site Idling -- 7,300 5 8.36E-03
MD_IDLE2 On-Site Idling -- 7,300 5 8.36E-03
Notes:

Conversion Factor:
453.59 g/lb
Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
DPM - diesel particulate matter
g - grams
lb - pounds
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
4 DPM emissions for on-site vehicle idling were estimated using the number of round trips (i.e., half of the one-way trips) and DPM idling exhaust emission factor from Table D-2. 1
See Figure 2 for a graphic representation of the modeled sources. 2 Data was obtained from Table D-1. 3
DPM running exhaust emissions were calculated using the emission factors from Table D-2 along with Project VMT and trips.

Page 2 of 2 ends

Table D-4. Gasoline Transfer and Dispensing Emissions Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California LOADING BREATH SPILL Loading Breathing Refueling Hose Permeation Total Spillage 0.15 0.024 0.356 0.009 -- 0.24 Benzene 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% -- 1.00% Ethyl Benzene 1.60% 1.60% 1.60% 1.60% -- 1.60% Toluene 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% -- 8.0% Xylene 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% -- 2.4% Benzene 0.0022 0.0003 0.0051 0.0001 0.0053 0.0115 Ethyl Benzene 0.0115 0.0018 0.0273 0.0007 0.0280 0.0184 Toluene 0.0576 0.0092 0.1367 0.0035 0.1402 0.0922 Xylene 0.0173 0.0028 0.0410 0.0010 0.0420 0.0276 Benzene 11.48 1.84 27.23 0.69 27.92 61.20 Ethyl Benzene 61.20 9.79 145.25 3.67 148.92 97.92 Toluene 306.00 48.96 726.24 18.36 744.60 489.60 Xylene 91.80 14.69 217.87 5.51 223.38 146.88 Throughput: Maximum Hourly 4,800 gallons/hr Annual 25.5 million gallons/year Notes: Abbreviations: CAPCOA - California Air Pollution Control Officers Association lb - pounds CARB - California Air Resources Board SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District hr - hour VOC - volatile organic compounds 1 Emission factors and speciation obtained from SJVAPCD and CAPCOA 1997 Gasoline Service Station Industrywide Risk Assessment Technical Guidance. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//ab2588/rrap-iwra/gasiwra.pdf and https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/AB-2588-Toxics-Profiles.docx. Accessed: October 2021. 2 Maximum hourly throughput is based on a maximum of 15 vehicles per dispensing position per hour, with an average fill up of 10 gallons per vehicle. Source Group ID Weight Percent Emissions (lb/hr) VOC Emission Factor (lb/1,000 gallons) REFILL Emissions (lb/year) Page 1 of 1 Ramboll VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5

2.52 2.12 0.32 0.002 0.06 0.06
Number of Trips with
TRUs3 712
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
TRU_1 4,591 16.17 13.56 2.03 0.01 0.38 0.35
TRU_2 784 2.76 2.32 0.35 0.00 0.07 0.06
TRU_3 1,457 30.79 25.83 3.87 0.02 0.73 0.67
TRU_4 744 15.71 13.18 1.97 0.01 0.37 0.34
TRU_5 317 1.12 0.94 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.02
TRU_6 1,607 5.66 4.75 0.71 0.00 0.13 0.12
Constants:

Horsepower 4
50 bhp
Load Factor 5

0.38 TRU Idling Duration 6
0 min
On-Site Travel 7
5 miles/hr
Off-Site Travel 7
30 miles/hr
Fuel Consumption2

0.04 gal/hp-hr
Fuel Sulfur Content2
15 ppm
Density of Diesel 3,221 g/gal
Conversion Factors:
453.59 g/lb
1,000,000 g/MT
60 min/hr
365 day/year
2,000 lb/ton
Abbreviations:
bph - brake horsepower NOx
- oxides of nitrogen
CARB - California Air Resources Board PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter g - grams ppm - parts per million
gal - gallon SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District hp - horsepower SOx
- oxides of sulfur
hr - hour TRU - transport/transportation refrigeration unit lb - pounds VOC - volatile organic compounds
min - minutes
5 Load factor obtained from CARB Draft 2019 Update to Emissions Inventory for Transport Refrigeration Units, for TRUs Over 25 hp, 2013 and newer. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/cold-storage/documents/hra_emissioninventory2019.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022. 6 It is assumed that TRUs will be powered by electric plug-ins at each loading dock during delivieries to the warehouse. Therefore, zero emissions are estimated to occur from TRUs at the loading docks due to zero minutes of TRU idling duration. 7 TRU On-Road Duration is based on the segment length and travel speed for each roadway. On-site travel speed is assumed to be 5 miles per hour, and off-site travel speed is assumed to be 30 miles per hour. Assumptions are based on Table II.G.1 of CARB Proposed Amendments to the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/board/rulemaking/tru2021/appi.pdf. Accessed: July 2022.

Annual Average TRU Emissions
Annual VMT (lb/year)
Modeled Roadway Link (miles/year) 4
Horsepower is based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling, section 2.3.1 Transportation Refrigeration unit (TRU), Modeling Parameters.

Emission Factor1,2
(g/bhp-hr)
Notes: 1
Emission factors obtained from OFFROAD2021 emissions output for Calendar Year 2023, Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Instate Trailer and Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Out-Of-State Trailer in Fresno County. 2 SOX emission factors based on sulfur content of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm) and fuel consumption from OFFROAD2021. 3 Approximately 15% of warehouse delivery trucks are equipped with TRUs.

Page 1 of 1 ends

Table D-5. TRU Emission Calculations
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX E

AERMOD INPUTS
Table E-1. Modeled Source Parameters - Point Sources C ostco Commercial C enter Fresno, California Source Type Model ID Description Stack Height1 (m) Stack Temperature1 (K) Exit Velocity1 (m/s) Stack Diameter1 (m) Emission Rate (g/s) Point LOADING GDF loading em issions 3.66 291.00 0.00035 0.0508 1 Point BREATH GDF brea thing emissions 3.66 288.71 0.000106 0.0508 1 Point FT_IDLE Fuel Delivery Truck Idling 3.84 366.0 51.71 0.100 1 Point WT_IDLE_EAST Warehouse Delivery Truck Idling 3.84 366.0 51.71 0.100 1 Point WT_IDLE_WEST Warehouse Delivery Truck Idling 3.84 366.0 51.71 0.100 1 Point MD_IDLE_EAST MDO Delivery Truck Idling 0.18 366.0 0.001 0.100 1 Point MD_IDLE_WEST MDO Delivery Truck Idling 0.18 366.0 0.001 0.100 1 Note s: Abbrevia tions: gal - gallons SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District GDF - gasoline dispensing facility s - se cond g - gram TRU - transporta tion re frigera tion unit K - Kelvin yr - year m - me ters 1 Point source parame te rs are ba sed on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Re source s/Modeling%20Guidance .pdf. Acce ssed: O ctober 2021. P age 1 of 1 Ramboll Table E-2. Modeled Source Parameters - Volume Sources Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California Source Type Model ID Description Release Height1,2 (m) Initial Lateral Dimension, Sigma Y3,4 (m) Initial Vertical Dimension, Sigma Z1,2 (m) Emission Rate5 (g/s) Volume REFILL Refueling and Hose Permeation 4.0 8.79 1.86 1.0 Volume SPILL Spillage 4.0 8.79 1.86 1.0 Volume VOL_1 through VOL_241 On-Site Construction Equipment 5.0 9.30 1.40 1.0 Notes: Abbreviations: g - gram SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District GDF - gasoline dispensing facility s - second m - meters USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency SCAQMD - South Coast Air Quality Management District References: USEPA. 2015. Transportation Conformity Guidance for Quantitative Hot-spot Analyses in PM2.5 and PM10 Nonattainment and Maintenance Areas Appendices. November. Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPdf.cgi?Dockey=P100NN22.pdf. Accessed: May 2021. 5 Emission rate for on-site construction equipment represents the sum of all volume source emission rates. 1 Release height and Sigma Z for refueling, hose permeation, and spillage are based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. 2 Release height and Sigma Z for on-site construction equipment are based on SCAQMD Localized Significance Threshold Methodology. 3 Initial lateral dimension for refueling, hose permeation, and spillage are based on the dimensions of the GDF canopy and calculated using USEPA AERMOD Guidance. 4 Initial lateral dimension for on-site construction equipment is based on 20 meters of a volume source length of side provided in SCAQMD Localized Significance Threshold Methodology and calculated using USEPA AERMOD Guidance. SCAQMD. 2008. Localized Significance Threshold Methodology. Available at: http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/ceqa/handbook/localized-significance- thresholds/final-lst-methodology-document.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed: January 2022. SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: October 2021. Page 1 of 1 Ramboll Table E-3. Modeled Source Parameters - Mobile Sources Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California Source Type Model ID Description Plume Width1 (m) Plume Height2,3 (m) Release Height4,5 (m) Line-Volume FT_TRV1 through FT_TRV10 Fuel Delivery Truck Travel 3.66 6.80 3.40 Line-Volume WT_TRV1 through WT_TRV6 Warehouse Delivery Truck Travel 3.66 6.80 3.40 Line-Volume MD_TRV1 through MD_TRV18 MDO Truck Travel 3.66 3.84 1.83 Line-Volume OFFTRV1 through OFFTRV7 Construction-Related Vendor and Hauling Truck Travel 3.66 6.80 3.40 Notes: Abbreviations: m - meters MDO - market delivery operation SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency References: SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: October 2021. USEPA. 2015. Transportation Conformity Guidance for Quantitative Hot-spot Analyses in PM2.5 and PM10 Nonattainment and Maintenance Areas Appendices. November. Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPdf.cgi?Dockey=P100NN22.pdf. Accessed: May 2021. 4 Release height for fuel delivery, warehouse delivery, and construction-related trucks is estimated as half of the initial vertical dimension based on the USEPA Transportation Conformity Guidance. 5 Release height for MDO delivery trucks is equal to SJVAPCD recommended value of 6 feet for truck height. This release height is lower than the release heights for other trucks to capture the low-level placement of the MDO delivery trucks' tailpipe exhausts. 1 Plume width is equal to SJVAPCD recommended value of 12 feet for truck width. Diana Walker (SJVAPCD) confirmed this value on October 7, 2021. 2 The plume height for fuel delivery, warehouse delivery, and construction-related trucks is assumed to be equal to 1.7 times the vehicle height. Vehicle height is based on the USEPA Transportation Conformity Guidance. 3 The plume height for MDO delivery trucks is equal to SJVAPCD recommended value of 12.6 feet for truck height. This plume height is lower than the plume heights for other trucks to capture the low-level placement of the MDO delivery trucks' tailpipe exhausts. Page 1 of 1 Ramboll Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX F
HARP2 OUTPUTS
Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
1 240425.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.13 5.58E-03 0.00E+00
3 240475.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.16 6.73E-03 0.00E+00
4 240500.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.18 7.51E-03 0.00E+00
13 240725.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.34 1.42E-02 0.00E+00
14 240750.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.34 1.40E-02 0.00E+00
15 240400.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.15 6.08E-03 0.00E+00
16 240425.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.16 6.73E-03 0.00E+00
18 240475.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.20 8.49E-03 0.00E+00
19 240500.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.24 9.79E-03 0.00E+00
28 240725.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.43 1.78E-02 0.00E+00
29 240750.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.41 1.70E-02 0.00E+00
30 240775.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.38 1.56E-02 0.00E+00
32 240400.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.18 7.26E-03 0.00E+00
33 240425.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.20 8.27E-03 0.00E+00
35 240475.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.27 1.12E-02 0.00E+00
36 240500.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.33 1.38E-02 0.00E+00
67 240375.00 4080750.00 Residential 7.00 8.52E-03 0.00E+00 75 240375.00 4080775.00 Residential 7.94 9.67E-03 0.00E+00 76 240400.00 4080775.00 Residential 9.64 1.17E-02 0.00E+00 77 240425.00 4080775.00 Residential 12.21 1.49E-02 0.00E+00 83 240375.00 4080800.00 Residential 8.87 1.08E-02 0.00E+00 84 240400.00 4080800.00 Residential 10.96 1.34E-02 0.00E+00 85 240425.00 4080800.00 Residential 14.21 1.73E-02 0.00E+00 91 240375.00 4080825.00 Residential 9.71 1.18E-02 0.00E+00 92 240400.00 4080825.00 Residential 12.15 1.48E-02 0.00E+00 93 240425.00 4080825.00 Residential 15.93 1.94E-02 0.00E+00 99 240375.00 4080850.00 Residential 10.39 1.26E-02 0.00E+00 100 240400.00 4080850.00 Residential 13.02 1.58E-02 0.00E+00 101 240425.00 4080850.00 Residential 16.99 2.07E-02 0.00E+00 108 240400.00 4080875.00 Residential 13.59 1.65E-02 0.00E+00 109 240425.00 4080875.00 Residential 17.62 2.15E-02 0.00E+00 115 240375.00 4080900.00 Residential 11.17 1.36E-02 0.00E+00 116 240400.00 4080900.00 Residential 13.93 1.70E-02 0.00E+00 117 240425.00 4080900.00 Residential 18.00 2.19E-02 0.00E+00 123 240375.00 4080925.00 Residential 11.32 1.38E-02 0.00E+00 124 240400.00 4080925.00 Residential 14.08 1.71E-02 0.00E+00 125 240425.00 4080925.00 Residential 18.14 2.21E-02 0.00E+00 139 240375.00 4080975.00 Residential 11.17 1.36E-02 0.00E+00 140 240400.00 4080975.00 Residential 13.88 1.69E-02 0.00E+00 141 240425.00 4080975.00 Residential 17.88 2.18E-02 0.00E+00 147 240375.00 4081000.00 Residential 10.87 1.32E-02 0.00E+00 148 240400.00 4081000.00 Residential 13.51 1.64E-02 0.00E+00 149 240425.00 4081000.00 Residential 17.43 2.12E-02 0.00E+00 156 240400.00 4081025.00 Residential 12.91 1.57E-02 0.00E+00 157 240425.00 4081025.00 Residential 16.71 2.03E-02 0.00E+00 163 240375.00 4081050.00 Residential 9.70 1.18E-02 0.00E+00 164 240400.00 4081050.00 Residential 12.04 1.47E-02 0.00E+00 165 240425.00 4081050.00 Residential 15.59 1.90E-02 0.00E+00 171 240375.00 4081075.00 Residential 8.84 1.08E-02 0.00E+00 172 240400.00 4081075.00 Residential 10.84 1.32E-02 0.00E+00 173 240425.00 4081075.00 Residential 13.86 1.69E-02 0.00E+00 189 240375.00 4081125.00 Residential 6.90 8.40E-03 0.00E+00 Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index

Page 1 of 8 ends

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
190 240400.00 4081125.00 Residential 7.93 9.66E-03 0.00E+00 191 240425.00 4081125.00 Residential 9.13 1.11E-02 0.00E+00 192 240450.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.31 1.26E-02 0.00E+00
193 240475.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.34 1.41E-02 0.00E+00
194 240500.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.38 1.55E-02 0.00E+00
195 240525.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.40 1.65E-02 0.00E+00
196 240550.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.40 1.68E-02 0.00E+00
197 240575.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.40 1.65E-02 0.00E+00
207 240375.00 4081150.00 Residential 5.92 7.21E-03 0.00E+00 208 240400.00 4081150.00 Residential 6.57 8.01E-03 0.00E+00 209 240425.00 4081150.00 Residential 7.26 8.84E-03 0.00E+00 210 240450.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.23 9.65E-03 0.00E+00
211 240475.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.25 1.04E-02 0.00E+00
212 240500.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.26 1.09E-02 0.00E+00
213 240525.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.27 1.12E-02 0.00E+00
214 240550.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.27 1.12E-02 0.00E+00
215 240575.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.26 1.09E-02 0.00E+00
216 240600.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.25 1.03E-02 0.00E+00
217 240625.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.23 9.52E-03 0.00E+00
218 240650.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.21 8.49E-03 0.00E+00
219 240675.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.18 7.27E-03 0.00E+00
220 240700.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.14 5.99E-03 0.00E+00
221 240725.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.12 4.91E-03 0.00E+00
222 240750.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.10 4.09E-03 0.00E+00
223 240775.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.08 3.48E-03 0.00E+00
224 240425.00 4081175.00 Residential 5.86 7.13E-03 0.00E+00 225 240450.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.18 7.57E-03 0.00E+00
226 240475.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.19 7.89E-03 0.00E+00
227 240500.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.20 8.10E-03 0.00E+00
228 240525.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.20 8.13E-03 0.00E+00
229 240550.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.19 7.99E-03 0.00E+00
230 240575.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.19 7.69E-03 0.00E+00
231 240600.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.17 7.23E-03 0.00E+00
232 240625.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.16 6.65E-03 0.00E+00
233 240650.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.14 5.96E-03 0.00E+00
234 240675.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.13 5.21E-03 0.00E+00
235 240700.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.11 4.49E-03 0.00E+00
236 240725.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.09 3.85E-03 0.00E+00
237 240750.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.08 3.33E-03 0.00E+00
238 240775.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.07 2.91E-03 0.00E+00
239 240525.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.19E-03 0.00E+00
240 240550.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.03E-03 0.00E+00
241 240575.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.14 5.76E-03 0.00E+00
242 240600.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.13 5.41E-03 0.00E+00
243 240625.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.12 4.99E-03 0.00E+00
244 240650.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.11 4.52E-03 0.00E+00
245 240675.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.10 4.03E-03 0.00E+00
246 240700.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.09 3.56E-03 0.00E+00
247 240725.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.08 3.15E-03 0.00E+00
248 240750.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.07 2.79E-03 0.00E+00
249 240400.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.06 2.37E-03 0.00E+00
250 240450.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.06 2.60E-03 0.00E+00

Page 2 of 8 ends

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
251 240500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.07 2.87E-03 0.00E+00
256 240750.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.12 5.06E-03 0.00E+00
257 240800.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.13 5.41E-03 0.00E+00
258 240300.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.06 2.44E-03 0.00E+00
259 240350.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.06 2.67E-03 0.00E+00
260 240400.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.07 2.94E-03 0.00E+00
261 240450.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.08 3.27E-03 0.00E+00
267 240750.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.17 6.89E-03 0.00E+00
268 240800.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.17 7.14E-03 0.00E+00
269 240850.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.17 7.03E-03 0.00E+00
270 240300.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.07 3.04E-03 0.00E+00
271 240350.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.08 3.38E-03 0.00E+00
272 240400.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.09 3.79E-03 0.00E+00
274 240500.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.12 5.00E-03 0.00E+00
279 240750.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.23 9.68E-03 0.00E+00
280 240800.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.23 9.51E-03 0.00E+00
281 240850.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.21 8.78E-03 0.00E+00
282 240900.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.19 7.78E-03 0.00E+00
283 240250.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.08 3.38E-03 0.00E+00
284 240300.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.09 3.84E-03 0.00E+00
285 240350.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.11 4.41E-03 0.00E+00
286 240400.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.12 5.13E-03 0.00E+00
287 240800.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.30 1.25E-02 0.00E+00
288 240850.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.25 1.05E-02 0.00E+00
289 240900.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.21 8.74E-03 0.00E+00
297 240300.00 4080750.00 Residential 4.73 5.76E-03 0.00E+00 298 240350.00 4080750.00 Residential 6.05 7.37E-03 0.00E+00 299 240850.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.29 1.22E-02 0.00E+00
300 240900.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.22 9.29E-03 0.00E+00
301 240950.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.17 7.22E-03 0.00E+00
302 240250.00 4080800.00 Residential 4.33 5.28E-03 0.00E+00 303 240300.00 4080800.00 Residential 5.52 6.72E-03 0.00E+00 305 240850.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.29 1.20E-02 0.00E+00
306 240900.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.21 8.89E-03 0.00E+00
307 240950.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.16 6.75E-03 0.00E+00
308 240250.00 4080850.00 Residential 4.76 5.80E-03 0.00E+00 309 240300.00 4080850.00 Residential 6.20 7.55E-03 0.00E+00 311 240850.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.27 1.13E-02 0.00E+00
312 240900.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.20 8.14E-03 0.00E+00
313 240950.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.15 6.05E-03 0.00E+00
314 240250.00 4080900.00 Residential 5.05 6.15E-03 0.00E+00 315 240300.00 4080900.00 Residential 6.65 8.10E-03 0.00E+00 317 240850.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.24 1.01E-02 0.00E+00
318 240900.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.17 7.09E-03 0.00E+00
319 240950.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.12 5.17E-03 0.00E+00
321 240300.00 4080950.00 Residential 6.77 8.24E-03 0.00E+00 323 240850.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.20 8.46E-03 0.00E+00
324 240900.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.14 5.81E-03 0.00E+00
325 240950.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.10 4.22E-03 0.00E+00
326 240250.00 4081000.00 Residential 4.97 6.05E-03 0.00E+00 327 240300.00 4081000.00 Residential 6.51 7.93E-03 0.00E+00 329 240850.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.16 6.50E-03 0.00E+00

Page 3 of 8 ends

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
330 240900.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.11 4.47E-03 0.00E+00
331 240950.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.08 3.30E-03 0.00E+00
332 240250.00 4081050.00 Residential 4.61 5.61E-03 0.00E+00 333 240300.00 4081050.00 Residential 5.94 7.23E-03 0.00E+00 335 240850.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.11 4.59E-03 0.00E+00
336 240900.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.08 3.30E-03 0.00E+00
337 240950.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.06 2.53E-03 0.00E+00
338 240250.00 4081100.00 Residential 4.14 5.04E-03 0.00E+00 339 240300.00 4081100.00 Residential 5.18 6.31E-03 0.00E+00 340 240350.00 4081100.00 Residential 6.76 8.23E-03 0.00E+00 341 240850.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.08 3.19E-03 0.00E+00
342 240900.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.06 2.45E-03 0.00E+00
343 240950.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.05 1.97E-03 0.00E+00
344 240250.00 4081150.00 Residential 3.62 4.41E-03 0.00E+00 345 240300.00 4081150.00 Residential 4.35 5.30E-03 0.00E+00 346 240350.00 4081150.00 Residential 5.33 6.49E-03 0.00E+00 347 240800.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.07 3.01E-03 0.00E+00
348 240850.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.06 2.34E-03 0.00E+00
349 240900.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.05 1.89E-03 0.00E+00
350 240950.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.04 1.57E-03 0.00E+00
351 240250.00 4081200.00 Residential 3.07 3.73E-03 0.00E+00 352 240300.00 4081200.00 Residential 3.52 4.29E-03 0.00E+00 353 240350.00 4081200.00 Residential 4.04 4.91E-03 0.00E+00 354 240400.00 4081200.00 Residential 4.56 5.55E-03 0.00E+00 355 240450.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.05E-03 0.00E+00
356 240500.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.24E-03 0.00E+00
357 240800.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.05 2.22E-03 0.00E+00
358 240850.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.04 1.81E-03 0.00E+00
359 240900.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.04 1.52E-03 0.00E+00
360 240300.00 4081250.00 Residential 2.79 3.40E-03 0.00E+00 361 240350.00 4081250.00 Residential 3.04 3.70E-03 0.00E+00 362 240400.00 4081250.00 Residential 3.25 3.96E-03 0.00E+00 363 240450.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.10 4.09E-03 0.00E+00
364 240500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.10 4.05E-03 0.00E+00
365 240550.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.09 3.82E-03 0.00E+00
366 240600.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.08 3.45E-03 0.00E+00
367 240650.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.07 2.97E-03 0.00E+00
368 240700.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.06 2.48E-03 0.00E+00
369 240750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.05 2.07E-03 0.00E+00
370 240800.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.04 1.72E-03 0.00E+00
371 240850.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.04 1.45E-03 0.00E+00
372 240900.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.03 1.24E-03 0.00E+00
373 240350.00 4081300.00 Residential 2.33 2.83E-03 0.00E+00 374 240400.00 4081300.00 Residential 2.40 2.93E-03 0.00E+00 375 240450.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.07 2.94E-03 0.00E+00
376 240500.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.07 2.85E-03 0.00E+00
377 240550.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.06 2.68E-03 0.00E+00
378 240600.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.06 2.44E-03 0.00E+00
379 240650.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.05 2.15E-03 0.00E+00
380 240700.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.05 1.87E-03 0.00E+00
381 240750.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.04 1.61E-03 0.00E+00
382 240800.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.03 1.39E-03 0.00E+00

Page 4 of 8 ends

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
383 240850.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.03 1.20E-03 0.00E+00
384 240500.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.05 2.14E-03 0.00E+00
385 240550.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.05 2.00E-03 0.00E+00
386 240600.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.04 1.84E-03 0.00E+00
387 240650.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.04 1.65E-03 0.00E+00
388 240700.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.04 1.47E-03 0.00E+00
389 240750.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.03 1.31E-03 0.00E+00
390 240300.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.03 1.11E-03 0.00E+00
391 240400.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.03 1.26E-03 0.00E+00
392 240500.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.03 1.41E-03 0.00E+00
393 240600.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.04 1.57E-03 0.00E+00
395 240800.00 4080300.00 Residential 1.77 2.15E-03 0.00E+00 396 240900.00 4080300.00 Residential 2.03 2.47E-03 0.00E+00 397 240100.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.03 1.17E-03 0.00E+00
398 240200.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.03 1.28E-03 0.00E+00
399 240300.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.03 1.45E-03 0.00E+00
400 240400.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.04 1.68E-03 0.00E+00
401 240500.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.05 1.93E-03 0.00E+00
404 240800.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.08 3.27E-03 0.00E+00
405 240900.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.09 3.64E-03 0.00E+00
406 241000.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.09 3.65E-03 0.00E+00
409 240300.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.05 2.01E-03 0.00E+00
410 240900.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.13 5.47E-03 0.00E+00
411 241000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.12 4.84E-03 0.00E+00
412 241100.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.10 3.96E-03 0.00E+00
413 240000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.04 1.73E-03 0.00E+00
415 240200.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.06 2.52E-03 0.00E+00
416 241000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.14 5.80E-03 0.00E+00
417 241100.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.10 4.23E-03 0.00E+00
418 240000.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.05 2.05E-03 0.00E+00
419 240100.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.06 2.61E-03 0.00E+00
420 240200.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.08 3.45E-03 0.00E+00
424 240000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.05 2.27E-03 0.00E+00
425 240100.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.49 3.03E-03 0.00E+00 426 240200.00 4080800.00 Residential 3.52 4.29E-03 0.00E+00 427 241000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.13 5.23E-03 0.00E+00
428 241100.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.72 3.31E-03 0.00E+00 429 241200.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.84 2.24E-03 0.00E+00 430 240000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.06 2.34E-03 0.00E+00
431 240100.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.66 3.24E-03 0.00E+00 432 240200.00 4080900.00 Residential 3.98 4.84E-03 0.00E+00 433 241000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.09 3.91E-03 0.00E+00
434 241100.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.01 2.45E-03 0.00E+00 435 241200.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.38 1.68E-03 0.00E+00 438 240200.00 4081000.00 Residential 3.92 4.77E-03 0.00E+00 439 241000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.06 2.56E-03 0.00E+00
440 241100.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.40 1.70E-03 0.00E+00 441 241200.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.01 1.23E-03 0.00E+00 442 240000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.05 2.20E-03 0.00E+00
443 240100.00 4081100.00 Residential 2.42 2.94E-03 0.00E+00 444 240200.00 4081100.00 Residential 3.40 4.14E-03 0.00E+00 445 241000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.04 1.63E-03 0.00E+00

Page 5 of 8 ends

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
446 241100.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.97 1.19E-03 0.00E+00 447 241200.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.75 9.13E-04 0.00E+00 448 240000.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.05 1.98E-03 0.00E+00
449 240100.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.07 2.52E-03 0.00E+00 450 240200.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.67 3.26E-03 0.00E+00 451 241000.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.92 1.12E-03 0.00E+00 452 241100.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.72 8.76E-04 0.00E+00 453 240000.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.04 1.68E-03 0.00E+00
454 240100.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.64 1.99E-03 0.00E+00 455 240200.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.92 2.34E-03 0.00E+00 456 240300.00 4081300.00 Residential 2.21 2.69E-03 0.00E+00 457 240900.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.03 1.04E-03 0.00E+00
458 241000.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.67 8.16E-04 0.00E+00 459 241100.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.55 6.68E-04 0.00E+00 460 240100.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.23 1.50E-03 0.00E+00 461 240200.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.34 1.63E-03 0.00E+00 462 240300.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.43 1.74E-03 0.00E+00 463 240400.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.46 1.78E-03 0.00E+00 464 240500.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.04 1.67E-03 0.00E+00
465 240600.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.03 1.44E-03 0.00E+00
466 240700.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.03 1.20E-03 0.00E+00
467 240800.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.02 9.77E-04 0.00E+00
468 240900.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.02 7.77E-04 0.00E+00
469 241000.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.51 6.25E-04 0.00E+00 470 241100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.43 5.22E-04 0.00E+00 471 240200.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.97 1.18E-03 0.00E+00 472 240300.00 4081500.00 Residential 1.00 1.22E-03 0.00E+00 473 240400.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.99 1.20E-03 0.00E+00 474 240500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.03 1.11E-03 0.00E+00
475 240600.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 9.74E-04 0.00E+00
476 240700.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 8.46E-04 0.00E+00
477 240800.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 7.31E-04 0.00E+00
478 240900.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.01 6.13E-04 0.00E+00
479 241000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.42 5.06E-04 0.00E+00 480 240500.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.02 8.00E-04 0.00E+00
481 240600.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.02 7.10E-04 0.00E+00
482 240700.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.02 6.35E-04 0.00E+00
483 240800.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.01 5.70E-04 0.00E+00
484 240500.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.01 4.62E-04 0.00E+00
485 240750.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.01 5.37E-04 0.00E+00
486 240000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.39 4.80E-04 0.00E+00 487 240250.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.01 5.99E-04 0.00E+00
489 240750.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.02 8.57E-04 0.00E+00
490 241000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.92 1.12E-03 0.00E+00 491 241250.00 4080000.00 Residential 1.08 1.31E-03 0.00E+00 492 239750.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.02 6.57E-04 0.00E+00
493 240000.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.02 7.65E-04 0.00E+00
494 240250.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.02 9.30E-04 0.00E+00
495 241000.00 4080250.00 Residential 1.86 2.26E-03 0.00E+00 496 241250.00 4080250.00 Residential 1.77 2.16E-03 0.00E+00 501 241250.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.07 2.77E-03 0.00E+00
506 241500.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.86 1.04E-03 0.00E+00

Page 6 of 8 ends

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
507 239500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.02 8.00E-04 0.00E+00
508 239750.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.03 1.25E-03 0.00E+00
510 241500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.50 6.04E-04 0.00E+00 511 239500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.02 7.70E-04 0.00E+00
512 239750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.03 1.15E-03 0.00E+00
513 241250.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.48 5.79E-04 0.00E+00 514 241500.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.32 3.95E-04 0.00E+00 515 239750.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 8.63E-04 0.00E+00
516 240000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.03 1.06E-03 0.00E+00
517 241250.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.28 3.45E-04 0.00E+00 518 241500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.22 2.68E-04 0.00E+00 519 239750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 4.96E-04 0.00E+00
520 240000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 5.31E-04 0.00E+00
521 240250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 5.60E-04 0.00E+00
522 240500.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 4.81E-04 0.00E+00
523 240750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 4.27E-04 0.00E+00
524 241000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 3.36E-04 0.00E+00
525 241250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 2.42E-04 0.00E+00
526 240250.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.67E-04 0.00E+00
527 240500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.08E-04 0.00E+00
528 240750.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 2.51E-04 0.00E+00
529 241000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 2.30E-04 0.00E+00
531 240000.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.16 1.91E-04 0.00E+00 532 240500.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.16 2.00E-04 0.00E+00 534 241500.00 4079000.00 Worker 0.01 3.10E-04 0.00E+00
535 239000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.00 1.95E-04 0.00E+00
536 239500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.18 2.20E-04 0.00E+00 537 240000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.23 2.74E-04 0.00E+00 538 240500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.27 3.32E-04 0.00E+00 539 241000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.01 4.44E-04 0.00E+00
540 241500.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.01 5.98E-04 0.00E+00
541 242000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.49 5.97E-04 0.00E+00 542 239000.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.01 3.16E-04 0.00E+00
543 239500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.32 3.90E-04 0.00E+00 544 241500.00 4080000.00 Residential 1.03 1.25E-03 0.00E+00 545 242000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.65 7.91E-04 0.00E+00 546 242500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.36 4.34E-04 0.00E+00 547 238500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 2.79E-04 0.00E+00
548 239000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 4.30E-04 0.00E+00
549 242000.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.47 5.77E-04 0.00E+00 550 242500.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.25 3.02E-04 0.00E+00 551 238500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 2.73E-04 0.00E+00
552 239000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 4.28E-04 0.00E+00
553 242000.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.23 2.85E-04 0.00E+00 554 242500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.14 1.73E-04 0.00E+00 555 238500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.01 2.49E-04 0.00E+00
556 239000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.01 3.92E-04 0.00E+00
557 239500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 6.63E-04 0.00E+00
558 242000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.15 1.79E-04 0.00E+00 559 242500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.10 1.24E-04 0.00E+00 560 239000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 2.86E-04 0.00E+00
561 239500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.34E-04 0.00E+00

Page 7 of 8 ends

Page 8 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
1 240425.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.53 1.39E-03 3.98E-02
3 240475.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.56 1.50E-03 4.23E-02
4 240500.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.56 1.55E-03 4.38E-02
13 240725.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.78 2.05E-03 4.11E-02
14 240750.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.69 2.17E-03 4.02E-02
15 240400.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.66 1.46E-03 4.16E-02
16 240425.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.68 1.51E-03 4.23E-02
18 240475.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.72 1.64E-03 4.53E-02
19 240500.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.73 1.70E-03 4.73E-02
28 240725.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.88 2.30E-03 4.46E-02
29 240750.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.75 2.44E-03 4.34E-02
30 240775.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.62 2.58E-03 4.24E-02
32 240400.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.90 1.59E-03 4.51E-02
33 240425.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.92 1.65E-03 4.51E-02
35 240475.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.98 1.79E-03 4.84E-02
36 240500.00 4080700.00 Worker 1.01 1.87E-03 5.05E-02
67 240375.00 4080750.00 Residential 5.56 1.88E-03 5.00E-02 75 240375.00 4080775.00 Residential 5.22 2.10E-03 5.24E-02 76 240400.00 4080775.00 Residential 6.11 2.17E-03 5.57E-02 77 240425.00 4080775.00 Residential 7.61 2.25E-03 5.75E-02 83 240375.00 4080800.00 Residential 5.17 2.35E-03 5.58E-02 84 240400.00 4080800.00 Residential 6.16 2.44E-03 5.98E-02 85 240425.00 4080800.00 Residential 7.76 2.54E-03 6.27E-02 91 240375.00 4080825.00 Residential 5.20 2.65E-03 5.94E-02 92 240400.00 4080825.00 Residential 6.26 2.76E-03 6.34E-02 93 240425.00 4080825.00 Residential 7.95 2.88E-03 6.87E-02 99 240375.00 4080850.00 Residential 5.13 3.01E-03 6.27E-02 100 240400.00 4080850.00 Residential 6.22 3.15E-03 6.79E-02 101 240425.00 4080850.00 Residential 8.30 3.30E-03 7.28E-02 108 240400.00 4080875.00 Residential 5.76 3.63E-03 7.21E-02 109 240425.00 4080875.00 Residential 7.07 3.82E-03 7.87E-02 115 240375.00 4080900.00 Residential 4.61 3.99E-03 7.18E-02 116 240400.00 4080900.00 Residential 5.15 4.23E-03 7.75E-02 117 240425.00 4080900.00 Residential 5.76 4.48E-03 8.47E-02 123 240375.00 4080925.00 Residential 4.34 4.63E-03 8.11E-02 124 240400.00 4080925.00 Residential 4.70 4.97E-03 8.34E-02 125 240425.00 4080925.00 Residential 5.15 5.32E-03 9.16E-02 139 240375.00 4080975.00 Residential 4.07 6.02E-03 9.45E-02 140 240400.00 4080975.00 Residential 4.46 6.74E-03 1.04E-01 141 240425.00 4080975.00 Residential 4.99 7.55E-03 1.18E-01 147 240375.00 4081000.00 Residential 4.02 6.59E-03 9.92E-02 148 240400.00 4081000.00 Residential 4.48 7.55E-03 1.08E-01 149 240425.00 4081000.00 Residential 5.14 8.71E-03 1.24E-01 156 240400.00 4081025.00 Residential 4.50 8.12E-03 1.14E-01 157 240425.00 4081025.00 Residential 5.28 9.60E-03 1.33E-01 163 240375.00 4081050.00 Residential 3.89 7.14E-03 1.02E-01 164 240400.00 4081050.00 Residential 4.47 8.42E-03 1.17E-01 165 240425.00 4081050.00 Residential 5.32 1.01E-02 1.34E-01 171 240375.00 4081075.00 Residential 3.84 7.19E-03 1.06E-01 172 240400.00 4081075.00 Residential 4.42 8.51E-03 1.21E-01 173 240425.00 4081075.00 Residential 5.31 1.03E-02 1.40E-01 189 240375.00 4081125.00 Residential 3.43 7.12E-03 1.06E-01 Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index

Page 1 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
190 240400.00 4081125.00 Residential 3.96 8.44E-03 1.21E-01 191 240425.00 4081125.00 Residential 4.67 1.02E-02 1.38E-01 192 240450.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.79 1.26E-02 1.61E-01
193 240475.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.95 1.60E-02 1.90E-01
194 240500.00 4081125.00 Worker 1.21 2.11E-02 2.28E-01
195 240525.00 4081125.00 Worker 1.62 2.91E-02 2.83E-01
196 240550.00 4081125.00 Worker 2.30 4.25E-02 3.66E-01
197 240575.00 4081125.00 Worker 3.47 6.52E-02 4.69E-01
207 240375.00 4081150.00 Residential 3.26 7.02E-03 1.04E-01 208 240400.00 4081150.00 Residential 3.74 8.29E-03 1.17E-01 209 240425.00 4081150.00 Residential 4.39 9.95E-03 1.34E-01 210 240450.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.74 1.22E-02 1.55E-01
211 240475.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.88 1.52E-02 1.82E-01
212 240500.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.09 1.94E-02 2.23E-01
213 240525.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.39 2.52E-02 2.70E-01
214 240550.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.76 3.26E-02 3.34E-01
215 240575.00 4081150.00 Worker 2.17 4.07E-02 4.03E-01
216 240600.00 4081150.00 Worker 2.45 4.62E-02 4.85E-01
217 240625.00 4081150.00 Worker 2.35 4.43E-02 5.17E-01
218 240650.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.81 3.37E-02 4.15E-01
219 240675.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.26 2.32E-02 3.25E-01
220 240700.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.89 1.61E-02 2.17E-01
221 240725.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.66 1.17E-02 2.21E-01
222 240750.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.51 8.93E-03 1.76E-01
223 240775.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.41 7.04E-03 1.48E-01
224 240425.00 4081175.00 Residential 4.08 9.41E-03 1.32E-01 225 240450.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.67 1.12E-02 1.51E-01
226 240475.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.78 1.35E-02 1.76E-01
227 240500.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.91 1.62E-02 2.09E-01
228 240525.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.06 1.92E-02 2.44E-01
229 240550.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.20 2.20E-02 2.88E-01
230 240575.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.31 2.41E-02 3.36E-01
231 240600.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.34 2.49E-02 3.63E-01
232 240625.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.24 2.30E-02 3.91E-01
233 240650.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.02 1.87E-02 2.78E-01
234 240675.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.80 1.45E-02 2.46E-01
235 240700.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.61 1.09E-02 1.77E-01
236 240725.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.48 8.39E-03 1.26E-01
237 240750.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.39 6.66E-03 1.40E-01
238 240775.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.32 5.45E-03 1.31E-01
239 240525.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.78 1.38E-02 2.16E-01
240 240550.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.82 1.48E-02 2.51E-01
241 240575.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.85 1.54E-02 2.79E-01
242 240600.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.84 1.53E-02 2.78E-01
243 240625.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.77 1.40E-02 3.04E-01
244 240650.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.66 1.19E-02 2.01E-01
245 240675.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.55 9.80E-03 1.81E-01
246 240700.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.45 7.93E-03 1.63E-01
247 240725.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.37 6.35E-03 1.08E-01
248 240750.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.31 5.17E-03 8.77E-02
249 240400.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.22 8.86E-04 2.84E-02
250 240450.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.22 9.37E-04 3.13E-02

Page 2 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
251 240500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.23 9.71E-04 2.97E-02
256 240750.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.33 1.22E-03 2.76E-02
257 240800.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.34 1.32E-03 2.67E-02
258 240300.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.28 8.99E-04 2.88E-02
259 240350.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.27 9.44E-04 2.89E-02
260 240400.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.27 1.00E-03 3.07E-02
261 240450.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.28 1.07E-03 3.39E-02
267 240750.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.42 1.44E-03 3.11E-02
268 240800.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.41 1.57E-03 3.02E-02
269 240850.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.37 1.71E-03 2.91E-02
270 240300.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.36 1.03E-03 3.13E-02
271 240350.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.36 1.08E-03 3.32E-02
272 240400.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.36 1.15E-03 3.43E-02
274 240500.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.37 1.31E-03 3.72E-02
279 240750.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.56 1.75E-03 3.50E-02
280 240800.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.48 1.92E-03 3.37E-02
281 240850.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.40 2.11E-03 3.23E-02
282 240900.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.33 2.31E-03 3.05E-02
283 240250.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.59 1.16E-03 3.21E-02
284 240300.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.52 1.21E-03 3.52E-02
285 240350.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.51 1.26E-03 3.72E-02
286 240400.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.52 1.34E-03 3.82E-02
287 240800.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.52 2.41E-03 3.84E-02
288 240850.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.40 2.68E-03 3.57E-02
289 240900.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.34 2.92E-03 3.48E-02
297 240300.00 4080750.00 Residential 4.03 1.72E-03 4.23E-02 298 240350.00 4080750.00 Residential 4.96 1.83E-03 4.63E-02 299 240850.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.42 4.72E-03 4.99E-02
300 240900.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.38 4.89E-03 4.60E-02
301 240950.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.35 4.75E-03 4.17E-02
302 240250.00 4080800.00 Residential 3.00 1.96E-03 4.16E-02 303 240300.00 4080800.00 Residential 3.58 2.11E-03 4.69E-02 305 240850.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.47 6.51E-03 5.85E-02
306 240900.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.43 6.36E-03 5.20E-02
307 240950.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.38 5.78E-03 4.68E-02
308 240250.00 4080850.00 Residential 2.91 2.42E-03 4.89E-02 309 240300.00 4080850.00 Residential 3.48 2.64E-03 5.13E-02 311 240850.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.57 9.00E-03 6.83E-02
312 240900.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.49 8.02E-03 5.98E-02
313 240950.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.41 6.70E-03 5.05E-02
314 240250.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.91 2.94E-03 5.43E-02 315 240300.00 4080900.00 Residential 3.44 3.34E-03 6.33E-02 317 240850.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.70 1.20E-02 8.05E-02
318 240900.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.55 9.38E-03 6.74E-02
319 240950.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.42 7.08E-03 5.85E-02
321 240300.00 4080950.00 Residential 3.30 4.06E-03 6.79E-02 323 240850.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.80 1.40E-02 9.42E-02
324 240900.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.55 9.55E-03 7.35E-02
325 240950.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.39 6.61E-03 5.50E-02
326 240250.00 4081000.00 Residential 2.65 3.65E-03 6.02E-02 327 240300.00 4081000.00 Residential 3.07 4.53E-03 7.22E-02 329 240850.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.74 1.31E-02 9.49E-02

Page 3 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
330 240900.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.47 8.15E-03 7.19E-02
331 240950.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.33 5.47E-03 5.93E-02
332 240250.00 4081050.00 Residential 2.48 3.72E-03 6.32E-02 333 240300.00 4081050.00 Residential 2.87 4.70E-03 7.46E-02 335 240850.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.54 9.51E-03 1.03E-01
336 240900.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.35 5.99E-03 7.83E-02
337 240950.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.25 4.12E-03 6.24E-02
338 240250.00 4081100.00 Residential 2.18 3.69E-03 6.49E-02 339 240300.00 4081100.00 Residential 2.58 4.67E-03 7.78E-02 340 240350.00 4081100.00 Residential 3.19 6.14E-03 9.61E-02 341 240850.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.36 5.95E-03 1.01E-01
342 240900.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.25 4.05E-03 7.62E-02
343 240950.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.19 2.94E-03 6.04E-02
344 240250.00 4081150.00 Residential 1.97 3.64E-03 6.35E-02 345 240300.00 4081150.00 Residential 2.34 4.60E-03 7.58E-02 346 240350.00 4081150.00 Residential 2.88 6.03E-03 9.26E-02 347 240800.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.34 5.69E-03 1.22E-01
348 240850.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.24 3.92E-03 8.64E-02
349 240900.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.18 2.87E-03 6.86E-02
350 240950.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.14 2.19E-03 5.48E-02
351 240250.00 4081200.00 Residential 1.81 3.54E-03 6.14E-02 352 240300.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.13 4.41E-03 7.21E-02 353 240350.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.58 5.65E-03 8.87E-02 354 240400.00 4081200.00 Residential 3.23 7.40E-03 1.11E-01 355 240450.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.59 9.82E-03 1.48E-01
356 240500.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.72 1.26E-02 1.91E-01
357 240800.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.23 3.68E-03 9.71E-02
358 240850.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.18 2.78E-03 7.75E-02
359 240900.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.14 2.17E-03 6.32E-02
360 240300.00 4081250.00 Residential 1.87 3.99E-03 6.83E-02 361 240350.00 4081250.00 Residential 2.17 4.83E-03 8.72E-02 362 240400.00 4081250.00 Residential 2.52 5.77E-03 1.05E-01 363 240450.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.41 6.63E-03 1.28E-01
364 240500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.43 7.26E-03 1.58E-01
365 240550.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.44 7.67E-03 1.79E-01
366 240600.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.43 7.45E-03 1.95E-01
367 240650.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.35 6.01E-03 1.24E-01
368 240700.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.28 4.67E-03 1.08E-01
369 240750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.21 3.44E-03 7.81E-02
370 240800.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.16 2.55E-03 5.11E-02
371 240850.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.13 2.01E-03 5.60E-02
372 240900.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.11 1.65E-03 5.60E-02
373 240350.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.71 3.77E-03 7.74E-02 374 240400.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.85 4.10E-03 9.29E-02 375 240450.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.28 4.35E-03 1.10E-01
376 240500.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.28 4.56E-03 1.24E-01
377 240550.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.28 4.66E-03 1.28E-01
378 240600.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.26 4.39E-03 1.36E-01
379 240650.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.22 3.65E-03 8.75E-02
380 240700.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.19 3.05E-03 7.80E-02
381 240750.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.16 2.47E-03 7.04E-02
382 240800.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.13 1.92E-03 4.43E-02

Page 4 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
383 240850.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.10 1.53E-03 3.49E-02
384 240500.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.20 3.12E-03 9.65E-02
385 240550.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.20 3.13E-03 9.68E-02
386 240600.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.18 2.89E-03 1.08E-01
387 240650.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.16 2.46E-03 6.66E-02
388 240700.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.14 2.14E-03 6.04E-02
389 240750.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.12 1.84E-03 5.55E-02
390 240300.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.11 5.33E-04 1.99E-02
391 240400.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.11 5.79E-04 2.46E-02
392 240500.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.12 5.97E-04 2.03E-02
393 240600.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.12 6.08E-04 2.09E-02
395 240800.00 4080300.00 Residential 1.14 7.45E-04 1.84E-02 396 240900.00 4080300.00 Residential 1.24 8.29E-04 1.74E-02 397 240100.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.13 5.58E-04 1.90E-02
398 240200.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.14 5.89E-04 2.06E-02
399 240300.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.15 6.39E-04 2.15E-02
400 240400.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.15 7.10E-04 2.87E-02
401 240500.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.15 7.49E-04 2.44E-02
404 240800.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.23 9.67E-04 2.16E-02
405 240900.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.23 1.09E-03 2.07E-02
406 241000.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.21 1.24E-03 1.91E-02
409 240300.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.22 7.92E-04 2.57E-02
410 240900.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.30 1.53E-03 2.46E-02
411 241000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.23 1.75E-03 2.33E-02
412 241100.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.19 1.83E-03 2.14E-02
413 240000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.24 8.16E-04 2.08E-02
415 240200.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.42 9.58E-04 2.76E-02
416 241000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.25 2.54E-03 2.81E-02
417 241100.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.20 2.45E-03 2.51E-02
418 240000.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.24 1.06E-03 2.53E-02
419 240100.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.33 1.17E-03 2.69E-02
420 240200.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.52 1.29E-03 3.21E-02
424 240000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.23 1.34E-03 2.85E-02
425 240100.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.02 1.58E-03 3.43E-02 426 240200.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.59 1.83E-03 3.78E-02 427 241000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.33 5.03E-03 4.11E-02
428 241100.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.62 3.53E-03 3.35E-02 429 241200.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.13 2.41E-03 2.49E-02 430 240000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.22 1.54E-03 3.08E-02
431 240100.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.92 1.97E-03 3.76E-02 432 240200.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.50 2.57E-03 4.79E-02 433 241000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.32 5.32E-03 4.67E-02
434 241100.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.39 3.12E-03 3.29E-02 435 241200.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.92 1.99E-03 2.50E-02 438 240200.00 4081000.00 Residential 2.32 3.00E-03 5.19E-02 439 241000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.24 3.90E-03 4.95E-02
440 241100.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.03 2.26E-03 3.57E-02 441 241200.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.70 1.48E-03 2.73E-02 442 240000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.18 1.59E-03 3.37E-02
443 240100.00 4081100.00 Residential 1.53 2.12E-03 4.22E-02 444 240200.00 4081100.00 Residential 1.90 3.00E-03 5.54E-02 445 241000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.15 2.24E-03 4.95E-02

Page 5 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
446 241100.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.73 1.43E-03 3.55E-02 447 241200.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.50 1.00E-03 2.72E-02 448 240000.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 1.56E-03 3.25E-02
449 240100.00 4081200.00 Residential 1.26 2.07E-03 4.05E-02 450 240200.00 4081200.00 Residential 1.57 2.90E-03 5.23E-02 451 241000.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.67 1.41E-03 4.18E-02 452 241100.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.49 9.89E-04 3.12E-02 453 240000.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.13 1.49E-03 3.08E-02
454 240100.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.07 1.92E-03 3.87E-02 455 240200.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.28 2.54E-03 4.81E-02 456 240300.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.57 3.35E-03 6.78E-02 457 240900.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.09 1.27E-03 3.47E-02
458 241000.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.47 9.53E-04 3.73E-02 459 241100.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.37 7.41E-04 2.87E-02 460 240100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.85 1.59E-03 3.80E-02 461 240200.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.94 1.86E-03 4.57E-02 462 240300.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.99 2.05E-03 5.67E-02 463 240400.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.06 2.17E-03 7.11E-02 464 240500.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.15 2.27E-03 7.71E-02
465 240600.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.13 2.05E-03 8.69E-02
466 240700.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.10 1.58E-03 4.79E-02
467 240800.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.08 1.22E-03 4.16E-02
468 240900.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.06 8.66E-04 2.23E-02
469 241000.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.35 6.54E-04 1.76E-02 470 241100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.28 5.35E-04 2.26E-02 471 240200.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.65 1.24E-03 3.96E-02 472 240300.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.65 1.29E-03 4.71E-02 473 240400.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.68 1.34E-03 5.42E-02 474 240500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.09 1.36E-03 5.27E-02
475 240600.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.08 1.20E-03 5.89E-02
476 240700.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.07 9.74E-04 3.19E-02
477 240800.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.06 8.31E-04 2.94E-02
478 240900.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.05 6.51E-04 2.34E-02
479 241000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.28 5.01E-04 1.44E-02 480 240500.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.07 9.05E-04 4.22E-02
481 240600.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.06 7.90E-04 4.21E-02
482 240700.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.05 6.67E-04 2.42E-02
483 240800.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.04 5.96E-04 2.25E-02
484 240500.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.04 2.45E-04 9.93E-03
485 240750.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.05 2.67E-04 9.02E-03
486 240000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.36 2.77E-04 1.11E-02 487 240250.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.05 3.28E-04 2.00E-02
489 240750.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.07 3.87E-04 1.21E-02
490 241000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.63 4.75E-04 1.11E-02 491 241250.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.62 5.76E-04 9.98E-03 492 239750.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.08 3.64E-04 1.17E-02
493 240000.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.08 4.03E-04 1.46E-02
494 240250.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.09 4.66E-04 1.65E-02
495 241000.00 4080250.00 Residential 1.08 8.08E-04 1.53E-02 496 241250.00 4080250.00 Residential 0.85 9.86E-04 1.35E-02 501 241250.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.14 1.69E-03 1.81E-02
506 241500.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.51 9.92E-04 1.38E-02

Page 6 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
507 239500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.09 6.16E-04 1.50E-02
508 239750.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.13 9.33E-04 2.08E-02
510 241500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.31 6.05E-04 1.54E-02 511 239500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.08 5.91E-04 1.49E-02
512 239750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.10 8.88E-04 2.07E-02
513 241250.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.30 5.79E-04 2.04E-02 514 241500.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.19 3.45E-04 1.35E-02 515 239750.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.07 7.78E-04 1.87E-02
516 240000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.09 1.08E-03 2.86E-02
517 241250.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.18 3.24E-04 1.51E-02 518 241500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.13 2.42E-04 1.18E-02 519 239750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 4.55E-04 1.37E-02
520 240000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 4.73E-04 1.67E-02
521 240250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 5.07E-04 2.28E-02
522 240500.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 4.84E-04 2.41E-02
523 240750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.03 4.07E-04 1.63E-02
524 241000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.03 3.11E-04 1.43E-02
525 241250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.02 2.06E-04 7.26E-03
526 240250.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.03 3.14E-04 1.61E-02
527 240500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 2.83E-04 1.70E-02
528 240750.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 2.14E-04 9.34E-03
529 241000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 1.97E-04 9.12E-03
531 240000.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.11 1.17E-04 1.13E-02 532 240500.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.12 1.17E-04 5.29E-03 534 241500.00 4079000.00 Worker 0.03 1.66E-04 4.38E-03
535 239000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.02 1.27E-04 4.82E-03
536 239500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.16 1.40E-04 6.09E-03 537 240000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.18 1.69E-04 1.22E-02 538 240500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.20 1.85E-04 7.77E-03 539 241000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.04 2.33E-04 6.84E-03
540 241500.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.04 2.96E-04 5.94E-03
541 242000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.26 3.27E-04 5.14E-03 542 239000.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.04 2.00E-04 9.39E-03
543 239500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.31 2.36E-04 8.10E-03 544 241500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.52 6.30E-04 9.12E-03 545 242000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.31 5.09E-04 7.01E-03 546 242500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.18 3.15E-04 4.97E-03 547 238500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.03 2.11E-04 5.99E-03
548 239000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.05 3.10E-04 8.05E-03
549 242000.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.26 4.65E-04 7.27E-03 550 242500.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.13 2.32E-04 4.82E-03 551 238500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.03 2.16E-04 6.32E-03
552 239000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.05 3.37E-04 9.15E-03
553 242000.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.14 2.48E-04 7.95E-03 554 242500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.08 1.40E-04 5.17E-03 555 238500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.03 1.93E-04 5.51E-03
556 239000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.04 3.05E-04 8.05E-03
557 239500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.06 5.54E-04 1.36E-02
558 242000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.08 1.41E-04 6.58E-03 559 242500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.06 9.08E-05 5.32E-03 560 239000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 2.36E-04 7.16E-03
561 239500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.03 2.89E-04 1.04E-02

Page 7 of 8 ends

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
562 240000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.03 3.06E-04 1.40E-02
563 241500.00 4082000.00 Residential 0.07 1.17E-04 4.59E-03 564 242000.00 4082000.00 Residential 0.05 8.31E-05 4.64E-03 565 239500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.02 1.54E-04 8.74E-03
566 240000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.01 1.60E-04 9.83E-03
567 240500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.01 1.39E-04 1.09E-02
568 241000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.01 1.09E-04 5.67E-03
569 241500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.01 7.84E-05 3.99E-03
570 242000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.01 5.47E-05 2.37E-03
571 240000.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.01 9.94E-05 6.33E-03
572 240500.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.01 8.30E-05 6.25E-03
573 241000.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.01 6.95E-05 3.76E-03
574 240982.00 4080428.00 Sensitive 1.57 1.33E-03 2.03E-02 575 241114.00 4080505.00 Sensitive 1.29 1.86E-03 2.12E-02 576 241812.00 4080393.00 Sensitive 0.38 6.92E-04 9.51E-03 577 239709.00 4079647.00 Sensitive 0.20 1.68E-04 7.28E-03 578 239709.00 4079647.00 Sensitive 0.20 1.68E-04 7.28E-03 579 242094.00 4081102.00 Sensitive 0.11 1.85E-04 7.31E-03 580 242489.00 4081376.00 Sensitive 0.06 9.66E-05 4.68E-03 581 241998.00 4079399.00 Sensitive 0.25 2.98E-04 4.83E-03 582 242523.00 4080146.00 Sensitive 0.16 2.87E-04 4.45E-03 583 240160.00 4078896.00 Sensitive 0.11 1.08E-04 4.84E-03 584 242576.00 4081764.00 Sensitive 0.05 7.56E-05 3.92E-03 585 242632.00 4080241.00 Sensitive 0.14 2.39E-04 4.28E-03 Abbreviations:
m - meter

Page 8 of 8 ends

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX G

CO HOTSPOTS

Appendix D
Transportation Impact Analysis

May 2023

FRESNO COSTCO

RELOCATION

TRANSPORTATION IMPACT

ANALYSIS

FRESNO, CA
Inside front cover
Page Intentionally blank
Fresno Costco Relocation
Transportation Impact
Analysis
Fresno, CA
Prepared for:

Costco Wholesale
999 Lake Dr
Issaquah, WA
Prepared by:

Kittelson & Associates, Inc.
155 Grand Ave, Suite 505
Oakland, CA 94612
510.839.1742
Project Manager:

Amy Lopez
Associate Planner
Reviewed by:

Fernando Sotelo, PE
Associate Engineer
Project Principal:

Christopher Brehmer
Senior Principal Engineer
Project Number 26784
May 2023
Page Intentionally blank

CONTENTS
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................1 Project Description..............................................................................................................1 Scope of the Report............................................................................................................1 General Plan Consistency Assessment......................................................................................................................6 Existing Conditions...............................................................................................................6 Proposed Project...............................................................................................................13 Existing Plus Project Conditions ........................................................................................20 Future Conditions ..............................................................................................................28 Future Plus Project Conditions..........................................................................................31 Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave................37 CEQA Compliance Assessment ...............................................................................................................................47 CEQA Significance Criteria ..............................................................................................47 Consistency with Plans and Programs ............................................................................47 Change in Regional VMT..................................................................................................49 Potential Hazards Resulting from Queues.......................................................................64 Emergency Access...........................................................................................................64 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................65 Recommended Off-Site Improvements..........................................................................65 Project Environmental Impacts........................................................................................65 Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis May 2023 List of Figures
Kittelson & Associates ii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Project Vicinity Map .....................................................................................................................................3 Figure 2: Site Plan prepared by MG2.........................................................................................................................4 Figure 3. Existing Traffic Volumes ..............................................................................................................................11 Figure 4. Project Trip Distribution...............................................................................................................................18 Figure 5. Project Trip Volumes...................................................................................................................................19 Figure 6. Existing Plus Project Traffic Volumes..........................................................................................................22 Figure 7. Recommended Off-Site Geometric Improvements...............................................................................27 Figure 8: Future Peak Hour Volumes ........................................................................................................................30 Figure 9: Future Plus Project Peak Hour Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM, and Saturday Midday – W Herndon Ave Reclassification...................................................................................................................................32 Figure 10: Project without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Peak Hour Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM, and Saturday Midday........................................................................................................................................40 Figure 11: Future Plus Project without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Peak Hour Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM, and Saturday Midday ......................................................................................................................41 Figure 12: Member Household VMT, Existing Costco Warehouse.........................................................................50 Figure 13: Member Household VMT, Relocated Costco Warehouse...................................................................51 Figure 14: Existing Costco Diversion Routes, To/From SR 99 ...................................................................................55 Figure 15: Existing Costco Diversion Routes, To/From N Golden State Blvd .........................................................56 Figure 16: Existing Costco Diversion Routes, To/From N Brawley Ave...................................................................57 Figure 17: Relocated Costco Diversion Routes, To/From SR 99 .............................................................................58 Figure 18: Relocated Costco Diversion Routes, To/From N Golden State Blvd ...................................................59 Figure 19: Relocated Costco Diversion Routes, To/From Marketplace at El Paseo............................................60 Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis May 2023 List of Tables
Kittelson & Associates iii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Signalized Intersection Level of Service Definitions....................................................................................8 Table 2: Stop-Controlled Intersection Level of Service Definitions..........................................................................8 Table 3: Existing Conditions, Intersection Operations.............................................................................................12 Table 4: Crashes by Location and Severity, 2016-2020 ..........................................................................................13 Table 5: Trip Characteristics for Costco Warehouse with Fuel Station and Car Wash, Weekday AM, Weekday PM & Weekend Midday Peak Hours........................................................................................................................14 Table 6: Trip Generation Estimates for MDO, MDO Operations-Based and ITE Warehouse Comparison ........15 Table 7: Project Trip Generation Estimate ...............................................................................................................16 Table 8: Existing Plus Project Conditions, Intersection Operations ........................................................................21 Table 9: Existing Plus Project, Turn Lane Analysis Results.........................................................................................23 Table 10: Existing Plus Project Conditions, Signal Warrants....................................................................................24 Table 11: Existing Plus Project Conditions, 95th Percentile Queues ......................................................................25 Table 12: Existing Plus Project Conditions with Off-Site Improvements, Intersection Operations.......................26 Table 13: Future Conditions, Intersection Operations ............................................................................................29 Table 14: Future Plus Project Conditions, Intersection Operations........................................................................33 Table 15: Future Plus Project Conditions, Turn Lane Analysis Results.....................................................................34 Table 16: Future Plus Project Conditions, Signal Warrants......................................................................................34 Table 17: Future Plus Project Conditions, 95th Percentile Queues........................................................................36 Table 18: Future Plus Project with Reclassification Conditions with Off-Site Improvements, Intersection Operations..................................................................................................................................................................37 Table 19: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Intersection Operations .....................................................................................................................................................................................39 Table 20: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Turn Lane Analysis Results..........................................................................................................................................................................42 Table 21: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Signal Warrants............42 Table 22: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, 95th Percentile Queues .....................................................................................................................................................................................44 Table 23: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave with Off-Site Improvements, Intersection Operations..................................................................................................................45 Table 24: Shaw Building Trip Generation (Shopping Center) ................................................................................53 Table 25: Shaw Costco Fuel Station Trip Generation .............................................................................................54 Table 26: Diverted Trip Lengths, Shaw Costco Fuel Station ...................................................................................54 Table 27: Existing Costco VMT Summary..................................................................................................................61 Table 28: Shaw Building Backfill Retail Use Daily VMT.............................................................................................61 Table 29: Shaw Costco Fuel Station Daily VMT .......................................................................................................62 Table 30: Relocated Herndon Costco Daily VMT ...................................................................................................62 Table 31: Overall Change in Regional Daily VMT with Relocated Costco Warehouse......................................62 Table 32: Trip Reduction Programs for Employees (Project/Site) ..........................................................................63 Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis May 2023 List of Appendices
Kittelson & Associates iv

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A – Scoping Agreement Memorandum
Appendix B – Existing Conditions Synchro Reports
Appendix C – Existing Plus Project Conditions Synchro Reports Appendix D – Existing Plus Project Conditions Turn Lane Analysis Appendix E – Existing Plus Project Conditions Signal Warrant Analysis Appendix F – Existing Plus Project Conditions with Recommended Off-Site Improvements Synchro Reports Appendix G – Future Conditions Synchro Reports
Appendix H – Future Plus Project Conditions Synchro Reports Appendix I – Future Plus Project Conditions Turn Lane Analysis Appendix J – Future Plus Project Conditions Signal Warrant Analysis Appendix K – Future Plus Project Conditions with Recommended Off-Site Improvements Synchro Reports Appendix L – Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave Synchro Reports Appendix M – Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave Turn Lane Analysis Appendix N – Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave Signal Warrant Analysis
Appendix O – Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave with Recommended Off-Site Improvements Synchro Reports
Appendix P – Emergency Vehicle Access Routes
Appendix Q – Travel Demand Model Output
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis May 2023 List of Appendices
Kittelson & Associates v
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Section 1
Introduction
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis Introduction May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 1

INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the transportation impacts associated with the relocation of a Costco warehouse currently in operation at 4500 W Shaw Ave to a vacant site in the northeast corner of N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave in the City of Fresno, CA. Figure 1 illustrates the site vicinity.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco) is proposing to relocate their existing wholesale retail facility situated at 4500 W Shaw Ave in Fresno, CA (project). The project would consist of a 191,346-square-foot (sf) relocated retail facility with an attached tire center, 49,996-sf relocated market delivery operation (MDO), 32-position fuel station, and drive-through car wash with approximately 987 parking stalls on a 22.4-acre parcel located at the northeast corner of the intersection of N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave. The project would construct a second northbound vehicle travel lane on N Riverside Dr along the project frontage as well as a multiuse path along the southern and western project frontages (W Herndon Ave and N Riverside Dr, respectively). Figure 2 shows the proposed site plan.

The wholesale retail facility is open to Costco members only. The MDOs is a last-mile facility for delivery of large and bulky items and is not open to visitation by Costco members. At MDO facilities, there is a drop off of large goods, organization of the goods, and loading of last-mile trucks for daily deliveries to Costco members’ homes.

The project also includes a proposed re-zone and General Plan amendment to reclassify the adjacent portion of W Herndon Ave from expressway to super arterial to allow for appropriate vehicle access. The project site is currently undeveloped and is designated by both the zoning and General Plan as Community Commercial. The project would have its main access points along N Riverside Dr, with secondary access on W Spruce Ave and Arthur Ave (a planned public street on the east side of the site, which would connect to W Herndon Ave).

SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of the report was developed in coordination with the City of Fresno (City) and Caltrans. The analysis performed for this study determines the expected transportation-related effects of the project.

Appendix A includes the scoping agreement memorandum.

The transportation analyses documented in this report were performed to establish consistency with the City of Fresno General Plan, as implemented through the City’s Traffic Impact Study Report Guidelines, 1 and to comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), as implemented through the City’s CEQA Guidelines for Vehicle Miles Traveled Thresholds.
2 An analysis based on automobile delay (i.e., level
of service or LOS) can no longer be used for assessing CEQA impacts. Therefore, the LOS evaluation is not assigned significance levels and is presented in this report regarding consistency with the general plan as a factor for consideration by the decision-makers in acting on the project. 1 City of Fresno Traffic Impact Study Report Guidelines, updated February 2, 2009 2 City of Fresno Guidelines for Vehicle Miles Traveled Thresholds, adopted June 25, 2020 Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis Introduction May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 2
This report evaluates the following transportation issues:
• General Plan Consistency
o Traffic Operations for Five Scenarios
▪ Existing Conditions
▪ Trip generation and distribution estimates for the project ▪ Existing Plus Project Conditions
▪ Future Conditions (Year 2042)
▪ Future Plus Project Conditions
▪ Future Plus Project Conditions, without Functional Classification Change of W Herndon Ave
• CEQA Compliance
o Consistency with existing programs, plans, ordinances, or policies, including those associated with transit, pedestrian, and bicyclist access o Change in regional daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT) due to the project o Potential hazards resulting from queues
o Emergency access around and near the project site
© 2021 Microsoft Corporation © 2021 Maxar ©CNES (2021) Distribution Airbus DS SITE
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Fresno Costco Relocation
Figure ## - Study Intersections
X - Site Accesses
SITE

FRESNO COUNTY
6 A
5 4
3 1
2 C
D
99 180
168
145 41
33 99

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR
V c c c c c c cc c cc c cc c c v v cc cc c c c c c c cc cc cc c c cc c c c c c cc cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cccc cc cccc cc c c cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc cc c cc c c c c cc c c c c c c c c c c cc cc cc c cc cc cc cc c cc c c c cc cc c c cc c c cc c c c c cc c c cc c c c c c cc c c c c cc cc EV EV EV EV A v A

EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV EV
EV A
250 125 0 250
Scale: 1" = 250'
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Fresno Costco Relocation
Figure
Recieved From: MG2 Engineering August 10, 2021 CA23

W HERNDON AVE

W SPRUCE AVE N RIVERSIDE DR
Section 2
General Plan Consistency Assessment
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
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GENERAL PLAN CONSISTENCY

ASSESSMENT
The general plan consistency, or non-CEQA, section of this report includes analyses for the following:
• Existing Conditions
• Trip generation and distribution estimates for the project • Existing Plus Project Conditions
• Future Conditions (Year 2042)
• Future Plus Project Conditions
• Future Plus Project Conditions, without Functional Classification Change of W Herndon Ave The following study intersections were selected for traffic operations evaluation based on land use and circulation conditions near the project site and access to the proposed development:

1. N Riverside Dr & W Spruce Ave

2. N Riverside Dr & W Fir Ave (Plus Project scenarios only)

3. N Riverside Dr & W Herndon Ave

4. N Golden State Blvd & W Herndon Ave

5. SR 99 NB off-ramp & W Herndon Ave

6. N Parkway Dr & W Herndon Ave

EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Existing Conditions analysis identifies the site conditions and current operational and geometric characteristics of the study intersections as well as transit services, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities near the project site.

ROADWAY NETWORK
State Route 99 (SR 99), or Golden State Highway, is a north-south freeway traversing the Central Valley. It connects to I-5 near Wheeler Ridge to the south and ends at SR 36 near Red Bluff to the north. In Fresno, SR 99 has six lanes. In the study area, the nearest interchange is at W Herndon Ave.

W Herndon Ave is an east-west super arterial with four to six lanes and a raised planted median. The posted speed limit is 45 mph.

N Riverside Dr is a north-south roadway with two lanes north of W Herndon Ave (collector) and four lanes south of W Herndon Ave (arterial). Adjacent to the project frontage, a raised median exists to the south of W Fir Ave, and a two-way left-turn lane exists to the north of W Fir Ave. The posted speed limit is 40 mph. N Riverside Dr becomes W Bullard Ave south of N Veteran Blvd.

W Spruce Ave is an east-west collector street with two lanes west of N Riverside Dr and four lanes within the residential development east of the project site. The road does not connect through from N Riverside Dr, along the north perimeter of the project site, to the residential development to the east. The road may connect through in the future, contingent up on development of other parcels. The posted speed limit is 40 miles per hour (mph) to the east with unposted speed limit to the west. W Spruce Ave provides access to residential areas around the project site.

Pedestrian Facilities
A multiuse path is available on the north side of W Herndon Ave starting east of the project site and continuing to the east, but sidewalk is not present on the north side of the street along the project site to N Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
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Riverside Dr. No sidewalk is present on the south side of W Herndon Ave to the east of N Riverside Dr. West of N Riverside Dr, sidewalk is present on the north side of W Herndon Ave for approximately 350’, then discontinues. Sidewalk is continuously present on the south side of W Herndon Ave west of N Riverside Dr in the vicinity of the project site.

Sidewalks area present on the west side of N Riverside Dr, both north and south of W Herndon Dr. Sidewalks are nor present along the project frontage (east side) of N Riverside Dr. They are present on the east side of N Riverside Dr to the south of W Herndon Ave for approximately 500’.

The N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave signalized intersection has marked crosswalks on the west and south legs with pedestrian signal heads serving those crosswalks. These two crosswalks feature curb ramps with highvisibility truncated dome pads.

Bicycle Facilities
Bicycle facilities are categorized into four types, as described below:

Class I Bikeway (Bike Path). Also known as a shared path or multi-use path, a bike path is a paved right-ofway for bicycle travel that is completely separate from any street or highway.

Class II Bikeway (Bike Lane). A striped and stenciled lane for one-way bicycle travel on a street or highway.

This facility could include a buffered space between the bike lane and vehicle lane and the bike lane could be adjacent to on-street parking.

Class III Bikeway (Bike Route). A signed route along a street where the bicyclist shares the right-of-way with motor vehicles. This facility can also be designated using a shared-lane marking (sharrow).

Class IV Bikeway (Separated Bike Lane). A bikeway for the exclusive use of bicycles including a separation required between the separated bikeway and the through vehicular traffic. The separation may include, but is not limited to, grade separation, flexible posts, inflexible physical barriers, or on-street parking.

Existing bicycle facilities in the study area include:
• Class I bikeway on Herndon Ave from Spruce Ave to west of Hayes Ave • Class I bikeway on Herndon Ave west of Riverside Dr
• Class II bike lane on N Riverside Dr from W Herndon Ave to the Carnegie Ave • Class II bike lane on N Hayes Ave from W Herndon Ave to W Spruce Ave • Class II bike lane on W Spruce Ave from N Sandrini Ave to W Herndon Ave • Class II bike lane on Veterans Blvd from W Wathen Ave to N Hayes Ave Transit Service
The Fresno Department of Transportation (DOT) provides public bus service known as FAX in Fresno. Two bus lines operate near the project site: 3 and 20. The 3 line runs between the Marketplace at El Paseo (the commercial development on the southwest quadrant of the N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave intersection) and the Clovis Community College/Herndon area, which is east of the project site. Service frequency is approximately every 15 minutes between 5:00 AM and 9:00 PM on weekdays and 9:30 AM to 7:00 PM on weekends. The 20 line operates between the Marketplace at El Paseo and Fresno City College, which is just north of downtown. Buses operate on approximately 45 minutes headways between 5:30 AM and 10:00 PM on weekdays and 6:30 AM to 7:30 PM on weekends. Relative to the project site, the closest bus stops for both lines are located on N Riverside Dr in front of the Marketplace at El Paseo.

ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
Intersection Operations Analysis Methodology and Levels of Service “Level of service” describes the operating conditions experienced by users of a facility. LOS is a quantitative stratification of a performance measure or measures representing quality of service. The Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 8
measures used to determine LOS for transportation system elements are called service measures. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) defines six levels of service, ranging from A to F, for each service measure or combination of service measures. The service measures to define the LOS of intersections are control delay and volume-to-capacity (V/C) ratio. Control delay alone is used to characterize LOS for the entire intersection or an approach. Control delay and volume-to-capacity ratio are used to characterize LOS for a lane group (e.g., all northbound lanes approaching an intersection).

Table 1 and Table 2 present the relationship of average delay to level of service for signalized intersections and stop control intersections, respectively.

Table 1: Signalized Intersection Level of Service Definitions Source: Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual 6th Edition, Washington, D.C., 2016.

Table 2: Stop-Controlled Intersection Level of Service Definitions Average Delay Per Vehicle (Seconds) LOS
≤10.0 A
>10.0 and ≤15.0 B
>15.0 and ≤25.0 C
>25.0 and ≤35.0 D
>35.0 and ≤50.0 E
>50.0 F
Source: Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual 6th Edition, Washington, D.C., 2016.

All intersection level of service evaluations used the peak 15-minute flow rate during the weekday AM and PM and Saturday midday peak hours. Using the peak 15-minute flow rate ensures that this analysis is based on a reasonable worst-case scenario. For this reason, the analysis reflects conditions that are only likely to occur for 15 minutes out of each peak hour. Intersection analysis was conducted using the operational methodology outlined in the HCM 6
th Edition (Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2016) at all intersections, as operationalized by Synchro software version 10.

Average Delay Per
Vehicle (Seconds)
LOS Description of Traffic Conditions
≤10.0 A This level is typically assigned when the volume-to-capacity ratio is low and either progression is exceptionally favorable, or the cycle length is very short.
>10.0 and ≤20.0 B This level is typically assigned when the volume-to-capacity ratio is low and either progression is highly favorable, or the cycle length is short.

More vehicles stop than with LOS A.
>20.0 and ≤35.0 C This level is typically assigned when progression is favorable, or the cycle length is moderate. Individual cycle failures (i.e., one or more queued vehicles are not able to depart as a result of insufficient capacity during the cycle) may begin to appear at this level. The number of vehicles stopping is significant, although many vehicles still pass through the intersection without stopping.
>35.0 and ≤55.0 D This level is typically assigned when the volume-to-capacity ratio is high and either progression is ineffective, or the cycle length is long. Many vehicles stop and individual cycle failures are noticeable. >55.0 and ≤80.0 E This level is typically assigned when the volume-to-capacity ratio is high, progression is unfavorable, and the cycle length is long. Individual cycle failures are frequent.
≤80.0 F This level is typically assigned when the volume-to-capacity ratio is very high (greater than 1.0), progression is very poor, and the cycle length is long. Most cycles fail to clear the queue.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
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The City of Fresno has a level of service standard of LOS D for signalized and stop-controlled intersections, as implemented by the City’s Traffic Impact Study Report Guidelines.3 Analysis Inputs
Synchro 10 software was used to conduct the traffic operations analysis. The following inputs were utilized in this analysis:

Signal Timing
The City and Caltrans provided signal timing on August 16, 2021 for the following intersections:

1. N Riverside Dr & W Herndon Ave (City)

2. N Golden State Blvd & W Herndon Ave (City)

3. SR 99 NB off-ramp & W Herndon Ave (Caltrans)

4. N Parkway Dr & W Herndon Ave (City)
For all analysis scenarios, the existing signal timing was utilized. Signal optimization was applied only under mitigation scenarios, as outlined under the mitigation description.

Pedestrian Volumes
Vehicular turning movement and pedestrian counts were collected at the study intersections on September 23 and 25, 2021. The pedestrian volumes collected were utilized in Synchro as conflicting pedestrian movement volumes and number of pedestrians calls for signalized intersections. In addition to utilizing the pedestrian volumes, the pedestrian signal timing was utilized to model traffic signal operations.

Peak Hour Factor
Existing and Existing Plus Project analyses used intersection-specific peak hour factors (PHFs) collected in the field. For all future year scenarios, the PHF was increased to 0.92 if the existing PHF was lower than 0.92. PHFs observed at or above 0.92 were maintained for future year scenarios. As traffic patterns change and volumes increase, a more consistent traffic flow can be expected. Increasing the PHF provides a conservative analysis of the future traffic flow being more consistent across the entirety of a peak hour.

Future Volume Development
Future volumes for 2042 cumulative conditions without the project were developed using the Fresno COG travel demand model. The land uses in the travel model were checked to ensure that the project was not already included in the 2042 model forecast. Volumes for the AM and PM peak hours on each intersection approach were extracted from the model for the years 2019 and 2042. The 2042 adjusted forecasts were calculated for each intersection approach by adding the growth increment between the 2019 and 2042 model volumes to the counts collected in September 2021. If this incremental adjustment would result in a negative forecast on an intersection approach, the forecast volume was instead calculated as the traffic count times the ratio of the 2042 model volume to the 2019 model volume Then, the approach growth rate was calculated using the adjusted 2042 model volumes and the 2021 turning movement counts. For each intersection approach, the 2042 turn movements were calculated by multiplying the turning movement counts by the adjusted approach growth rates. The turn movements were then checked for continuity of flow between adjacent intersections. Model volume output files are included as Appendix Q. 3 City of Fresno Traffic Impact Study Report Guidelines, updated February 2, 2009 Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
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EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
Peak hour intersection turning movement counts were collected on September 23, 2021 during weekday AM and PM peak periods (7:00 AM – 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM – 6:00 PM, respectively) and September 25, 2021 during the Saturday midday peak period (11:00 AM – 2:00 PM) while local schools were in session and there were no inclement weather conditions. As coordinated with the City during the scoping process for this transportation study, the 2021 collected counts were used to develop Existing Conditions traffic volumes for the study. The peak hours were identified as the worse four consecutive 15-minute periods during the AM and PM peak periods on weekdays and Saturdays described above. The existing intersection turn movement peak hour traffic volumes are shown in Figure 3. The figure also depicts the intersection lane configurations and traffic controls at each intersection.

C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig03_Existing Volumes Year 2021 Existing Lane Configurations, Traffic Control Devices and Traffic Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 3 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure
123 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6 A

C LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUMED LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION 10 265 245
70 985 335 540
125
720 1160
125
155
580
55 70
85 90 109060 50970 500
290
35 165
30 30
60 190 1180 250 190 1115 70
10 135
<5
120 <515
60 80
<5
60 555
5 450 235
45 815 235 680
60 405 990
355
85 65
40 80
25 140 92520 10860 570
245
25 125
25 65
70 70 1015 240 75985 35
10 65
<5
135 <530
40 55
<5
30 575
10 245 205
70 680 270 435
115
510 830
445
95 60
30 45
80 120 79530 45705 495
320
35 180
20 50
55 220 775 175 240 815 35
10 95
<5
110 <510
40 55
<5
55 <555

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE

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Table 3 presents the existing traffic operations at the study intersections. The results indicate that all study intersections are operating at LOS D or better for all peak hours, except the N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave intersection (#3), which operates at LOS E during the weekday PM peak hour.

Appendix B includes the Synchro reports for Existing Conditions.

Table 3: Existing Conditions, Intersection Operations
No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
1 N Riverside Dr/W Spruce St AWSC AM 7.9 A
PM 8.0 A
SAT 7.9 A
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave TWSC AM 9.0 A
PM 8.7 A
SAT 8.7 A
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal AM 28.8 C
PM 72.7 E
SAT 31.8 C
4 N Golden State Blvd/
W Herndon Ave
Signal AM 28.7 C
PM 33.6 C
SAT 29.3 C
5 SR 99 NB Off-Ramp/
W Herndon Ave
Signal AM 15.0 B
PM 24.0 C
SAT 19.4 B
6 N Parkway Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal AM 25.4 C
PM 22.3 C
SAT 18.7 B
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6
th Edition methodology were used.
- City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Bolded and italicized indicate intersections operating beyond the City of Fresno standard. - AWSC: All-Way Stop Control
- TWSC: Two-Way Stop Control
- Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections. For TWSC intersections the worst approach delay is reported.

Crash History Evaluation
Kittelson investigated the history of crashes at the study intersections. In reviewing crash data for the fiveyear period of 2016-2020, 4 Kittelson found there were nine reported crashes in total amongst the six study intersections. Four crashes caused property damage only, four crashes caused minor injuries, and one crash caused severe injury. Table 4 presents a summary of reported crashes by severity and location. None of the reported crashes involved a pedestrian or bicyclist. 4 Transportation Injury Mapping System online crash database, https://tims.berkeley.edu/, Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWTIRS) online crash database Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 13
Table 4: Crashes by Location and Severity, 2016-2020
No. Location PDO* Minor Injury Severe Injury
1 N Riverside Dr/W Spruce St
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave 2 2
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave 1
5 SR 99 NB Off-Ramp/W Herndon Ave 1
6 W Herndon Ave/N Parkway Dr 2 1
Source: TIMS and SWITRS, 2022
*PDO = property damage only

PROPOSED PROJECT
As described above, the proposed project is the relocation of an existing Costco wholesale retail facility situated at 4500 W Shaw Ave. The project would consist of a relocated retail facility, relocated market delivery operation (MDO), 32-position fuel station, and car wash in a 22.4-acre parcel located at the northeast corner of the intersection of N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave.

SITE CIRCULATION ANALYSIS
Costco warehouse and MDO delivery truck inbound access is accommodated at Site Access C on N Riverside Dr. Outbound access is accommodated at Site Access D on W Herndon Ave. If Site Access D were not approved as part of the project, then outbound warehouse and MDO trucks would circulate north along the private drive east of the warehouse to W Spruce Ave. Fuel delivery truck inbound access is accommodated at the private drive from W Spruce Ave. Outbound access is accommodated at Site Access A on N Riverside Dr. The proposed site plan provides adequate lane width and curb radii to accommodate warehouse, MDO, and fuel delivery trucks within the site and at the above-named site access points.

COSTCO WAREHOUSE TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
Costco Warehouse facilities are open to members only and operate seven days a week. Typically, the warehouse building is open to members on weekdays between the hours of 10:00 AM and 8:30 PM.

Weekend operating hours open to members are typically from 9:30 or 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM. The warehouses are typically closed on major holidays. Costco Gasoline fuel stations co-located on the site are typically open seven days a week between 5:00 AM and 10:00 PM.

Trip data has been collected at Costco Warehouses across the United States and documented that they typically generate higher traffic volumes than other commercial land uses with similar building sizes. In addition to the number of trips, the Costco trip generation database also documents trip type based on member survey information that provides the percentage of primary, pass-by, and diverted trips, as further described below.
• Primary Trips: an entirely new trip on the roadway system for the express purpose of driving to and from Costco
• Pass-by Trips: existing trips that are on roadways adjacent to the site, which allow motorists to turn into the Costco development and continue to their ultimate destination when their shopping is concluded
• Diverted Trips: existing trips on nearby roadways in which a motorist decides to drive out-ofdirection for a distance to stop at Costco, and when their shopping is concluded, continues to their trip to the ultimate destination.

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This report assesses the impacts of pass-by and diverted trip impacts at the study intersections. Typically, pass-by trips have an impact only at the site-access driveways, whereas the impact of diverted trips could extend through additional study area intersections beyond the site access points (diverted trips are typically modeled similar to net new trips at many or all of the study area intersections). Diverted and passby trips were considered together with engineering judgment to identify how these two trip characteristics should be applied to the project. Recognizing the context of the project site relative to key transportation corridors, this study assumes that all diverted trips would divert from SR 99, N Golden State Blvd, or the Marketplace shopping center at the southwest quadrant of the N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave intersection, thereby utilizing the same distribution pattern as net new trips at the site.

Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash Trip Generation
The warehouse with fuel station and car wash trip rates summarized herein rely on data collection conducted at Costco sites located across the western region of the United States. The trip studies were completed using industry standard engineering practices consistent with guidance within the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) standard reference, Trip Generation Manual, 10th Edition. These cordon surveys were conducted between 2011 and 2021 and include 16 surveys of Costco warehouses with fuel stations in California, Arizona, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. The Costco buildings surveyed range in size between 144,252 sf and 166,451 sf, with an average size of 152,719 square feet, had fuel stations with 20 to 30 fueling positions, and one of which had a car wash. As a result, the Costco trip generation rates inherently account for Costco fuel station and car wash trips within the overall rate. Table 5 summarizes trip characteristics for the weekday AM, weekday PM, and weekend midday peak hours.

Table 5: Trip Characteristics for Costco Warehouse with Fuel Station and Car Wash, Weekday AM, Weekday PM & Weekend Midday Peak Hours
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
MDO Trip Generation
MDOs are Costco’s last-mile facilities for big and bulky items. At these facilities, there is a daily morning delivery of large goods, organization of the goods, and loading of last-mile trucks for delivery to members’ homes. Delivery of goods using larger trucks dispatched to the MDO occurs well before 6:00 AM daily. Two MDO on-site employee shifts are utilized: one from 6:00 AM to 2:00 PM, the other from 12:00 PM to 8:00 PM.

Delivery teams arrive at the MDO site in a personal vehicle around 6:45 AM, load their last-mile trucks, and depart. The delivery teams return to the MDO site between 3:00 PM and 6:00 PM, depending on the time required to complete all deliveries, to unload remaindered materials for recycling, and depart after concluding their workday. The MDO delivery trucks are stored on-site overnight.

Costco’s existing MDO serving the greater Fresno area operates today at 3688 E Central Ave and is served by 23 on-site employees and approximately 10 delivery trucks with two-person teams, each of which makes one daily roundtrip of deliveries to members’ homes. Two days per week, the MDO has one additional truck make three round trips to another warehouse.

Land Use
Weekday
Daily Trip
Rate
(per KSF)
Weekday AM Peak
Hour of Adjacent Street
Traffic Trip Rate
(trips/1,000 sf)
Weekday PM Peak
Hour of Adjacent Street
Traffic Trip Rate
(trips/1,000 sf)
Weekend
Daily Trip
Rate
(per KSF)
Weekend Midday Peak
Hour of Adjacent Street
Traffic Trip Rate
(trips/1,000 sf)
Total In Out Total In Out Total In Out
Costco
Warehouse W/
Fuel Station
and Car Wash

95.18 2.29 54% 46% 8.23 46% 54% 118.31 11.13 49% 51%
Primary Trips No Data No Data 57% No Data 62%
Pass-by Trips No Data No Data 21% No Data 23%
Diverted Trips No Data No Data 22% No Data 15%
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 15
The project includes relocating the MDO operations to a 49,996-sf space on the project site. The relocated MDO will be served by the same on-site and delivery employees working at the existing MDO location. No measured trip data were available for the existing MDO facility at the time this report was prepared.

Accordingly, MDO trips were estimated two ways: considering anticipated MDO operations and using nationally available trip data.

The operations of an MDO translate to the following trips generated during weekday AM, weekday PM, and weekend midday peak hours:
• Weekday AM Peak Hour
o Delivery employees arriving (22 inbound trips)
o Delivery trucks departing for last-mile deliveries and to other warehouse (11 outbound trips) • Weekday PM Peak Hour
o Delivery trucks returning (11 inbound trips)
o On-site employees return from potential break off-site (conservatively estimate 23 inbound trips)
o Delivery truck to other warehouse departing (1 outbound trip) • Weekend Midday Peak Hour
o On-site employees arriving (23 inbound trips)
o Delivery truck to other warehouse arriving (1 inbound trip) o On-site employees leaving (23 outbound trips)
o Delivery truck to other warehouse departing (1 outbound trip) Table 6 presents the sum of these trips based on MDO operations. For comparison purposes, Kittelson also estimated trips for the MDO using ITE Trip Generation Manual, 10th Edition trip generation rates for Warehouse, Land Use Code 150, also summarized in Table 6.

Table 6: Trip Generation Estimates for MDO, MDO Operations-Based and ITE Warehouse Comparison Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
As presented in the table, use of ITE warehouse trip rates would underestimate the amount of trip expected to be generated by the MDO when the facilities operations are taken into consideration. Therefore, this study assumed the MDO operations-based trip generation to conduct the transportation analyses.

Land Use ITE
Code Size
Weekday
Daily Trip
Rate
(per KSF)
Weekday AM Peak
Hour of Adjacent
Street Traffic Trip
Rate (trips/1,000 sf)
Weekday PM Peak
Hour of Adjacent
Street Traffic Trip
Rate (trips/1,000 sf)
Weekend
Daily Trip
Rate
(per KSF)
Weekend Midday
Peak Hour of
Adjacent Street
Traffic Trip Rate
(trips/1,000 sf)
Total In Out Total In Out Total In Out
Costco MDO - 49,996
SF
230 33 22 11 35 34 1 230 48 24 24
Warehouse 150 87 8 7 1 9 2 7 8 2 2 0
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 16
Project Trip Generation
Table 7 presents the overall project trip generation estimates based on proprietary Costco-specific data.

Table 7: Project Trip Generation Estimate
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
*No data are available for daily and weekday AM peak hour pass-by and diverted trips through the Costco database.

Kittelson applied the weekday PM rates to the weekday AM and daily trips and applied the weekend midday rates to the weekend daily trips.

As shown in Table 7, the project is estimated to generate 10,616 weekday daily net new trip ends. Of these, 284 are estimated to occur in the weekday AM peak hour (159 inbound / 125 outbound), 934 are estimated to occur in the weekday PM peak hour (452 inbound / 482 outbound). The project is estimated to generate 14,266 weekend daily net new trip ends. Of these, 1,369 are estimated to occur in the weekend midday peak hour (669 inbound / 700 outbound).

Warehouse Deliveries
Costco anticipates an average of about 10-13 Costco trucks a day delivering goods to the Costco warehouse. Costco fleet trucks typically measure up to approximately 70 feet long for double-axle trailers.

Typical receiving time is from 2:00 AM to 1:00 PM, averaging two to three trucks per hour, with most of the deliveries completed before the mid-morning warehouse opening time. Deliveries to the warehouse are made primarily in Costco trucks from its freight consolidation facility (depot) in Tracy, CA. In addition to the Costco depot trucks, deliveries such as bread are expected to be made by local vendors using single unit trucks and/or single-axle trailers.

MDO Deliveries
Costco anticipates one daily delivery of large goods to the MDO facility. Typical receiving time is before 6:00 AM made primarily in Costco trucks from its freight consolidation facility (depot) in Tracy, CA.

Costco Gasoline Deliveries
Costco anticipates that the Costco Gasoline fuel station will receive five to seven fuel deliveries per day on average. During busy holiday weeks, an additional delivery is often required during the day. These deliveries typically occur any time when the fuel station is open.

PROJECT TRIP DISTRIBUTION
The relocated Costco would be situated approximately 2.9 miles northwest of the existing Costco location on W Shaw Ave and 7.8 miles west of the North Fresno Costco, located on N Abby St. The project trip Land Use Size
Weekday
Daily Trip
Rate
(per KSF)
Weekday AM Peak
Hour of Adjacent
Street Traffic Trip
Rate (trips/1,000 sf)
Weekday PM Peak
Hour of Adjacent
Street Traffic Trip Rate
(trips/1,000 sf)
Weekend
Daily Trip
Rate
(per KSF)
Weekend Midday
Peak Hour of
Adjacent Street
Traffic Trip Rate
(trips/1,000 sf)
Total In Out Total In Out Total In Out
Costco Warehouse w/
Fuel Station & Car Wash 191,346 18,212 439 238 201 1,576 732 844 22,638 2,130 1,040 1,090 Pass-by Trips* (3,788) (91) (49) (42) (328) (152) (176) (5,297) (498) (243) (255) Diverted Trips* (4,038) (97) (52) (45) (349) (162) (187) (3,305) (311) (152) (159) Net New Trips 10,386 251 137 114 899 418 481 14,036 1,321 645 676 MDO 49,996 230 33 22 11 35 34 1 230 48 24 24
Net New Trips 10,616 284 159 125 934 452 482 14,266 1,369 669 700 Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 17
distribution utilizes proprietary Costco transaction data for the existing warehouses at W Shaw Ave and N Abby St, proprietary market area data for the relocated warehouse, and Costco membership data, and it considers the roadway network.

Figure 4 presents the project trip distribution. Figure 5 presents project trip volumes. © 2021 Microsoft Corporation © 2021 Maxar ©CNES (2021) Distribution Airbus DS SITE
N C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig04_Dist Project Trip Distribution Fresno, California 4
Fresno Costco Relocation TIS
Figure ## - Study Intersections
XX% Trip Distribution Percentage
25%
30%
99 30%
5% 10%
C
1 2
3 4
5 6
A
D

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR

123 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL
C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig05_Project Trips Project Trip Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 5 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6AC LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME D LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 640
105
1000 55
215
280
80 345 80
245 345
205 40 330 45345 215
670
335 640 -65 60105
265
370
280 725
55 280
460
75 760
40 150
210
60 270 60
185 270
155 30 245 35270 165
505
255 460 -30 5075
190
270 55040 210
145
15 150
50 80
85 20 70 20
65 70
55 10 85 107040
85 65 1455 5015
130
15 85 65
50 85

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C
210
65 4045 <565
85 75 185 30150
110 105 235 35215

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 20

EXISTING PLUS PROJECT CONDITIONS
The potential effects of the project on existing traffic operations at the study intersections are discussed in this section. This analysis includes the reclassification of W Herndon Ave from an expressway to a super arterial. As an expressway, no direct site access is permitted onto the roadway. Under the reclassification scenario the site proposes an additional left-in, right-in, right-out intersection onto W Herndon Ave.

INTERSECTION OPERATIONS
Kittelson developed traffic volumes for Existing Plus Project conditions using an additive approach. Kittelson estimated vehicle trips generated by the project and added those trips to existing volumes on the roadway network to develop the volumes for the Existing Plus Project conditions. Existing Plus Project turning movement volumes are presented in Figure 6.

As shown in Table 8, all study intersections would operate within City standard of LOS D or better under Existing Plus Project conditions, except for the following:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS F)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS F)
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3)
o AM Peak Hour (LOS E)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS F)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS F)
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS E)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS E)
Appendix C includes Synchro output reports for Existing Plus Project conditions.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 21
Table 8: Existing Plus Project Conditions, Intersection Operations No. Location Control Peak
Hour
Delay LOS
1 N Riverside Dr/
W Spruce Ave AWSC
AM 8.7 A
PM 10.3 B
SAT 12.1 B
2 N Riverside Dr/
W Fir Ave TWSC
AM 14.8 B
PM >50 F
SAT >50 F
3 N Riverside Dr/
W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 63.1 E
PM >80 F
SAT >80 F
4 N Golden State Blvd/
W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 34.2 C
PM 66.5 E
SAT 70.8 E
5 SR 99 NB Off-Ramp/
W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 16.6 B
PM 37.2 D
SAT 26.3 C
6 N Parkway Dr/
W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 26.1 C
PM 25.8 C
SAT 22.4 C
A
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access A TWSC
AM <1 A
PM <1 A
SAT <1 A
C
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access C TWSC
AM <1 A
PM <1 A
SAT <1 A
D
Site Access D/
W Herndon Ave TWSC
AM 14.5 B
PM 19.2 C
SAT 16.4 C
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6th Edition methodology were used. - City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Bolded and italicized indicate intersections operating beyond the City of Fresno standard. - AWSC: All-Way Stop Control
- TWSC: Two-Way Stop Control
- Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections. For TWSC intersections the worst approach delay is reported.
1 23 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL
C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig06_Existing + Proj Year 2021 Existing Plus Project Lane Configurations, Traffic Control Devices and Traffic Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 6 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6 A

C LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUMED LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 745
105
1125 <5150
215
390 <5
10 325
205
70 1025 270 515
115
765 1170
650
95 60
30 45
120 120 112030 901045 710
320
35 180
685
50 390 855 710 175 240 880 140
10 365
370
<5
385
<5 <5<510 725 <5<5
40 55
55 <5
55 <5 <5<555 280 <5<5
475
75 895 <5
175
150
330 <5
10 325 245
70 1250 335 600
125
905 1430
125
155
730
55 70
115 90 133560 801235 670
290
35 165
620
30 315 650 1150 250 190 1165 150
10 330
270 <5<515 550 <5<5
60 80
40 <5
60 <5
5<555 210 <5<5
220
15 315 <5
150
80 225 <5
5 470 235
45 880 235 700
60 470 1055
410
85 65
40 80
35 140 101020 20930 610
245
25 125
110
65 135 215 1025 240 751035 45
10 195
15 <5
225
<5 <5<530 65<5<5
40 55
50 <5
30 <5
5<575 85<5<5

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE
65 40 1255 1090 65
65 75 1585 1410 150
110 105 1245 1130 215
<5
330
<5

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 23

DRIVEWAY OPERATIONS
Traffic operations were evaluated at the Costco site driveways on N Riverside Dr adjacent to the proposed site accesses using Synchro, applying HCM 6th Edition methodologies. In addition, left-turn and right-turn lane needs were analyzed with project volumes utilizing guidance from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program's (NCHRP) Report 279: Intersection Channelization Design Guide and NCHRP Report 457:

Evaluating Intersection Improvements: An Engineering Study Guide. The analyses were conducted using Saturday midday volumes as they represented the highest volumes at the driveways.

Turn Lane Assessment
Turn lane opportunities were analyzed for the site accesses along N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave with the findings summarized in Table 9. Appendix D contains the turn lane analysis worksheets.

Table 9: Existing Plus Project, Turn Lane Analysis Results No. Intersection Proposed Access
Type Turn Lane Threshold Met
2 N Riverside Dr/
W Fir Ave
Full-Movement
Two-Way StopControlled
NB Right Turn Lane Yes
SB Left Turn Lane No
A
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access A
Right-In Right-Out
Stop-Controlled NB Right Turn Lane No
C
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access C
Right-In, Right-Out
Stop-Controlled NB Right Turn Lane Yes
D
Site Access D/
W Herndon Ave
Left-In, Right-In,
Right-Out
Stop Controlled
WB Right-Turn Lane Yes
EB Left-Turn Lane Yes
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
N Riverside Dr at W Fir Ave and at Site Access C satisfy the right-turn thresholds with Existing Plus Project traffic volumes.

The curb-to-curb width at N Riverside Dr for the northbound approach at W Fir Ave is about 60 feet, with a 5-foot bike lane, two 11-foot southbound travel lanes, an 11.5-foot northbound left turn lane, and an 18.5- foot northbound lane. A northbound right-turn lane can be accommodated if the roadway is widened onto the project site.

The curb-to-curb width at N Riverside Dr for the northbound approach at Site Access C is about 65 feet, with a 5-foot bike lane, 11-foot southbound travel lanes, a concrete median, and about 30 feet of asphalt in the northbound direction. A northbound right-turn lane may be accommodated if the median is moved, and/or the roadway is widened onto the project site.

While Site Accesses A and C meet the threshold for a right-turn lane, the project already will construct a second northbound travel lane along the project frontage between W Herndon Ave and W Spruce Ave. At W Spruce Ave, there is not a second receiving lane to the north of the intersection. Therefore, the second northbound lane would function as a right-turn lane at the intersection and would not carry through traffic.

Given the lower speeds expected on the section of N Riverside Dr along the project frontage and the absence of a second receiving lane to the north of W Spruce Ave, the second northbound lane constructed as part of the project could accommodate right-turn traffic entering the project site while through traffic uses the inner lane.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 24

SIGNAL WARRANTS
The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) identifies nine warrants for traffic signal installation.

The first three volume-based warrants (#1-Eight Hour, #2-Four Hour, #3-Peak Hour) were evaluated based on traffic volumes for Existing Plus Project conditions. Appendix E contains the signal warrants worksheets.

Table 10: Existing Plus Project Conditions, Signal Warrants Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
For N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave, the threshold for warrants 1, 2, and 3 are met on a weekday and Saturday.

Based on this finding and the proposed location of the primary full-access driveway to the project site at this intersection, it is recommended that a signal be installed at this location.

For Site Access D on W Herndon Ave, the threshold for warrant 3 is met on a weekday and the threshold for warrants 1, 2, and 3 are met on Saturday. Given the proximity of Site Access D to the signalized N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave intersection (800’ to the east), the minor access characterization of Site Access D, and that the intersection is expected to operate within City standard, installation of a signal is not recommended at this location.
95TH PERCENTILE QUEUES
An analysis of 95th percentile queue lengths was performed using Synchro software version 10. Queue lengths are presented in Table 11 for the Existing peak hours. The longest queue present during any of the three peak hours is shown in the table. The study intersections were found to mostly have sufficient storage to contain the 95th percentile queue lengths. Exceptions to this are:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): The queue for exiting the project site (westbound approach) is predicted to extend well within the site during the Saturday midday peak hour. • N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Northbound left, southbound left, southbound right, and eastbound left movements are predicted to exceed available capacity during the PM peak hour.
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Southbound left, eastbound through, and westbound right are predicted to exceed available capacity during the PM peak hour.

Appendices B, C, and F contain queue length summary reports for the different scenarios.

No. Intersection Proposed Access Type Warrant Threshold Met 1 N Riverside Dr/ W
Spruce Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour No
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour No
2 N Riverside Dr/ W Fir
Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
D
Site Access D/
W Herndon Ave
PM
#1 – Eight Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
SAT
#1 – Eight Highest Yes
#2 – Four Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 25
Table 11: Existing Plus Project Conditions, 95th Percentile Queues No. Intersection Scenario
Northbound Southbound Eastbound Westbound
Left Thru Right Left Thru Right Left Thru Right Left Thru Right 1 N Riverside
Dr/
W Spruce Ave
Storage 150 375 100 - 80 225 575
Existing SAT 25 25 - 25 25 25 -
Existing +
Project SAT 25 25 25 25 25 25 125
2 N Riverside
Dr/
W Fir Ave
Storage 225 250 375 225 700
Existing SAT 25 - 25 25 -
Existing +
Project SAT 25 25 25 25 >1,000
Existing +
Project SAT
with
Improvements
25 175 125 25 575
3 N Riverside
Dr/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage 225 - 225 325 - 100 225 - 275 225 -
Existing PM 275 75 50 100 25 25 250 300 50 100 600
Existing +
Project PM 275 50 50 625 25 625 1,325 375 50 150 950
Existing +
Project PM
with
Improvements
275 75 50 450 25 500 450 375 50 150 875 25
4 N Golden
State Blvd/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage 150 300 150 275 600 175 250 500 350 150 325 325 Existing PM 50 50 75 300 75 50 50 300 25 75 450 275
Existing +
Project PM 50 50 100 425 75 50 50 425 25 100 700 550
Existing +
Project PM
with
Improvements
50 75 100 475 100 50 75 500 25 150 750 400
5 SR 99 NB Off
Ramp/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage 275 - 650 - 500 550
Existing PM 125 - 175 - 200 325
Existing +
Project PM 100 - 300 - 200 375
6 N Parkway Dr/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage - 500 150 125 300 - - 500 - 175
Existing PM - 25 50 250 50 - - 150 - 25
Existing +
Project PM - 25 50 250 50 - - 375 - 150
A
N Riverside
Dr/
Site Access A
Storage - - - 700
Existing SAT - - - -
Existing +
Project SAT - - - 25
C
N Riverside
Dr/
Site Access C
Storage - - - 300
Existing SAT - - - -
Existing +
Project SAT - - - 25
D
Site Access D/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage - - - 1000 100 - - -
Existing SAT - - - - - - - -
Existing +
Project SAT - - - 25 25 - - -
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc. 2023
Intersections analyzed using HCM 6 methodologies
Queue lengths reported in feet (rounded to the nearest vehicle length) Intersections shaded in gray represent locations where queue lengths would exceed storage.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 26

RECOMMENDED OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
The following improvements in conjunction with site development would mitigate the Existing Plus Project traffic operations to a level that satisfies City intersection performance requirements. • N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): Signalize intersection. • N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Restripe existing eastbound approach to include second eastbound left turn lane. Extend eastbound left-turn lane an additional 150 feet, repurposing the raised median in the roadway cross section. Add southbound right-turn overlap to traffic signal.
o Note: A revision of the signal timing to change all left turns from protected only to protected-permitted would mitigate the intersection to a level that satisfies performance requirements. However, the City does not support protected-permitted left-turns for this location.
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Revise signal phasing to optimize greentime allocation relative to anticipated volumes. For the westbound approach, the queue would extend past the N Weber Ave intersection. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are recommended for the full width of N Weber Ave. On the north leg, reconstruct the median to extend the southbound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing northbound left-turn pocket at W Kathryn Ave.

Table 12 presents the operations at the intersections with the recommended improvements. Figure 7 illustrates the resultant lane configurations and traffic control devices at the intersections with recommended geometric improvements. Appendix F contains Synchro output reports for the Existing Plus Project Conditions.

Table 12: Existing Plus Project Conditions with Off-Site Improvements, Intersection Operations No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave Signal
AM 4.8 A
PM 15.7 B
SAT 44.3 D
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 51.9 D
PM 86.0 F
SAT 76.5 E
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 34.2 C
PM 45.2 D
SAT 46.3 D
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro 10th Edition and HCM 6
th Edition methodology were used.
- City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Average delay in seconds/ vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections.

H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\report\figs\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 6:24pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig07_Improv Proposed Intersection Improvements
Fresno, California 7
Fresno Costco Relocation
Figure 234

LANE CONFIG

LANE CONFIG N RIVERSIDE DR & W FIR AVE N RIVERSIDE DR & W HERNDON AVE N GOLDEN STATE BLVD & W HERNDON AVE Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 28

FUTURE CONDITIONS
The future traffic conditions analysis forecasts how the study intersections would operate in the Year 2042 with the traffic generated by regional growth and development in the area assuming completion of planned transportation projects. regional growth and planned transportation improvements in the project area. Future volumes were developed using the Fresno Council of Governments (FCOG) transportation system model. The model provides expected future AM and PM traffic volumes. In the study area an additional State Highway interchange is planned to the south of W Herndon Ave and north of W Shaw Ave.

This planned interchange results in lower traffic volumes within the immediate project vicinity. The future PM volumes from the model were used to develop the future Saturday midday volumes by applying the projected trip growth factors realized in the PM peak hour to the Saturday volumes.

INTERSECTION OPERATIONS
Traffic volumes for Future Conditions prior to project site development were developed using a compounded growth rate approach. Specifically, existing traffic volumes were multiplied by a compounded growth rate developed using the Fresno Coalition of Governments (Fresno COG) countywide travel demand model. Future peak hour turning movement volumes are presented in Figure 8.

As shown in Table 13, all study intersections are projected to operate acceptably at LOS D or better under Future Conditions, except under the following scenario:
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS E)
Appendix G includes Synchro output reports for Future Conditions.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 29
Table 13: Future Conditions, Intersection Operations
No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
1 N Riverside Dr/W Spruce Ave AWSC
AM 7.9 A
PM 8.1 A
SAT 7.9 A
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave TWSC
AM 8.9 A
PM 8.8 A
SAT 8.7 A
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 25.8 A
PM 76.6 E
SAT 32.2 C
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 28.4 C
PM 42.1 D
SAT 34.6 C
5 SR 99 NB Off Ramp/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 15.1 B
PM 10.5 B
SAT 9.9 A
6 N Parkway Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 26.1 C
PM 16.5 B
SAT 15.2 B
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6th Edition methodology were used. - City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Bolded and italicized indicate intersections operating beyond the City of Fresno standard. - AWSC: All-Way Stop Control
- TWSC: Two-Way Stop Control
- Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections. For TWSC intersections the worst approach delay is reported.

1 23 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL
C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig08_Background Year 2042 Future Lane Configurations, Traffic Control Devices and Traffic Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 8 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6 A

C LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUMED LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION <5
95 220
40 140 40 970
45 310 115
145
105
600
40 80
25 165 110025 5560 370
210
25 110
30 75
80 80 1210 285 75985 35
10 75
<5
155 <530
50 65
5 35
585
<5
45 175
50 615 210 195
30 165 795
155
190
705
130
160
195 25 30015 35755 390
320
40 185
35 35
65 120 760 160 75985 35
15 145
<5
135 <515
65 85
<5
80 555 160
25 120 565
540
75 115 65
105
190 35 10510 35545 385
360
40 210
20 55
60 140 500 110 90720 15
10 105
<5
125 <510
45 60
<5
65 <555
<5
40 145
50 425 170

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 31

FUTURE PLUS PROJECT CONDITIONS
The potential effects of the project on future traffic operations at the study intersections are discussed in this section. This analysis includes the reclassification of W Herndon Ave from an expressway to a major arterial.

As an expressway, no direct site access is permitted onto the roadway. Under the reclassification scenario the site proposes an additional left-in, right-in, right-out intersection onto W Herndon Ave.

INTERSECTION OPERATIONS
Traffic volumes for Future Plus Project conditions were developed using an additive approach. Project trips were added to Future Conditions traffic on the roadway network to develop the volumes for the Future Plus Project with reclassification conditions. Future Plus Project with reclassification turning movement volumes for weekday AM, PM and Saturday peak hours are presented in Figure 9.

As shown in Table 14, the following study intersections would operate at unacceptable LOS during the analysis periods listed:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS F)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS F)
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3)
o AM Peak Hour (LOS E)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS F)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS F)
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS E)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS E)
Appendix H includes Synchro output reports for Future Plus Project conditions.

1 23 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\report\figs\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Jan 25, 2022 - 3:14pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig09_Future+Proj-Reclass Year 2042 Future Plus Project Lane Configurations, Traffic Control Devices and Traffic Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 9 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6 A

C LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUMED LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME <5
115 220
40 210 40 990
45 370 180
145
105
650
40 80
35 165 118525 15625 410
<5
105 175
50 885 210 255
30 350 1065
155
190
855
130
160
225 25 54515 651020 555
<5
120 145
50 770 170 240
25 365 910
745
75 115 65
105
230 35 55010 80890 600
65 40 1445 1090 65
280
15 335 <5
165
80 240 <5
210
25 110
115
75 145 225 1215 285 751035 45
10 210
15 <5
240
<5 <5<530 65<5<5
50 65
50 5
35 <5
5<585 85<5<5
85 75 1200 1120 150
655
75 910 <5
190
150
345 <5
320
40 185
540
35 320 580 730 160 751035 110
15 340
270 <5<515 550 <5<5
65 85
40 <5
80 <5
5<555 210 <5<5
110 105 965 900 215
835
105 1135 <5
160
215
400 <5
360
40 210
690
55 395 780 435 110 90785 125
10 370
370
<5
400
<5 <5<510 725 <5<5
45 60
55 <5
65 <5 <5<555 280 <5<5

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE
<5
345
<5

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 33
Table 14: Future Plus Project Conditions, Intersection Operations No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
1 N Riverside Dr/W Spruce Ave AWSC
AM 8.5 A
PM 10.5 B
SAT 11.7 B
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave TWSC
AM 13.0 B
PM >50 F
SAT >50 F
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 56.9 E
PM >80 F
SAT >80 F
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 31.4 C
PM 76.2 E
SAT 68.9 E
5 SR 99 NB Off Ramp/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 16.1 B
PM 14.7 B
SAT 15.6 B
6 N Parkway Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 23.9 C
PM 16.4 B
SAT 16.9 B
A N Riverside Dr/Site Access A TWSC
AM <1 A
PM <1 A
SAT <1 A
C N Riverside Dr/Site Access C TWSC
AM <1 A
PM <1 A
SAT <1 A
D Site Access D/W Herndon Ave TWSC
AM 14.5 B
PM 15.4 C
SAT 13.9 B
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6th Edition methodology were used. - City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Bolded and italicized indicate intersections operating beyond the City of Fresno standard. - AWSC: All-Way Stop Control
- TWSC: Two-Way Stop Control
- Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections. For TWSC intersections the worst approach delay is reported.

FUTURE DRIVEWAY OPERATIONS
Traffic operations at the Costco site driveways on N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave adjacent to the proposed site accesses were also evaluated with the revised site access for the weekday AM, PM and Saturday midday peak hours.

Turn Lane Assessment
Turn lane opportunities were analyzed for the site accesses along N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave. The warrant analysis used the AASHTO Green Book. The warrants were developed using Saturday midday volumes as they represented the highest volumes at the driveways. Appendix I contains the turn lane warrants worksheets.

Table 15 shows the results of the turn lane analysis at the site access locations.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 34
Table 15: Future Plus Project Conditions, Turn Lane Analysis Results No. Intersection Proposed Access Type Turn Lane Threshold Met 2 N Riverside Dr/
W Fir Ave
Full-Movement
Two-Way Stop-Controlled
NB Right Turn Lane Yes
SB Left Turn Lane No
A
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access A
Right-In Right-Out
Two-Way Stop-Controlled NB Right Turn Lane No
C
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access C
Right-In, Right-Out
Two-Way Stop-Controlled NB Right Turn Lane Yes
D
Site Access A/
W Herndon Ave
Left-In, Right-In, Right-Out
Two-Way Stop-Controlled
WB Right Turn Lane Yes
EB Left Turn Lane Yes
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Like the Existing Plus Project condition, N Riverside Dr at W Fir Ave and at Site Access C meet the right-turn assessment with Future Plus Project traffic volumes.

In addition, westbound right turn and eastbound left turn lane warrants are also met at Site Access A and W Herndon Ave. Currently, the curb-to-curb right of way on W Herndon Ave at the proposed site access is approximately 95 feet, with 5 12-foot travel lanes (3 eastbound and 2 westbound lanes) and a 25-foot median. Turn lanes can likely be accommodated on W Herndon Ave while maintaining current lane widths if the median is removed.

SIGNAL WARRANTS
The MUTCD 8-hour, 4-hour and peak hour traffic signal warrants were analyzed for the Future Plus Project conditions. Results are presented in Table 16. Appendix J contains the signal warrants worksheets.

Table 16: Future Plus Project Conditions, Signal Warrants No. Intersection Peak
Hour Warrant Threshold Met
1 N Riverside Dr/W Spruce Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour No
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour No
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
D Site Access D/W Herndon Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Like the Existing Plus Project conditions, warrants 1, 2, and 3 are met for N Riverside Dr and W Fir Ave under Future Plus Project conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that a signal be installed at this location.

Warrants are not met at any additional locations.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 35
For Site Access D on W Herndon Ave, the threshold for warrant 3 is met on a weekday and the threshold for warrants 1, 2, and 3 are met on Saturday. Given the proximity of Site Access D to the signalized N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave intersection (800’ to the east), the minor access characterization of Site Access D, and that the intersection is expected to operate within City standard, installation of a signal is not recommended at this location.
95TH PERCENTILE QUEUES
An analysis of 95th percentile queue lengths was performed using Synchro software version 10. Queue lengths presented in Table 17 for the Existing peak hours. The longest queue present during any of the three peak hours is shown in the table. The study intersections were found to mostly have sufficient storage to contain the 95th percentile queue lengths. Exceptions to this are:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): Westbound approach: expected to exceed available capacity on Saturdays
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Northbound left, southbound left, southbound right, and eastbound left movements: expected to exceed available capacity during the PM peak hour • N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Southbound left, eastbound through, and westbound right: expected to exceed available capacity during the PM peak hour All intersections and movements that exceed the storage capacity under Future Conditions with reclassification also exceed the storage capacity under Existing Plus Project conditions. No new movements exceed the storage capacity.

Appendices G, H and K contain queue length summary reports for the different scenarios.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 36
Table 17: Future Plus Project Conditions, 95th Percentile Queues No. Intersection Scenario
Northbound Southbound Eastbound Westbound
Left Thru Right Left Thru Right Left Thru Right Left Thru Right 1 N Riverside
Dr/ W Spruce
Ave
Storage 150 375 100 - 80 225 575
Future SAT 25 25 25 25 25 25 -
Future +
Project SAT 25 25 25 25 25 25 75
2 N Riverside
Dr/
W Fir Ave
Storage 225 250 375 225 700
Future SAT 25 - - 25 -
Future +
Project SAT 25 - 25 25 >1000
Future +
Project SAT
with
Improvements
25 150 125 25 525
3 N Riverside
Dr/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage 225 - 225 325 - 100 225 - 275 225 -
Future PM 325 75 75 125 50 25 175 175 50 50 475
Future +
Project PM 325 75 75 675 25 650 1225 225 50 75 775
Future +
Project PM
with
Improvements
175 75 75 400 25 550 675 200 50 50 700 25
4 N Golden
State Blvd/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage 150 300 150 275 600 175 250 400 350 150 325 325 Future PM 75 100 125 400 100 50 25 75 25 50 325 50
Future +
Project PM 75 100 200 550 100 50 25 150 25 100 500 325
Future +
Project PM
with
Improvements
75 125 150 450 100 50 25 150 25 100 500 125
5 SR 99 NB OffRamp/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage 275 - 650 - 500 550
Future PM 50 - 50 - 25 25
Future +
Project PM 50 - 50 - 25 150
6 N Parkway
Dr/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage - 500 150 125 300 - - 500 - 175
Future PM - 25 25 175 25 - - 50 - 25
Future +
Project PM - 25 25 175 50 - - 275 - 75
A
N Riverside
Dr/
Site Access A
Storage - - - 700
Existing SAT - - - -
Existing +
Project SAT - - - 25
B
N Riverside
Dr/
Site Access C
Storage - - - 300
Existing SAT - - - -
Existing +
Project SAT - - - 25
C
Site Access D/
W Herndon
Ave
Storage - 1000 100 - -
Existing SAT - - - - -
Existing +
Project SAT - 25 25 - -
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc. 2023
Intersections analyzed using HCM 6 methodologies
Queue lengths reported in feet (rounded to the nearest vehicle length) Intersections shaded in gray represent locations where queue lengths would exceed storage.

RECOMMENDED OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
To improve upon intersection operations at locations that would operation beyond the standard, Kittelson recommends the following improvements:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): Signalize intersection.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 37
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Restripe existing eastbound approach to include second eastbound left turn lane. Extend eastbound left-turn lane an additional 150 feet, repurposing the raised median in the roadway cross section. Add southbound right-turn overlap to traffic signal.
o Note: A revision of the signal timing to change the northbound and southbound left turns from protected only to protected-permitted would mitigate the intersection to a level that satisfies performance requirements. However, the City does not support protected-permitted left-turns for this location.
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Revise signal phasing to optimize greentime allocation relative to anticipated volumes. For the westbound approach, the queue would extend past the N Weber Ave intersection. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are recommended for the full width of N Weber Ave. On the north leg, reconstruct the median to extend the southbound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing northbound left-turn pocket at W Kathryn Ave.

Table 18 presents the operations at the intersections with the recommended improvements. Appendix K contains Synchro output reports.

Table 18: Future Plus Project with Reclassification Conditions with Off-Site Improvements, Intersection Operations
No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave Signal
AM 4.5 A
PM 15.7 B
SAT 29.9 C
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 32.3 C
PM 73.7 E
SAT 78.4 E
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 31.4 C
PM 49.4 D
SAT 48.4 D
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6th Edition methodology were used. - City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections.

FUTURE PLUS PROJECT CONDITIONS WITHOUT

RECLASSIFICATION OF W HERNDON AVE
The Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave analysis forecasts how the study intersections would operate with the traffic generated by the proposed project development and assumes no direct access were provided to W Herndon Ave. If W Herndon Ave remained an expressway, no direct site access would be permitted onto the roadway. Therefore, this analysis excludes the reclassification of W Herndon Ave from an expressway to a major arterial (which is assumed for the plus project conditions), and project trips that were routed to/from the Site Access D and W Herndon Ave location were redistributed to the other site accesses. The analysis includes quantification of the potential affects to traffic operations due to project traffic without the roadway reclassification.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 38

INTERSECTION OPERATIONS
Traffic volumes for Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave were developed using an additive approach. Project trips shown in Table 7 were added to Future Conditions traffic on the roadway network to develop the volumes for the Future Plus Project conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave. Project-only volumes for this scenario for weekday AM, PM and Saturday peak hours are presented in Figure 10. Turning movement volumes for Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave are presented in Figure 11.

As shown in Table 19, the following study intersections would operate at unacceptable LOS during the analysis periods listed under Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS F)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS F)
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3)
o AM Peak Hour (LOS E)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS F)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS F)
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4)
o PM Peak Hour (LOS E)
o Saturday Midday Peak Hour (LOS E)
Appendix L includes Synchro output reports for Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 39
Table 19: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Intersection Operations No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
1 N Riverside Dr/W Spruce Ave AWSC
AM 8.7 A
PM 11.4 B
SAT 13.8 B
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave TWSC
AM 16.1 C
PM >50 F
SAT >50 F
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 72.9 E
PM >80 F
SAT >80 F
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 31.4 C
PM 76.2 E
SAT 68.9 E
5 SR 99 NB Off Ramp/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 16.1 B
PM 14.7 B
SAT 15.6 B
6 N Parkway Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 23.9 C
PM 16.4 B
SAT 16.9 B
A N Riverside Dr/Site Access A TWSC
AM <1 A
PM <1 A
SAT <1 A
C N Riverside Dr/Site Access C TWSC
AM <1 A
PM <1 A
SAT <1 A
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6
th Edition methodology were used
-City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Bolded and italicized indicate intersections operating beyond the City of Fresno standard - AWSC: All-Way Stop Control
- TWSC: Two-Way Stop Control
- Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections. For TWSC intersections the worst approach delay is reported.

1 23 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL
C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig10_Project Trips No Reclass Project Trip Volumes Without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 10 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6 A

C LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUMED LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 905
160
1115 55
320
335
80 345 80
245 345
205 40 330 45345 215
780
335 745 -170 -75 320
370
530
335 780
55 335
650
115
845
40 230
255
60 270 60
185 270
155 30 245 35270 165
590
255 535 -105 -45 230
270
385 59040 255
235
25 210
50 155
110
20 70 20
65 70
55 10 85 107040
145
65 185 -35 -15 80
210
25 105 105
50 105

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C
255

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION

1 23 - STOP SIGN - TRAFFIC SIGNAL
C:\Users\bhelm\appdata\local\temp\AcPublish_27348\26784_Fresno Costco Figures.dwg Nov 11, 2021 - 5:53pm - bhelm Layout Tab: Fig11_Future+Proj Year 2042 Future Plus Project Without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Lane Configurations, Traffic Control Devices and Traffic Volumes Weekday AM, Weekday PM and Weekend Midday Peak Hours Fresno, California 11 Fresno Costco Relocation Figure LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 4 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME5 LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME 6 A

C LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUMED LANE CONFIG AM VOLUME PM VOLUME SAT VOLUME FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION FUTURE INTERSECTION 165
155 <5 <5
375
25 395 <5
<5
115 220
40 210 40 990
45 370 180
145
105
650
40 80
35 165 118525 15625 410
210
25 110
175
75 145 265 1175 285 75970 110
10 285
25 <5
265
<5 <5<530 105 <5<5
50 65
50 5
35 <5
5<585 105 <5<5
190
230
390 <5
845
115
995 <5
<5
105 175
50 885 210 255
30 350 1065
155
190
855
130
160
225 25 54515 651020 555
320
40 185
625
35 320 655 655 160 75940 265
15 415
385
<5
390 <5<515 590 <5<5
65 85
40 <5
80 <5
5<555 255 <5<5
160
320
460 <5
1105
160
1250 <5
<5
120 145
50 770 170 240
25 365 910
745
75 115 65
105
230 35 55010 80890 600
360
40 210
800
55 395 885 330 110 90650 335
10 475
530
<5
460
<5 <5<510 780 <5<5
45 60
55 <5
65 <5 <5<555 335 <5<5

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W SPRUCE AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W FIR AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N GOLDEN STATE BLVD &

W HERNDON AVE
SR 99 NB OFF-RAMP &

W HERNDON AVE

N PARKWAY DR &

W HERNDON AVE

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS A

N RIVERSIDE DR &

SITE ACCESS C

SITE ACCESS D &

W HERNDON AVE

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 42

FUTURE DRIVEWAY CONSIDERATIONS
In addition to the operations analysis results presented in Table 14, the potential need for right and left turn lanes as well as signalization was evaluated for the three project driveways using the methodologies cited earlier in this report.

Turn Lane Assessment
Turn lane opportunities were analyzed for the site accesses along N Riverside Dr and W Herndon Ave using Saturday midday peak hour volumes as they represented the highest volumes projected at the driveways.

Appendix M contains the turn lane analysis worksheets.

Table 20 shows the results of the turn lane analysis at the site access locations.

Table 20: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Turn Lane Analysis Results
No. Intersection Proposed Access Type Turn Lane Threshold Met 2 N Riverside Dr/
W Fir Ave
Full-Movement
Two-Way Stop-Controlled
NB Right Turn Lane Yes
SB Left Turn Lane No
A
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access A
Right-In Right-Out
Two-Way Stop-Controlled NB Right Turn Lane Yes
C
N Riverside Dr/
Site Access C
Right-In, Right-Out
Two-Way Stop-Controlled NB Right Turn Lane Yes
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Like the Existing Plus Project condition, N Riverside Dr at W Fir Ave and at Site Access C meet the right-turn warrant threshold under Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave. Under Future Plus Project without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave conditions N Riverside Dr at Site Access A meet the right-turn warrant.

SIGNAL WARRANTS
The MUTCD 8-hour, 4-hour and peak hour traffic signal warrants were analyzed for the Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave. Appendix N contains the signal warrants worksheets.

Table 21: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, Signal Warrants No. Intersection Proposed Access Type Warrant Threshold Met 1 N Riverside Dr/
W Spruce Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour No
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest No
#2 – Four-Hour No
#3 – Peak Hour No
2 N Riverside Dr/
W Fir Ave
PM
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
SAT
#1 - Eight-Highest Yes
#2 – Four-Hour Yes
#3 – Peak Hour Yes
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 43
Like the Existing Plus Project conditions, warrants 1, 2, and 3 are met for N Riverside Dr and W Fir Ave under Future Plus Project conditions without reclassification of W Herndon Ave. Based on this finding and the proposed location of the primary full-access driveway to the project site at this intersection, it is recommended that a signal be installed at this location. 95TH PERCENTILE QUEUES
Projected 95th percentile queues are presented in Table 22 for the Existing Plus Project conditions. The longest queue projected during the three peak hours is shown in the table for each movement reported.

The following projected 95th percentile queues exceed the available storage:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): Westbound approach: expected to exceed available capacity on Saturday midday peak hour
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Northbound left, southbound left, southbound right, and eastbound left movements: expected to exceed available capacity during the PM peak hour • N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Southbound left, eastbound through, and westbound right: expected to exceed available capacity during the PM peak hour All intersections and movements that exceed the storage capacity under Future Conditions also exceed the storage capacity under Existing Plus Project conditions. No new movements exceed the storage capacity relative to Existing Plus Project conditions.

Appendices G, L and O contain queue length summary reports for the different scenarios.

Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 44
Table 22: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave, 95th Percentile Queues No. Intersection Scenario
Northbound Southbound Eastbound Westbound
Left Thru Right Left Thru Right Left Thru Right Left Thru Right 1 N Riverside
Dr/Spruce Ave
Storage 150 375 100 - 80 225 575
Future SAT 25 25 25 25 25 25 -
Future +
Project SAT 25 25 25 25 25 25 100
2 N Riverside
Dr/Fir Ave
Storage 225 250 375 225 700
Future SAT 25 - - 25 -
Future +
Project SAT 25 25 25 25 >1,000
Future +
Project SAT
with
Improvements
25 150 100 25 600
3 N Riverside
Dr/Herndon
Ave
Storage 225 - 225 325 - 100 225 - 275 225 -
Future PM 325 75 75 125 50 25 175 175 50 50 475
Future +
Project PM 325 75 75 650 25 825 >1,000 200 50 65 850
Future +
Project PM
with
Improvements
175 75 75 400 25 650 400 175 50 75 650 150
4 Golden State
Blvd/Herndon
Ave
Storage 150 300 150 275 600 175 250 400 350 150 325 325 Future PM 75 100 125 400 100 50 25 75 25 50 325 50
Future +
Project PM 75 100 200 550 100 50 25 150 25 100 500 325
Future +
Project PM
with
Improvements
75 125 150 450 100 50 25 150 25 100 500 125
5 SR 99 NB OffRamp/Herndon
Ave
Storage 275 - 650 - 500 550
Future PM 50 - 50 - 25 25
Future +
Project PM 50 - 50 - 25 150
6 N Parkway
Dr/Herndon
Ave
Storage - 500 150 125 300 - - 500 - 175
Future PM - 25 25 175 25 - - 50 - 25
Future +
Project PM - 25 25 175 50 - - 275 - 75
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc. 2020
Intersections analyzed using HCM 6 methodologies
Queue lengths reported in feet (rounded to the nearest vehicle length) Intersections shaded in gray represent locations where queue lengths would exceed storage.

RECOMMENDED OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
The following improvements are recommended in conjunction with project development to address project trip effects to traffic operations and to restore acceptable operations to respective intersections:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): Signalize intersection. • N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Restripe existing eastbound approach to include second eastbound left turn lane. Extend eastbound left-turn lane an additional 150 feet, repurposing the raised median in the roadway cross section. Add southbound right-turn overlap to traffic signal.
o Note: A revision of the signal timing to change the northbound and southbound left turns from protected only to protected-permitted would mitigate the intersection to a level that satisfies performance requirements. However, the City does not support protected-permitted left-turns for this location.
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Revise signal phasing to optimize greentime allocation relative to anticipated volumes. For the westbound approach, the queue Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis General Plan Consistency Assessment May 2023
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would extend past the N Weber Ave intersection. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are recommended for the full width of N Weber Ave. On the north leg, reconstruct the median to extend the southbound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing northbound left-turn pocket at W Kathryn Ave.

Table 23 presents the operations at the intersections with the recommended improvements.

Appendix O contains Synchro output reports.

Table 23: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W Herndon Ave with Off-Site Improvements, Intersection Operations
No. Location Control Peak Hour Delay LOS
2 N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave Signal
AM 5.2 A
PM 20.7 C
SAT 47.4 D
3 N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 33.7 C
PM 73.2 E
SAT 78.2 E
4 N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave Signal
AM 30.6 C
PM 49.4 D
SAT 48.4 D
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Note:
- Synchro Version 10 and HCM 6th Edition methodology were used. - City of Fresno LOS Standard D for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections - Bolded and italicized indicate intersections operating beyond the City of Fresno standard. - AWSC: All-Way Stop Control
- TWSC: Two-Way Stop Control
- Average delay in seconds/vehicle is reported for signalized and stop control intersections. For TWSC intersections the worst approach delay is reported.

Section 3
CEQA Compliance Assessment
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CEQA COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT
The transportation impact analysis identifies the degree to which regional vehicle miles traveled may change and how the study area’s transportation system is expected to operate when the project is operational. The expected transportation-related effects of the project were examined considering the following:
• Consistency with existing programs, plans, ordinances, or policies • Change in regional daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT) due to the project • Transit, pedestrian, and bicyclist access to and near the project site • Emergency access around and near the project site
This analysis includes both effects that would result in potentially significant impacts under CEQA guidelines and non-CEQA effects associated with traffic operations on the transportation network.

CEQA SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA
The project’s impact is not considered to be significant unless it would:
a. Conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities.
b. Conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guideline section 15064.3, subdivision (b). c. Substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment). d. Result in inadequate emergency access.

Significance criterion “b” is related to the implementation of vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) as the primary performance metric.

The City of Fresno’s CEQA guidelines for VMT thresholds identify the following threshold for significant impacts for developments such as the project:
• A retail project that results in a net increase of regional VMT

CONSISTENCY WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMS
The City of Fresno has jurisdiction over City streets and City-operated traffic signals. Caltrans has jurisdiction over State facilities and on- and off-ramp intersections with local streets. The County of Fresno has jurisdiction over streets in unincorporated areas, as well as County expressways. Kittelson reviewed the applicable programs, plans, ordinances, and policies that pertain to the project’s potential impacts on the transportation system.

STATE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Senate Bill 743
Adopted on September 27, 2013, SB 743 directs the California Office of Planning and Research (OPR) to administer new CEQA guidance for jurisdictions that removes automobile vehicle delay and LOS from CEQA analysis and replaces it with VMT analysis or other measures that “promote the reduction of Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis CEQA Compliance Assessment May 2023
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greenhouse gas emissions, the development of multimodal transportation networks, and a diversity of land uses,” to be used as a basis for determining significant transportation impacts.

REGIONAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Fresno County Council of Governments
The Fresno County Council of Governments (Fresno COG) is a voluntary association of local governments and a regional planning agency composed of 16 member agencies, including the City of Fresno. The purpose of the Fresno COG is to establish a consensus on the transportation and land use needs of the Fresno County area and to further action plans for issues in the region. The current regional transportation plan (RTP) was adopted in 2018. The 2022 RTP is under development at the time this report is being prepared. The RTP addresses GHG emission reductions and other air emissions related to transportation, with the goal of preparing for future growth sustainably.

Fresno County Transportation Authority and Measure C
The Fresno County Transportation Authority (FCTA) is a regional agency that was created to administer the voter-passed Measure C program in 1986. Measure C was a 20-year program that achieved a half-cent sales tax for transportation expenditures and infrastructure. After its 20-year duration, the program was extended in 2006 for another 20 years. The FCTA established goals and core values for using these funds for building roads, expanding the bicycling network, expanding the transit network and transit services, and supporting vanpools and ride hailing services.

Fresno County Congestion Management Process
The Fresno County Congestion Management Process (CMP) is an effective systematic and regionally acceptable approach for managing congestion. Its responsibilities are to provide information on transportation system performance and assess alternative strategies for alleviating congestion and improving mobility. The CMP has identified a CMP network that includes SR 41 from the SR 99 interchange to the Madera/Fresno County line, SR 99 from the Madera/Fresno County line to the Jensen Ave interchange, SR 168 from the SR 180 interchange to the W Herndon Ave interchange, and SR 180 from the SR 99 interchange to the SR 168 interchange.

LOCAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
City of Fresno Active Transportation Plan
The City of Fresno’s Active Transportation Plan, adopted in March 2017, provides a comprehensive guide outlining the vision for active transportation in Fresno. The plan lays out specific goals to improve bicycle access and connectivity in Fresno. These goals include the following:
• Equitably improve the safety and perceived safety of walking and bicycling in Fresno • Increase walking and bicycling trips in Fresno by creating user-friendly facilities • Improve the geographical equity of access to walking and bicycling facilities in Fresno • Fill key gaps in Fresno’s walking and bicycling network Complete Streets Policy
The City’s Complete Streets Policy was adopted by the City Council on October 10, 2019, to guide the implementation of the City’s complete streets and multimodal objectives and policies within the Fresno General Plan. The City has integrated complete streets designs into its policies in compliance with Assembly Bill 1358.

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SB 743 Implementation Policies
The City has initiated its incorporation of SB 743 goals into transportation policies in the in-progress General Plan update. Policies that address development of multimodal networks, reductions in greenhouse gases, and increasing diversity of land use have been developed in the General Plan.

IMPACT FINDING
The project would be consistent with the applicable plans policies and programs and would not conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities. Therefore, the impact of the project would be less than significant.

CHANGE IN REGIONAL VMT
This section discusses the analysis methodologies, data, and findings associated with the expected change in regional VMT that would result from the project.

ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES AND DATA
The VMT analysis includes:
• Assessment of project trip generation
o Including: members (accounting for primary and diverted member trips), warehouse employees, and fuel station employees for the existing and relocated Costcos, as well as car wash employees, MDO on-site employees, and MDO delivery employees for the relocated Costco
o Excluding: members making pass-by trips, warehouse delivery trucks and fuel delivery trucks for the existing and relocated Costcos as well as MDO delivery truck from the depot and MDO delivery-to-members/other warehouse trucks for the relocated Costco • Calculation of member average primary trip length based on Costco member approximate home locations
• Calculation of member diverted trip lengths based on expected diversion routes for the Costco site • Calculation of employee average trip lengths based on the Fresno COG VMT Calculation Tool average employee trip lengths for the relevant transportation analysis zones (TAZs) • Calculation of MDO on-site and delivery employee average trip length based on the Fresno COG VMT Calculation Tool average employee trip length for the relevant TAZs • Calculation of trips for an eventual shopping center use that would backfill the vacated Shaw Costco warehouse
• Calculation of average trip length for an eventual shopping center use • Calculation of Shaw Costco fuel station trips that would remain with the existing fuel station • Calculation of Shaw Costco fuel station average primary and diverted trip lengths • Calculation of overall expected change in regional VMT that would result from the project Costco provided the following data for a typical month of sales at the existing Costco:
• Approximate home locations of Costco members who shopped during September 2019, grouped in 1-square-mile zones
• Number of visits to Costco in September 2019 by members in each 1-square-mile zone • Market area of the existing Costco and projected market area of the relocated Costco Member Average Primary Trip Lengths
Based on the trip generation of the existing Costco and relocated Costco, a portion of trips are made between Costco members’ homes and Costco. These are characterized as primary trips. ArcGIS Online software was used to develop trip lengths between each 1-square-mile zone and the existing and proposed Costco locations. These zones and the travel routes to the existing and proposed Costco locations are presented in Figure 12 and Figure 13, respectively. 5 99
1 41
33 180
101
152
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\vmt_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure 12
Travel Routes to Existing Costco (W Shaw Ave)
Fresno Costco Relocation
[ Legend 0 21Miles
Existing Fresno Costco (W Shaw Ave)
! Approximate Location of Member Households
Routes to Existing Fresno
Fresno Market Area
Fresno Costco Relocation
5 99
1 41
33 180
101
152
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\vmt_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure 13
Travel Routes to After Costco Relocation
Fresno Costco Relocation
[ Legend 0 21Miles
Relocated Costco (N Riverside Ave)
North Fresno Costco
Travel Routes to Relocated Costco
! Approximate Location of Member Households for Relocated Costco ! Approximate Location of Member Households, Members Shifting from Existing Costco (W Shaw Ave) to North Fresno Costco Travel Routes to North Fresno Costco
Relocated Fresno Market Area
Existing Fresno Costco (W Shaw Ave)
Fresno Costco Relocation
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Upon developing the trip lengths between the zones and the two Costco sites, a weighted average trip length to the existing Costco and a weighted average trip length to the proposed Costco were developed based on the number of member visits made to the existing Costco in September 2019 by members in each zone. In essence, the trip length from a zone with several member visits during the month would carry more “weight” than the trip length from a zone with few member visits when developing the weighted average trip length.

Costco membership projections forecast that nearly all existing members will shop at the new site. The exception is a small set of members of the existing Costco on W Shaw Ave who are expected to transition to shopping at the North Fresno warehouse on N Abby St following the relocation of the W Shaw Ave Costco to the N Riverside Dr location. These few member households that are expected to shift to North Fresno are shown in magenta on Figure 13. The respective 1-square-mile zones were excluded from developing the weighted average trip lengths of primary trips to the relocated Costco.

Member Diverted Trip Lengths
Based on the trip generation of the existing Costco and relocated Costco, a portion of trips to and from Costco are made by members who are traveling on the surrounding street network for some other primary travel purpose and who travel a short distance out of their way to access the site while en route to their primary destination. These are characterized as diverted trips. ArcGIS Online software was used to develop trip lengths for the following expected diversion routes to the existing and proposed Costco locations:

Existing Costco Relocated Costco
• SR 99 (Golden State Highway) • SR 99 (Golden State Highway) • N Golden State Blvd • N Golden State Blvd
• Brawley Avenue • Marketplace at El Paseo
Diversion distances were calculated based on the path a vehicle would need to travel beyond their primary route to access the warehouse and then return to their original path to continue to their destination. Figure 14, Figure 15, and Figure 16 illustrate expected diversion routes for the existing Costco while Figure 17, Figure 18, and Figure 19 illustrate the expected diversion routes for the relocated Costco.

Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash Employee Average Trip Lengths Based on the trip generation of the existing Costco and relocated Costco, a portion of trips to and from Costco are made by warehouse and fuel station employees for both locations, as well as by car wash employees for the relocated Costco. These are considered home-based trips and are not associated with where members live. The average employee trip lengths provided for the relevant TAZs in the Fresno COG VMT Calculation Tool were used for the analysis.

Costco provides a robust commute benefit to its employees. Costco provides carpool incentives, partners with local agencies to provide vanpool services, subsidizes transit passes, and provides secure bicycle storage and locker rooms for employees who bike to work.

MDO On-Site and Delivery Employee Average Trip Length
Based on the trip generation of the relocated Costco, a portion of trips to and from the new location are made by MDO on-site and delivery employees. Additionally, the same MDO on-site and delivery employees work today at the existing MDO facility. These are considered home-based trips and are not associated with where members live. The average employee trip lengths provided for the relevant TAZs in the Fresno COG VMT Calculation Tool were used for the analysis.

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Shaw Building Backfill Retail Use Trips
Once Costco vacates the building in the shopping center on W Shaw Avenue (Shaw building) to relocate to the new building on W Herndon Avenue (Herndon building), the Shaw building will be available for another retail use. Since the Shaw building is part of an existing development that already has undergone environmental review, the next retail use to occupy and operate from the building would not undergo environmental review. Therefore, the trips and VMT being generated today at the Shaw building by the existing Costco are trips and VMT that exist in the region and, in essence, already have been approved to be generated by a use at this location in Fresno. To determine the anticipated change in regional VMT resulting from the project – which entails the relocation of the Shaw Costco warehouse and development of a new fuel station and car wash – the difference in VMT generated by the Shaw building use after another retail use occupies and operates from it must be computed.

The Shaw building comprises 133,944 square feet and is part of a shopping center with WinCo Foods and another strip commercial building with several smaller commercial businesses. Since a future retail use has not been identified for the Shaw building, the ITE Shopping Center (LU 820) trip rates would apply. The shopping center indeed is larger than 150,000 square feet, as the Shaw building alone comprises more than 130,000 square feet. Therefore, daily trip generation for a future retail use is computed using Shopping Center rates.

Table 24 presents the trip generation for additional shopping center use at the Shaw building after another retail use occupies and operates from the vacated Costco warehouse. As shown, a future retail use would be expected to generate 4,238 daily primary trips.

Table 24: Shaw Building Trip Generation (Shopping Center) Land Use Size Unit Weekday Daily
Rate ADT
Shopping Center (ITE LU 820) 133.944 KSF 37.01 4,957
Pass-By Trips* 14.5% 719
Primary Trips 4,238
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Notes:

Source: ITE Trip Generation Manual, 11th Ed.
- Pass-by trips information from Trip Generation Manual appendices. * Daily pass-by trip rate is assumed based on the ITE-provided PM peak hour pass-by trip rate of 29% divided by two since the PM peak hour may not as accurately represent pass-by activity over the course of the day.

Shaw Building Backfill Retail Use Average Trip Length
Kittelson used the Fresno COG countywide travel demand model to estimate the average length of trips to and from the future retail use at the Shaw building. Transportation analysis zone (TAZ) 559 comprises the shopping center. The travel demand model estimates 10,515 daily trips in TAZ 559 generating 78,580 VMT.

These values correspond to an average trip length of 7.47 miles (78,580 ÷ 10,515 = 7.47). This average trip length is used to estimate the anticipated VMT of the future retail use at the Shaw building.

Shaw Costco Fuel Station Trips
As previously discussed, Kittelson maintains a database of trip characteristics for Costco Wholesale sites throughout North America, including specific trip information for Costco fuel stations. Kittelson developed a daily trip generation estimate for the Costco fuel station at the Shaw building based on trip data for nine representative Costco fuel stations in California. Table 25 presents the daily trip generation for the Shaw Costco fuel station after the warehouse relocation.

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Table 25: Shaw Costco Fuel Station Trip Generation
Trip Type Daily Trips
Total Trips 4,282
Pass-by 1,884
Diverted 728
Primary 1,670
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
As presented in Table 25, the Shaw Costco fuel station is expected to generate 4,282 total daily trips, of which 1,670 would be primary trips and 728 would be diverted trips.

Shaw Costco Fuel Station Average Primary and Diverted Trip Lengths The same member household location information used to develop member average primary trip lengths for the Herndon warehouse was used to develop average primary trip lengths to the Shaw Costco fuel station. ArcGIS Online software was used to develop trip lengths between each 1-square-mile zone and the Shaw Costco location.

Likewise, the same method used to develop member diverted trip lengths for the Herndon warehouse was used to develop diverted trip lengths to the Shaw location. ArcGIS Online software was used to develop trip lengths for the following expected diversion routes to the existing locations:
• SR 99 (Golden State Highway)
• N Golden State Blvd
• Brawley Avenue
Table 26 presents the primary and diverted trip lengths to the Shaw Costco fuel station.

Table 26: Diverted Trip Lengths, Shaw Costco Fuel Station Trip Type Miles
Primary 15.3
Pass-by 0.0
Diverted 1.6
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\diversion_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure14A
ExistingCostcoDiversionRoutes
To/FromCA-99
FresnoCostcoRelocation [
Legend

00.3Miles
DivertedRoute
RouteWithoutDiversion
ExistingCostco(WShawAve)
Figure 14 Fresno Costco Relocation To/From SR 99 Fresno Costco Relocation H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\diversion_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure14B
ExistingCostcoDiversionRoutes
To/FromGoldenStateBoulevard
FresnoCostcoRelocation [
Legend

00.3Miles
DivertedRoute
RouteWithoutDiversion
ExistingCostco(WShawAve)
Figure 15 Fresno Costco Relocation
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\diversion_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure14C
ExistingCostcoDiversionRoutes
To/FromBrawleyAvenue
FresnoCostcoRelocation [
Legend

00.3Miles
DivertedRoute
RouteWithoutDiversion
ExistingCostco(WShawAve)
Figure 16 Fresno Costco Relocation
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\diversion_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure15A
RelocatedCostcoDiversionRoutes
To/FromCA-99
FresnoCostcoRelocation [
Legend

00.3Miles
DivertedRoute
RouteWithoutDiversion
RelocatedCostco(NRiversideAve)
Figure 17 Fresno Costco Relocation To/From SR 99 Fresno Costco Relocation H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\diversion_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure15B
RelocatedCostcoDiversionRoutes
To/FromGoldenStateBoulevard
FresnoCostcoRelocation [
Legend

00.3Miles
DivertedRoute
RouteWithoutDiversion
RelocatedCostco(NRiversideAve)
Figure 18 Fresno Costco Relocation
"
H:\26\26784 - Fresno Costco Warehouse TIA\gis\diversion_figures.mxd Date: 11/10/2021 Figure15C
RelocatedCostcoDiversionRoutes
To/FromMarketplace
FresnoCostcoRelocation [
Legend

00.3Miles
DivertedRoute
RelocatedCostco(NRiversideAve)
"
Marketplace
Figure 19 Fresno Costco Relocation El Paseo Marketplace Fresno Costco Relocation Marketplace at El Paseo Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis CEQA Compliance Assessment May 2023
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CHANGE IN REGIONAL VMT
VMT for the existing and relocated Costcos are computed by multiplying the number of each trip type by its associated trip length.

Existing Shaw Costco Daily VMT
Table 27 presents the weekday daily trips for each trip type for the existing Costco, the associated trip lengths, VMT for each trip type, and total daily VMT. As shown in the table, total daily VMT estimated for the existing Shaw Costco site is 120,083 miles.

Table 27: Existing Costco VMT Summary
Trip Type Weekday Daily Trips Trip Length (miles) Daily VMT Members, Primary 7,001 15.3 106,943
Members, Pass-by 2,651 0.0 0
Members, Diverted 2,827 1.6 4,636
Warehouse & Fuel Station Employees 240 17.3 4,152
MDO Warehouse Employees 92 32.0 2,944
MDO Driver Employees 44 32.0 1,408
MDO Deliveries1 20 - -
Fuel Truck Delivery1 10 128.0 -
Warehouse Truck Delivery1 20 128.0 -
Total 12,749 - 120,083
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
1 Delivery truck trips are excluded from the VMT calculation as good movement is not evaluated for identifying transportation impacts pursuant to CEQA.

Shaw Building Backfill Retail Use Daily VMT
Since the proposed project entails the Costco warehouse vacating the Shaw building to relocate to the Herndon building, the VMT associated with Costco at the Shaw building will be eliminated and a future unknown retail use is assumed to backfill the Shaw building, generating its own VMT. Table 28 presents the weekday daily primary trips for the Shaw building backfill retail use. As shown in the table, total daily VMT estimated for the existing Shaw building backfill retail use is 31,673 miles.

Table 28: Shaw Building Backfill Retail Use Daily VMT
Weekday Daily Trips Trip Length (miles) Daily VMT
Total 4,238 7.47 31,673
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Shaw Costco Fuel Station Daily VMT
The existing Shaw Costco fuel station is assumed to remain operational after the Costco warehouse vacates the building on the site and a future unknow retail use occupies and operates on the site.

Table 29 presents the weekday daily trips for the Shaw Costco fuel station. As shown in the table, total daily VMT estimated for the existing Shaw Costco fuel station is 26,704 miles.

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Table 29: Shaw Costco Fuel Station Daily VMT
Weekday Daily Trips Trip Length (miles) Daily VMT
Primary 1,670 15.3 25,510
Diverted 728 1.6 1,194
Fuel Station Total 4,282 26,704
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
Relocated Herndon Costco Daily VMT
Table 30 presents the weekday daily trips for each trip type for the relocated Costco, the associated trip lengths, VMT for each trip type, and total daily VMT. As presented in the table, total daily VMT anticipated for the relocated Herndon Costco site is 191,032 miles.

Table 30: Relocated Herndon Costco Daily VMT
Trip Type Weekday Daily Trips Trip Length (miles) Daily VMT Member Primary 10,046 17.3 173,528
Member Pass-by 3,788 0.0 0
Member Diverted 4,038 1.0 4,119
Warehouse, Fuel Station, + Car Wash Employees 300 30.7 9,210 MDO Warehouse Employees 92 30.7 2,824
MDO Driver Employees 44 30.7 1,351
MDO Deliveries1 20 - -
Fuel Truck Delivery1 14 125.0 -
Warehouse Truck Delivery1 26 125.0 -
Total 18,368 - 191,032
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
1 Delivery truck trips are excluded from the VMT calculation as good movement is not evaluated for identifying transportation impacts pursuant to CEQA.

Net Change in Regional VMT
The anticipated VMT would be the difference in daily VMT at the Shaw property with the associated off-site MDO operations, due to changes in the retail use of the Shaw building and the Costco fuel station remaining operational, and the relocated Costco with on-site MDO operations. Table 31 presents the change in regional daily VMT resulting from the project. The change in regional daily VMT resulting from the project is 129,326 miles.

Table 31: Overall Change in Regional Daily VMT with Relocated Costco Warehouse Scenario Daily VMT
Difference in Shaw Property VMT -61,706
Existing Shaw Costco Daily VMT -120,083
Shaw Building Backfill Retail Use 31,673
Shaw Costco Fuel Station 26,704
Relocated Herndon Costco Daily VMT 191,032
Change in Regional Daily VMT (Project VMT) 129,326
Source: Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023
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IMPACT FINDING
With construction and operation of the Costco warehouse, regional daily VMT is estimated to increase by 129,326 miles. Therefore, the project impact would be significant.

VMT MITIGATION
The California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) first published a handbook in 2010 titled Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures Handbook (GHG Handbook). The GHG Handbook was updated by the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District and adopted by CAPCOA in December 2021.

The GHG Handbook is provided as a planning resource for agencies and developers. It includes a transportation section that discusses solutions to mitigate VMT by shifting modes of travel from singleoccupancy vehicles to shared or active modes of transportation.

Most of the VMT mitigation measures that Costco can implement will be geared towards reducing employee trips. However, employee trips account for 436 daily trips (less than 2% of the total daily trips) and 13,385 VMT (approximately 7% of the daily VMT). Thus, VMT reductions from mitigation measures will be minimal.

Table 32: Trip Reduction Programs for Employees (Project/Site) # VMT Mitigation
Measure
Percent Reduction Notes
T-5,
T-6
Implement Commute
Trip Reduction Program
Up to 4% (voluntary)
Up to 26% (mandatory)
CTR can be voluntary or mandatory. This
must include measures T-7 through T-11.

T-7 Commute Trip
Reduction Marketing
Up to 4%
T-8 Provide Ridesharing
Program
Up to 8% Designate parking spaces for rideshare
vehicles.

Designated passenger loading and
unloading and waiting areas.

T-9 Implement Subsidized
or Discount Transit
Program
Up to 5.5%
T-10 Provide End-of-Trip
Bicycle Facilities
Up to 4.4%
T-11 Provide EmployerSponsored Vanpool Up to 20.4%
Source: GHG Handbook
Costco provides a voluntary commute trip reduction program for employees that includes marketing, endof-trip bicycle facilities, vanpool, and discounted transit. This can result in a 4% reduction in employee vehicle trips, reducing the project daily VMT by 535 miles or less than 0.5%. Even if Costco implemented a mandatory commute reduction program and 100% of employees were eligible, this would only result in a 3,480-mile decrease or less than 2% of project daily VMT.

The bulk of the daily VMT is driven by members shopping at the warehouse. While Costco is implementing neighborhood design improvements such as pedestrian network improvements and constructing bikeway facilities as part of the project, and in theory could implement bike-share or scooter-share on-site or implement transit-supportive roadway treatments, the nature of Costco’s land use and business model has been shown to be auto-oriented. Members purchase items in bulk at Costco, making walking, biking, or transit trips to the warehouse impractical.

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Costco will encourage employee carpooling, subsidize transit passes, and provide end-of-trip bicycle facilities for employees, which will mitigate a small share of employee VMT. However, the project VMT impact will remain significant.

POTENTIAL HAZARDS RESULTING FROM QUEUES
Per the City’s Traffic Impact Study Report Guidelines, the City does not have formally adopted guidelines on queuing criterion that establishes thresholds of significance for vehicle queues at intersections. For the purposes of this study, a vehicle queue that overflows the available storage for a turn pocket and blocking the adjacent travel lane or that queues to an upstream signal blocking through traffic is considered a potential safety hazard and would be considered a significant impact. Therefore, this study identifies a significant impact as occurring at locations where the project traffic would cause the queue length for a turn pocket to overflow its available storage compared to no project conditions or cause a queue to spillback into an upstream signalized intersection.

An analysis of 95th percentile queue lengths was performed using Synchro software version 10. Queue lengths for the AM, PM and Saturday midday peak hours were analyzed for all conditions. Most study intersections were found to have sufficient storage to contain 95th percentile queues with implementation of recommended off-site improvements. Exceptions to this are N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3) and N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4). The recommended improvements at these locations are:
• N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Restripe existing eastbound approach to include second eastbound left turn lane. Extend eastbound left-turn lane an additional 150 feet, repurposing the raised median in the roadway cross section. Add southbound right-turn overlap to traffic signal.
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Revise signal phasing to optimize greentime allocation relative to anticipated volumes. For the westbound approach, the queue would extend past the N Weber Ave intersection. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are recommended for the full width of N Weber Ave. On the north leg, reconstruct the median to extend the southbound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing northbound left-turn pocket at W Kathryn Ave.

IMPACT FINDING
Following construction of project off-site improvements, the southbound right-turn queue at N Riverside Dr/ W Herndon Ave would continue to exceed the available storage for the right-turn pocket and spill into the adjacent travel lane. This spillback condition would occur during the most congested period of the day and would not be a continuous condition. Constraints in the roadway cross section preclude widening the roadway to extend the right-turn pocket while also maintaining the upstream bike lane. Following construction of project off-site improvements, the southbound left-turn queue at the N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave intersection may extend beyond the turn pocket and spill into the adjacent travel lane by approximately 50’, depending on final construction of the improvement. This spillback condition would occur during the most congested period of the day and would not be a continuous condition. Therefore, the project impact would be less than significant.

EMERGENCY ACCESS
Emergency vehicle access to the project site is accommodated at the driveways on N Riverside Dr and within the drive aisles in the parking lot and to the queue storage area of the fuel station. The intersection of N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave serves as the primary access point for emergency vehicles to service the Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis Conclusions May 2023
Kittelson & Associates Page 65
warehouse and MDO facility. The intersection of N Riverside Dr/Site Access A provides emergency access to the northern portion of the site including the car wash and fuel station. The proposed site plan provides adequate lane width and curb radii to accommodate emergency vehicles. Appendix P provide turning templates for emergency vehicles on the site.

IMPACT FINDING
The project provides emergency access to and within the site via the driveways on N Riverside Dr, existing on-site easements, and on-site drive aisles. Therefore, the impact of the project on emergency access would be less than significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Recommended project off-site improvements to the transportation network and environmental impacts are discussed in this section.

RECOMMENDED OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
The project would result in traffic operations below the City’s standard of LOS D at the N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave two-way stop-controlled intersection, the N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave signalized intersection and the N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave signalized intersection. Therefore, Kittelson recommends the following improvements in conjunction with project development to provide operations that satisfy City General Plan LOS standards:
• N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave (Intersection 2): Signalize intersection. • N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 3): Restripe existing eastbound approach to include second eastbound left turn lane. Extend eastbound left-turn lane an additional 150 feet, repurposing the raised median in the roadway cross section. Add southbound right-turn overlap to traffic signal.
o Note: A revision of the signal timing to change the northbound and southbound left turns from protected only to protected-permitted would mitigate the intersection to a level that satisfies performance requirements. However, the City does not support protected-permitted left-turns for this location.
• N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave (Intersection 4): Revise signal phasing to optimize greentime allocation relative to anticipated volumes. For the westbound approach, the queue would extend past the N Weber Ave intersection. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are recommended for the full width of N Weber Ave. On the north leg, reconstruct the median to extend the southbound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing northbound left-turn pocket at W Kathryn Ave.

PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The CEQA compliance analysis resulted in the following impact findings.

Consistency with Plans, Policies, and Programs
The project would not conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities. Therefore, the project impact would be less than significant.

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Regional VMT
With construction and operation of the Costco warehouse, regional daily VMT is estimated to be 129,326 miles. Costco provides a voluntary commute trip reduction program for employees that includes marketing, end-of-trip bicycle facilities, vanpool, and discounted transit. This can result in a 4% reduction in employee vehicle trips, reducing the project daily VMT by 535 miles or less than 0.5%. Therefore, the project impact would be significant.

Potential Hazards Resulting from Queues
Following construction of project off-site improvements, the southbound right-turn queue at N Riverside Dr/ W Herndon Ave would continue to exceed the available storage for the right-turn pocket and spill into the adjacent travel lane. This spillback condition would occur during the most congested period of the day and would not be a continuous condition. Constraints in the roadway cross section preclude widening the roadway to extend the right-turn pocket while also maintaining the upstream bike lane. Following construction of project off-site improvements, the southbound left-turn queue at the N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave intersection may extend beyond the turn pocket and spill into the adjacent travel lane by approximately 50’, depending on final construction of the improvement. This spillback condition would occur during the most congested period of the day and would not be a continuous condition. Therefore, the project impact would be less than significant.

Emergency Access
The project provides emergency access to and within the site via the driveways on N Riverside Dr, existing on-site easements, and on-site drive aisles. Therefore, the impact of the project on emergency access would be less than significant.

Appendix E
Energy Technical Report

Prepared for
Ascent Environmental, Inc.

Sacramento, California
Project Number
1690023335
Date
June 2023

COSTCO COMMERCIAL CENTER

ENERGY TECHNICAL REPORT

FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
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Contents Ramboll

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Existing Conditions 1

1.2 Project Analysis 1

2. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY OVERVIEW 2

2.1 General Setting 2

2.1.1 Energy Production and Distribution 2

2.1.2 Energy Consumption 3

2.2 Regulatory Overview 4

2.2.1 Federal Programs 4

2.2.2 State Programs 6

2.2.3 Local Programs 16

3. SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS 17

4. METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY PROJECTIONS 19

4.1 Construction Equipment & Activities 19

4.2 Operational Energy Requirements 20

4.2.1 Electricity 20

4.2.2 Natural Gas 20

4.2.3 Fuel Usage 20

5. PROJECT INVENTORY IN CONTEXT 22

5.1 Threshold 1 22

5.1.1 Energy Requirements and Energy Use Efficiencies 22

5.1.2 Local and Regional Energy Supplies 23

5.1.3 Peak and Base Period Demands 24

5.1.4 Existing Energy Standards 25

5.1.5 Energy Resources 26

5.1.6 Transportation Energy Use 26

5.1.7 Summary 27

5.2 Threshold 2 27
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CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
TABLES
Table 4-1: Construction Off-Road Equipment Fuel Consumption Table 4-2: Construction On-Road Fuel Consumption
Table 4-3: Electricity Consumption
Table 4-4: Natural Gas Consumption
Table 4-5: Gasoline Consumption
Table 4-6: Diesel Consumption
Table 4-7: Electricity Consumption from Vehicles
Table 5-1: Construction Energy Resource Summary
Table 5-2: Operation Energy Resource Summary

APPENDICES
Appendix A – CalEEMod Output
Appendix B – State and Local Consistency Analyses
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Ramboll

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym Definition
AB Assembly Bill
ACC Advanced Clean Cars
AEI annual emissions inventory
ATC Authority to Construct
ATCM Airborne Toxic Control Measure
CalEEMod® California Emissions Estimator Model®
CalGreen California Green Building Standards Code
CARB California Air Resources Board
CCR California Code of Regulations
CEC California Energy Commission
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
COG Council of Governments
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
CUP conditional use permit
CY cubic yard
CVRP Clean Vehicle Rebate Project
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EIR Environmental Impact Report
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EV Electric vehicle
GHG greenhouse gas
GHS grid harmonization strategies
GWh gigawatt hours
hp horsepower
HOV high-occupancy vehicle
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
IEPR Integrated Energy Policy Report
ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
kWh kilowatt hours
LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LLC Limited Liability Company
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
MCY million cubic yards
mpg miles per gallon
MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization
MSW municipal solid waste
MWh megawatt hours
NEMA National Electric Manufacturers Association
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED)
Acronym Definition
NOX oxides of nitrogen
MM Mitigation measure
PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company
PM particulate matter
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RPS Renewables Portfolio Standard
RTPs regional transportation plans
SAFE Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient
SB Senate Bill
SCE Southern California Edison
SCS Sustainable Communities Strategy
SDG&E San Diego Gas & Electric
SUVs sport utility vehicles
TDV time dependent valuation
TEA Transportation Efficiency Act
tpd tons per day
VDECS Verified Diesel Emission Control Strategies
VMT vehicle miles travelled
VW Volkswagen
ZEV zero emission vehicle
ZNE zero net energy
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1. INTRODUCTION
Ramboll US Consulting, Inc. (Ramboll) was retained to prepare an Energy Technical Report for the proposed Costco Commercial Center (Project).

This Energy Technical Report analyzes the Project’s energy impacts from construction and operations. In particular, this report describes the existing setting of the Project site, describes the relevant regulatory background, discusses the methodology used to evaluate energy impacts related to the Project, and evaluates potential impacts related to energy that would be affected as a result of implementation of the Project.

1.1 Existing Conditions
The existing 22.4-acre site is currently undeveloped, located within the Bullard Community Plan Area, and designated by both the General Plan and zoning as Community Commercial.

The location of the site is in Fresno, California at West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive.

1.2 Project Analysis
The Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco) proposes to construct the Costco Commercial Center, which comprises a new Costco facility (including loading docks and internal space to provide last-mile home delivery of big and bulky items) with an attached tire center and a detached gas station and drive-through car wash in the City of Fresno.

The project would develop a new Costco retail building; gas station; car wash; and associated parking areas, driveways, and other supporting infrastructure. Costco Wholesale is proposing to construct a wholesale retail facility with approximately 178,000 square feet (sq. ft.); of which approximately 57,000 sq. ft. would be reserved for storage and receiving at the northeast corner of W. Herndon Ave. and N. Riverside Dr (APN 50302012). The project involves the construction of a Costco retail facility that includes an attached tire center, as well as a detached gas station and a drive-through car wash. The project would include a Costco members-only gas station on the northern portion of the project site adjacent to West Spruce Avenue. The gas dispensing facility would include an approximately 11,500 square-foot canopy and a 125 square-foot controller enclosure. There would be four covered fueling islands, each with four two-sided fuel dispensers to provide for the fueling of eight cars at each island, for a total of 32 fueling positions. A Costco members-only automated carwash would be located at the northeastern corner of the project site, adjacent to the gas station. The car wash structure would be approximately 4,800 sq. ft. The project would have its main access points along North Riverside Drive and include approximately 889 parking stalls. The project is requesting conditional use permits for Large-Format Retail and alcohol sales, as well as a General Plan Amendment to reclassify the portion of W. Herndon Ave. fronting the project site from Expressway to Superarterial.

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2. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY

OVERVIEW

2.1 General Setting

2.1.1 Energy Production and Distribution
Among the states, California ranks seventh in the nation in production of crude oil, 14th in production of natural gas, second in generation of hydroelectric power, and first as a producer of electricity from biomass, geothermal, and solar energy.1 California produces approximately 10% of the natural gas used in the state; approximately 90% of the natural gas used in California is imported from Canada, the Southwest, and the Rocky Mountains region of the United States. Over half of the crude oil refined in California is from foreign countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Ecuador, and Colombia. Additional crude oil is imported from Alaska. Over one-fourth of California’s electricity is from out-of-state locations in the Pacific Northwest and the Southwest.2
Electricity Supply
The production of electricity requires the combustion, consumption, or conversion of other energy resources, including water, wind, oil, natural gas, coal, solar, geothermal, and nuclear. Of the electricity that is generated within the state in 2020, 48.4% is generated by natural gas-fired power plants, 15.4% by solar, 11.2% by hydroelectric, 8.5% by nuclear power plants, 7.2% by wind, and a remaining 9.3% by other renewables.3 For Fresno County, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is the primary supplier of electricity to businesses and residents of the area. PG&E’s 70,000-square-mile service area covers both Northern and Central California. By the end of 2020, about 30.6 percent of the energy delivered to PG&E’s customers came from eligible renewable energy-related projects.4
Transportation Fuels Supply
Most petroleum fuel refined in California is for use in on-road motor vehicles and is refined within California to meet state-specific formulations required by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The major categories of petroleum fuels are gasoline and diesel for passenger vehicles, transit, and rail vehicles; and fuel oil for industry and emergency electrical power generation. Other liquid fuels include kerosene, jet fuel, and residual fuel oil for marine vessels.

California’s oil fields make it the third-largest petroleum-producing state in the United States, behind Texas and North Dakota (federal offshore production is the biggest producer 1 U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2021. California State Profile and Energy Estimates: Profile Overview.

Available online at: http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=CA. Accessed: January 2022. 2 U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2021. California State Profile and Energy Estimates: Profile Analysis.

Available online at: https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=CA. Accessed: January 2022. 3 California Energy Commission. 2020. 2020 Total System Electric Generation in Gigawatt Hours. Available online at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-almanac/california-electricity-data/2020-total-systemelectric-generation. Accessed: January 2022. 4 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. 2021. Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability Report 2021. Executive Summary. Available online at:
https://www.pgecorp.com/corp_responsibility/reports/2021/assets/PGE_CRSR_2021_Executive_Summary.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.

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in the United States). Crude oil is moved from area to area within California through a network of pipelines that carry it from both onshore and offshore oil wells to the refineries that are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, the Los Angeles area, and the Central Valley.

Currently, 14 petroleum refineries operate in California, processing approximately 1.8 million barrels per day of crude oil.5
Other transportation fuel sources are alternative fuels, such as methanol and denatured ethanol (alcohol mixtures that contain no less than 70% alcohol), natural gas (compressed or liquefied), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and fuels derived from biological materials (i.e., biomass).

2.1.2 Energy Consumption
Electricity Consumption
Californians consumed 279,510 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity in 2020.6 Of this total, Fresno County consumed 8,018 GWh.7
Transportation Sector Fuels Consumption
The transportation sector is a major end use of energy in California, accounting for approximately 39.3% of total state-wide energy consumption in 2019, the most recent year for which data is available.8 In addition, energy is consumed in connection with construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure, such as streets, highways, freeways, rail lines, and airport runways. California’s 28.4 million vehicles consume more than 12.9 billion gallons of gasoline and more than 3 billion gallons of diesel each year.9 In Fresno County, about 313 million gallons of gasoline and 131 million gallons of diesel are consumed each year by approximately 708,000 vehicles.10
5 U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2021. Petroleum & Other Liquids. Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries. Available online at: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PNP_CAP1_DCU_SCA_A.htm. Accessed:

January 2022.
6 A watt hour is a unit of energy equivalent to one watt of power expended for one hour. For example, a typical light bulb is 60 watts, meaning that if it is left on for one hour, 60-watt hours have been used. One kilowatt equals 1,000 watts. The consumption of electrical energy by homes and businesses is usually measured in kilowatt hours (kWh). Some large businesses and institutions also use megawatt hours (MWh), where one MWh equals 1,000 kWh. One gigawatt equals one thousand (1,000) megawatts, or one million (1,000,000) kilowatts.

The energy output of large power plants over long periods of time, or the energy consumption of jurisdictions, can be expressed in gigawatt hours (GWh).
7 Electricity data for Fresno County and the State of California in 2020 are obtained from the California Energy Commission, electricity consumption by county. Available at: https://ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx.

Accessed: January 2022.
8 U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2020. California State Profile and Energy Estimates: California Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 2019. Available online at: http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=CA#tabs-2.

Accessed: January 2022.
9 CARB. EMFAC2021. Emissions Inventory - State-wide for Calendar Year 2020. Available online at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/. Accessed: January 2022.
10 CARB. EMFAC2021. Emissions Inventory – Fresno County for Calendar Year 2020. Available online at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/. Accessed: February 2022.

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2.2 Regulatory Overview

2.2.1 Federal Programs

2.2.1.1 Energy Policy and Conservation Act
The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 was established in response to the oil crisis of 1973, which increased oil prices due to a shortage of reserves. The Act requires that all vehicles sold in the U.S. meet certain fuel economy goals, known as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) administers the Corporate Average Fuel Economy program, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides the fuel economy data.

In April 2010, the EPA and NHTSA issued a final rulemaking establishing new federal fuel economy standards for model years 2012 to 2016 passenger cars and light-duty trucks. For model year 2012, the fuel economy standards for passenger cars, light trucks, and combined cars and trucks were 33.3 miles per gallon (mpg), 25.4 mpg, and 29.7 mpg, respectively.11 These standards increase progressively up to 37.8 mpg, 28.8 mpg, and 34.1, respectively, for model year 2016. In subsequent rulemakings, the agencies extended the national program of fuel economy standards to passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks of model years 2017-2025, culminating in fuel economy of 54.5 mpg by model year 2025,12 as well as to medium- and heavy-duty vehicles of model years 2014-2018, including large pickup trucks and vans, semi-trucks, and all types and sizes of work trucks and buses. 13 In August 2016, the EPA and NHTSA adopted the next phase (Phase 2) of the fuel economy and GHG standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks, which apply to vehicles with model year 2018 and later.14 In response to the EPA’s adoption of the Phase 2 standards, CARB staff brought a proposed California Phase 2 program before its Board in 2017; and the Board approved the program in March 2018.15
In 2018, the EPA and NHTSA proposed to amend certain existing Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for passenger cars and light trucks and establish new standards, covering model years 2021-2026. Compared to maintaining the post-2020 standards now in place, the proposal would increase U.S. fuel consumption.16 11 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Transportation (DOT). 2010. Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards.

Final Rule. 75 Fed. Reg. 25324-25728.
12 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Transportation (DOT). 2012. 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards; Final Rule. 77 Fed. Reg. 62623.
13 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Department of Transportation (DOT). 2011. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles. 76 Fed. Reg. 57106.
14 USEPA. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/final-rule-greenhousegas-emissions-and-fuel-efficiency. Accessed: January 2022. 15 CARB. CA Phase 2 GHG webpage: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/greenhouse-gas-standardsmedium-and-heavy-duty-engines-and-vehicles/phase2. Accessed: January 2022. 16 Federal Register. 2018. The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule for Model Years 2021-2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/08/24/2018- 16820/the-safer-affordable-fuel-efficient-safe-vehicles-rule-for-model-years-2021-2026-passenger-cars-and.

Accessed: January 2022.

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In 2019, the EPA and NHTSA announced the One National Program Rule, which allows the federal government to set the standard for uniform fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions of automobiles and light duty trucks. This rule pre-empts state and local programs from setting the national standard, which includes California’s GHG and ZEV programs.17 In December 2021, EPA finalized revised national greenhouse gas emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks for Model Years 2023-2026.18

2.2.1.2 Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 seeks to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy resources and provide incentives to reduce current demand on these resources. For example, under the Energy Policy Act, consumers and businesses can attain federal tax credits for purchasing fuel-efficient appliances and products. Because driving fuel-efficient vehicles and installing energy-efficient appliances can provide many benefits, such as lower energy bills, increased indoor comfort, and reduced air pollution, businesses are eligible for tax credits for buying hybrid vehicles, building energy-efficient buildings, and improving the energy efficiency of commercial buildings. Additionally, tax credits are given for the installation of qualified fuel cells, stationary microturbine power plants, and solar power equipment.

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 also established the first renewable fuel volume mandate in the United States. The original Renewable Fuel Standard program required 7.5 billion gallons of renewable fuel to be blended into gasoline by 2012. Under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the Renewable Fuel Standard program was expanded to include diesel and to increase the volume of renewable fuel required to be blended into transportation fuel from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022.

2.2.1.3 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was passed in response to the economic crisis of the late 2000s, with the primary purpose of maintaining existing jobs and creating new jobs. Among the secondary objectives of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was investment in “green” energy programs, including funding the following through grants, loans, or other mechanisms: private companies developing renewable energy technologies; local and state governments implementing energy efficiency and clean energy programs; research in renewable energy, biofuels, and carbon capture; and development of high efficiency or electric vehicles. 19

2.2.1.4 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 promotes the development of inter-modal transportation systems to maximize mobility as well as address national and local interests in air quality and energy. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act contains factors that metropolitan planning organizations (MPO), such as the 17 EPA. 2019. Trump Administration Announces One National Program Rule on Federal Preemption of State Fuel Economy Standards. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/trump-administration-announces-onenational-program-rule-federal-preemption-state-fuel. Accessed: January 2022. 18 United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2021. Regulations for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Passenger Cars and Trucks. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-andengines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-passenger-cars-and. Accessed: January 2022. 19 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Recovery: EPA Gets Involved. Available at:
https://archive.epa.gov/recovery/web/html/. Accessed: January 2022.

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Kern Council of Governments (Kern COG), are to address in developing transportation plans and programs, including some energy-related factors. To meet the ISTEA requirements, MPOs have adopted explicit policies defining the social, economic, energy, and environmental values that guide transportation decisions in their respective metropolitan areas. The planning process for specific projects would then address these policies. Another requirement of the ISTEA is to consider the consistency of transportation planning with federal, state, and local energy goals. Through this requirement, energy consumption is expected to be a decision criterion, along with cost and other values to determine the best transportation solution.

2.2.1.5 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (“TEA-21”) was signed into law in 1998 and builds upon the initiatives established in the ISTEA legislation discussed above. TEA-21 authorizes highway, highway safety, transit, and other efficient surface transportation programs. TEA-21 continues the program structure established for highways and transit under ISTEA, such as flexibility in the use of funds, emphasis on measures to improve the environment, and focus on a strong planning process as the foundation of good transportation decisions. TEA-21 also provides for investment in research and its application to maximize the performance of the transportation system through, for example, deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems, to help improve operations and management of transportation systems and vehicle safety.

2.2.2 State Programs

2.2.2.1 AB 32 and SB 32 (State-wide GHG Reductions with Energy Co-Benefits) The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) was signed into law in September 2006.20 The law instructed CARB to develop and enforce regulations for the reporting and verification of state-wide GHG emissions. The bulk of GHG emissions in California are carbon dioxide that result from fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, a reduction in GHG emissions typically translates into reduced fuel and increased energy efficiency. The bill directed CARB to set a state-wide GHG emission limit based on 1990 levels, to be achieved by 2020.

AB 32 requires CARB to adopt rules and regulations in an open public process to achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective GHG reductions. In December 2008, CARB adopted its Climate Change Scoping Plan: A Framework for Change (Scoping Plan), which included the state’s strategies for achieving AB 32’s reduction targets. These strategies are implemented with additional rules and regulations of relevance to energy analysis, such as the Advanced Clean Cars Program, the low carbon fuel standard (LCFS), Title 24 building efficiency standards, and the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). These are discussed further below.

Enacted in 2016, Senate Bill (SB) 32 (Pavley, 2016) codifies a 2030 GHG emissions reduction goal and requires CARB to ensure that state-wide GHG emissions are reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Similar to AB 32, a reduction in GHG emissions typically corresponds with a reduction in energy usage as the bulk of GHGs result from the combustion of fossil fuel.
20 CARB. Assembly Bill 32 Overview. 2006a. Available at: http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm. Accessed:

January 2022.

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2.2.2.2 SB 350 (Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act of 2015) The Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act of 2015 (SB 350) increases California's renewable electricity procurement goal from 33 percent by 2020 to 50 percent by 2030. This bill requires the State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission to establish annual targets for state-wide energy efficiency savings and demand reduction that will achieve a cumulative doubling of state-wide energy efficiency savings in electricity and natural gas final end uses of retail customers by January 1, 2030.

2.2.2.3 2020 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update
The 2020 Integrated Energy Policy Report (IEPR) Update provides an assessment of major energy trends and issues for a variety of energy sectors, as well as policy recommendations.21 Prepared by the California Energy Commission (CEC), this report details the key energy issues facing California and develops potential strategies to address these issues. The 2020 IEPR Update includes a discussion of several strategies to reduce climate change impacts and lessen energy consumption and recommendations for each topic.

Examples include a discussion of California’s transportation future and the transition to zeroemission vehicles, the potential of microgrids to contribute to a clean and resilient energy system, and California’s energy demand outlook updated to reflect the global pandemic. The assessments and forecasted energy demand within this report will be used by the CEC to develop future energy policies.

2.2.2.4 Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards
The California Green Building Standards Code, as specified in Title 24, Part 11 of the California Code of Regulations, commonly referred to as CalGreen Building Standards (CalGreen), establishes voluntary and mandatory standards to improve public health, safety, and general welfare by enhancing the design and construction of buildings through the use of building concepts having a positive environmental impact and encouraging sustainable construction practices in five categories: planning and design, energy efficiency, water efficiency and conservation, material conservation and resource efficiency, and environmental quality. The provisions of this code apply to the planning, design, operation, construction, replacement, use and occupancy, location, maintenance, removal and demolition of every building or structure or any appurtenances connected or attached to such building structures throughout California. Examples of CalGreen provisions include reducing indoor water use, moisture sensing irrigation systems for landscaped areas, construction waste diversion goals, and energy system inspections. CalGreen is periodically amended; the most recent 2019 standards became effective on January 1, 2020.

The Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, as specified in Title 24, Part 6, of the California Code of Regulations, were established in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption. The standards are updated periodically to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy efficiency technologies and methods for building features such as space conditioning, water heating, lighting, and whole envelope. The 2005, 2008, and 2013 updates to the efficiency standards included provisions such as cool roofs on commercial buildings, increased use of skylights, and higher efficiency lighting, HVAC, and water heating systems. Additionally, 21 California Energy Commission. 2020. 2020 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update. Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/reports/integrated-energy-policy-report/2020-integrated-energypolicy-report-update. Accessed: January 2022.

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some standards focused on larger energy saving concepts such as reducing loads at peak periods and seasons and improving the quality of such energy-saving installations. Past updates to the Title 24 standards have proven very effective in reducing building energy use, with the 2013 update estimated to reduce energy consumption in residential buildings by 25% and energy consumption in commercial buildings by 30%, relative to the 2008 standards.22 The 2016 updates included additional high efficiency lighting requirements, high performance attic and walls, and higher efficiency water and space heaters. The 2016 standards were expected to reduce residential electricity consumption by 28% and nonresidential electricity by 5%.23 The CEC has developed and adopted 2019 standards, which went into effect on January 1, 2020.

The 2019 Title 24 standards are the currently applicable building energy efficiency standards, and became effective on January 1, 2020.24 The 2019 updates include a requirement for solar photovoltaic systems for new homes, requirements for newly constructed healthcare facilities, additional high efficiency lighting requirements, high performance attic and walls, higher efficiency water and space heaters, and high efficiency air filters. Relative to the 2016 standards, the 2019 standards are expected to reduce high-rise residential and nonresidential electricity consumption by approximately 10.7% and natural gas consumption by 1% and require new low-rise residential buildings to achieve zero net electricity consumption using a combination of building efficiency and on-site renewable electricity generation.25 As the Project phasing schedule anticipates build out as late as 2035, further reductions can be anticipated from future Title 24 code cycles. Thus, this analysis represents a conservative estimate of energy-related emissions. Estimated Project energy use rates for both the unmitigated and mitigated case are based on data provided by ConSol, which is described in more detail in Section 4.2 below.

The California Public Utilities Commission, CEC, and CARB also have a shared, established goal of achieving Zero Net Energy (ZNE) for new construction in California. The key policy timelines include: (1) all new residential construction in California will be ZNE by 2020, and (2) all new commercial construction in California will be ZNE by 2030. The ZNE goal generally means that new buildings must use a combination of improved efficiency and renewable energy generation to meet 100 percent of their annual energy need, as specifically defined by the CEC:
“A ZNE Code Building is one where the value of the energy produced by on-site renewable energy resources is equal to the value of the energy consumed annually by the building, at the level of a single ‘project’ seeking development entitlements and building code permits, measured using the [CEC]’s Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) metric. A ZNE Code Building meets an Energy Use Intensity value designated in the 22 CEC. 2012. Energy Commission Approves More Efficient Buildings for California's Future. Available at:
https://planning.lacity.org/eir/CrossroadsHwd/deir/files/references/C17.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 23 CEC. 2015. 2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards Adoption Hearing. Available at:
https://web.archive.org/web/20190602115405/http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2016standards/rulemaking/do cuments/2015-06-10_hearing/2015-06-10_Adoption_Hearing_Presentation.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 24 CEC. 2019. California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings. Available online at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2019standards/. Accessed: January 2022. 25 CEC. 2018. 2019 Title 24 Impact Analysis. June. Available at:
https://web.archive.org/web/20190601203553/https://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2019standards/post_adoptio n/documents/2019_Impact_Analysis_Final_Report_2018-06-29.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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Building Energy Efficiency Standards by building type and climate zone that reflect best practices for highly efficient buildings.”26
While the adopted 2019 Title 24 standards do not achieve the 2020 Zero Net Energy goal, they do move the State further along the path to achieving this goal. The CEC has more recently focused on grid harmonization strategies (GHS), to bring maximum benefits to the grid, environment, and occupants; and GHG emissions reductions.27 At the time of this writing, the CEC had adopted the 2022 Energy Code. In December 2021, the California Building Standards Commission approved the code for inclusion into the California Building Standards Code. The Energy Code encourages efficient electric heat pumps, establishes electric-ready requirements for new homes, expands solar photovoltaic and battery storage standards, strengthens ventilation standards, and more. Buildings whose permit applications are applied for or after January 1, 2023, must comply with the 2022 Energy Code.

2.2.2.5 Renewables Portfolio Standard
SB 1078 (2002) requires retail sellers of electricity, including investor-owned utilities and community choice aggregators, to obtain at least 20 percent of their energy supply from renewable sources by 2017. SB 107 (2006) changed that target date to 2010. In November 2008, then-Governor Schwarzenegger signed Executive Order S-14-08, which expanded the state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard to 33 percent renewable power by 2020. In April 2011, then-Governor Brown signed SB 2X, which legislated the prior Executive Order S-14-08 renewable standard. SB 350 (2015) set an additional RPS goal of 50 percent renewables by 2030. And SB 100 (2018) accelerated and extended again the RPS – requiring achievement of a 50 percent RPS by 2026 and a 60 percent RPS by 2030. SB 100 also established a state policy goal to achieve 100 percent carbon-free electricity by 2045.

2.2.2.6 Mobile Source Regulations
SB 743 (Transportation Analysis under CEQA)
Public Resources Code Section 21099(c)(1), as codified through enactment of SB 743, was enacted with the intent to change the focus of transportation analyses conducted under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). SB 743 reflects a legislative policy to balance the needs of congestion management with state-wide goals related to infill development, promotion of public health through active transportation, and reduction of GHG emissions. As finalized in December 2018, amendments to the State CEQA Guidelines adopted in furtherance of SB 743 establish vehicle miles travelled (VMT), in lieu of level of service, as the new metric for transportation analysis. Implementation of SB 743 is anticipated to improve the efficiency of transportation fuels consumption.

SB 375 (Land Use Planning)
SB 375, the Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008, supports the State’s climate action goals to reduce GHG emissions through coordinated transportation and land use planning. SB 375 required CARB to establish GHG emission reduction targets (Regional Targets) for each metropolitan planning region. On September 23, 2010, CARB 26 CEC, 2015 Integrated Energy Policy Report (2015), p. 41. 27 CEC. 2018. The 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards ZNE Strategy. September 11. Available at:
https://www.cesa.org/wp-content/uploads/CESA-webinar-slides-9.11.2018.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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10 Energy Environmental and Regulatory Overview Ramboll adopted Regional Targets applying to the years 2020 and 2035. In 2011, CARB adopted Regional Targets of 5% for 2020 and 10% for 2035 for the area under the jurisdiction of Fresno COG. These targets were in place through September 30, 2018. In March 2018, CARB approved updated regional targets of 6% for 2020 and 13% for 2035 for Fresno COG, which will be applied by Fresno COG in future planning cycles.

SB 375 requires MPOs, including Fresno COG, to incorporate a “sustainable communities strategy” (SCS) in their regional transportation plans (RTPs) that will achieve the GHG emission Reduction Targets set by CARB, primarily by reducing VMT from light-duty vehicles through development of more compact, complete, and efficient communities. Fresno COG most recently prepared the 2018 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy28 to fulfill this requirement; and the CARB accepted Fresno COG’s GHG quantification demonstration for that plan, which demonstrates achievement of the targets set prior to 2018.29 At this time, the Fresno COG is working towards a Regional Transportation Plan Update, which is expected to be adopted in mid-2022.

Clean Cars
In January 2012, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Cars Program, which established an emissions control program for cars and light-duty trucks (such as SUVs, pickup trucks, and minivans) of model years 2017-2025. When the program is fully implemented, new vehicles would emit 75% less smog-forming pollutants than the average new car sold today, and greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by nearly 35%. This Program would help reduce fossil fuel usage for internal combustion engine powered vehicles.

Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling Regulation
In July 2004, CARB initially adopted an Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) to limit idling of diesel-fueled commercial motor vehicles (idling ATCM) and subsequently amended it in October 2005, October 2009, and December 2013. This ATCM is set forth in Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Section 2485, and requires, among other things, that drivers of diesel-fueled commercial motor vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratings greater than 10,000 pounds, including buses and sleeper berth equipped trucks, not idle the vehicle’s primary diesel engine longer than five minutes at any location. This anti-idling regulation helps to reduce fuel consumption by reducing engine usage. The ATCM also requires owners and motor carriers that own or dispatch these vehicles to ensure compliance with the ATCM requirements. The regulation consists of new engine and in-use truck requirements and emission performance requirements for technologies used as alternatives to idling the truck’s main engine. Under the new engine requirements, 2008 and newer model year heavy-duty diesel engines need to be equipped with a non-programmable engine shutdown system that automatically shuts down the engine after five minutes of idling or optionally meet a stringent oxides of nitrogen idling emission standard.
28 Fresno Council of Governments. 2018. The 2018 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy. Available at: https://www.fresnocog.org/project/regional-transportation-plan-rtp/. Accessed: January 2022.
29 CARB. 2020. Technical Evaluation of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Quantification for Fresno Council of Governments’ SB 375 2018 Sustainable Communities Strategy. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-
06/Technical_Evaluation_of_the_GHG_Emissions_Reduction_Quantification_for_the_FCOG_SB_375_SCS_Septe mber_2019.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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In May 2008, CARB approved the In-Use Off-Road Diesel Fueled Fleets Regulation (Off-Road Regulation), which was later amended in December 2009, July 2010, and December 2011.

The overall purpose of the Off-Road Regulation is to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and particulate matter (PM) from off-road diesel vehicles operating within California.

The regulation applies to all self-propelled off-road diesel vehicles 25 horsepower (hp) or greater used in California and most two-engine vehicles. The Off Road Regulation:
 Imposes limits on idling (i.e., fleets must limit unnecessary idling to 5 minutes), requires a written idling policy, and requires a disclosure when selling vehicles;  Requires all vehicles to be reported to CARB (using the Diesel Off-Road Online Reporting System, DOORS) and labelled;
 Restricts the adding of older vehicles into fleets starting on January 1, 2014; and  Requires fleets to reduce their emissions by retiring, replacing, or repowering older engines, or installing Verified Diesel Emission Control Strategies (VDECS) (i.e., exhaust retrofits).

The anti-idling component of this Off-Road Regulation helps to reduce fuel consumption by reducing engine usage.

Tractor-Trailer Greenhouse Gas Regulation
CARB’s Tractor-Trailer Greenhouse Gas regulation reduces the energy consumption of large trucks. CARB developed this regulation to make heavy-duty tractors more fuel efficient. Fuel efficiency is improved by requiring the use of aerodynamic tractors and trailers that are also equipped with low rolling resistance tires. The tractors and trailers subject to this regulation must either use EPA’s SmartWay (SmartWay) certified tractors and trailers or retrofit their existing fleet with SmartWay verified technologies. The SmartWay certification process is part of their broader voluntary program called the SmartWay Transport Partnership Program.

The regulation applies primarily to owners of 53-foot or longer box-type trailers, and owners of the heavy-duty tractors that pull them on California highways. These owners are responsible for replacing or retrofitting their affected vehicles with compliant aerodynamic technologies and low rolling resistance tires. All owners regardless of where their vehicle is registered must comply with the regulation when they operate their affected vehicles on California highways. Besides the owners of these vehicles, drivers, motor carriers, California-based brokers and California-based shippers that operate or use them also share in the responsibility for compliance with the regulation.

Zero Emission Vehicles
Zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) include hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

In 2012, Governor Brown issued EO B-16-2012, which calls for the increased penetration of ZEVs into California’s vehicle fleet in order to help California achieve a reduction of GHG emissions from the transportation sector equalling 80 percent less than 1990 levels by 2050.

In furtherance of that state-wide target for the transportation sector, the EO also calls upon CARB, the CEC and the California Public Utilities Commission to establish benchmarks that will: (1) allow over 1.5 million ZEVs to be on California roadways by 2025, and (2) provide the State’s residents with easy access to ZEV infrastructure. EO B-16-2012 specifically Costco Commercial Center
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In 2018, Governor Brown also issued EO B-48-18, which launched an eight-year initiative to accelerate the sales of ZEVs through a mix of rebate programs and infrastructure improvements. The EO also sets a new target of five million ZEVs in California by 2030 and includes funding for multiple state agencies to increase EV charging infrastructure and provide purchase rebates/incentives.

In furtherance of the State’s ZEV penetration goals, in February 2013, the Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles issued the 2013 ZEV Action Plan: A roadmap toward 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles on California roadways by 2025.31 The 2013 ZEV Action Plan identifies four broad goals for State government to advance ZEVs:
1) Complete needed infrastructure and planning; 2) Expand consumer awareness and demand; 3) Transform fleets; and 4) Grow jobs and investment in the private sector. As part of these goals, some highlighted strategies and actions include: i) supporting ZEV infrastructure planning and investment by private entities; ii) enabling universal access to ZEV infrastructure for California drivers; iii) reducing upfront purchase costs for ZEVs; iv) promoting consumer awareness of ZEVs; and v) helping to expand ZEVs in bus fleets.

The Action Plan discusses the challenges of ZEV expansion, which include the need to enable electric vehicle chargers in homes, increase consumer awareness, address up-front costs and operational limitations, and address that ZEVs are not commercially available for all categories of vehicles.

In October 2016, the Governor's Interagency Working Group on Zero-Emission Vehicles issued the 2016 ZEV Action Plan: A roadmap toward 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles on California roadways by 2025.32 This report provides an update on progress toward achieving the 2013 goals and highlights the following four top priorities for the upcoming years:
1) Raise consumer awareness and education about ZEVs; 2) Ensure ZEVs are accessible to a broad range of Californians; 3) Make ZEV technologies commercially viable in targeted applications in the medium-duty, heavy-duty, and freight sectors; and 4) Aid ZEV market growth beyond California. The broad goals to advance ZEV adoption are: i) achieve mainstream consumer awareness of ZEV options and benefits; ii) make ZEVs an affordable and attractive option for drivers; iii) ensure convenient charging and fueling infrastructure for greatly expanded use of ZEVs; iv) maximize economic and job opportunities from ZEV technologies; v) bolster ZEV market growth outside of California; and vi) lead by example by integrating ZEVs into State government. The goals and strategies proposed in the 2013 Action Plan will continue to be implemented; however, additional strategies are proposed to help achieve the new goals, including setting targets to increase home charging stations in multiunit dwellings and disadvantaged communities and for public transit and school bus electrification. The 2016 Action Plan describes challenges toward achieving the 2025 goal of 30 Executive Order B-16-2012. Available at: https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/2012/03/23/news17472/.

Accessed: January 2022.
31 Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles. 2013. Available at:
http://opr.ca.gov/docs/Governors_Office_ZEV_Action_Plan_(02-13).pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 32 Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles. 2016. Available at:
https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2016_ZEV_Action_Plan-1.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.

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1.5 million ZEVs in California, such as that most consumers are still not aware of the benefits of passenger ZEVs and that over 1,000,000 charge points will be needed at homes, workplaces, and public locations but only 11,000 non-home charge points are installed as stated in the 2016 ZEV Action Plan.

In September 2018, the Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-Emission Vehicles published the 2018 ZEV Action Plan Priorities Update.33 This update is the result of Governor Brown’s directive to update the 2016 Zero-Emission Vehicle Action Plan to help expand private investment in zero-emission vehicle infrastructure, particularly in low income and disadvantaged communities. The 2018 Priorities Update serves three fundamental purposes:
1) Provide direction to state agencies on the most important actions to be executed in 2018 to enable progress toward the 2025 targets and 2030 Vision; 2) Give stakeholders transparency into the actions state agencies plan to take (or are taking) this year to further the ZEV market; and 3) Create a platform for stakeholder engagement, feedback, and collaboration. As of July 2018, over 410,000 ZEVs have been sold in California, which is approximately 150,000 ZEVs since the publication of the 2016 Action Plan in October 2016.

In July 2020, CARB prepared an Assessment of CARB’s Zero-Emission Vehicles Programs Per Senate Bill 498. In this report, CARB staff reviews its programs that affect the adoption of light, medium, and heavy-duty ZEVs, including identifying each program’s goals and status in meeting those goals, performing a cost-benefit analysis where data are available, and comparing CARB’s ZEV programs with those of other jurisdictions. Additionally, pursuant to SB 498, CARB provides policy recommendations for increasing the use of ZEVs in the State, as well as recommendations for vehicle fleet operators to increase the use of ZEVs.34 The California Zero-Emission Vehicle Market Development Strategy was published in February 2021.35 This strategy was prepared to meet the targets identified by Governor Newsom in Executive Order N-79-20, which include the following zero-emission vehicle targets for California:
 100% of in-state sales of new passenger cars and light-duty trucks will be zero-emission by 2035,
 100% zero-emission medium and heavy-duty vehicles in the state by 2045 where feasible and by 2035 for drayage trucks, and
 100% zero-emission off-road vehicles and equipment operations by 2035, where feasible.

A document prioritizing near-term actions for the next year was prepared in August 2021 called the ZEV Pillar Priorities.36 This annual implementation document identifies the 33 Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles. 2018. Available at:
https://static.business.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2018-ZEV-Action-Plan-Priorities-Update.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.
34 CARB. 2020. Assessment of CARB’s Zero-Emission Vehicles Programs Per Senate Bill 498. Available at:
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/programs/zev/SB-498-Report-072320.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 35 CARB. 2021. California Zero-Emission Vehicle Market Development Strategy. Available at:
https://static.business.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ZEV_Strategy_Feb2021.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
36 CARB. 2021. ZEV Pillar Priorities. Available at: https://static.business.ca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2021/08/ZEVPillarPriority.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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In June 2020, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation, which has requirements for manufacturer ZEV sales and a one-time reporting requirement for large entities and fleets.37 The Advanced Clean Truck Regulation is part of a holistic approach to accelerate a large-scale transition of zero-emission medium-and heavy-duty vehicles from Class 2b to Class 8. Manufacturers who certify Class 2b-8 chassis or complete vehicles with combustion engines are required to sell zero-emission trucks as an increasing percentage of their annual California sales from 2024 to 2035. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales need to be 55% of Class 2b – 3 truck sales, 75% of Class 4 – 8 straight truck sales, and 40% of truck tractor sales. Large employers including retailers, manufacturers, brokers, and others are required to report information about shipments and shuttle services. Fleet owners, with 50 or more trucks, are required to report about their existing fleet operations.

This information helps to identify future strategies to ensure that fleets purchase available zero-emission trucks and place them in service where suitable to meet their needs.

California is incentivizing the purchase of ZEVs through implementation of the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP), which is administered by a non-profit organization (The Center for Sustainable Energy) for CARB and currently subsidizes the purchase of passenger near-zero and zero emission vehicles as follows:
 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: $5,000;
o Battery Electric Vehicles: $2,500;
o Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: $1,500; and
o Neighborhood Electric Vehicles and Zero Emission Motorcycles: $900.

In March 2017, CARB received Volkswagen’s (VW) first 30-month ZEV Investment Plan (Plan).38 This Plan is required by California’s partial settlement with VW resulting from VW’s use of illegal devices in its 2.0-liter (2.0L) diesel cars sold in the State from model years 2009 to 2015. The Plan describes how VW is proposing to spend the first $200 million in California on ZEV charging infrastructure (including the development and maintenance of ZEV charging stations), public awareness, increasing ZEV access, and a green city demonstration. In June 2017, Electrify America (a subsidiary of VW) provided CARB with additional information on the Plan.39 CARB approved the first of the four plans in July 2017.40 37 CARB. 2020. Advanced Clean Trucks. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-cleantrucks. Accessed: January 2022. 38 VOLKSWAGEN, Group of America. 2017. California ZEV Investment Plan: Cycle 1, March 8, 2017. Available at:
https://www.electrifyamerica.com/assets/pdf/California%20ZEV%20Investment%20Plan%20Cycle%201.3bc672 a3.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
39 Electrify America. 2017. Supplement to the California ZEV Investment Plan, Cycle 1, June 29, 2017. Available at:
https://www.electrifyamerica.com/assets/pdf/Cycle%201%20CA%20ZEV%20Invest%20Plan%20Supplement.a9 2e7705.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
40 CARB, 2017. CARB Approves $200 Million VW Zero-Emission Vehicle Investment in California, July, 27. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/carb-approves-200-million-vw-zero-emission-vehicle-investment-california.

Accessed: January 2022.

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15 Energy Environmental and Regulatory Overview Ramboll In its 2014 First Update, CARB recognized that the light-duty vehicle fleet “will need to become largely electrified by 2050 in order to meet California’s emission reduction goals.”41 Accordingly, CARB’s ACC program – summarized above – requires about 15 percent of new cars sold in California in 2025 to be a plug-in hybrid, battery electric or fuel cell vehicle.42 Other state-wide and regional initiatives that spur ZEV uptake include the following:
 CARB currently subsidizes the purchase of passenger near-zero and zero emission vehicles and provides access to high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to ZEV drivers.  The VW settlement will result in $800 million in ZEV projects in California over the next ten years, with a focus on increasing public awareness and infrastructure in the first funding cycle.43
 The CalGreen standards require new residential and non-residential construction to be pre-wired to facilitate the future installation and use of electric vehicle chargers (see Section 4.106.4 and Section 5.106.5.3 of 2016 CalGreen standards for the residential and nonresidential pre-wiring requirements, respectively).

In January 2017, three of California’s largest utilities submitted proposals to the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to electrify the State’s transportation sector through more than $1 billion in investments:
 Southern California Edison (SCE) filed an application to expand electric transportation in its service area. Some of SCE’s proposals include monetary rewards to rideshare drivers who use an electric vehicle, additional fast charge infrastructure at targeted locations within the region, and rates that are designed to incentivize electric vehicle adoption.44  Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) submitted an application that aims to expand the electrification of medium- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, expand fast-charging stations that can refuel EVs in 20-30 minutes, and explore new uses for vehicle electrification.45  San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) submitted an application to install tens of thousands of charging stations in its service area to boost the transition to zero-emission vehicles, trucks, shuttles, and delivery fleets.46
41 CARB, First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan: Building on the Framework (May 2014), p. 48. 42 Id. at p. 47.
43 CARB, Volkswagen Settlement – California ZEV Investments webpage, available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/vw_info/vsi/vw-zevinvest/vw-zevinvest.htm. Accessed: January 2022. 44 SCE, Application of Southern California Edison Company (U 338-E) for Approval of Its 2017 Transportation Electrification Proposals (January 20, 2017).
45 PG&E, In the Matter of the Application of Pacific Gas and Electric Company for Approval of its Senate Bill 350 Transportation Electrification Program (January 20, 2017). 46 SDG&E, Application of San Diego Gas & Electric Company (U902E) for Approval of SB 350 Transportation Electrification Proposals (January 20, 2017).

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2.2.3 Local Programs

2.2.3.1 City of Fresno General Plan
The City of Fresno’s General Plan was adopted in December 2014.47 As part of a General Plan Update, the City of Fresno prepared a Program Environmental Impact Report for the continued implementation of the approved Fresno General Plan, text changes to the Mobility and Transportation Element related to Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) analysis, and an update to the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan. The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update includes measures related to energy conservation strategies for new and existing buildings and energy efficiency reductions.48
47 City of Fresno. 2014. Fresno General Plan. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/ConsolidatedGP6182020.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 48 LSA. 2021. Appendix G Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2021/03/Link4AppendixGGHGRPUpdate.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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3. SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS
The analysis provided in this report evaluates the significance of the Project’s energy by reference to the following questions from Section VI, Energy, of Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines:

Threshold 1. Would the Project result in a potentially significant environmental impact due to wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy resources, during Project construction or operation?
Threshold 2. Would the Project conflict with or obstruct a state or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency?
While no quantitative thresholds related to energy are included in the CEQA Guidelines, Part I of Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines states as follows:
“The goal of conserving energy implies the wise and efficient use of energy. The means of achieving this goal include:

1. decreasing overall per capita energy consumption,

2. decreasing reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil, and

3. increasing reliance on renewable energy resources.”
Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines states that an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) should include a discussion of the potential energy impacts of a project, with particular emphasis on avoiding or reducing inefficient, wasteful, and unnecessary consumption of energy.

For purposes of this analysis, impacts to energy resources will be considered to be significant if the project would result in the wasteful, inefficient or unnecessary consumption of fuel or energy, and conversely if the project would not incorporate renewable energy or energy efficiency measures into building design, equipment use, transportation or other project features.

To determine whether a project would result in the wasteful, inefficient or unnecessary consumption of fuel or energy, and conversely whether the project would fail to incorporate renewable energy or energy efficiency measures into building design, equipment use, transportation or other project features, Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines identifies six categories of potential energy-related environmental impacts:

1. The project’s energy requirements and its energy use efficiencies by amount and fuel type for each stage of the project including construction, operation, maintenance and/or removal. If appropriate the energy intensiveness of materials may be discussed.

2. The effects of the project on local and regional energy supplies and on requirements for additional capacity.

3. The effects of the project on peak and base period demands for electricity and other forms of energy.

4. The degree to which the project complies with existing energy standards.

5. The effects of the project on energy resources.

6. The project’s projected transportation energy use requirements and its overall use of efficient transportation alternatives.

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This report, relative to Threshold 1, assesses the Project’s electricity, natural gas, and fossil fuel consumption during construction and operation by way of the six questions above. This report, relative to Threshold 2, evaluates the Project for consistency with applicable plans related to renewable energy and energy efficiency (see Appendix B, Table B-1: State Plan Level Consistency Analysis and Appendix B, Table B-2: Local Plan-Level Consistency Analysis). The Local Plan-Level Consistency Analysis is based on the City of Fresno’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update49 and the applicable City of Fresno General Plan50 policies and objectives.
49 City of Fresno. 2021. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2021/03/Link4AppendixGGHGRPUpdate.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 50 City of Fresno. 2014. Fresno General Plan. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/ConsolidatedGP6182020.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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4. METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY

PROJECTIONS
This section describes the methodology that Ramboll used to develop the regulatory compliance-based energy projections associated with the Project, which include one-time demand from construction and annual operational demand. This section also identifies the results of the energy projections for the Project based on compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Additional information regarding methodology can be found in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report and Air Quality Technical Report for the Project; only the methodology specific to energy usage is discussed in this report.

4.1 Construction Equipment & Activities
Project construction is planned to begin in 2023, with full build out expected in 2023.

Construction of the Project is not anticipated to require natural gas fuel. As such, natural gas related to construction of the Project is not discussed further.

Construction of the Project requires the use of transportation fuel, including gasoline and diesel use in construction equipment, material transport via hauling trucks, delivery via vendor trucks, and construction worker vehicles. Fuel consumed by construction equipment would be the primary energy resource expended over the course of construction, while VMT associated with the transportation of construction materials and construction worker commutes would also result in fuel consumption. Heavy-duty construction equipment associated with construction activities would use diesel fuel. Construction workers would travel to and from the project site throughout the duration of construction; this analysis assumed that construction workers would primarily use gasoline-powered passenger vehicles.

Heavy-duty construction equipment of various types would be used during each phase of construction. CalEEMod® was used to estimate construction equipment usage, and results are included in Appendix A. Fuel consumption from construction equipment was estimated by converting the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from each construction phase to gallons using conversion factors for CO2 to gallons of diesel. The estimated diesel fuel usage from off-road construction sources, which totals 55,154 gallons of diesel over the course of the project construction period, is shown in Table 4-1.

Fuel consumption from worker, vendor, and hauling trips are estimated by converting the total CO2 emissions from each construction phase to gallons using conversion factors for CO2 to gallons of gasoline or diesel. Worker vehicles are assumed to include light-duty automobiles and trucks, vendor vehicles are assumed to include an equal mix of medium heavy-duty trucks and heavy heavy-duty trucks, and hauling vehicles are assumed to include heavy heavy-duty trucks. Estimated fuel usage, which totals 17,539 gallons of gasoline and 29,805 gallons of diesel over the course of the project construction period, is shown in Table 4-2.

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4.2 Operational Energy Requirements
Energy requirements are evaluated for the first year of Project operations (2023).

4.2.1 Electricity
Operation of the Project will result in electricity demand for the car wash, warehouse, gas station, and parking lot. The annual electricity usage for each land use is presented in Table 4-3. The total electricity use for the Project incorporates 2019 Title 24 standards.

4.2.2 Natural Gas
The Project will require natural gas, mainly for building heating and hot water. Natural gas is estimated using CalEEMod® defaults based on averages for the climate zone for the car wash, warehouse, and gas station. The annual natural gas usage for each land use is presented in Table 4-4. Estimates for the project are conservative because they assume the project would be built to existing Title 24, Part 6 standards, even though subsequent, more energy efficient iterations of the code will apply.

4.2.3 Fuel Usage

4.2.3.1 Gasoline
Gasoline fuel consumption for Project operation is shown in Table 4-5. Operational gasoline fuel usage occurs due to member trips and employee trips when commuting to work at the warehouse, car wash, and gas station and is calculated based on gasoline vehicle VMT. The development of the member and employee VMT is described in detail in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report and Air Quality Technical Report. Gasoline fuel consumption for the Project is calculated by dividing total member and employee VMT by average fuel efficiency of gasoline vehicles in Fresno County from the EMFAC2021 database for calendar year 2023. The analysis also reflects the reasonably foreseeable change based on the discontinued operation of the Costco Warehouse located at 4500 W Shaw Avenue. For purposes of this analysis, 4500 W Shaw Avenue is assumed to be backfilled by a shopping center use resulting in less fuel use. The methodology to account for this change is described in detail in the Air Quality Technical Report.

4.2.3.2 Diesel
Diesel fuel consumption for Project operation is shown in Table 4-6. Operational diesel fuel usage occurs due to warehouse truck, fuel delivery truck, and MDO delivery truck trips to the site.

Warehouse truck, fuel delivery truck, and MDO delivery truck fuel consumption is based on total VMT, which described in detail in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report and Air Quality Technical Report. Diesel fuel consumption for the Project is calculated by dividing total diesel truck VMT by the average fuel efficiency of diesel vehicles in Fresno County from the EMFAC2021 database for calendar year 2023.

4.2.3.3 Electricity
Electricity consumption from electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) for Project operation is shown in Table 4-7. Operational transportation-related electricity usage occurs due to member trips and employee trips when commuting to work at the warehouse, car wash, and gas station and is calculated based on gasoline vehicle VMT.

The development of the member and employee VMT is described in detail in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report and Air Quality Technical Report.

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5. PROJECT INVENTORY IN CONTEXT
This section assesses the significance of the Project’s energy demand for purposes of CEQA.

Project impacts – i.e., energy use beyond existing Baseline conditions – are assessed against the thresholds.

5.1 Threshold 1
Would the Project Result in a Potentially Significant Environmental Impact Due to Wasteful, Inefficient, or Unnecessary Consumption of Energy Resources, during Project Construction or Operation?

5.1.1 Energy Requirements and Energy Use Efficiencies
This section addresses the following category of environmental impact described in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines:

The project’s energy requirements and its energy use efficiencies by amount and fuel type for each stage of the project including construction, operation, maintenance and/or removal. If appropriate the energy intensiveness of materials may be discussed.

5.1.1.1 Construction
Construction of the proposed project would result in fuel usage as shown in Table 5-1.

There are no unusual project characteristics or construction processes that would require the use of equipment that would be more energy intensive than is used for comparable activities, or equipment that would not conform to current emissions standards (and related fuel efficiencies).

5.1.1.2 Operations
Operation of the Project would result in electricity, natural gas, gasoline, and diesel fuel usage, as shown in Table 5-2. There are no unusual project characteristics that would require consumption that would be more energy intensive than is used for comparable activities, or equipment that would not conform to current emissions standards (and related fuel efficiencies).

Over the lifetime of the project, the fuel efficiency of the vehicles being used for Project operation is expected to improve. The amount of fuel consumption from vehicular trips to and from the project site during operation would correspondingly decrease over time as vehicles become more efficient. Numerous regulations have been adopted that encourage, and require, increased fuel efficiency. For example, CARB has adopted an approach to passenger vehicles that combines the control of smog-causing pollutants and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of standards. The approach also includes efforts to support and accelerate the numbers of plug-in hybrids and zero-emissions vehicles in California. As such, operation of the Project is expected to use decreasing amounts of fuel over time, due to advances in fuel economy.

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5.1.2 Local and Regional Energy Supplies
This section addresses the following category of environmental impact described in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines:

The effects of the project on local and regional energy supplies and on requirements for additional capacity.

5.1.2.1 Construction
The Project’s fuel consumption during construction is discussed in Section 4.1. Relative to total electricity and fuel comparison countywide, Project construction would use approximately 0.005% of gasoline and 0.04% of diesel fuel over the duration of construction (Table 5-1). In comparison to State-wide usage, construction of the Project would equate to approximately 0.0001% of gasoline usage and less than 0.002% of diesel fuel usage (Table 5-1). Therefore, fuel use during construction would be temporary and negligible. Fuel consumption in 2023 (the year of full build-out of the Project) was estimated using EMFAC2021 for Fresno County and California State-wide.

5.1.2.2 Operations
Electricity
The Project’s electricity demand during operation is discussed in Section 4.2.1. For comparison, based on 2020 consumption, operation of the Project would equate to 0.029% of the total electricity demand countywide and 0.001% of the total electricity demand state-wide (Table 5-2). Therefore, the Project is not expected to have an impact on the local utility.

In 2020, total in-state electricity consumption was 279,510 GWh.51 The CEC estimates that state-wide energy demand will increase to 354,209 GWh in 2030.52 The Project’s anticipated electricity usage of 2,292,337 kWh/year is approximately 0.0008% of the state-wide demand in 2020. Given that the state is growing annually, the anticipated state-wide energy demand for the Project Operational build-out year of 2023 will likely be greater than that in 2020, and thus the project’s relative percentage contribution to the state-wide energy demand would be even less.

The Project’s electricity use projections also represent a small percentage of regional estimates for PG&E. The CEC estimates that PG&E energy demand will increase to about 114,000 GWh in 2023.53 The project’s anticipated electricity usage of 2,292,337 kWh/year is approximately 0.002% of the projected PG&E planning area demand in 2023.

Overall, the Project’s projected electricity demand is consistent with, and a small percentage of, state and regional projections. Therefore, the Project will not require additional generation capacity beyond more general state-wide expansion. 51 California Energy Commission. 2020. Electricity consumption by county. Available at:
https://ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx Accessed: January 2022. 52 California Energy Commission. 2018. California Energy Demand 2018-2030 Revised Forecast. Available online at: https://efiling.energy.ca.gov/getdocument.aspx?tn=223244. Accessed: January 2022. 53 California Energy Commission. 2018. Electricity and Natural Gas Demand Forecast. Available online at:
https://efiling.energy.ca.gov/getdocument.aspx?tn=223244. Accessed: January 2022.

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Natural Gas
The Project’s natural gas demand during operation is described in Section 4.2.2. For comparison, based on 2020 consumption, operation of the Project would equate to 0.008% of the total natural gas demand countywide and 0.0002% of the total natural gas demand state-wide (Table 5-2).

Overall, the Project’s natural gas consumption is a small percentage of state and regional consumption. Therefore, the Project is not expected to have an impact on the local natural gas resources.

Fuel Usage
The Project’s fuel usage during operation is discussed in Section 4.2.3. As discussed in Section 4.2.3.1, Project gasoline consumption due to mobile VMT is approximately 2,001,579 gallons/year, which is 0.522% of the gasoline that would be used countywide in and 0.013% of the gasoline used state-wide in 2023. Project operational diesel consumption is approximately 344,953 gallons/year, which is 0.161% of the total diesel that would be used countywide in 2023. Operation of the Project would result in about 0.007% of the total diesel that would be used state-wide each year (Table 5-2).

5.1.2.3 Summary
The Project will not have a substantial impact on the local or regional energy supplies or require additional capacity to be constructed. The Project’s impacts are less than significant.

5.1.3 Peak and Base Period Demands
This section addresses the following category of environmental impact described in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines:

The effects of the project on peak and base period demands for electricity and other forms of energy.

5.1.3.1 Construction
The Project’s base energy consumption compared to regional and state-wide energy consumption is discussed above in Section 5.1.2. The electricity demand associated with construction of the Project will be supplied by existing on-site power poles when available. In the event of an emergency or during a power outage, the use of generator sets is permissible, which are comprised of a generator and diesel engine used to produce power off-grid. Therefore, relatively negligible impacts to energy demand are expected as a result of construction activities.

5.1.3.2 Operation
The Project Operation will not have a substantial impact on the peak and base period demands for electricity or other forms of energy. The Project’s base energy consumption compared to regional and state-wide energy consumption is discussed above in Section

5.1.2. Further details and reasoning on the peak demand are described below.

In 2020, California’s peak grid demand was 47,236 MW. On August 14, 2020, PG&E reached a maximum demand of 21,103 MW.54 In comparison, the Project’s maximum demand is expected to be approximately 0.6 MW in 2023. This is a conservative estimate since it was 54 California ISO. 2021. 2020-2021 Transmission Plan. Available online at:
http://www.caiso.com/Documents/BoardApproved2020-2021TransmissionPlan.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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derived by dividing the total electricity energy required for Project Operation by the annual number of working hours, though some sources of electricity would operate 24 hours per day for every day of the year. Thus, the Project will have a relatively negligible effect on statewide and PG&E peak demands.

5.1.3.3 Summary
As described above, the Project will not have a substantial impact on peak and base period demands for electricity and other forms of energy. The Project’s impacts are less than significant.

5.1.4 Existing Energy Standards
This section addresses the following category of environmental impact described in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines:

The degree to which the project complies with existing energy standards.

5.1.4.1 Construction
Project construction requires use of on-road trucks for soil hauling and deliveries, and off-road equipment such as excavators, tractors/loaders/backhoes, forklifts, and graders.

The construction activities would comply with state requirements designed to minimize idling and associated emissions, which also minimizes use of fuel. Specifically, idling of commercial vehicles and off-road equipment would be limited to five minutes in accordance with the Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling Regulation and the Off-Road Regulation, and the trucks used would be compliant with the requirements of the Tractor-Trailer Greenhouse Gas Regulation.

5.1.4.2 Operation
Electricity
The Project’s anticipated electricity use is discussed in Section 4.2.1.

The electricity demand estimate for the Project incorporates the 2019 Title 24 standards. If the application for the Project is applied for on or after January 1, 2023, then the Project will comply with the 2022 Title 24 Standards.

Natural Gas
The Project’s anticipated natural gas use is discussed in Section 4.2.2.

The natural gas demand for the Project is estimated in accordance with the Title 24 standards. For this analysis, the Project is assumed to meet 2019 Title 24 standards. If the application for the Project is applied for on or after January 1, 2023, then the Project will comply with the 2022 Title 24 Standards.

Fuel Usage
The Project’s anticipated fuel use is discussed in Section 4.2.3. There are no unusual project characteristics that would require the use of gasoline and diesel that would be more energy intensive than is used for comparable activities, or equipment that would not conform to current emissions standards (and related fuel efficiencies).

Vehicle use for the proposed project also has been evaluated pursuant to the technical advisory the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research published under SB 743, which Costco Commercial Center
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created a process to change the methods used for transportation impacts analyses under CEQA from focusing on level of service to VMT. (See 14 CCR 15064.3.)

5.1.4.3 Summary
As described above, the Project will comply with all applicable energy standards. The Project’s impacts are less than significant.

5.1.5 Energy Resources
This section addresses the following category of environmental impact described in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines:

The effects of the project on energy resources.

The Project’s energy use is discussed in Section 4 above, including electricity, natural gas, gasoline, and diesel consumption associated with on-site equipment, mobile operations, and construction activities. The Project’s use of energy will not have a substantial effect on statewide or regional energy resources. Total operational energy use requirements for the Project are summarized in Table 5-2. Programs and measures relevant to energy resources are discussed in detail above.

The Project will not significantly impact energy resources and the Project’s impacts are less than significant.

5.1.6 Transportation Energy Use
This section addresses the following category of environmental impact described in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines:

The project’s projected transportation energy use requirements and its overall use of efficient transportation alternatives.

Conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles consume gasoline or diesel fuel, whereas EVs consume electricity that can be sourced by fossil fuels or renewables. EVs, including battery-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, comprise a growing fraction of the passenger vehicles on the roads in California. EV adoption is expected to increase over the upcoming decades due in part to improvements in battery technology and public initiatives and goals. This increase in EV adoption will decrease the fuel requirements due to transportation.

New state-wide regulations. such as Truck and Bus Rule (Title 13 CCR Section 2025), On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicle Program (Title 13, CCR Section 1956.8), Pavley Clean Car Standards and the Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) program have been instated which reduce emissions and fuel requirements from trucks and cars.

Gasoline fuel usage for the Project shown in Table 4-5 will decrease over time as fleets become more fuel efficient and switch to more electric vehicles. While there is a growth in diesel fuel usage, the growth rate is slower than the increase in VMT due to enhanced fuel efficiency of heavy-duty vehicles in the Project year as shown in Table 4-6.

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5.1.7 Summary
Based on the above analysis of each of the environmental impact factors identified in CEQA Guidelines Appendix F, the potential for the Project to result in wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of fuel or energy, and conversely to fail to incorporate energy efficiency measures into equipment use, transportation or other project features is less than significant.

5.2 Threshold 2
Would the Project Conflict with or Obstruct a State or Local Plan for Renewable Energy or Energy Efficiency?
The Proposed Project would comply with any applicable state plans for renewable energy or energy efficiency to the extent required by law. Further, the Project would be consistent with the renewable energy and energy efficiency provisions of the City of Fresno General Plan55.

This plan is described in more detail in Section 2.2.3 and the relevant provisions of each plan are listed in Appendix B. The Project has been evaluated for consistency with state plans and has been concluded to be consistent; the assessment for state plan measures is found in Appendix B, Table B-1. Additionally, the Project has been evaluated for consistency with the relevant provisions and has been concluded to be consistent; the assessment for individual local plan measures is found in Appendix B, Table B-2. As such, Project impacts are less than significant.
55 City of Fresno. 2014. Fresno General Plan. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/ConsolidatedGP6182020.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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TABLES
Table 4-1. Construction Off-road Equipment Fuel Consumption Costco Commercial Center
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Year
CO2 Emissions1
(MT/yr)
Diesel Consumption2
(gallons/yr)
2023 563 55,154
Conversions:

10.21 kg CO2/gallon diesel
1,000 kg CO2/MT CO2 Notes:

Abbreviations:

CO2 - carbon dioxide
kg - kilograms
MT - metric ton
yr - year
1 Offroad emissions estimated using CalEEMod® guidance as presented in the CalEEMod® User's Guide, Appendix A. Available at:
www.caleemod.com. Accessed: January 2022. 2
The conversion factor for diesel is 10.21 kg CO2/gallon per The Climate Registry, 2021. Available at: https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/05/2021-Default-Emission-Factor-Document.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel

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Fresno City CouncilMay 21, 2026

Fresno City Council
May 21, 2026