Fresno City Council
May 21, 2026

Table 4-2. Construction On-Road Fuel Consumption
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Year
Gasoline
Consumption1,2
(gallons/yr)
Diesel Consumption1,2
(gallons/yr)
2023 17,539 29,805
Conversions:3

8.78 kg CO2/gallon gasoline

10.21 kg CO2/gallon diesel
1,000 kg CO2/MT CO2
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CO2 - carbon dioxide
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model
kg - kilograms
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty trucks
LDA - light-duty automobile
LDT - light-duty truck
MHDT - medium heavy-duty trucks
MT - metric ton
yr - year
1 Onroad CO2 emissions are calculated using emission factors from EMFAC2017 based on fleet wide totals, including worker, vendor, and hauling trips. Worker vehicles are assumed to include light duty automobiles and trucks (50% LDA, 25% LDT1, 25% LDT2). Vendor vehicles are assumed to include medium heavyduty trucks and heavy heavy-duty trucks (50% MHDT, 50% HHDT). Hauling vehicles are assumed to include heavy heavy-duty trucks (100% HHDT). Onroad CO2 emissions can be referenced in the CalEEMod output.
2 CO2 emissions for worker, vendor, and hauling trips were split based on gasoline or diesel fuel consumption. The fuel consumption breakdown was derived using fuel consumption in Fresno County using EMFAC2021.
3 The conversion factors for gasoline and diesel are 8.78 kg CO2/gallon and 10.21 kg CO2/gallon, respectively, per The Climate Registry, 2021. Available at: https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/05/2021-Default-Emission-Factor-Document.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Table 4-3. Electricity Consumption
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Land Use
Electricity Demand
(kWh/yr)1
Automobile Care Center 41,328
Discount Club 1,911,410
Gasoline/Service Station 38,897
Parking Lot 124,460
Project 2,116,095
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
kWh - kilowatt hours
yr - year 1
Project electricity demand is obtained from CalEEMod®
outputs.

Table 4-4. Natural Gas Consumption
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Land Use
Natural Gas Demand
(kBTU/yr)1
Automobile Care Center 99,360
Discount Club 2,560,620
Gasoline/Service Station 93,514
Parking Lot 0
Project 2,753,494
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
kBTU - kilo British Thermal Unit
yr - year 1
Project natural gas demand is obtained from CalEEMod®
outputs.

Table 4-5. Gasoline Consumption
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Mobile Source Activity
VMT
(miles/yr)1
Gasoline Consumption
(gallons/yr)2
Gasoline Vehicles 22,315,831 955,908
Gasoline Vehicles 69,043,050 2,957,487
Constants:

Average efficiency in 2023 23.35 miles per gallon3
Notes:

Abbreviations:

EMFAC - EMission FACtors model
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
yr - year
1 Vehicle miles traveled are based on data provided by Kittelson & Associates, 2023. 2 Gasoline consumption is calculated by assuming an average fuel efficiency and the reported VMT. The portion of the VMT that is gasoline vehicles is determined using the project-specific fleet mix. 3 The average fuel efficiency is obtained from EMFAC2021 for Fresno County based on the fuel consumption and vehicle miles traveled for 2023.

Herndon/Riverside
4500 W. Shaw Ave

Table 4-6. Diesel Consumption
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Mobile Source Activity
Annual Diesel-Related
Activity1
Diesel Consumption
(gallons/yr)2
Diesel Vehicles (VMT per year)3 0 0
Transportation Refrigeration Units (hours per year) 7,382 5,655 Diesel Vehicles (VMT per year)3 2,440,575 339,298
Constants:

Average efficiency in 2023 7.19 miles per gallon4
TRU fuel consumption rate4 0.77 gallons per hour
60 minutes per hour
Notes:

Abbreviations:

EMFAC - EMission FACtors model
TRU - Transport Refrigeration Units
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
yr - year
4 TRU fuel consumption rate is obtained from the OFFROAD2021 emissions output for Calendar Year 2023, Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Instate Trailer and Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Out-Of-State Trailer in Fresno County.
4500 W. Shaw Ave
Herndon/Riverside
1 Diesel VMT are based on data provided by Kittelson & Associates, 2023. TRU Cycle Duration is based on 2 hours of loading time plus the duration of the on-site and off-site transit. Assumptions based on Table II.G.1 of CARB Proposed Amendments to the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/board/rulemaking/tru2021/appi.pdf. Accessed: June 2022. 2 Diesel consumption for diesel vehicles is calculated by assuming an average fuel efficiency and the reported VMT. The portion of the VMT that is diesel vehicles is determined using the project-specific fleet mix. TRU diesel consumption is calculated based on OFFROAD2021 fuel consumption rate and the annual operation. 4 The average fuel efficiency is obtained from EMFAC2021 for Fresno County based on the fuel consumption and vehicle miles traveled for 2023.
3 Vehicle miles traveled are based on data provided by Kittelson & Associates, 2023.

Table 4-7. Electricity Consumption from Vehicles
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Mobile Source Activity
VMT
(miles/yr)1
Electricity Consumption2
(kWh/yr)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles3 206,859 62,478
Electric Vehicles 116,874 45,420
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles3 640,004 193,300
Constants:

Average efficiency in 2023
Electric Vehicles 2.57 mi/kWh4
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 3.31 mi/kWh4
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model
eVMT - electric vehicle miles traveled
kWh - kilowatt-hour
mi - mile
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
yr - year
1 Vehicle miles traveled are based on data provided by Kittelson & Associates, 2023. 2 Electricity consumption from electric miles driven is calculated by assuming an average energy economy and the reported VMT. The portion of the VMT that is electric-powered is determined using the project-specific fleet mix.
4 The average fuel efficiency is obtained from EMFAC2021 for Fresno County based on the energy consumption and electric vehicle miles traveled for 2023. 3 The VMT from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles accounts for electric vehicle miles traveled, also known as eVMT.
4500 W. Shaw Ave
Herndon/Riverside

Table 5-1. Construction Energy Resource Summary Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California Annual Consumption Project's Construction Contribution4 (%) Annual Consumption Project's Construction Contribution4 (%) Gasoline (gallons)2 17,539 383,581,859 0.005% 15,688,627,269 0.00011% Diesel (gallons)3 84,959 214,135,125 0.040% 5,000,677,060 0.00170% Notes: Abbreviations: % - percent CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel EMFAC - California Air Resources Board Emissions Factor Model 2 Gasoline data for Fresno County and the State of California are obtained from EMFAC2021 for calendar year 2023. 3 Diesel data for Fresno County and the State of California are obtained from EMFAC2021 and OFFROAD2021 for calendar year 2023. 4 The project's construction contribution was calculated based on the maximum annual construction energy consumption. Energy Resource Total Construction1 Fresno County California 1 Offroad and onroad emissions are calculated using methodology consistent with CalEEMod® version 2020.4.0. Offroad emission factors are from OFFROAD whereas onroad emission factors are from EMFAC2017. See Tables 4-1 and 4-2 for detailed fuel consumption of the Off-Road Equipment and On- Road Vehicles categories, respectively. Page 1 of 1 Ramboll Table 5-2. Operation Energy Resource Summary
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Consumption
Project's
Contribution
(%)8 Consumption
Project's
Contribution
(%)8
Electricity (kWh/yr)2,3 2,292,337 8,017,830,742 0.029% 279,510,007,246 0.0008% Natural Gas (kBtu/yr)4,5 2,753,494 32,583,736,325 0.008% 1,232,858,294,229 0.0002% Gasoline (gallons/yr)6 2,001,579 383,581,859 0.522% 15,688,627,269 0.013% Diesel (gallons/yr)7 344,953 214,135,125 0.161% 5,000,677,060 0.007% Conversions:
99,976.1 Btu/therm
1,000 Btu/kBtu
1,000,000 kWh/GWh
1,000 kWh/MWh
Notes:
1 Project data are based on CalEEMod® output.
3 Electricity data for the State is obtained for all counties in 2020 from http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx. 5 Natural gas data for the State is obtained for all counties in 2020 from http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/gasbycounty.aspx.

Abbreviations:

Btu - British thermal unit
CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model
GWh - gigawatt hours
kWh - kilowatt hours
kBtu - kilo-British thermal unit
MWh - megawatt hours
yr - year
7 Diesel data for Fresno County and the State of California are obtained from EMFAC2021 and OFFROAD2021 for calendar year 2023. 6 Gasoline data for Fresno County and the State of California are obtained from EMFAC2021 for calendar year 2023. 8 The project's construction contribution was calculated based on the maximum annual operational energy consumption.

Energy Resource Operation1
Fresno County California
2 Electricity data for Fresno County in 2020 from http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx. 4 Natural gas data for Fresno County in 2020 from http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/gasbycounty.aspx.

Costco Commercial Center
Energy Technical Report
Fresno, California

APPENDIX A

CALEEMOD OUTPUT

Costco Commercial Center
Energy Technical Report
Fresno, California

APPENDIX B

STATE AND LOCAL CONSISTENCY ANALYSES
Table B-1. Consistency with Applicable State Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Strategies Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California # Plan Category Description Consistency Analysis 1 California Renewables Portfolio Standard
(RPS) and SB 100
As most recently amended by SB 100 (2018),
California’s RPS increases the proportion of electricity from renewable sources to 33 percent renewable power
by 2020; 50 percent renewable power by 2026; and,
60 percent renewable power by 2030. SB 350 (2015)
also requires the State Energy Resources Conservation
and Development Commission to double (by 2030) the
energy efficiency savings in electricity and natural gas final end uses of retail customers through energy
efficiency and conservation.

Consistent. The Project would be consistent with and
not impair implementation of the state's RPS. The
electricity for the operation of the Project would be
supplied by Pacific Gas & Electric, which is composed of 30% renewable resources as of 2020.
2 California Code of
Regulations, Title 24,
Part 6
Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations
establishes energy and water efficiency requirements
for residential and non-residential new construction,
additions to existing buildings, and alterations to
existing buildings.

Standards include requirements for water heating,
HVAC, lighting, electrical systems, and solar design.

Consistent. The Project would meet or exceed the
Title 24 energy efficiency standards in effect at the
time of building permit application.
3 Assembly Bill 1109
The Lighting Efficiency And Toxics Reduction Act (AB
1109) requires a reduction in average statewide
electrical energy consumption by not less than 50
percent from the 2007 levels for indoor residential
lighting and not less than 25 percent from the 2007
levels for indoor commercial and outdoor lighting by
2018.

Consistent. The Project would meet the applicable
requirements from AB 1109. 4 California Green
(CalGreen) Building
Standards Code
Requirements
CalGreen establishes green building standards to meet
the goals of AB 32. CalGreen includes standards for
residential and nonresidential structures such as new
buildings or portions of new buildings, additions and
alterations, and all occupancies where no other state
agency has the authority to adopt green building
standards applicable to those occupancies. Standards
include requirements for site development, indoor and
outdoor water use, construction waste reduction,
disposal and recycling and building maintenance and
operation.

Consistent. To the extent applicable to the Project,
the Project would meet the CalGreen Building
Standards Code in effect at the time of building permit application.
5 AB 1493 (Pavley
Regulations)
Reduces GHG emissions in new passenger vehicles
from model years 2012-2016 (Phase I) and model
years 2017–2025 (Phase II). Also reduces gasoline
consumption to a rate of 31 percent of 1990 gasoline
consumption (and associated GHG emissions) by 2020.

Consistent. The Project would not impair
implementation of the AB 1493 regulations.
6 Low Carbon Fuel
Standard (LCFS)
Establishes protocols for measuring and reducing the
life-cycle carbon intensity of transportation fuels and helps to establish use of alternative fuels.

Consistent. The Project would not conflict with
implementation of the LCFS. 7 Advanced Clean Cars
(ACC) Program
In 2012, the California Air Resources Board (CARB)
adopted the ACC program to reduce criteria pollutant
emissions and GHG emissions for model year vehicles
2015 through 2025. ACC includes the Low-Emission
Vehicle (LEV) regulations that reduce criteria pollutants and GHG emissions from light- and medium-duty
vehicles, and the Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV)
regulations that require manufacturers to produce an
increasing number of pure ZEVs (meaning battery
electric and fuel cell electric vehicles), with provisions to also produce plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in the 2018 through 2025 model years.

Consistent. The Project would not conflict with
implementation of the ACC program.
8 SB 375
SB 375 establishes mechanisms for the development of
regional targets for reducing passenger vehicle GHG
emissions. Under SB 375, CARB is required, in
consultation with the state’s Metropolitan Planning
Organizations, to set regional GHG reduction targets
for the passenger vehicle and light-duty truck sector
for 2020 and 2035.

Consistent. The Project would not conflict with the
implementation of SB 375. Furthermore, the Project
would be consistent with the goals of the Fresno
Council of Government's (Fresno COG's) Regional
Transporation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy,
which demonstrates how the Fresno region under
Fresno COG's jurisdiction will meet the emission
reduction targets of SB 375.

Abbreviations:

AB - Assembly Bill
CalGreen - California Green Building Standards Code
RPS - Renewable Portfolio Standard
SB - Senate Bill
Mobile Sources

Table B-2. Consistency with Applicable City of Fresno Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Strategies Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
# Category General Plan Policy or Objective Category Description Consistency Analysis 2b Electric Vehicle
Strategies
RC-8-j: Alternative Fuel Network.

Support the development of a network of
integrated charging and alternate fuel
station for both public and private
vehicles, and if feasible, open up
municipal stations to the public as part of
network development.

For new commercial buildings, does
project provide EV charging spaces
capable of supporting EV capable spaces
at 4% to 10% of the parking spaces per
2019 California Green Building
Standards Code (CALGREEN, Title 24,
Part 11), Section 5.106.5.3
Consistent. The Project would be
consistent with this code with 45 installed
EV spaces, which is 5% of the parking
spaces at the site.

RC-5-c: GHG Reduction through
Design and Operations. Increase
efforts to incorporate requirements for
GHG emission reductions in land use
entitlement decisions, facility design, and
operational measures subject to City
regulation.

Objective RC-8: Reduce the
consumption of non-renewable energy
resources by requiring and encouraging
conservation measures and the use of
alternative energy sources.

RC-8-a: Existing Standards and
Programs. Continue existing beneficial
energy conservation programs, including
adhering to the California Energy Code in
new construction and major renovations.

Abbreviations:

AB - Assembly Bill
CalGreen - California Green Building Standards Code
EV - electric vehicle
GHG - greenhouse gas
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Does the project meet or exceed
mandatory state building energy codes?
If yes, does the project follow any other
GreenPoint ratings such as LEED, Energy
Star or others? If yes, indicate level of
certification-Silver, gold, platinum if
applicable?
Consistent. The Project would be
consistent with this by meeting
mandatory building energy
codes. Costco's warehouse designs are
consistent with the requirements of LEED.

Energy
Conservation
Strategies
3a

Appendix F
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Technical Report

Prepared for
Ascent Environmental, Inc.

Sacramento, California
Project Number
1690023335
Date
June 2023

COSTCO COMMERCIAL CENTER

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

TECHNICAL REPORT

FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
i
Contents

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Existing Conditions 1

1.2 Project Analysis 1

2. Scientific and Regulatory Backgrounds 2

2.1 Scientific Background 2

2.1.1 Science of Global Climate Change 2

2.1.2 Potential Effects of Human Activity on Global Climate Change 4

2.1.3 Potential Effects of Climate Change on the State of California 5

2.1.3.1 Air Quality 6

2.1.3.2 Water Supply 6

2.1.3.3 Hydrology 7

2.1.3.4 Agriculture 8

2.1.3.5 Ecosystems and Wildfire 8

2.2 Regulatory Background 8

2.2.1 Federal 8

2.2.1.1 Clean Air Act 8

2.2.1.2 Federal Plan to Reduce GHG Emissions by 2025 9

2.2.1.3 Executive Order 14008 9

2.2.1.4 Paris Climate Agreement 10

2.2.1.5 Federal Vehicle Standards 10

2.2.1.6 Energy Independence and Security Act 12

2.2.2 State 13

2.2.2.1 Executive Order S-3-05 13

2.2.2.2 Assembly Bill 32 13

2.2.2.3 SB 605 - Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) 17

2.2.2.4 Executive Order B-30-15 17

2.2.2.5 Senate Bill 32 and Assembly Bill 197 18

2.2.2.6 Executive Order B-55-18 18

2.2.2.7 Energy Sources 18

2.2.2.8 Mobile Sources 19

2.2.2.9 Water 25

2.2.2.10 Solid Waste Diversion 25

2.2.2.11 Draft Climate Adaptation Strategy 25

2.2.3 Regional 26

2.2.3.1 Fresno COG Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy 26

2.2.3.2 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District 26

2.2.4 Local 28

2.2.4.1 City of Fresno General Plan 28

2.2.4.2 City of Fresno GHG Reduction Plan 28

2.2.5 Other CEQA Guidance 29

2.2.5.1 CAPCOA 29

2.2.5.2 Association of Environmental Professionals 30

3. Significance Thresholds 31

3.1 CEQA Guidelines on GHG Emissions 31

3.2 Other Guidance 31
Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
ii
Contents

3.3 Project Approach to Significance 32

4. Project GHG Emissions Inventory 33

4.1 Measurement, Resources and Baseline Condition 33

4.1.1 Units of Measurement: Tonnes of CO2 and CO2e 33

4.1.2 Resources 33

4.1.2.1 CalEEMod® Methodology 33

4.1.2.2 OFFROAD2017 34

4.1.2.3 Other Resources 35

4.1.3 Indirect GHG Emissions from Electricity Use 35

4.2 One-Time Emissions 35

4.2.1 Construction Emissions 36

4.2.1.1 Emissions from On-Road Construction Trips 36

4.2.1.2 Emissions from Construction Equipment 37

4.2.1.3 Total Construction Emissions 37

4.2.2 Vegetation Changes 37

4.3 Annual Operational Emissions 37

4.3.1 Area Sources 38

4.3.2 Mobile Sources 38

4.3.2.1 Estimating Mobile Source Emissions 39

4.3.2.2 Mobile Source Emissions 39

4.3.3 Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution 40

4.3.4 Energy Use 40

4.3.5 Solid Waste 40

4.4 Total Annual Operational Emissions 41

5. Project Inventory in Context 42

5.1 Project Emissions Inventory 42

5.1.1 GHG Inventory 42

5.2 Consistency Analysis 42

5.2.1 Statewide Emissions Reduction Targets 42

5.2.2 Fresno Council of Governments (Fresno COG) 43

5.2.3 City of Fresno GHG Reduction Plan 44

5.3 Impact Determination 46
Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
iii
Contents (Continued)

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
TABLES
Table 4-1: Construction Schedule
Table 4-2: Construction Equipment
Table 4-3: Construction Material Movement
Table 4-4: Construction Demolition Assumptions
Table 4-5: Utility GHG Emission Factor Associated with Renewable Portfolio Standard Table 4-6: TRU Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations
Table 4-7: Summary of GHG Emissions
Table 5-1: Summary of ABAU and Project GHG Emissions in 2030 and 2035 Table 5-2: Local Measures Reductions Table for 2030 and 2035

APPENDICES
Appendix A – CalEEMod® Output
Appendix B – Mobile Source Emission Calculations
Appendix C – GHG Consistency
Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
iv
Acronyms and Abbreviations Ramboll

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym Definition
AB Assembly Bill
ACC Advanced Clean Cars
ACE Affordable Clean Energy
AEP Association of Environmental Professionals
AP-42 United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
APCD Air Pollution Control District
APR Application Review
AQMD Air Quality Management District
AR4 Fourth Assessment Report
AR5 Fifth Assessment Report
AvgHP Maximum rated average horsepower
BAU Business-As-Usual
BPS Best Performance Standards
CAA Clean Air Act
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CalEEMod® California Emission Estimator Model®
CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency
CalRecycle California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery CAMX California and Mexico
CAPCOA California Air Pollution Control Officers Association CARB California Air Resources Board
CAT Climate Action Team
CCCC California Climate Change Center
CCR California Code of Regulations
CEC California Energy Commission
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CH4 Methane
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent
COG Council of Governments
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
CY cubic yard
DOE Department of Energy
DTSC Department of Toxic Substances Control
DWR Department of Water Resources
EF emission factor
EISA Energy Independence and Security Act
EMFAC EMission FACtors model
EO Executive Order
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EVs Electric vehicles
FR Federal Register
Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
v
Acronyms and Abbreviations (Continued) Ramboll

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED)
Acronym Definition
GAMAQI Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts GHG greenhouse gas
GW Gigawatt
GWP global warming potential
HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
lbs Pounds
LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard
LLC Limited Liability Company
MCY million cubic yards
MDO Market delivery operation
MRR Mandatory Reporting Rule
MSW Municipal solid waste
MT metric tons
N2O nitrogen dioxide
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
OFFROAD Off-road Emissions Inventory Program model
OPR Office of Planning and Research
PFCs perfluorocarbons
PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric
ppm parts per million
PUP Power/Utility Protocol
RCP Representative Concentration Pathways
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RPS Renewables Portfolio Standards
RTP Regional Transportation Plan
SAFE Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient
SB Senate Bill
SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District
SCE Southern California Edison
SCS Sustainable Communities Strategy
SDG&E San Diego Gas & Electric
SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
SJVAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SLCPs short-lived climate pollutants
TRU transportation refrigeration unit
USDOT the Department of Transportation
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
VMT vehicle miles travelled
VW Volkswagen
ZEVs Zero emission vehicles
Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
1 Introduction Ramboll

1. INTRODUCTION
Ramboll US Consulting, Inc. (Ramboll) was retained to prepare a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Technical Report for the proposed Costco warehouse and gasoline dispensing facility in Fresno, California (Project).

This GHG Emissions Technical Report analyzes the Project’s impacts on GHGs from construction and operations. In particular, this report describes the existing setting of the Project site, describes the relevant regulatory setting, discusses the methodology used to evaluate GHG emissions related to the Project, and evaluates potential impacts related to GHGs that would result with implementation of the Project.

1.1 Existing Conditions
The existing 22.4-acre site is currently undeveloped, located within the Bullard Community Plan Area, and designated by both the General Plan and zoning as Community Commercial.

The location of the site is in Fresno, California at West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive (Figure 1).

1.2 Project Analysis
The Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco) proposes to construct the Costco Commercial Center, which comprises a new Costco facility (including loading docks and internal space to provide last-mile home delivery of big and bulky items) with an attached tire center and a detached gas station and drive-through car wash in the City of Fresno.

The project would develop a new Costco retail building; gas station; car wash; and associated parking areas, driveways, and other supporting infrastructure. Costco Wholesale is proposing to construct a wholesale retail facility with approximately 178,000 square feet (sq. ft.); of which approximately 57,000 sq. ft. would be reserved for storage and receiving at the northeast corner of W. Herndon Ave. and N. Riverside Dr (APN 50302012). The project involves the construction of a Costco retail facility that includes an attached tire center, as well as a detached gas station and a drive-through car wash. The project would include a Costco members-only gas station on the northern portion of the project site adjacent to West Spruce Avenue. The facility would include an approximately 11,500 squarefoot canopy and a 125 square-foot controller enclosure. There would be four covered fueling islands, each with four two-sided fuel dispensers to provide for the fueling of eight cars at each island, for a total of 32 fueling positions. A Costco members-only automated carwash would be located at the northeastern corner of the project site, adjacent to the gas station.

The car wash structure would be approximately 4,800 sq. ft. The project would have its main access points along North Riverside Drive and include approximately 889 parking stalls. The project is requesting conditional use permits for Large-Format Retail and alcohol sales, as well as a General Plan Amendment to reclassify the portion of W. Herndon Ave. fronting the project site from Expressway to Superarterial.

Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
2 Scientific and Regulatory Backgrounds Ramboll

2. SCIENTIFIC AND REGULATORY BACKGROUNDS

2.1 Scientific Background

2.1.1 Science of Global Climate Change
There is a general scientific consensus that global climate change is occurring, caused in whole or in part by increased emissions of GHGs that keep the Earth’s surface warm by trapping heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, in much the same way as glass traps heat in a greenhouse. The Earth’s climate is changing because human activities, primarily the combustion of fossil fuels, are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of GHGs. GHGs allow the sun’s radiation to penetrate the atmosphere and warm the Earth’s surface, but do not let the infrared radiation emitted from the Earth escape back into outer space. As a result, global temperatures are predicted to increase over the century.

In particular, if climate change remains unabated, surface temperatures in California are expected to increase anywhere from 4.1 to 8.6 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century. Not only would higher temperatures directly affect the health of individuals through greater risk of dehydration, heat stroke, and respiratory distress, the higher temperatures may increase ozone formation, thereby worsening air quality. Rising temperatures could also reduce the snowpack, which would increase the risk of water shortages. Higher temperatures along with reduced water supplies could reduce the quantity and quality of agricultural products. In addition, there could be an increase in wildfires and a shift in distribution of natural vegetation throughout the State. Global warming could also increase sea levels and coastal storms resulting in greater risk of flooding.

Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) are the leading cause of global warming, with other pollutants such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride also contributing. The magnitude of the impact on global warming differs among the GHGs. For example, HFCs, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride have a greater “global warming potential” than CO2. In other words, these other GHGs have a greater contribution to global warming than CO2 on a per mass basis. The effect each GHG has on climate change is measured as a combination of the volume of its emissions and its global warming potential (GWP), and is expressed as a function of how much warming would be caused by the same mass of CO2. Thus, GHG emissions are typically measured in terms of megagrams or metric tons (MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

CO2 has the greatest impact on global warming because of the relatively large quantities of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere.

Globally, CO2 concentrations, which ranged from 265 parts per million (ppm) to 280 ppm over the last 10,000 years, only began rising in the last 200 years to current levels of 410 ppm,1 a 46 percent increase.

In 2019, the United States emitted about 6.6 billion MT of CO2e or about 20 MT/person/year, calculated by dividing the emissions total by the U.S. Census Bureau 2019 population 1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2021, The Physical Science Basis. 2021.

Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.

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estimate. 2, 3 This represents a 12 percent reduction below 2005 total emission levels. Of the five major sectors nationwide -- residential, commercial, industrial, electric power generation, and transportation - transportation accounts for the highest fraction of GHG emissions (approximately 29 percent of emissions from these five sectors). These emissions are entirely generated from direct fossil fuel combustion. Fifty-eight percent of these transportation emissions resulted from passenger car and light-duty truck use. The remaining emissions came from other transportation activities, including the combustion of diesel fuel in medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, and jet fuel in aircraft. According to the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks,4 from 1990 to 2019 as a whole, transportation emissions from fossil fuel combustion rose, “due, in large part, to increased demand for travel”.

In 2019, California emitted approximately 418 million tonnes of CO2e, or about 6 percent of the U.S. emissions.5 California’s percentage contribution is due primarily to the sheer size of California, as compared to other states. For example, in 2018 (the most recent year of state rankings for energy-related CO2 emissions per capita), California had the third lowest per capita energy-related CO2 emission rates in the country (including Washington DC),6 due to the success of its energy efficiency and renewable energy programs and commitments that have lowered the State’s GHG emissions rate of emissions growth.7 California’s per capita GHG emissions in 2019 were 10.5 metric tons per person8, while the U.S. per capita GHG emissions in that same year were 20.0 metric tons per person.9, 10 Another factor that has reduced California’s fuel use and GHG emissions is its mild climate compared to that of many other states. The emissions for the City of Fresno were approximately 2.9 million metric tons of CO2e in 2016. The projected 2020 emissions for the City of Fresno are about 2.1 million 2 USEPA. 2021. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2019. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019. Accessed:

January 2022.
3 U.S. Census Bureau. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019. (NST-EST2020). Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programssurveys/popest/tables/2010-2020/state/totals/nst-est2020.xlsx. Accessed: January 2022. 4 USEPA. 2021. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2019. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019. Accessed:

January 2022.
5 CARB. 2021. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2000 to 2019 Trends of Emissions and Other Indicators.

Available at: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2019/ghg_inventory_trends_00-19.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.
6 US EIA. 2021.Table 5: Per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by state. Available at:
https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/. Accessed: January 2022. 7 The Center for Resource Efficient Communities. 2013. Residential Energy Use and GHG Emissions Impact of Compact Land Use Types. Report to ARB, Contract No. 10-323. Available at:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/10-323h.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 8 CARB. 2021. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2000 to 2019 Trends of Emissions and Other Indicators.

Available at: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2019/ghg_inventory_trends_00-19.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.
9 USEPA. 2021. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2019. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019. Accessed:

January 2022.
10 U.S. Census Bureau. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019. (NST-EST2020). Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programssurveys/popest/tables/2010-2020/state/totals/nst-est2020.xlsx. Accessed: January 2022.

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metric tons of CO2e when accounting for emission reductions achieved by state-wide regulations, programs, and measures.11
The California Energy Commission (CEC) found that transportation is the source of approximately 40 percent of the State’s GHG emissions, followed by industrial sources at 21 percent, and electricity generation (both in-state and out-of-state) at 14 percent. Residential and commercial activities comprised approximately 11 percent of the inventory. Agriculture and forestry is the source of approximately 8 percent of the State’s GHG emissions.12

2.1.2 Potential Effects of Human Activity on Global Climate Change Globally, climate change has the potential to impact numerous environmental resources through anticipated, though uncertain, impacts related to future air temperatures and precipitation patterns. Scientific modeling predicts that continued GHG emissions at or above current rates would induce more extreme climate changes during the 21st century than were observed during the 20th century. At the end of the 21st century, global surface temperature change is likely to exceed 1.5°C (relative to 1850-1900 levels) in all four assessed climate model projections but one.13
The understanding of GHG emissions, particulate matter, and aerosols on global climate trends is complex and involves varying uncertainties and a balance of different effects. In addition to uncertainties about the extent to which human activity rather than solar or volcanic activity is responsible for increasing warming, there is also evidence that some human activity has cooling, rather than warming, effects, as discussed in detail in numerous publications by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), such as the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Synthesis Report.14, 15 Nonetheless, when all effects and uncertainties are considered together, there is a strong scientific consensus that human activity has contributed significantly to global warming. As stated in the executive summary for the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report, “The evidence for human influence on recent climate change strengthened from the IPCC Second Assessment Report to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and is now even stronger in this assessment.”16 11 LSA. 2021. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update for the City of Fresno. Available at:
https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/03/Link4AppendixGGHGRPUpdate.pdf.

Accessed: March 2022.
12 CARB. 2021. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2000 to 2019 Trends of Emissions and Other Indicators.

Available at: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2019/ghg_inventory_trends_00-19.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.
13 IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2014:

Synthesis Report. 2014. SPM.2.2. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 14 The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to assess scientific, technical, and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts, and options for adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports comprised of full scientific and technical assessments of climate change. The first assessment report was developed in 1990. The Fifth Assessment Report was completed in November 2014 with the Synthesis Report.
15 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 2014. Figure SPM.3. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 16 IPCC. 2021. Climate Change 2021 The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at:

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Acknowledging uncertainties regarding the rate at which anthropogenic GHG emissions would continue to increase (based upon various factors under human control, such as future population growth and the locations of that growth; the amount, type, and locations of economic development; the amount, type, and locations of technological advancement; adoption of alternative energy sources; legislative and public initiatives to curb emissions; and public awareness and acceptance of methods for reducing emissions), and the impact of such emissions on climate change, the IPCC devises emission scenarios which utilize various assumptions about the rates of economic development, population growth, and technological advancement over the course of the next century. For the AR5, Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were developed to describe four different 21st century scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric concentrations, air pollutant emissions, and land use. RCPs are based on a combination of integrated assessment models, simple climate models, atmospheric chemistry, and global carbon cycle models.  The projected effects of global warming are assessed under each of the five scenarios.17  It is, at a minimum, more likely than not a 1.5oC increase in globally averaged surface area temperature (GSAT) will occur between 2021-2045 relative to the average over the period of 1850-1900.
 It is virtually certain that global mean sea level (GMSL) will continue to rise through the 21st century.
 It is likely the Arctic Ocean in September, the month of annual minimum sea ice area, will become practically ice free averaged over 2081-2100 and all available simulations.  It is very likely that the cumulative uptake of carbon by the ocean and by land will increase through the end of the 21st century.

Potential secondary effects from global warming include impacts to agriculture, changes in disease vectors, and changes in habitat and biodiversity.

2.1.3 Potential Effects of Climate Change on the State of California According to the California Air Resources Board (CARB), some of the potential impacts in California of global warming may include loss in snowpack, sea level rise, more extreme heat days per year, more high ozone days, more large forest fires, and more drought years.18 The California Climate Change Center (CCCC) has released four assessment reports on climate change in California, the most recent in 2018. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment projects an increase by 5.6-8.8°F from 2070 to 2100 depending on greenhouse gas emission reductions (at a moderate rate or continuing at current rates).19 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
17 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 2014. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.
18 California Air Resources Board (CARB), 2006. Public Workshop to Discuss Establishing the 1990 Emissions Level and the California 2020 Limit and Developing Regulations to Require Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Sacramento, CA. December 1.
19 California Climate Change Center, 2018. California’s Changing Climate 2018. A Summary of Key Findings from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment.

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Below is a summary of some of the potential effects reported in an array of studies that could be experienced in California as a result of global warming and climate change.

2.1.3.1 Air Quality
Higher temperatures, conducive to air pollution formation, could worsen air quality in California. Climate change may increase the concentration of ground-level ozone, but the magnitude of the effect, and therefore its indirect effects, are uncertain. For other pollutants, the effects of climate change and/or weather are less well studied, and even less well understood.

If higher temperatures are accompanied by drier conditions, the potential for large wildfires could increase, which, in turn, would further worsen air quality. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on wildfire frequency based on lower and higher emissions scenarios. Per California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, under a higher emissions scenario, the average area burned statewide could increase by 77 percent above historic levels by 2100.20 Per California’s Third Climate Change Assessment, the estimated burned area is projected to increase between 57 and 169 percent, depending on location.21 However, if higher temperatures are accompanied by wetter, rather than drier conditions, the rains would tend to temporarily clear the air of particulate pollution and reduce the incidence of large wildfires, thus ameliorating the pollution associated with wildfires. Additionally, severe heat accompanied by drier conditions and poor air quality could increase the number of heat-related deaths, illnesses, and asthma attacks throughout the State.22
It is estimated that over the next decade, higher temperatures could increase the demand for electricity by 1 Gigawatt (GW) during summer months, which would require purchase of costly peak power from external sources or the construction of one new large power plant in California.23 During periods of extreme heat, efficiency of electricity generation is reduced at natural gas plants; hydropower generation is reduced; and increased losses occur at substations; all while electricity demands are increased. These factors are projected to result in the need for more than 17 GW, or 38 percent of additional capacity, needed by 2100.

Additionally, transmission lines lose 7 to 8 percent of transmitting capacity in higher temperatures, which also results in a need for increased power generation.24

2.1.3.2 Water Supply
Uncertainty remains with respect to the overall impact of global climate change on future water supplies in California. For example, models that predict drier conditions suggest decreased reservoir inflows and storage, and decreased river flows, relative to current 20 Ibid.
21 California Climate Change Center, 2012. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability and Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. CEC-500-2012-007. July, 2012. 22 California Climate Change Center (CCCC), 2006. Our Changing Climate: Assessing the Risks to California, CEC500-2006-077, Sacramento, CA. July. Available at: https://www.engr.scu.edu/~emaurer/papers/CEC-500- 2006-077.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
23 California Climate Change Center, 2012. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability and Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. CEC-500-2012-007. July, 2012. 24 California Climate Change Center, 2012. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability and Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. CEC-500-2012-007. July, 2012.

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conditions. By comparison, models that predict wetter conditions project increased reservoir inflows and storage, and increased river flows.25
A July 2006 technical report prepared by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) addresses the State Water Project, the Central Valley Project, and the SacramentoSan Joaquin Delta. Although the report projects that, “[c]limate change will likely have a significant effect on California’s future water resources … [and] future water demand,” it also reports that, “there is much uncertainty about future water demand, especially those aspects of future demand that will be directly affected by climate change and warming. While climate change is expected to continue through at least the end of this century, the magnitude and, in some cases, the nature of future changes is uncertain. This uncertainty serves to complicate the analysis of future water demand, especially where the relationship between climate change and its potential effect on water demand is not well understood,”26 DWR adds that “[i]t is unlikely that this level of uncertainty will diminish significantly in the foreseeable future.”27 Still, changes in water supply are expected to occur, and many regional studies have shown that large changes in the reliability of water yields from reservoirs could result from only small changes in inflows.28
California’s Third Climate Change Assessment outlines the State’s urgent water management challenges brought on as a result of climate change. These include increasing demand from a growing population as temperatures rise, earlier snowmelt and runoff, and faster-thanhistorical sea-level rise threatening aging coastal water infrastructure and levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.29 Additionally, they predict that competition between urban and agriculture water users and environmental needs will increase due to effects on water supply and stream flows. The Fourth Climate Change Assessment concludes that by 2100, water supply from snowpack is projected to decline by two-thirds, and that by 2050, California’s agricultural production could face climate-related water shortages of up to 16 percent in certain regions.30

2.1.3.3 Hydrology
As discussed above, climate change could potentially affect the following: the amount of snowfall, rainfall, and snowpack; the intensity and frequency of storms; flood hydrographs (flash floods, rain or snow events, coincidental high tide, and high runoff events); sea level rise and coastal flooding; coastal erosion; and the potential for saltwater intrusion. Sea level rise can be a product of global warming through two main processes -- expansion of sea water as the oceans warm and melting of ice over land. A rise in sea levels could result in coastal flooding and erosion and could also jeopardize California’s water supply. In particular, 25 Brekke, L.D., et al, 2004. ―Climate Change Impacts Uncertainty for Water Resources in the San Joaquin River Basin, California. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 40(2): 149–164. Malden, MA, Blackwell Synergy for AWRA.
26 California Department of Water Resources (DWR), 2006. Progress on Incorporating Climate Change into Management of California Water Resources, Sacramento, CA. July. 27 California Department of Water Resources (DWR), 2006. Progress on Incorporating Climate Change into Management of California Water Resources, Sacramento, CA. July. 28 Kiparsky 2003, op. cit; DWR, 2005, op. cit.; Cayan, D., et al, 2006. Scenarios of Climate Change in California:

An Overview (White Paper, CEC-500-2005-203-SF), Sacramento, CA. February. 29 California Climate Change Center, 2012. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability and Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. CEC-500-2012-007. July, 2012. 30 California Climate Change Center, 2018. California’s Changing Climate 2018. A Summary of Key Findings from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment.

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saltwater intrusion would threaten the quality and reliability of the State’s major fresh water supply that is pumped from the southern portion of the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta.

Increased storm intensity and frequency could affect the ability of flood-control facilities, including levees, to handle storm events. Assuming the rate of sea level rise continues to follow global trends, sea level along California’s coastline in 2050 could be 10-18 inches higher than in 2000, and 31-55 inches higher by the end of this century.31 Based on these current projections, the current 100-year storm could occur once every year. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment projects that without implementation of protective measures, airports in major urban areas will be susceptible to major flooding from a combination of sea-level rise and storm surge by 2040 to 2080 and that the miles of highways susceptible to coastal flooding from a 100-year storm will triple from current levels by 2100.32

2.1.3.4 Agriculture
California has a $30 billion agricultural industry that produces half the country’s fruits and vegetables. The CCCC notes that higher CO2 levels can stimulate plant production and increase plant water-use efficiency. However, if temperatures rise and drier conditions prevail, water demand could increase, crop-yield could be threatened by a less reliable water supply, and greater ozone pollution could render plants more susceptible to pest and disease outbreaks. In addition, temperature increases could change the time of year that certain crops, such as wine grapes, bloom or ripen, and thus affect their quality.33

2.1.3.5 Ecosystems and Wildfire
Increases in global temperatures and the potential resulting changes in weather patterns could have ecological effects on a global and local scale. In 2004, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change released a report examining the possible impacts of climate change on ecosystems and wildlife.34 The report outlines four major ways in which it is thought that climate change could affect plants and animals: (1) timing of ecological events, (2) geographic range, (3) species’ composition within communities, and (4) ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling and storage.

2.2 Regulatory Background

2.2.1 Federal

2.2.1.1 Clean Air Act
In April 2007, in Massachusetts v. EPA, the U.S. Supreme Court directed the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to determine whether GHG emissions from new motor vehicles cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, or whether the science is too uncertain to make a reasoned decision. In making these decisions, the USEPA Administrator was directed to follow the language of Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In December 2009, the 31 California Climate Change Center, 2012. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability and Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. CEC-500-2012-007. July, 2012. 32 California Climate Change Center, 2018. California’s Changing Climate 2018. A Summary of Key Findings from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment.
33 California Climate Change Center (CCCC), 2006, op. cit. 34 Parmesan, C. and H. Galbraith, Observed Impacts of Global Climate Change in the U.S., Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, November 2004.

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Administrator signed a final rule with two distinct findings regarding GHGs under Section 202(a) of the CAA:
 Elevated concentrations of GHGs—CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)—in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations. This is referred to as the “endangerment finding.”  The combined emissions of GHGs—CO2, CH4, N2O, and HFCs—from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines contribute to the GHG air pollution that endangers public health and welfare. This is referred to as the “cause or contribute finding.” These two findings were necessary to establish the foundation for regulation of GHGs from new motor vehicles as air pollutants under the CAA.

2.2.1.2 Federal Plan to Reduce GHG Emissions by 2025
In 2015, President Obama signed Executive Order 13693 (EO 13693), which was intended to reduce the federal government’s GHG emissions by 40 percent by 2025 by requiring the following:
 Ensuring that 25 percent of total energy consumption is from clean energy sources.  Reducing energy use in federal buildings by 2.5 percent per year between 2015 and 2025.
 Reducing per-mile GHG emissions from federal fleets by 30 percent (from 2014 levels) by 2025 and increasing the percentage of zero-emissions and plug-in hybrid vehicles in federal fleets.
 Reducing water intensity in federal buildings by 2 percent per year through 2025.

This executive order was revoked by President Trump’s Executive Order 13834 in May 2018.

President Biden’s Executive Order 13990 revoked Executive Order 13834 except for sections 6 (Duties of the Federal Chief Sustainability Officer), 7 (Duties of Heads of Agencies), and 11 (General Provisions).35

2.2.1.3 Executive Order 14008
On January 27, 2021, President Biden issued an Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad (Executive Order 14008).36 Part I of the Order highlights putting the climate crisis at the center of United States foreign policy and national security.

Addressing the climate crisis will require significant short-term global reductions in GHG emissions and net-zero global emissions by mid-century or sooner. The United States will pursue green recovery efforts and initiatives to advance the clean energy transition.

Part II of the Order relays the government-wide approach to the climate crisis, which involves reducing climate pollution in every sector of the economy, especially through innovation, commercialization, and deployment of clean energy technologies and 35 White House Briefing Room. 2021. Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis. January 20. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefingroom/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-protecting-public-health-and-environment-andrestoring-science-to-tackle-climate-crisis/. Accessed: March 2022. 36 White House Briefing Room. 2021. Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad.

January 27. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidentialactions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/. Accessed: January 2022.

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infrastructure. A National Climate Task Force is established to focus on addressing the climate crisis through key federal actions to reduce climate change impacts. A 100% carbon pollution-free electricity sector is targeted by no later than 2035 and a net-zero emissions economy is to be achieved by no later than 2050. Offshore wind is aimed to be doubled by 2030. Opportunities for federal funding of clean energy technology and infrastructure shall be identified. Federal permitting decisions need to consider the effects of GHG emissions and climate change.

2.2.1.4 Paris Climate Agreement
On June 1, 2017, President Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement.37 The Paris Agreement was negotiated within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2015 to reduce GHG emissions internationally. The goal of the Paris Agreement was to keep the global temperature rise this century to below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial standards, with efforts to limit temperature increase even further to

1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement became effective on November 4, 2016. As of October 5, 2016, 155 of 197 parties had ratified the Paris Agreement.38 On January 20, 2021, President Biden signed an Executive Order formally rejoining the United States to the Paris Agreement.39

2.2.1.5 Federal Vehicle Standards
In response to the Massachusetts v. EPA decision discussed above, in 2007, President Bush directed the USEPA, the Department of Transportation (USDOT), and the Department of Energy (DOE) to establish regulations that reduce GHG emissions from motor vehicles, nonroad vehicles, and non-road engines by 2008. In 2009, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued a final rule regulating fuel efficiency for and GHG emissions from cars and light-duty trucks for model year 2011; and in 2010, the USEPA and NHTSA issued a final rule regulating cars and light-duty trucks for model years 2012–2016.

In 2010, President Obama issued a memorandum directing the same federal agencies to establish additional standards regarding fuel efficiency and GHG reduction, clean fuels, and advanced vehicle infrastructure. In response to this directive, the USEPA and NHTSA proposed stringent, coordinated federal GHG and fuel economy standards for model year 2017–2025 light-duty vehicles. The proposed standards are projected to achieve 163 grams/mile of CO2 in model year 2025, on an average industry fleet-wide basis, which is equivalent to 54.5 miles per gallon if this level were achieved solely through fuel efficiency.

The final rule was adopted in 2012 for model years 2017–2021.

In August 2017, the USEPA asked for additional information and data relevant to assessing whether the GHG emissions standards for model years 2022-2025 remain appropriate. In early 2018, the USEPA Administrator announced that the midterm evaluation for the GHG emissions standards for cars and light-duty trucks for model years 2022-2025 was completed and stated his determination that the current standards should be revised in light 37 USEPA. 2017. Administrator Scott Pruitt Speech on Paris Accord, As Prepared. June 1. Available at:
https://archive.epa.gov/epa/speeches/administrator-scott-pruitt-speech-paris-accord-prepared.html. Accessed:

January 2022.
38 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2017. The Paris Agreement. July 27. Available at:
http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php. Accessed: January 2022. 39 White House Briefing Room. 2021. Paris Climate Agreement. January 20. Available at:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/.

Accessed: January 2022.

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of recent data. Subsequently, in 2018, the USEPA and NHTSA proposed to amend certain existing Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and tailpipe carbon dioxide emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks and establish new standards, covering model years 2021-2026. Compared to maintaining the post-2020 standards now in place, the pending proposal would increase U.S. fuel consumption.40 California and other states have announced their intent to challenge federal actions that would delay or eliminate GHG reductions. In April 2020, NHTSA and EPA amended the CAFE and GHG emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks and established new less stringent standards, covering model years 2021 through 2026.

In addition to the regulations applicable to cars and light-duty trucks described above, in 2011, the USEPA and NHTSA announced fuel economy and GHG standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks for model years 2014–2018. The standards for CO2 emissions and fuel consumption are tailored to three main vehicle categories: combination tractors, heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans, and vocational vehicles.

In August 2016, the USEPA and NHTSA announced the adoption of the phase two program related to the fuel economy and GHG standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The phase two program will apply to vehicles with model year 2018 through 2027 for certain trailers, and model years 2021 through 2027 for semi-trucks, large pickup trucks, vans and all types of sizes of buses and work trucks. The final standards are expected to lower carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 1.1 billion MT and reduce oil consumption by up to two billion barrels over the lifetime of the vehicles sold under the program.41 On September 27, 2019, the USEPA and NHTSA published the SAFE Rule (Part One).42 The SAFE Rule (Part One) went into effect in November 2019, and revoked California’s authority to set its own GHGs standards and set zero emission vehicle mandates in California. The SAFE Rule (Part One) freezes new zero emission vehicles (ZEV) sales at model year 2020 levels for year 2021 and beyond, and will likely result in a lower number of future ZEVs and a corresponding greater number of future gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles. In response to the USEPA’s adoption of the SAFE Rule (Part One), CARB has issued guidance regarding the adjustment of vehicle emissions factors to account for the rule’s implications on criteria air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.43,44 The SAFE Rule is subject to ongoing litigation and on February 8, 2021, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals granted the Biden Administration’s motion to stay litigation over Part 1 of the SAFE Rule. On April 22 and 40 Federal Register. 2018. The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Final Rule for Model Years 2021- 2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-andengines/safer-affordable-fuel-efficient-safe-vehicles-final-rule. Accessed: January 2022. 41 USEPA and NHTSA, 2016. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles – Phase 2. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-10-25/pdf/2016- 21203.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
42 USEPA and NHTSA. 2019. Federal Register, Vol. 84, No. 188, The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule Part One: One National Program. September 27. Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR2019-09-27/pdf/2019-20672.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 43 CARB. 2019. EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Part One. November 20.

Available at: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_adjustment_factors_final_draft.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.
44 CARB. 2020. EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Account for the SAFE Vehicles Rule Part One and the Final SAFE Rule. June 26. Available at:
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_co2_adjustment_factors_06262020-final.pdf. Accessed: January 2022
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April 28, 2021, respectively, NHTSA and USEPA formally announced their intent to reconsider the Safe Rule (Part One).45,46 A virtual public hearing for EPA’s Notice of Reconsideration of SAFE I was held on June 2, 2021. The NHTSA finalized the Corporate Average Fuel Economy Pre-emption rulemaking to withdraw its portions of the SAFE I Rule on December 21, 2021.47 On March 9, 2022, USEPA reinstated California’s authority under the Clean Air Act to implement its own GHG emission standards and ZEV sales mandate and entirely rescinded the SAFE Rule (Part One).

In December 2021, the USEPA finalized federal GHG emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks for Model Years 2023 through 2026. These standards are the strongest vehicle emissions standards ever established for the light-duty vehicle sector and are based on sound science and grounded in a rigorous assessment of current and future technologies.

The updated standards will result in avoiding more than 3 billion tons of GHG emissions through 2050.48

2.2.1.6 Energy Independence and Security Act
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) facilitates the reduction of national GHG emissions by requiring the following:
 Increasing the supply of alternative fuel sources by setting a mandatory Renewable Fuel Standard that requires fuel producers to use at least 36 billion gallons of biofuel in 2022.  Prescribing or revising standards affecting regional efficiency for heating and cooling products, procedures for new or amended standards, energy conservation, energy efficiency labeling for consumer electronic products, residential boiler efficiency, electric motor efficiency, and home appliances.
 Requiring approximately 25 percent greater efficiency for light bulbs by phasing out incandescent light bulbs between 2012 and 2014; requiring approximately 200 percent greater efficiency for light bulbs, or similar energy savings, by 2020.  While superseded by the USEPA and NHTSA actions described above, (i) establishing miles per gallon targets for cars and light trucks and (ii) directing the NHTSA to establish a fuel economy program for medium- and heavy-duty trucks and create a separate fuel economy standard for trucks.

Additional provisions of EISA address energy savings in government and public institutions, promote research for alternative energy, additional research in carbon capture, international energy programs, and the creation of “green jobs.”
45 NHTSA. 2021. NHTSA Advances Biden-Harris Administration’s Climate & Jobs Goals. April 22. Available at:
https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/nhtsa-advances-biden-harris-administrations-climate-jobs-goals.

Accessed: January 2022.
46 USEPA. 2021. Federal Register, Vol. 86, No. 80, California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Car Program; Reconsideration of a previous Withdrawal of a Waiver of Preemption; Opportunity for Public Hearing and Public Comment. April 28. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissionsvehicles-and-engines/notice-reconsideration-previous-withdrawal-waiver. Accessed: January 2022. 47 NHTSA. Available at: https://www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/corporate-average-fuel-economy. Accessed: May 2022.
48 USEPA. 2021. Final Rule to Revise Existing National GHG Emissions Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Through Model Year 2026. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-andengines/final-rule-revise-existing-national-ghg-emissions. Accessed: January 2022.

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2.2.2 State
The State of California considers GHG emissions and the impacts of climate change to be a serious threat to the public health, environment, economic well-being, and natural resources of California, and has taken an aggressive stance to mitigate the State’s impact on climate change through the adoption of policies and legislation. CARB is responsible for the coordination and oversight of State and local air pollution control programs in California.

California has numerous regulations aimed at reducing the State’s GHG emissions. Some of the major initiatives are summarized below.

2.2.2.1 Executive Order S-3-05
In 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger issued EO S-3-05, which identifies Statewide GHG emission reduction targets to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows.  Reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020; and
 Reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

In response to EO S-3-05, California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) created the Climate Action Team (CAT), which in March 2006 published the Climate Action Team Report (the “2006 CAT Report”).49 The 2006 CAT Report identified a recommended list of strategies that the State could pursue to reduce GHG emissions. These are strategies that could be implemented by various State agencies to ensure that the emission reduction targets in EO S-3-05 are met and can be met with existing authority of the State agencies. The strategies include, but are not limited to, the reduction of passenger and light-duty truck emissions, the reduction of idling times for diesel trucks, an overhaul of shipping technology/infrastructure, increased use of alternative fuels, increased recycling, and landfill methane capture.

2.2.2.2 Assembly Bill 32
Assembly Bill (AB) 32 (Nunez, 2006), the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, was enacted after considerable study and expert testimony before the Legislature. The heart of AB 32 is the requirement that statewide GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by 2020. In order to achieve this reduction mandate, AB 32 requires California Air Resources Board to adopt rules and regulations in an open public process that achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective GHG reductions.

In 2007, CARB approved a statewide limit on the GHG emissions level for year 2020 consistent with the determined 1990 baseline. CARB’s adoption of this limit is in accordance with Health & Safety Code Section 38550, as codified through enactment of AB 32.

Per Health & Safety Code Section 38561(b), CARB also is required to prepare, approve and amend a scoping plan that identifies and makes recommendations on “direct emission reduction measures, alternative compliance mechanisms, market-based compliance mechanisms, and potential monetary and nonmonetary incentives for sources and categories of sources that [CARB] finds are necessary or desirable to facilitate the achievement of the maximum feasible and cost-effective reductions of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.” 49 California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA), March 2006. Climate Action Team Report to Governor Schwarzenegger and the Legislature. Available at: http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/ucldc-nuxeo-refmedia/0bdec21c-ca2b-4f4d-9e11-35935ac4cf5f. Accessed: January 2022.

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In 2008, CARB adopted the Climate Change Scoping Plan: A Framework for Change (2008 Scoping Plan) in accordance with Health & Safety Code Section 38561. During the development of the 2008 Scoping Plan, CARB created a planning framework that is comprised of eight emissions sectors: (1) transportation; (2) electricity; (3) commercial and residential; (4) industry; (5) recycling and waste; (6) high GWP gases; (7) agriculture; and (8) forest net emissions. The 2008 Scoping Plan establishes an overall framework for the measures that will be adopted to reduce California’s GHG emissions from the eight emissions sectors to 1990 levels by 2020.

In the 2011 Final Supplement to the AB 32 Scoping Plan Functional Equivalent Document (2011 Final Supplement), CARB revised its estimates of the projected 2020 emissions level in light of the economic recession and the availability of updated information about GHG reduction regulations.
a) 2014 First Update to the Scoping Plan
In 2014, CARB adopted the First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan: Building on the Framework (2014 First Update).50 The stated purpose of the 2014 First Update is to “highlight […] California’s success to date in reducing its GHG emissions and lay […] the foundation for establishing a broad framework for continued emission reductions beyond 2020, on the path to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.”51 The 2014 First Update found that California is on track to meet the 2020 emissions reduction mandate established by AB 32, and noted that California could reduce emissions further by 2030 to levels squarely in line with those needed to stay on track to reduce emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 if the State realizes the expected benefits of existing policy goals.52 In conjunction with the 2014 First Update, CARB identified “six key focus areas comprising major components of the State’s economy to evaluate and describe the larger transformative actions that will be needed to meet the State’s more expansive emission reduction needs by 2050.”53 Those six areas are: (1) energy; (2) transportation (vehicles/equipment, sustainable communities, housing, fuels, and infrastructure); (3) agriculture; (4) water; (5) waste management; and (6) natural and working lands. The 2014 First Update identifies key recommended actions for each sector that will facilitate achievement of the 2050 reduction target.

Based on CARB’s research efforts, it has a “strong sense of the mix of technologies needed to reduce emissions through 2050.”54 Those technologies include energy demand reduction through efficiency and activity changes; large-scale electrification of on-road vehicles, buildings, and industrial machinery; decarbonizing electricity and fuel supplies; and the rapid market penetration of efficient and clean energy technologies.

As part of the 2014 First Update, CARB recalculated the State’s 1990 emissions level using more recent global warming potentials identified by the IPCC. Using the recalculated 1990 emissions level and the revised 2020 emissions level projection identified in the 2011 Final Supplement, CARB determined that achieving the 1990 emissions level by 2020 would 50 Health & Safety Code Section 38561(h) requires CARB to update the Scoping Plan every five years. 51 CARB, First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan: Building on the Framework (May 2014), p. 4. 52 Id. at p. 34.
53 Id. at p. 6.
54 Id. at p. 32.

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require a reduction in GHG emissions of approximately 15.3 percent (instead of 28.5 percent or 16 percent) from the business-as-usual (BAU) conditions.

The 2014 First Update included a strong recommendation from CARB for setting a mid-term statewide GHG emissions reduction target. CARB specifically recommended that the midterm target be consistent with: (i) the United States’ pledge to reduce emissions 42 percent below 2005 levels (which translates to a 35 percent reduction from 1990 levels in California); and (ii) the long-term policy goal of reducing emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

The 2014 First Update discussed new residential and commercial building energy efficiency improvements, specifically identifying progress towards zero net energy buildings as an element of meeting mid-term and long-term GHG reduction goals. The 2014 First Update expressed CARB’s commitment to working with the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and CEC to facilitate further achievements in building energy efficiency. b) 2017 Scoping Plan
In November 2017, CARB published California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan (2017 Scoping Plan), which was subsequently adopted by CARB’s Board in December 2017.55 The 2017 Scoping Plan identifies CARB’s strategy for achieving the State’s 2030 GHG target as established in Senate Bill (SB) 32 (discussed below).The strategy includes continuation of the Cap-and-Trade Program through 2030, and incorporates a Mobile Source Strategy that includes strategies targeted to increase zero emission vehicle fleet penetration and a more stringent target for the Low Carbon Fuel Standard by 2030. The 2017 Scoping Plan also incorporates approaches to cutting short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) under the Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy (a planning document that was adopted by CARB in March 2017), and acknowledges the need for reducing emissions in agriculture and highlights the work underway to ensure that California’s natural and working lands increasingly sequester carbon.

When discussing project-level GHG emissions reduction actions and thresholds, the 2017 Scoping Plan states:
“Project-Level Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Actions and Thresholds Beyond plan-level goals and actions, local governments can also support climate action when considering discretionary approvals and entitlements of individual projects through CEQA [California Environmental Quality Act]. Absent conformity with an adequate geographically-specific GHG reduction plan …, CARB recommends that projects incorporate design features and GHG reduction measures, to the degree feasible, to minimize GHG emissions. Achieving no net additional increase in GHG emissions, resulting in no contribution to GHG impacts, is an appropriate overall objective for new development.

Achieving net zero increases in GHG emissions, resulting in no contribution to GHG impacts, may not be feasible or appropriate for every project, however, and the inability of a project to mitigate its GHG emissions to net zero does not imply the project results in a substantial contribution to the cumulatively significant environmental impact of climate change under CEQA.
55 CARB. 2017. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. November. Available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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California’s future climate strategy will require increased focus on integrated land use planning to support liveable, transit-connected communities, and conservation and other lands. Accommodating population and economic growth through travel- and energy-efficient land use provides GHG-efficient growth, reducing GHGs from both transportation and building energy use. GHGs can be further reduced at the project level through implementing energy-efficient construction and travel demand management approaches.” c) 2022 Scoping Plan Update
The 2022 Scoping Plan Update assesses progress towards achieving the Senate Bill 32 2030 target and lays out a path to achieve carbon neutrality no later than 2045. This plan update was approved by the Board in December 2022.56 The 2022 Scoping Plan Update outlines a sector-by-sector roadmap for California to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 or earlier. It aims to reduce anthropogenic emissions to 85% below 1990 levels by 2045 using technically feasible and cost-effective solutions. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update focuses on electrification of transportation, homes and buildings, and phasing out fossil fuels. In hard-to-electrify sectors, new solutions such as renewable hydrogen and biomethane are leveraged to achieve emissions reductions.

CARB’s 2022 Scoping Plan Update outlines a number of actions for the Scoping Plan Scenario in Table 2-1. The list below represents the actions which are most relevant to the Project:
• GHG Emissions Reductions Relative to the SB 32 Target - 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.
• Smart Growth / Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) - VMT per capita reduced 25% below 2019 levels by 2030, and 30% below 2019 levels by 2045.
• Light-duty Vehicle (LDV) Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) - 100% of LDV sales are ZEV by 2035.
• Truck ZEVs - 100% of medium-duty (MDV)/HDV sales are ZEV by 2040 (AB 74 University of California Institute of Transportation Studies [ITS] report). • Freight and Passenger Rail - 100% of passenger and other locomotive sales are ZEV by 2030; 100% of line haul locomotive sales are ZEV by 2035; Line haul and passenger rail rely primarily on hydrogen fuel cell technology, and others primarily utilize electricity. • New Residential and Commercial Buildings - All electric appliances beginning 2026 (residential) and 2029 (commercial), contributing to 6 million heat pumps installed statewide by 2030.
• Construction Equipment - 25% of energy demand electrified by 2030 and 75% electrified by 2045.
• Low Carbon Fuels for Transportation - Biomass supply is used to produce conventional and advanced biofuels, as well as hydrogen.
• Low Carbon Fuels for Buildings and Industry - In 2030s biomethane blended in pipeline; Renewable hydrogen blended in fossil gas pipeline at 7% energy (~20% by volume), ramping up between 2030 and 2040.
56 CARB. 2022. Final 2022 Scoping Plan Update and Appendices. December. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/ab-32-climate-change-scoping-plan/2022-scoping-plan-documents.

Accessed: February 2023.

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• Non-combustion Methane Emissions - Moderate adoption of enteric strategies by 2030; Divert 75% of organic waste from landfills by 2025.

In addition to the previous focus areas, the 2022 Scoping Plan Update developed a table of priority GHG reduction strategies that can be utilized by local governments. This is Table 1 in Appendix D of the 2022 Scoping Plan Update.57 When discussing this table, the 2022 Scoping Plan Update notes:
“To assist local jurisdictions with developing local climate plans, measures, policies, and actions aligned with the State’s climate goals, Table 1 presents a non-exhaustive list of impactful GHG reduction strategies that can be implemented by local governments. The strategies in Table 1 are not applicable to all local jurisdictions, nor are they the only strategies that local governments can adopt, but they represent the core strategies that most jurisdictions in California can implement to reduce GHG emissions regardless of whether they have developed a CEQA-qualified CAP. Reaching the outcomes of these priority GHG reduction strategies requires a locally appropriate, comprehensive adoption of policies in support of these objectives. When developing local climate plans, measures, policies, and actions, local jurisdictions should incorporate the recommendations described in Table 1 to the extent appropriate to ensure alignment with State climate goals.”

2.2.2.3 SB 605 - Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP)
Short-lived climate pollutants (i.e., black carbon, fluorinated gases, and methane) are powerful climate forcers that remain in the atmosphere for a much shorter period of time than longer-lived climate pollutants. Their relative potency, when measured in terms of how they heat the atmosphere, can be tens, hundreds, or even thousands of times greater than that of CO2. The impacts of short-lived climate pollutants are especially strong over the short term. Reducing these emissions can make an immediate beneficial impact on climate change.58 Governor Brown signed SB 605 on September 21, 2014, directing CARB to develop a Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Strategy by January 1, 2016. On May 7, 2015, CARB released a concept paper for reducing emissions of these substances. In September 2015, CARB released a draft of their Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Strategy. Several updates to the draft have been made since September 2015, with the most current version dated March 2017. The Strategy aims for a 40 percent reduction in methane and HFC emissions below 2013 levels by 2030 and a 50 percent reduction in anthropogenic emissions of black carbon below 2013 levels by 2030.59

2.2.2.4 Executive Order B-30-15
In April 2015, Governor Brown signed EO B-30-15, which established the following GHG emission reduction goal for California: by 2030, reduce GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels. This EO also directed all state agencies with jurisdiction over GHG-emitting sources to implement measures designed to achieve the new interim 2030 goal, as well as the pre-existing, long-term 2050 goal identified in EO S-3-05 (see discussion above). 57 CARB. 2022. Final 2022 Scoping Plan Update and Appendices. December. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/ab-32-climate-change-scoping-plan/2022-scoping-plan-documents.

Accessed: February 2023.
58 CARB. 2016. Reducing Short-Lived Climate Pollutants in California. Available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/shortlived/shortlived.htm. Accessed: January 2022. 59 CARB. 2017. Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/final_SLCP_strategy.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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Additionally, the EO directed CARB to update its Scoping Plan (see discussion above) to address the 2030 goal.

2.2.2.5 Senate Bill 32 and Assembly Bill 197
Enacted in 2016, SB 32 (Pavley, 2016) codifies the 2030 emissions reduction goal of EO B-30-15 by requiring CARB to ensure that statewide GHG emissions are reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.

SB 32 was coupled with a companion bill: AB 197 (Garcia, 2016). Designed to improve the transparency of CARB’s regulatory and policy-oriented processes, AB 197 created the Joint Legislative Committee on Climate Change Policies, a committee with the responsibility to ascertain facts and make recommendations to the Legislature concerning statewide programs, policies, and investments related to climate change. AB 197 also requires CARB to make certain GHG emissions inventory data publicly available on its web site; consider the social costs of GHG emissions when adopting rules and regulations designed to achieve GHG emission reductions; and include specified information in all Scoping Plan updates for the emission reduction measures contained therein.

2.2.2.6 Executive Order B-55-18
In September 2018, Governor Brown signed EO B-55-18, which established a new statewide goal “to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible, and no later than 2045, and achieve and maintain net negative emissions thereafter.” This EO directs CARB to “work with relevant state agencies to ensure future Scoping Plans identify and recommend measures to achieve the carbon neutrality goal.”
In January 2019, CARB kicked off workshops regarding carbon neutrality in California,60 during which CARB staff explained that the definitional parameters and meaning of the term – carbon neutrality – are still being explored. CARB held additional workshops throughout 2019 and 2020 to explore specific topics related to the pursuit of carbon neutrality, engage with other experts in the field and stakeholders, and conduct research to ensure that any path to carbon neutrality balances scientific, economic and social justice principles.

2.2.2.7 Energy Sources
a) Renewables Portfolio Standard
As most recently amended by SB 100 (2018), California’s Renewables Portfolio Standard requires retail sellers of electric services and local publicly-owned electric utilities to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50 percent of total retail sales by 2026, and 60 percent of total retail sales by 2030. SB 100 also established a State policy goal to achieve 100 percent renewables by 2045.

In March 2021, CEC, CPUC, and CARB released a joint-agency report evaluating the current feasibility of achieving the energy resource and GHG reductions goals of SB 100. The report finds that SB 100 is technically feasible when analyzed under scenarios of varying timelines, advancements in energy generation technology, and energy source portfolios. Under the 60 CARB. Carbon Neutrality in California Context Webinar. January 2019. Available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/meetings/012319/cneutrality_ca_script.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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SB 100 Core Scenario, it is anticipated that California will need to triple its current electricity power capacity.61
b) Building Energy Efficiency Standards
Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations regulates the design of building shells and building components. The standards are updated periodically to allow for consideration and possible incorporation of new energy efficiency technologies and methods.

The CEC’s 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards (2019 Building Standards), which became effective January 1, 2020, are the currently applicable version of these standards. In general, single-family homes built to the 2019 standards are anticipated to use about 7% less energy due to energy efficiency measures than those built to the 2016 standards, and nonresidential buildings built to the 2019 standards will use an estimated 30% less energy than those built to the 2016 standards.62
In addition to the CEC’s efforts, in 2008, the California Building Standards Commission adopted the nation’s first green building standards. The California Green Building Standards Code (Part 11 of Title 24) is commonly referred to as CalGreen Building Standard (CalGreen), and establishes voluntary and mandatory standards pertaining to the planning and design of sustainable site development, energy efficiency, water conservation, material conservation, and interior air quality. Like Part 6 of Title 24, the CalGreen standards are periodically updated, with increasing energy savings and efficiencies associated with each code update.

At the time of this writing, the CEC has adopted the 2022 Energy Code, which improves upon the 2019 standards for construction of residential and non-residential buildings. The standards will be effective on January 1, 2023.63
c) Appliance Standards
The CEC periodically amends and enforces Appliance Efficiency Regulations contained in Title 20 of the California Code of Regulations. The regulations establish water and energy efficiency standards for both federally-regulated appliances and non-federally regulated appliances. The regulations cover numerous categories of appliances (e.g., refrigerators; plumbing fixtures; dishwashers; clothes washer and dryers; televisions) and apply to appliances offered for sale in California.64

2.2.2.8 Mobile Sources
a) Sustainable Communities Strategy Plans
SB 375 (Steinberg, 2008), the Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act, coordinates land use planning, regional transportation plans, and funding priorities to reduce 61 CEC. 2021. 2021 SB 100 Joint Agency Report, Achieving 100 Percent Clean Electricity in California: An Initial Assessment. Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2021/2021-sb-100-joint-agency-reportachieving-100-percent-clean-electricity. Accessed: January 2022. 62 CEC. 2018. 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards – Frequently Asked Questions. Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/Title_24_2019_Building_Standards_FAQ_ada.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.
63 CEC. 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-andtopics/programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards/2022-building-energy-efficiency. Accessed: January 2022.
64 CEC. Title 20 Appliance Efficiency Program. Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/rules-andregulations/appliance-efficiency-regulations-title-20. Accessed: January 2022.

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GHG emissions from passenger vehicles through better-integrated regional transportation, land use, and housing planning that provides easier access to jobs, services, public transit, and active transportation options. SB 375 specifically requires the Metropolitan Planning Organization relevant to the Project area (here, the Fresno Council of Governments [Fresno COG]) to include a Sustainable Communities Strategy in its Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) that, if implemented, will achieve GHG emission reduction targets set by CARB by reducing vehicle miles traveled from light-duty vehicles through the development of more compact, complete, and efficient communities.

For the area under Fresno COG’s jurisdiction, including the Project site, CARB originally adopted regional targets for reduction of mobile source-related GHG emissions of 5 percent for 2020 and 10 percent for 2035. The targets are expressed as a percentage change in per capita passenger vehicle GHG emissions relative to 2005 emissions levels. These original targets were in place through September 30, 2018. In March 2018, CARB approved updated regional targets of 6% for 2020 and 13% for 2035 for Fresno COG, which apply to future RTP/SCS planning cycles beginning October 1, 2018.65
b) Senate Bill 743
Public Resources Code Section 21099(c)(1), as codified through enactment of SB 743 (Steinberg, 2013), authorized the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) to establish “alternative metrics to the metrics used for traffic levels of service for transportation impacts outside transit priority areas.” SB 743 reflects a legislative policy to balance the needs of congestion management with statewide goals related to infill development, promotion of public health through active transportation, and reduction of GHG emissions. As finalized in December 2018, amendments to the State CEQA Guidelines adopted in furtherance of SB 743 establish vehicle miles traveled (VMT), in lieu of level of service, as the new metric for transportation analysis. c) Pavley Regulations
AB 1493 (Pavley, 2002) required CARB to adopt regulations to reduce GHG emissions from non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks for model years 2009–2016. CARB obtained a waiver from the USEPA that allows for implementation of these regulations notwithstanding possible federal pre-emption concerns.
d) Low Carbon Fuel Standard
EO S-1-07, as issued by Governor Schwarzenegger, called for a 10 percent or greater reduction in the average fuel carbon intensity for transportation fuels in California regulated by CARB by 2020.66 In response, CARB approved the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) regulations in 2009, which became fully effective in April 2010. Thereafter, a lawsuit was filed challenging CARB’s adoption of the regulations; and in 2013, a court order was issued compelling CARB to remedy substantive and procedural defects of the LCFS adoption process under CEQA.67 However, the court allowed implementation of the LCFS to continue pending correction of the identified defects. In September 2015, CARB re-adopted the LCFS regulations. The LCFS would reduce GHG emissions by reducing the carbon intensity of 65 CARB. Regional Plan Targets. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/sustainablecommunities-program/regional-plan-targets. Accessed: January 2022. 66 Carbon intensity is a measure of the GHG emissions associated with the various production, distribution, and use steps in the “lifecycle” of a transportation fuel.
67 POET, LLC v. CARB (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1214.

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transportation fuels used in California by at least 10% by 2020 and, as most recently amended in 2018, by at least 20% by 2030.
e) Advanced Clean Cars Program
In 2012, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) program, a new emissions-control program for non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty truck for model years 2017- 2025. The program combines the control of smog, soot, and GHGs with requirements for greater numbers of zero emission vehicles. By 2025, when the rules will be fully implemented, new automobiles will emit 34 percent fewer global warming gases and 75 percent fewer smog-forming emissions. In August 2022, CARB adopted Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) regulations which “will seek to reduce criteria and greenhouse gas emissions from new light- and medium-duty vehicles beyond the 2025 model year, and increase the number of zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) for sale”.68
f) Zero Emission Vehicles
ZEVs include hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

In 2012, Governor Brown issued EO B-16-2012, which calls for the increased penetration of ZEVs into California’s vehicle fleet in order to help California achieve a reduction of GHG emissions from the transportation sector equaling 80 percent less than 1990 levels by 2050.

In furtherance of that statewide target for the transportation sector, the EO also calls upon CARB, the CEC, and the California Public Utilities Commission to establish benchmarks that will: (1) allow over 1.5 million ZEVs to be on California roadways by 2025, and (2) provide the State’s residents with easy access to ZEV infrastructure. EO B-16-2012 specifically directed California to “encourage the development and success of zero-emission vehicles to protect the environment, stimulate economic growth, and improve the quality of life in the State.”69
In 2018, Governor Brown also issued EO B-48-18, which launched an eight-year initiative to accelerate the sales of ZEVs through a mix of rebate programs and infrastructure improvements. The EO also sets a new target of five million ZEVs in California by 2030, and includes funding for multiple state agencies to increase electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and provide purchase rebates/incentives.

In furtherance of the State’s ZEV penetration goals, in February 2013, the Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles issued the 2013 ZEV Action Plan:

A roadmap toward 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles on California roadways by 2025.70 The 2013 ZEV Action Plan identifies four broad goals for State government to advance ZEVs:
1) Complete needed infrastructure and planning; 2) Expand consumer awareness and demand; 3) Transform fleets; and 4) Grow jobs and investment in the private sector. As part of these goals, some highlighted strategies and actions include: i) supporting ZEV infrastructure planning and investment by private entities; ii) enabling universal access to ZEV infrastructure for California drivers; iii) reducing upfront purchase costs for ZEVs; 68 Advanced Clean Cars II Program. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/advanced-clean-cars-ii-meetingsworkshops. Accessed: January 2022. 69 Executive Order B-16-2012. Available at: https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/2012/03/23/news17472/.

Accessed: January 2022.
70 Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles. 2013. Available at:
http://opr.ca.gov/docs/Governors_Office_ZEV_Action_Plan_(02-13).pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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iv) promoting consumer awareness of ZEVs; and v) helping to expand ZEVs in bus fleets.

The Action Plan discusses the challenges of ZEV expansion, which include the need to enable electric vehicle chargers in homes, increase consumer awareness, address up-front costs and operational limitations, and address that ZEVs are not commercially available for all categories of vehicles.

In October 2016, the Governor's Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles issued the 2016 ZEV Action Plan: A roadmap toward 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles on California roadways by 2025.71 This report provides an update on progress toward achieving the 2013 goals and highlights the following four top priorities for the upcoming years:
1) Raise consumer awareness and education about ZEVs; 2) Ensure ZEVs are accessible to a broad range of Californians; 3) Make ZEV technologies commercially viable in targeted applications in the medium-duty, heavy-duty, and freight sectors; and 4) Aid ZEV market growth beyond California. The broad goals to advance ZEV adoption are: i) achieve mainstream consumer awareness of ZEV options and benefits; ii) make ZEVs an affordable and attractive option for drivers; iii) ensure convenient charging and fueling infrastructure for greatly expanded use of ZEVs; iv) maximize economic and job opportunities from ZEV technologies; v) bolster ZEV market growth outside of California; and vi) lead by example by integrating ZEVs into State government. The goals and strategies proposed in the 2013 Action Plan will continue to be implemented; however, additional strategies are proposed to help achieve the new goals, including setting targets to increase home charging stations in multiunit dwellings and disadvantaged communities and for public transit and school bus electrification. The 2016 Action Plan describes challenges toward achieving the 2025 goal of

1.5 million ZEVs in California, such as that most consumers are still not aware of the benefits of passenger ZEVs and that over 1,000,000 charge points will be needed at homes, workplaces, and public locations but only 11,000 non-home charge points are installed as stated in the 2016 ZEV Action Plan.

In September 2018, the Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-Emission Vehicles published the 2018 ZEV Action Plan Priorities Update.72 This update is the result of Governor Brown’s directive to update the 2016 Zero-Emission Vehicle Action Plan to help expand private investment in zero-emission vehicle infrastructure, particularly in low income and disadvantaged communities. The 2018 Priorities Update serves three fundamental purposes:
1) Provide direction to state agencies on the most important actions to be executed in 2018 to enable progress toward the 2025 targets and 2030 Vision; 2) Give stakeholders transparency into the actions state agencies plan to take (or are taking) this year to further the ZEV market; and 3) Create a platform for stakeholder engagement, feedback, and collaboration. As of July 2018, over 410,000 ZEVs have been sold in California, which is approximately 150,000 ZEVs since the publication of the 2016 Action Plan in October 2016.

In June 2020, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation, which has requirements for manufacturer ZEV sales and a one-time reporting requirement for large 71 Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles. 2016. Available at:
https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2016_ZEV_Action_Plan-1.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.
72 Governor’s Interagency Working Group on Zero-emission Vehicles. 2018. Available at:
https://static.business.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2018-ZEV-Action-Plan-Priorities-Update.pdf.

Accessed: January 2022.

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entities and fleets.73 The Advanced Clean Truck Regulation is part of a holistic approach to accelerate a large-scale transition of zero-emission medium-and heavy-duty vehicles from Class 2b to Class 8. Manufacturers who certify Class 2b-8 chassis or complete vehicles with combustion engines are required to sell zero-emission trucks as an increasing percentage of their annual California sales from 2024 to 2035. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales need to be 55% of Class 2b – 3 truck sales, 75% of Class 4 – 8 straight truck sales, and 40% of truck tractor sales. Large employers including retailers, manufacturers, brokers, and others are required to report information about shipments and shuttle services. Fleet owners, with 50 or more trucks, are required to report about their existing fleet operations.

This information helps to identify future strategies to ensure that fleets purchase available zero-emission trucks and place them in service where suitable to meet their needs.

California is incentivizing the purchase of ZEVs through implementation of the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project, which is administered by a non-profit organization (The Center for Sustainable Energy) for CARB and currently subsidizes the purchase of passenger near-zero and zero emission vehicles as follows:
 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: $5,000;
 Battery Electric Vehicles: $2,500;
 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: $1,500; and
 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles and Zero Emission Motorcycles: $900.

In March 2017, CARB received Volkswagen’s (VW) first 30-month ZEV Investment Plan (Plan).74 This Plan is required by California’s partial settlement with VW resulting from VW’s use of illegal devices in its 2.0-liter (2.0L) diesel cars sold in the State from model years 2009 to 2015. The Plan describes how VW is proposing to spend the first $200 million in California on ZEV charging infrastructure (including the development and maintenance of ZEV charging stations), public awareness, increasing ZEV access, and a green city demonstration. In June 2017, Electrify America (a subsidiary of VW) provided CARB with additional information on the Plan.75 CARB approved the first of the four plans in July 2017.76 In its 2014 First Update, CARB recognized that the light-duty vehicle fleet “will need to become largely electrified by 2050 in order to meet California’s emission reduction goals.”77 Accordingly, CARB’s ACC program – summarized above – requires about 15 percent of new cars sold in California in 2025 to be a plug-in hybrid, battery electric or fuel cell vehicle.78 73 CARB. 2020. Advanced Clean Trucks. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-cleantrucks. Accessed: January 2022. 74 VOLKSWAGEN, Group of America. 2017. California ZEV Investment Plan: Cycle 1, March 8, 2017. Available at:
https://www.electrifyamerica.com/assets/pdf/California%20ZEV%20Investment%20Plan%20Cycle%201.3bc67 2a3.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
75 Electrify America. 2017. Supplement to the California ZEV Investment Plan, Cycle 1, June 29, 2017. Available at:
https://www.electrifyamerica.com/assets/pdf/Cycle%201%20CA%20ZEV%20Invest%20Plan%20Supplement.a 92e7705.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
76 CARB, 2017. CARB Approves $200 Million VW Zero-Emission Vehicle Investment in California, July, 27. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/carb-approves-200-million-vw-zero-emission-vehicle-investment-california.

Accessed: January 2022.
77 CARB, First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan: Building on the Framework (May 2014), p. 48. 78 Id. at p. 47.

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Other statewide and regional initiatives that spur ZEV uptake include the following:
 CARB currently subsidizes the purchase of passenger near-zero and zero emission vehicles, and provides access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes to ZEV drivers.  The VW settlement will result in $800 million in ZEV projects in California over the next ten years, with a focus on increasing public awareness and infrastructure in the first funding cycle.79
 The CalGreen standards require new residential and non-residential construction to be pre-wired to facilitate the future installation and use of electric vehicle chargers (see Section 4.106.4 and Section 5.106.5.3 of 2016 CalGreen standards for the residential and nonresidential pre-wiring requirements, respectively).

In January 2017, three of California’s largest utilities submitted proposals to the CPUC to electrify the State’s transportation sector through more than $1 billion in investments:
 Southern California Edison (SCE) filed an application to expand electric transportation in its service area. Some of SCE’s proposals include monetary rewards to rideshare drivers who use an electric vehicle, additional fast charge infrastructure at targeted locations within the region, and rates that are designed to incentivize electric vehicle adoption.80  Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) submitted an application that aims to expand the electrification of medium- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, expand fast-charging stations that can refuel EVs in 20-30 minutes, and explore new uses for vehicle electrification.81  San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) submitted an application to install tens of thousands of charging stations in its service area to boost the transition to zero-emission vehicles, trucks, shuttles and delivery fleets.82
On September 23, 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom issued Executive Order N-79-20, which entails the following actions:
 All new passenger vehicles sold in California be zero-emission by 2035  All medium- and heavy-duty vehicles be zero-emission where feasible by 2045  All off-road vehicles and equipment be zero-emission where feasible by 2035 Governor Newsom ordered extensive inter-agency efforts to support the Executive Order, including evaluations of technological feasibility and cost effectiveness, expansion of EV charging options and affordable fueling, as well as identification of near-term strategies to increase zero-emission public transportation options.

The Executive Order was generally aimed at transitioning away from fossil fuel dependence in the State, with emphasis on transportation initiatives. However, Governor Newsom 79 CARB, Volkswagen Settlement – California ZEV Investments webpage, available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/vw_info/vsi/vw-zevinvest/vw-zevinvest.htm. Accessed: January 2022. 80 SCE, Application of Southern California Edison Company (U 338-E) for Approval of Its 2017 Transportation Electrification Proposals (January 20, 2017).
81 PG&E, In the Matter of the Application of Pacific Gas and Electric Company for Approval of its Senate Bill 350 Transportation Electrification Program (January 20, 2017). 82 SDG&E, Application of San Diego Gas & Electric Company (U902E) for Approval of SB 350 Transportation Electrification Proposals (January 20, 2017).

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addressed efforts to repurpose oil production facilities and extraction sites while continuing the State’s existing goals to reduce the carbon intensity of fuels.83

2.2.2.9 Water
In January 2014, Governor Brown signed EO B-29-15, which directed the State Water Resources Control Board to impose restrictions to reduce residential potable urban water usage; to implement water efficiency measures at commercial, industrial, and institutional properties; and to prohibit irrigation with potable water for certain uses. In addition, this directed the California Department of Water Resources to lead a statewide initiative to replace laws and ornamental turfs with drought tolerant landscapes.

Pursuant to the EO B-29-15, water-related standards were adopted as amendments to the 2013 CalGreen Code and carried over into the 2016 code.

Following EO-B-29-2015, Governor Brown signed EO-B-37-16 in May 2016 to promote more conscious consumer water use and to improve agricultural water use efficiency and drought planning.

2.2.2.10 Solid Waste Diversion
The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989, as modified by AB 341 (Chesbro, 2011), requires each jurisdiction’s source reduction and recycling element to include an implementation schedule that shows: (1) diversion of 25 percent of all solid waste by January 1, 1995, through source reduction, recycling, and composting activities; (2) diversion of 50 percent of all solid waste on and after January 1, 2000; and (3) source reduction, recycling and composting of 75 percent of all solid waste on or after 2020, and annually thereafter. CalRecycle is required to develop strategies, including source reduction, recycling, and composting activities, to achieve the 2020 goal.

CalRecycle published a discussion document, entitled California’s New Goal:
75 Percent Recycling, which identified concepts that would assist the State in reaching the 75 percent goal by 2020. Subsequently, in August 2015, CalRecycle released the AB 341 Report to the Legislature, which identifies five priority strategies for achievement of the 75 percent goal: (1) moving organics out of landfills; (2) expanding recycling/ manufacturing infrastructure; (3) exploring new approaches for State and local funding of sustainable waste management programs; (4) promoting State procurement of post-consumer recycled content products; and (5) promoting extended producer responsibility.

2.2.2.11 Draft Climate Adaptation Strategy
The Draft California Climate Adaptation Strategy, dated October 18, 2021, outlines the state's key climate resilience priorities, includes specific and measurable steps, and serves as a framework for action across sectors and regions in California.84 The priorities outlined in the Strategy are as follows: 1) Strengthen Protections for Climate Vulnerable Communities, 2) Bolster Public Health and Safety in Light of Increasing Climate Risks, 3) Build a Climate Resilient Economy, 4) Accelerate Nature-Based Climate Solutions 83 State of California. 2020. Executive Order N-79-20. Available at: https://www.gov.ca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/9.23.20-EO-N-79-20-Climate.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 84 California Natural Resources Agency. 2021. Draft California Climate Adaptation Strategy. Available at:
https://resources.ca.gov/-/media/CNRA-Website/Files/Initiatives/Climate-Resilience/SAS-Workshops/Draft-CAClimate-Adaptation-Strategy-ada.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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and Strengthen Climate Resilience of Natural Systems, 5) Make Decisions based on the Best Available Climate Science, and 6) Partner and Collaborate to Leverage Resources.

2.2.3 Regional

2.2.3.1 Fresno COG Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy
As previously discussed, SB 375 requires Fresno COG to incorporate a Sustainable Communities Strategy into its RTP that achieves the GHG emission reduction targets set by CARB. Fresno COG’s Sustainable Communities Strategy was first included in the 2014 Regional Transportation Plan & Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS), which was adopted by Fresno COG in June 2014. The original plan has since been superseded by the RTP/SCS adopted by Fresno COG in July 2018, and more recently in July 2022.

In general, the goals and policies of the Sustainable Communities Strategy are to improve mobility, accessibility, reliability, efficiency, liveability, sustainability, and equity. The Sustainable Communities Strategy adopted by Fresno COG is expected to reduce per capita transportation emissions by 6% by 2020 and by 13% by 2035, as compared to 2005 baseline levels.

In July 2018, CARB accepted Fresno COG’s determination that the 2018 Sustainable Communities Strategy would meet the region’s GHG reduction targets per Government Code Section 65080(b)(2)(J)(ii), as memorialized in CARB’s Resolution 2018-26.85 As of February 2023, CARB has not yet performed this review of the 2022 Fresno COG RTP/SCS.

Pursuant to Government Code Section 65080(b)(2)(K), a Sustainable Communities Strategy does not: (i) regulate the use of land; (ii) supersede the land use authority of cities and counties; or (iii) require that a city’s or county’s land use policies and regulations, including those in a general plan, be consistent with it.

2.2.3.2 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District While CARB is responsible for the regulation of mobile emission sources within the State, local air quality management districts (AQMDs) and air pollution control districts (APCDs) are responsible for enforcing standards and regulating stationary sources. The Project area is located within the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin and is subject to the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD) guidelines and regulations. 85 CARB. Executive Order G-19-092. Fresno Council of Governments (FCOG) 2018 Sustainable Communities Strategy CARB Acceptance of GHG Quantification Determination. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-
06/FCOG_2018_SCS_ARB_Acceptance_of_GHG_Quantification_Determination_Executive_Order.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.

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In December 2009, SJVACPD issued its Guidance for Valley Land-use Agencies in Addressing GHG Emission Impacts for New Projects under CEQA (Guidance). In its Guidance, the District recommends determining the significance of project-specific GHG emissions by using Best Performance Standards (BPS). Under the Guidance, a project’s impacts on global climate change would be less than significant if the project implements BPS, or if the project reduces or mitigates its GHG emissions by 29 percent, consistent with the statewide GHG emission reduction targets established in the 2008 Scoping Plan. The District also adopted the District Policy: Addressing GHG Emission Impacts for Stationary Source Projects Under CEQA When Serving as the Lead Agency. This policy aligns with the Guidance process for evaluating GHG significance, specific to stationary source projects.

Also, in June 2014, the District released APR – 2025, CEQA Determinations of Significance for Projects Subject to [CARB]’s GHG Cap-and-Trade Regulation (APR – 2025). In APR - 2025, the District concluded that GHG emissions increases that are otherwise covered under CARB’s Cap-and-Trade Program cannot constitute significant increases in emissions under CEQA for two separate reasons: (1) the Cap-and-Trade Program is an adopted statewide regulation for reducing GHG emissions from targeted industries/sources; and (2) GHG emissions addressed by the Cap-and-Trade Program are subject to an industry-wide, decreasing emissions cap. More specifically, the District concluded that “all GHG emission increases resulting from the combustion of any fuel produced, imported, and/or delivered in California are mitigated under Cap-and-Trade. Therefore, GHG emission increases caused by fuel use (other than jet fuels) are determined to have a less than significant impact on global climate change under CEQA.” In March 2015, the District issued its Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts (GAMAQI), which provides technical guidance for the review of air quality impacts from proposed projects within the boundaries of the District.86 This guidance recommends an approach for evaluating the significance of a proposed project’s GHG emissions; specifically, whether a proposed project would have reduced or mitigated GHG emissions by 29%, consistent with GHG emission reduction targets established in the CARB’s Scoping Plan. The guidance recommends the following hierarchy for evaluating a proposed project’s impact with respect to its GHG emissions:
 Projects complying with an approved GHG emission reduction plan or GHG mitigation program which avoids or substantially reduces GHG emissions within the geographic area in which the project is located would be determined to have a less-than-significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG emissions. Such plans or programs must be specified in law or approved by the lead agency with jurisdiction over the affected resource and supported by a CEQA-compliant environmental review document adopted by the lead agency. Projects complying with an approved GHG emission reduction plan or GHG mitigation program would not be required to implement Best Performance Standards.
 Projects implementing Best Performance Standards would not require quantification of project-specific GHG emissions. Consistent with the CEQA Guidelines, such projects 86 San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District. 2015. Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts (GAMAQI). Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/GAMAQI.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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would be determined to have a less-than-significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG emissions.

While the GAMAQI discussions include a comparison to a BAU approach, the Center for Biological Diversity v. California Department of Fish and Wildlife Court Decision established additional standards for such an approach. Due to that court decision, the comparison to BAU approach will not be relied upon in this analysis.

2.2.4 Local

2.2.4.1 City of Fresno General Plan
The current City of Fresno General Plan, adopted originally in 2014, has a Resource Conservation and Resilience section which addresses both air quality and GHG emissions.87 The City’s General Plan notes that SJVAPCD authority to regulate air emissions is restricted to stationary sources, while mobile sources emissions reductions are only incentivized by SJVAPCD. The City acknowledges its role in improving air quality can come from efforts to reduce mobile vehicle emissions, which is summarized in Policy RC-4-a. The same policy to control mobile vehicle emissions additionally addresses GHG reduction efforts. An additional policy that is compatible with mobile vehicle emissions reductions is Policy RC-2-a, which aims to promote higher density land use developments, thereby decreasing vehicle travel and emissions. Other policies aimed at reducing GHG emissions include Policy RC-5-a and Policy RC-5-b, which set GHG reduction targets in line with AB 32 and adopt a GHG Reduction Plan for the City, respectively. The latter is outlined below.

2.2.4.2 City of Fresno GHG Reduction Plan
In December 2014, the City of Fresno adopted a GHG Reduction Plan, also referred to as the Climate Action Plan, as its primary strategy for reducing GHG emissions under the control or influence of the City.88 The GHG Reduction Plan was later updated in March 2020 to re-evaluate the City’s GHG reduction targets and existing reduction strategies from the 2014 GHG Reduction Plan.89 The latest version of the GHG Reduction Plan Update was finalized in March 2021.90 The GHG Reduction Plan Update provides more details on GHG reduction measures mentioned in the City’s General Plan. These details largely highlight land use strategies for increased population density and mobile vehicle travel reductions like the City’s General Plan but provide indicators for the effectiveness of such measures. The GHG Reduction Plan provides a review process for projects that require discretionary approval from the City to ensure adherence to the streamlined CEQA review process and nonsignificant GHG impacts. Significance thresholds for GHG emissions are discussed in more detail below.

City of Fresno. 2014. Resource Conservation and Resilience. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/General-Plan-7-Resources-Conservation-and-Resilience-7-19.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.
88 FirstCarbon Solutions. 2014. DRAFT Fresno General plan Update, Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan, City of Fresno California. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/F-2-GreenhouseGas-Reduction-Plan.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 89 LSA. 2020. DRAFT Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2020/03/Appendix_G-GHG_Reduction_Plan_Update.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 90 LSA. 2021. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2021/03/Link4AppendixGGHGRPUpdate.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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2.2.5 Other CEQA Guidance

2.2.5.1 CAPCOA
a) CAPCOA 2008 CEQA & Climate Change White Paper
In January 2008, the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) published its CEQA & Climate Change white paper.91 In the white paper, CAPCOA surveyed three options available to CEQA lead agencies for purposes of evaluating the significance of a project’s GHG emissions, including identifying no significance thresholds for GHG emissions, setting a zero emissions threshold, or setting a non-zero emissions threshold. As to the non-zero thresholds, CAPCOA’s white paper considered two approaches, one grounded in statute and executive order with four possible options, and one grounded in a tiered framework. As for the approach grounded in statute and executive order, CAPCOA identified four threshold concepts:
 Threshold 1.1: AB 32/S-3-05 Derived Uniform Percentage-Based Reduction;  Threshold 1.2: Uniform Percentage-Based (e.g., 50 percent) Reduction for New Development;
 Threshold 1.3: Uniform Percentage-Based Reduction by Economic Sector; and  Threshold 1.4: Uniform Percentage-Based Reduction by Region.

For purposes of the tiered framework approach, a project’s GHG emissions would result in a less-than-significant impact provided one of the following criteria were achieved:
(1) compliance with a general or regional plan in alignment with AB 32; (2) application of a CEQA exemption; (3) inclusion on the “green list;” (4) consistency with a qualified GHG reduction strategy; or (5) demonstration that quantified GHG emissions are less than significant. Tables 4 and 5 of the white paper identified advantages and disadvantages associated with all of the options presented for consideration. b) CAPCOA 2010 Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures In August 2010, CAPCOA published its Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures report, which presents information and analysis regarding the quantification of project-level mitigation of GHG emissions associated with land use, transportation, energy use, and other related project areas. CAPCOA and its contractors conducted an extensive literature review in order to provide reliable and substantiated evidentiary bases for the quantification protocols presented in the report; as such, individual GHG reduction measures are accompanied by “fact sheets” that set forth the relevant parameters for the quantification calculations.
c) CAPCOA 2021 Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity
In December 2021, CAPCOA published the final draft of the Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity report, which builds upon CAPCOA’s previous efforts to provide accurate 91 CAPCOA is a non-profit association of the air pollution control officers from all 35 local air quality agencies throughout California.

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and reliable quantification measures.92 This Handbook identifies and evaluates new and emerging GHG reduction measures and removed outdated measures from the 2010 Handbook. The purpose of the Handbook is to provide local governments with accurate, reliable, and standardized emission reduction quantification methods for land use, climate action, and long-term planning. It also aims to support and enhance the consideration of climate vulnerabilities, health, and equity during the planning process.

2.2.5.2 Association of Environmental Professionals
a) AEP Beyond 2020 White Paper
In March 2015, the Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP) released its draft Beyond 2020: The Challenge of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Planning by Local Governments in California (Beyond 2020) white paper.93 In the white paper, AEP presented evidence showing that it is infeasible for a local jurisdiction to achieve EO S-3-05’s 2050 reduction target (i.e., 80 percent below 1990 levels) absent a real post-2020 State plan of action. As such, AEP recommended assessing project significance in relation to the 2050 reduction target by asking whether a project would “impede substantial progress in local, regional, and State GHG emissions reductions over time toward long-term GHG reduction targets.” b) AEP Beyond 2020 and Newhall White Paper
In April 2016, AEP released its draft Beyond 2020 and Newhall: A Field Guide to New CEQA Greenhouse Gas Thresholds and Climate Action Plan Targets for California (Beyond 2020 and Newhall) white paper. In the white paper, AEP surveyed the following significance threshold concepts for utilization in CEQA-oriented GHG emissions analysis: consistency with qualified GHG reduction plans; bright line values; efficiency metrics; hybrid metrics that separate transportation and non-transportation emissions; best management practices; regulatory compliance; and percent reductions from business as usual. In doing so, AEP identified the present circumstances as a “transitional period” due to the absence of comprehensive State planning for post-2020, non-legislatively adopted, statewide targets. 92 CAPCOA. 2021. Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity. Available at:
http://www.airquality.org/ClimateChange/Documents/Final%20Handbook_AB434.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 93 AEP is a non-profit association of public and private sector professionals with a common interest in serving the principles underlying CEQA.

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3. SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS

3.1 CEQA Guidelines on GHG Emissions
In 2007, SB 97 was enacted and directed OPR and the California Natural Resources Agency to prepare amendments to the CEQA Guidelines addressing the analysis of GHG emissions under CEQA. Following formal rulemaking, a series of amendments to the CEQA Guidelines were adopted to provide the general framework for the analysis of GHG emissions, and became effective in 2010. The amendments do not provide a mandatory, quantitative rubric for GHG emissions analysis, but instead provide general guidance and recognize long-standing CEQA principles regarding the discretion afforded to lead agencies where supported by substantial evidence. More specifically, CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.4(a) recognizes that the “determination of the significance” of GHG emissions “calls for careful judgment by the lead agency” in accordance with the more general provisions of CEQA Guidelines Section 15064; each agency “shall have discretion to determine” whether to conduct quantitative or qualitative analysis, provided its determination is supported by substantial evidence. Section 15064.4 was most recently amended by OPR and the California Natural Resources Agency in December 2018.

The analysis provided in this report evaluates the significance of the Project’s GHG emissions by reference to the following questions from Section VIII, Greenhouse Gases, of Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines:

Threshold 1. Would the project generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment?
Threshold 2. Would the project conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs?

3.2 Other Guidance
The City of Fresno has not developed a quantitative threshold of significance for GHG emissions. As of the most recent version of the City of Fresno’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan, the City developed a GHG checklist to assist CEQA projects in evaluating significance.94 SJVAPCD has adopted guidance documents for assessing and mitigating GHG impacts on global climate change. Rather than establishing specific numeric thresholds of significance (as in the case of criteria pollutant emissions), the SJVAPCD guidance utilizes a tiered approach to assess cumulative impacts on global climate change. Notably, the SJVAPCD establishes that a project can demonstrate compliance with an approved GHG emissions reduction program (such as CARB’s statewide GHG Cap-and-Trade Program). Furthermore, SJVAPCD’s December 2009 CEQA GHG policies and its 2015 GAMAQI states that a project whose emissions have been reduced or mitigated consistent with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) should be considered to have a less than significant impact on global climate change.95 SJVAPCD and the City of Fresno have not adopted a numerical GHG threshold.
94 LSA. 2021. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2021/03/Link4AppendixGGHGRPUpdate.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 95 SJVAPCD. 2015. Final Draft Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/GAMAQI.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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The City of Fresno’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update (GHGRP) is considered a “Qualified Plan” which allows project-level CEQA tiering and streamlining. As a qualified plan, the plan must include a community-wide inventory of GHG emissions, forecasted future emissions, targets for GHG reductions in line with State goals, quantifiable GHG reduction measures, established monitoring procedures, an environmental review, and adoption through a public process (CEQA Guidelines § 15183.5(b)).

The GHGRP establishes the City’s GHG inventory based on the most recent data available for the year 2016. Forecasted emissions with future growth are developed for the business-asusual (BAU) and adjusted BAU (ABAU) scenarios (the ABAU scenario includes State policies) for the years 2020, 2030, and 2035. The 2020 and 2030 forecast years are consistent with the goals identified in Assembly Bill (AB) 32 and Senate Bill (SB) 32, which identify Statewide GHG reduction targets by 2020 and 2030. The 2035 forecast year corresponds to the City’s General Plan horizon year and will allow the City to develop long-term strategies to continue GHG reductions. The GHGRP analysis establishes a basis and criteria for project level land use development in the City of Fresno.

The City of Fresno GHGRP’s analysis is based on specific land uses for the City of Fresno.

Fresno’s GHGRP includes general plan buildout that accounts for an incremental increase of 40.5 million square feet of industrial use, 20.8 million square feet of mixed use, and

63.3 million square feet of commercial/office/public facility use. For 2030 and 2035, the City of Fresno establishes a reduction from the adjusted BAU emissions that will meet the state targets. For 2030 this is a 1.5% reduction from the ABAU emissions and for 2035 this reduction is an 11.6% reduction from the ABAU. The GHGRP has thus established a City and land use specific criteria for individual Projects to demonstrate consistency with.

3.3 Project Approach to Significance
This report, relative to Threshold 1, quantifies the Project’s GHG emissions during operation and construction for disclosure and in the absence of a numerical GHG significance threshold will evaluate consistency with the City of Fresno GHG Reduction Plan Update to determine significance of the Project’s GHG emissions. This report, relative to Threshold 2, evaluates the Project for consistency with applicable plans related to GHG emissions at the state, regional, and local levels.

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4. PROJECT GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORY
This section describes the methodology that Ramboll used to develop the GHG emission inventories associated with the Project, which include one-time emissions (construction emissions and emissions due to vegetation changes), and operational emissions. Subcategories of GHG operational emissions include: area sources, energy use, water supply and wastewater, solid waste, and mobile sources. The emissions inventory reflects the reasonably foreseeable change based on the discontinued operation of the Costco Warehouse located at 4500 W Shaw Avenue. For purposes of this analysis, 4500 W Shaw Avenue is assumed to be backfilled by a shopping center use.

4.1 Measurement, Resources and Baseline Condition

4.1.1 Units of Measurement: Tonnes of CO2 and CO2e
In this report, the term “GHGs” includes gases that contribute to the natural greenhouse effect, such as CO2, CH4, N2O, and water, as well as gases that are only man-made and that are emitted through the use of modern industrial products, such as HFCs and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). GHG emissions are typically measured in terms of mass of CO2e.

CO2e are calculated as the product of the mass of a given GHG and its specific GWP, as described in Section 2.1. GWPs of 25 and 298 were used for CH4 and N2O, respectively, for this analysis. In many sections of this report, including the final summary sections, emissions are presented in units of CO2e either because the GWPs of CH4 and N2O were accounted for explicitly, or the CH4 and N2O are assumed to contribute a negligible amount of GWP when compared to the CO2 emissions from that particular emissions category.

In this report, a tonne refers to MT (1,000 kilograms). Additionally, exact totals presented in all tables and report sections may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding of numbers.

4.1.2 Resources

4.1.2.1 CalEEMod® Methodology
Ramboll primarily utilized the California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod®) version 2020.4.096 methodology to assist in quantifying the GHG emissions in the inventories presented in this report for the Project. CalEEMod® provides methodology to calculate both construction emissions and operational emissions from a land use development project. It calculates total or annual GHG emissions. Specifically, the model methodology aids the user in the following calculations:
 One-time short-term construction emissions associated with demolition, site preparation, grading, building, and paving from off-road construction equipment, and on-road mobile equipment associated with workers, vendors, and hauling.  One-time vegetation sequestration changes, such as permanent vegetation land use changes and new tree plantings.
 Operational emissions associated with the fully built out land use development, such as on-road mobile vehicle traffic generated by the land uses, off-road emissions from 96 SCAQMD. 2021. California Emissions Estimator Model®. Available at: https://www.aqmd.gov/caleemod/.

Accessed: January 2022.

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landscaping equipment, natural gas usage in the buildings, electricity usage in the buildings, water usage by the land uses, and solid waste disposal by the land uses.

CalEEMod® is a statewide program designed to calculate both criteria pollutant and GHG emissions from development projects in California developed under the auspices of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), with input from other California air districts, and is currently supported by numerous lead agencies for use in quantifying the emissions associated with development projects undergoing environmental review.

CalEEMod® utilizes widely accepted models for emission estimates combined with appropriate default data that can be used if site-specific information is not available. These models and default estimates use sources such as the USEPA AP-42 emission factors,97 CARB’s on-road and off-road equipment emission models such as the EMission FACtor model (EMFAC) and the Emissions Inventory Program model (OFFROAD), and studies commissioned by California agencies such as the CEC and CalRecycle.

As mentioned above, CalEEMod® is based upon the CARB-approved OFFROAD and EMFAC models. OFFROAD98 is an emission factor model used to calculate emission rates from off-road mobile sources (e.g., construction equipment, agricultural equipment). The off-road diesel emission factors used by CalEEMod® are based on the CARB OFFROAD2011 program.

EMFAC is an emission factor model used to calculate emissions rates from on-road vehicles (e.g., passenger vehicles). CalEEMod® 2020.4.0 contains EMFAC2017 emission factors. The latest version of EMFAC is the CARB EMFAC2021 program.99 In addition, CalEEMod® contains default values and existing regulation methodologies to use in each specific local air district region. Appropriate statewide default values can be utilized if regional default values are not defined. Ramboll used default factors for the Fresno County area (within the SJVAPCD’s jurisdiction) for the emissions inventory, unless otherwise noted in the methodology descriptions below.

Details regarding the specific methodologies used by CalEEMod® can be found in the CalEEMod® User’s Guide and associated appendices.100

4.1.2.2 OFFROAD2017
OFFROAD2017 is CARB’s most current off-road emissions inventory model. The exhaust emission factors for each equipment at each horsepower range were back-calculated from total daily emissions reported in the model output files and annual usage in terms of horsepower-hours for each equipment type in the specified region and calendar year. These emission factors are then used in the calculation of Baseline and Project emissions for each type of equipment utilized at the Facility.
97 The USEPA maintains a compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors and process information for several air pollution source categories. The data is based on source test data, material balance studies, and engineering estimates. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-factors-and-quantification/ap-42-compilation-airemissions-factors. Accessed: January 2022. 98 CARB. 2011. Off Road Mobile Source Emission factors. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory. Accessed: January 2022. 99 CARB. 2021. EMFAC2021. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissionsinventory/msei-modeling-tools-emfac-software-and. Accessed: January 2022. 100 SCAQMD. 2021. California Emissions Estimator Model User’s Guide. Version 2020.4.0. Available at:
https://www.aqmd.gov/caleemod/. Accessed: January 2022.

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4.1.2.3 Other Resources
Ramboll directly or indirectly relied on emissions estimation guidance from government-sponsored organizations, government-commissioned studies of energy use patterns, Project-specific studies (e.g., Kittelson’s Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis101), and emission estimation software as described above. In cases noted below, third-party studies were also relied upon to support analyses and assumptions made outside of the approach described above.

4.1.3 Indirect GHG Emissions from Electricity Use
Project-related electricity use results in indirect emissions, due to electricity generation activities occurring at off-site power plant locations. For the Project, electrical power will be supplied by PG&E. The indirect GHG emissions created as a result of Project-related electricity use are calculated through application of the following methodology.

For purposes of electricity use, intensity factors are GHG emission rates from a given source relative to the energy generation activities, and are expressed in terms of the amount of GHG released per megawatt of energy produced. The default electricity intensity factors for PG&E in CalEEMod® for CO2, CH4, and N2O are 203.983, 0.033, and 0.004 pounds (lbs) of GHG per megawatt-hour, respectively. The CalEEMod® CO2 default factor is based on the emission factor provided to Sacramento Metro Air Quality Management District by PG&E. The CH4 and N2O default factors are based on E-Grid values for the Western Electricity Coordinating Council California and Mexico (CAMX) region. PG&E’s Power/Utility Protocol (PUP) reports show that renewable energy sources do not result in any new CO2 emissions.

While CalEEMod®’s emission factors for CH4 and N2O conservatively were used for this project, CalEEMod®'s CO2 intensity factor was modified based on PG&E’s 2019 Corporate Sustainability Report, to account for the Renewables Portfolio Standard’s (RPS) requirement for 2030 (i.e., 60 percent RPS). The 2017 and 2018 mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources in PG&E’s energy supply were both used to calculate the intensity factors for PG&E’s non-renewable energy. (For disclosure purposes, PG&E’s current RPS is 30.6 percent.)102 The PG&E data provides the basis for the estimate of the intensity factors for the non-renewable energy; and this data is used to project what the intensity factors will be when the Project reaches build-out. The intensity factor for CO2 is calculated by multiplying the percentage of energy delivered by PG&E from non-renewable energy resources with the intensity factor for non-renewable energy as calculated (see Section 4.3.4 below).

4.2 One-Time Emissions
One-time emissions are those emissions that are not reoccurring over the life of the Project.

This includes emissions associated with construction and emissions associated with land use changes.
101 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. 2023. Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis. May. 102 PG&E. 2021 Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability Report. Available at:
https://www.pgecorp.com/corp_responsibility/reports/2021/pf04_renewable_energy.html. Accessed: June 2022.

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4.2.1 Construction Emissions
This section describes the estimation of GHG emissions from construction activities at the Project site. While the exact construction schedule and equipment mix may vary from the current analysis, the GHG emissions are not expected to be higher than that calculated given the conservative assumptions included in this analysis.

The major construction phases included in this analysis are:
 Demolition: involves removing buildings or structures.  Site Preparation: involves clearing vegetation (grubbing and tree/stump removal) and removing stones and other unwanted material or debris prior to grading.  Grading: involves the cut and fill of land to ensure the proper base and slope for the construction foundation.
 Building Construction: involves the construction of structures and buildings.  Paving: involves the laying of concrete or asphalt such as in parking lots or roads.  Architectural Coating: involves the application of coatings to both the interior and exterior of buildings or structures, the painting of parking lot or parking garage striping, associated signage and curbs, and the painting of the walls or other components such as stair railings inside parking structures.

GHG emissions from these construction phases are attributable to fuel use from construction equipment usage onsite and from on-road worker, vendor, and hauling trips.

Ramboll primarily used CalEEMod® to quantify the construction emissions. The modeled construction schedule is shown in Table 4-1. The construction off-road equipment list is a Project-specific estimate; the off-road equipment specifications are based on CalEEMod® model defaults.

The construction-related equipment mix assumptions are shown in Table 4-2. Table 4-3 presents the material handling volumes which are anticipated to be imported and exported.

Table 4-4 includes the Project-specific demolition assumptions.

4.2.1.1 Emissions from On-Road Construction Trips
Construction generates on-road vehicle GHG emissions from personal vehicles for worker and vendor commuting, and trucks for soil and material hauling. These emissions are based on the number of trips and VMT, along with emission factors from EMFAC. Default model trip rates were used for construction. The emissions from mobile sources were calculated in CalEEMod® with the trip rates, trip lengths, and emission factors for running exhaust from EMFAC as follows:103
Emissions pollutant = VMT * EF running, pollutant
Where:

Emissions pollutant = emissions from vehicle running for each pollutant VMT = vehicle miles traveled
103 SCAQMD. 2021. California Emissions Estimator Model® User’s Guide, Appendix A. Available at:
https://www.aqmd.gov/caleemod/. Accessed: January 2022.

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EF running, pollutant = emission factor for running emissions On-road construction trip emissions are presented in the CalEEMod® output in Appendix A.

4.2.1.2 Emissions from Construction Equipment
The emissions associated with construction equipment are from off-road equipment engine use based on the equipment list and phase length, and on-road vehicle trips and phase length.

Since the majority of the off-road construction equipment used for construction projects are diesel fueled, CalEEMod® assumes all of the equipment operates on diesel fuel. The calculations include the running exhaust emissions from off-road equipment. Since the equipment is assumed to be diesel, there are no starting emissions associated with the equipment, as these are de minimis for diesel-fueled equipment. The exhaust emissions are calculated based on CARB’s OFFROAD2011 methodology using the equation presented below.104
EmissionsDiesel=෍൫EFi×Popi
×AvgHPi×Loadi×Activityi൯
i
Where:

EF = Emission factor in grams per horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr) as processed from OFFROAD2011
Pop = Population, or the number of pieces of equipment
AvgHp = Maximum rated average horsepower
Load = Load factor
Activity = Hours of operation
i = equipment type
Emissions for off-road construction equipment for each phase of construction are detailed in Appendix A.

4.2.1.3 Total Construction Emissions
The Project construction emissions were run within CalEEMod® to generate the annual emissions. The total emissions from construction from all phases for off-road and on-road emissions in 2023 are summarized in Appendix A.

4.2.2 Vegetation Changes
Vegetation changes that occur as a result of land use development constitute a one-time change in the carbon sequestration capacity of a project site. In this case, the land the Project will occupy is vacant.

4.3 Annual Operational Emissions
This section describes the estimation of GHG emissions from operational activities at the Project site. The operational emissions were calculated with CalEEMod® and separately for mobile source emissions. Operational GHG emissions are calculated for landscaping, natural 104 SCAQMD. 2018. California Emissions Estimator Model® User’s Guide, Appendix A. Available at:
https://www.aqmd.gov/caleemod/. Accessed: January 2022.

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gas and electricity usage, on-road mobile trips, water usage, and solid waste generated.

Operational emissions are evaluated for the first year of Project Operation in 2023.

4.3.1 Area Sources
Area sources are direct sources of GHG emissions, such as emissions from landscaping activities. The area source GHG emissions included in this analysis are landscaping-related fuel combustion sources, such as lawn mowers.

4.3.2 Mobile Sources
The GHG emissions associated with on-road mobile sources are generated from workers, vendors, and haul trucks travelling to and from the Project site. The GHG emissions associated with on-road mobile sources include running and starting exhaust emissions.

Running emissions are dependent on VMT. Starting emissions are associated with the number of starts or time between vehicle uses and the assumptions used in determining these values are described below. Ramboll calculated mobile source emissions using trip rates and trip length information based on analyses conducted by Kittelson.

The analysis includes the benefit of reductions from some adopted regulatory programs, which are accounted within EMFAC2021 as follows:
 AB 1493 (“the Pavley Standard”) required CARB to adopt regulations by January 1, 2005, to reduce GHG emissions from non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks of model year 2009 and thereafter. EMFAC2021 includes emission reductions for non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks of model year 2017 – 2025.
 The ACC program adopted by CARB, introduced in 2012, combines the control of smog, soot causing pollutants and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for model years 2015 through 2025. EMFAC2021 includes reductions associated with this regulation that are represented in this analysis.  The USEPA/NHTSA advanced fuel economy and GHG standards (Phase 1) were adopted in 2011 for medium and heavy-duty trucks for model years 2014-2018.105 This Heavy-Duty National Program is intended to reduce fuel use and GHG emissions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, semi-trucks, pickup trucks and vans, and all types and sizes of work trucks and buses in between. EMFAC2021 includes reductions associated with this regulation that are represented in this analysis.  The USEPA/NHTSA advanced fuel economy and GHG standards (Phase 2) were adopted in 2016 for medium- and heavy-duty trucks for model years 2018 and beyond.106 The Phase 2 program includes technology-advancing standards that substantially reduce GHG emissions and fuel consumption resulting in an ambitious, yet achievable, program that will allow manufacturers to meet the applicable standards over time, at reasonable cost, 105 USEPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. 2011. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011- 09-15/pdf/2011-20740.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.
106 USEPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. 2016. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016- 10-25/pdf/2016-21203.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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through a mix of different technologies. The Phase 2 program’s standards will be phased in, beginning with model year 2021 and culminating with model year 2027.107 In June 2020, CARB released EMFAC off-model adjustment factors to account for the Final Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule.108 The SAFE Rule has been incorporated into this analysis as it is incorporated in EMFAC2021.

4.3.2.1 Estimating Mobile Source Emissions
Mobile source emissions calculation requires trip rates and trip lengths for each different trip type in the Project (e.g., employee, vendor, and haul truck).

The following sections describe the methodology to derive the necessary inputs. a) Trip Generation Rates
The trip generation rates for the Project were based on Kittelson data. The trips for the northeast corner of W. Herndon Ave. and N. Riverside Dr (Herndon/Riverside) and 4500 W Shaw Ave are shown in Appendix B in Table B-1a and Table B-1b. b) Trip Lengths
The Project trip lengths were based on Kittelson analysis, other than the MDO delivery truck trip length, which was based on the average routed round trip length for Fresno MDO deliveries. These trip lengths for Herndon/Riverside and 4500 W Shaw Ave are represented in Appendix B, Table B-1a and Table B-1b, respectively. c) Fleet Mix
The fleet mixes derived based on CalEEMod® and EMFAC2021 were used to determine the mix of light-duty vehicles used for member vehicles and employee vehicles. The MDO delivery trucks, fuel delivery trucks, and warehouse delivery trucks were assumed to be heavy-heavy-duty trucks. The fleet mixes for the operational mobile trips are shown in Table B-2 of Appendix B.
d) Transport Refrigeration Units
The Project includes Transport Refrigeration Units (TRUs), which are refrigeration systems powered by diesel internal combustion engines designed to refrigerate or heat perishable products that are transported in various containers, including truck vans, semi-truck trailers, shipping containers, and railcars. These TRUs account for approximately 15% of the warehouse delivery trucks. This analysis assumes that TRUs are plugged in at the loading dock. OFFROAD2021 has emission factors for TRUs, which were obtained for Fresno County in 2023. Emissions of CO2 from TRUs were estimated, as shown in Table 4-6.

4.3.2.2 Mobile Source Emissions
The weighted emission factors from running exhaust for each vehicle type are presented in Appendix B, Table B-3. Starting exhaust emission factors for each vehicle type are 107 The emission reductions attributable to Phase 2 of the regulations for medium- and heavy-duty trucks were not included in the Project's emissions inventory due to the difficulty in quantifying the reductions. Excluding these reductions results in a more conservative (i.e., higher) estimate of emissions for the Project. 108 CARB. 2020. EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions to Account for the SAFE Vehicles Rule Part One and the Final SAFE Rule. Available at:
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_co2_adjustment_factors_06262020-final.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.

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displayed in Appendix B, Table B-4. Idling emission factors for passenger vehicles and delivery trucks are presented in Appendix B, Table B-5. The overall mobile source emissions from running, starting, and idling are shown in Appendix B, Table B-6a and B-6b, along with the VMT, trips, and idling durations.

4.3.3 Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution
Indirect GHG emissions result from the production of electricity used to convey, treat, and distribute the Project's water and wastewater. The amount of electricity required to convey, treat, and distribute water depends on the volume of water as well as the sources of the water. Additionally, direct CH4 and N2O emissions result from the treatment of wastewater.

Water demand and wastewater generation values were based on CalEEMod® defaults.

The water usage and associated GHG emissions are shown in Appendix A.

4.3.4 Energy Use
Energy usage within buildings (e.g., electricity and natural gas fuelled equipment) contribute to the facility’s GHG inventory. Combustion of any type of fuel emits CO2 and other GHGs directly into the atmosphere; these emissions are considered direct emissions associated with a building. GHGs are also emitted during the generation of electricity from fossil fuels; these emissions are considered to be indirect emissions.

To estimate GHG emissions from the natural gas and electricity usage for the Project, Ramboll utilized CalEEMod® default assumptions, which incorporate Title 24 2019 Standards.

Table 4-5 identifies the emission factors for electricity (i.e., pounds of CO2 per megawatthour delivered) used in this analysis. As illustrated in Table 4-5, an PG&E-specific emission factor that accounts for interpolation between the 33 percent RPS required by 2020 and 60 percent RPS required by 2030, as discussed in Section 4.1.3, was calculated based on 41.1 percent RPS in 2023.

The annual natural gas and electricity use and corresponding GHG emissions for the Project are shown in Appendix A.

4.3.5 Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the amount of material that is disposed of by landfilling, recycling, or composting. CalEEMod® calculates the indirect GHG emissions associated with waste that is disposed of at a landfill. The program uses annual waste disposal rates from the CalRecycle data for individual land uses. CalEEMod® uses the overall California Waste Stream composition to generate the necessary types of different waste disposed into landfills. The program quantifies the GHG emissions associated with the decomposition of the waste, which generates methane based on the total amount of degradable organic carbon.

The program quantifies the CO2 emissions associated with the combustion of methane, if applicable. Default landfill gas concentrations were used as reported in Section 2.4 of AP-42.

The IPCC has a similar method to calculate GHG emissions from MSW in its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Solid waste generation associated with the Project is based on default values for waste generation in CalEEMod®. The Project’s solid waste generation and GHG emissions associated with solid waste are provided in Appendix A.

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4.4 Total Annual Operational Emissions
As shown in Table 4-7, the Project emissions are 22,428 MT CO2e per year. The total GHG emissions from Project construction are 1,047 MT CO2e and are summarized in Appendix A for construction off-road equipment and mobile trips. When amortized over a period of 30 years, the emission estimates for the Project construction become 35 MT CO2e/yr.109 The total GHG emissions include the amortized construction emissions. 109 This approach to one-time construction and vegetation change GHG emissions is based on the GHG Threshold Working Group Meeting #13 Minutes from August 26, 2009. Available at: http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/defaultsource/ceqa/handbook/greenhouse-gases-(ghg)-ceqa-significance-thresholds/year-2008-2009/ghg-meeting13/ghg-meeting-13-minutes.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

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5. PROJECT INVENTORY IN CONTEXT
This section assesses the significance of the Project’s emissions for purposes of CEQA.

5.1 Project Emissions Inventory
This section evaluates the significance of the Project’s GHG emissions by reference to Threshold 1 from Section VIII, Greenhouse Gases, of Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines:

Threshold 1. Would the project generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment?

5.1.1 GHG Inventory
The Project GHG emissions were calculated to be 22,428 MT CO2e/yr for the buildout year (2023). The City of Fresno’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan Update provides a 2016 inventory consisting of 2,923,633 MT CO2e. The projected 2020 emissions for the City are 2,132,326 MT CO2e when accounting for emission reductions achieved by state-wide regulations, programs, and measures. In the absence of a numerical GHG threshold, the significance of these emissions will be based on consistency with the City of Fresno GHG Reduction Plan Update as discussed below.

5.2 Consistency Analysis
This section evaluates the significance of the Project’s GHG emissions by reference to Threshold 2 from Section VIII, Greenhouse Gases, of Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines:

Threshold 2. Would the project conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs?

5.2.1 Statewide Emissions Reduction Targets
As discussed in Section 2.2.2, the 2022 Scoping Plan Update has priority GHG reduction strategies that are the focus for the state to achieve its statewide emission reduction targets.

The three main priorities areas are “Transportation Electrification”, “VMT Reduction”, and “Building Decarbonization”. These measures represent the core strategies that local jurisdictions in California can implement to reduce GHGs in alignment with State goals.

The Project will be consistent with the state’s GHG reduction goals as discussed in the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan. The Project will serve the needs of consumers in California and provide an effective and efficient means to shop at the warehouse, fill up a gasoline vehicle, and get a car wash all in the same location. The Project’s emissions sources are regulated (and are foreseeably expected to continue to be regulated in the future) in furtherance of the State’s environmental policy objectives and the Project will continue to meet those regulations to continually improve and reduce GHG emissions. Costco has a focus on sustainability, with specific measures being implemented to manage energy use across its warehouses. Costco's warehouse designs are consistent with the requirements of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), an internationally accepted benchmark for green building design and construction. Costco continues to improve the design and construction of its buildings, as technological advancements in these areas and building materials improve.

Improved engineering and design has resulted in the use of less materials, such as columns and I-beams, while providing more strength. Costco prefers full metal buildings in order to use the maximum amount of recycled material.

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As demonstrated in Table C-1 in Appendix C, the Project would be consistent with applicable 2022 California Scoping Plan strategies for the reduction of GHG emissions.

5.2.2 Fresno Council of Governments (Fresno COG)
The Project will be consistent with the state’s GHG reduction goals and strategies as discussed in the Fresno COG’s 2022 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy110 (the current RTP/SCS for the region), which contains four key elements:

1. Policy Element– Sets forth Fresno COG’s transportation goals, objectives, and policies for each transportation mode.

2. Sustainable Communities Strategy – Integrates land use and transportation planning efforts to meet Fresno County’s greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, improve accessibility to major employment and other regional activity centers.

3. Action Element – Describes the existing transportation system, discusses recent accomplishments, provides a transportation needs assessment, and proposes shortterm and long-term actions for both transportation planning and actual transportation project improvements.

4. Financial Element – Identifies both existing and anticipated revenue sources as well as the financing techniques available for the region’s planned transportation investments, ongoing operations, and maintenance.

The RTP/SCS is based on an analysis that considers the entire County, and includes all projects involving changes in regional growth and land use in Fresno County, as well as the countywide vehicle traffic projections. Cumulative GHG emissions analyzed in the RTP were compared to regional GHG thresholds and analyzed under statewide plans and regulations.

This analysis concluded that there would be a decrease in GHG emissions from existing conditions to 2046, which are primarily be due to focusing growth in developed areas, moderately increasing residential densities, encouraging infill development, protecting open space and agricultural land, and providing alternatives to single-occupancy vehicle trips.

As shown in Table C-2 in Appendix C, the Project would be consistent with applicable Fresno COG strategies for the reduction of GHG emissions.

5.2.3 City of Fresno GHG Reduction Plan
The City of Fresno’s 2021 GHG Reduction Plan Update contains a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy in Section 5. The strategies are organized into the following categories: land use and transportation; transportation facilities strategies; transportation demand strategies; energy conservation strategies for new and existing buildings; water conservation strategies; waste diversion and recycling and energy recovery; strategies for existing development; and municipal strategies.

Section 6 of the Reduction Plan Update describes actions for individual development projects.

Individual projects are tasked with reviewing the GHG Reduction Plan Project Update CEQA Consistency Checklist that lists the local GHG reduction strategies identified in the GHG Plan Update to determine applicability to the project.
110 Fresno COG. 2018 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy. Available at:
https://www.fresnocog.org/project/regional-transportation-plan-rtp/. Accessed: January 2022.

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Proposed development projects that are consistent with the GHG Plan Update as determined through the GHG Plan Update CEQA Consistency Checklist may rely on the GHG Plan Update for the cumulative impacts analysis of GHG emissions. Projects that are not consistent with the GHG Plan Update must prepare a comprehensive project-specific analysis of GHG emissions, including quantification of existing and projected GHG emissions and apply appropriate GHG reduction mitigation measures. The GHG Reduction Plan Update includes the GHG reduction strategies that individual projects review to determine applicability.

In the GHG Plan Update CEQA Consistency Checklist, the first step in determining the consistency with the GHG Reduction Plan is to determine land use consistency. The Project is asked whether it is consistent with the approved General Plan, Specific Plan, and Community Plan planned land use and zoning designations. The project is requesting a zoning change to change the site’s General Plan Land Use Designation from Community Commercial111 to General Commercial112. The Project includes a wholesale club, which is classified under the General Commercial designation. Based on the allowable floor to area ratio under these two designations and the relatively similar allowable uses under these two designations, the potential emissions at maximum buildout for the proposed designation would be greater than that for maximum buildout of the existing designation. Per the checklist, the Project's unmitigated GHG impact is significant.

The checklist provides two options based on this determination. The Project must either show consistency with applicable General Plan objectives and policies or provide analysis and measures to incorporate into the project to bring the GHG emissions to a level that is less than or equal to the estimated project emission at maximum buildout of the existing designation(s). The Project will demonstrate consistency with applicable General Plan objectives and policies through an evaluation of the Project’s alignment with General Plan objectives and policies relative to the GHGRP. The Project is quantitatively evaluated using the same methodology as the GHGRP to demonstrate this consistency. Given that there is a proposed development project associated with this rezone, the GHG Plan Update Consistency Checklist has been completed and applicable measures incorporated.

As shown in the GHG Consistency Checklist in Appendix C, the Project meets 11 of the total 12 applicable items listed. However, the project would not meet ‘item h.’ due to a significant VMT impact. As required by the City of Fresno GHG reduction plan, the Project has prepared a full GHG emissions inventory and applied appropriate GHG reduction strategies as demonstrated by the 11 categories of the checklist which the project is consistent with. The Project will meet the applicable GHG reduction strategies for non-residential projects identified in the GHG Plan Update and listed in the checklist, other than ‘item h’.

Due to the inconsistency with ‘item h’, a Project emissions inventory for 2030 and 2035 was calculated to demonstrate how the Project still aligns with the GHG reduction goals of the GHGRP. The Project operational emissions were calculated for 2030 and 2035 for the 111 Community Commercial is intended for commercial development that primarily serves local needs such as convenience shopping and small offices. Specific uses allowed include medium-scale retail, office, civic and entertainment uses, supermarkets, drug stores and supporting uses. The maximum Floor Area Ratio is 1.0. 112 The General Commercial designation is intended for a range of retail and service uses that are not appropriate in other areas because of higher volumes of vehicle traffic and potential adverse impacts on other uses.

Development such as strip malls fall into this designation. Examples of allowable uses include: building materials, storage facilities with active storefronts, equipment rental, wholesale businesses, and specialized retail not normally found in shopping centers. The maximum Floor Area Ratio is 2.0.

Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
45 Project Inventory in Context Ramboll
adjusted BAU scenario to align with the City of Fresno’s GHGRP adjusted BAU analysis (Table 5-1). Based on those calculated emission inventories, the Project would be required to achieve an additional reduction of 381 MT CO2e in 2030 and 2,711 MT CO2e in 2035 as identified in the City of Fresno’s GHGRP (see Table 4-C of the GHGRP which identifies the reduction needed from an adjusted BAU scenario to meet the City’s goals. The calculated reductions for the Project are the same percentage reduction required, i.e., 1.5% reduction in 2030 and 11.6% in 2035.). As identified in the GHGRP, the Project would realize GHG reductions due to project commitments in line with the local measures established by the GHGRP, which includes Land Use Strategies and Transportation Demand Management, Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, Net Zero Energy Commercial Building, Water Conservation, and Waste Diversion and Recycling. Specifically, the Project includes:
 Transportation Demand Management for employees via a voluntary commute trip reduction program for employees Costco provides that includes marketing, end-of-trip bicycle facilities, vanpool, and discounted transit. This can result in a 4% reduction in employee vehicle trips (This is VMT mitigation per the Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis).
 EV chargers that meet the 2022 California Green Building Standards Code, Title 24, Part 11 that are beyond the adjusted BAU assumptions for the City.  Commitments to renewable energy through PG&E’s Solar Choice program (This is a project design feature to align with the local measure from the GHG Reduction Plan).  Achieving waste diversion goals as identified in the GHGRP.

In addition, since the City’s GHGRP was developed, there have been additional efforts by the state that will increase the expected presence of electric trucks and electric vehicles through the Advanced Clean Truck Rule113 and Advanced Clean Cars II114. Advanced Clean Cars II was proposed to support Governor Newsom’s 2020 Executive Order N-79-20 that requires all new passenger vehicles sold in California to be zero emissions by 2035. Advanced Clean Cars II was approved in August 2022. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update was approved in December 2022 and the proposed scenario for achieving this executive order provides data on year-toyear expected populations of zero-emission light-duty vehicles that exceed the assumptions made in EMFAC2021. Reductions in 2030 and 2035 have been calculated to account for this increased penetration of electric vehicles expected in the future (Table 5-2). The combined GHG reductions from these project specific commitments and state regulations demonstrate that the Project will achieve the same level of reductions as the City of Fresno GHGRP expects. The GHGRP has established a City and land use specific criteria for individual Projects to demonstrate consistency with. As such, the Project would align with the City’s GHGRP GHG reduction goals, and thus is consistent with the City’s GHGRP.

5.3 Impact Determination
While the Project would represent an increase in GHG emissions when compared to the existing conditions on the vacant site, the Project would not conflict with the Fresno COG’s RTP/SCS or statewide emission reduction targets in the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan Update.

The Project’s significant VMT impact means that the Project would not meet “item h.” on the 113 Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-clean-trucks. Accessed: August 2022. 114 Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-clean-cars-program/advanced-clean-cars-ii.

Accessed: August 2022.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
46 Project Inventory in Context Ramboll
City of Fresno’s GHG Consistency Checklist. Because the Project does not meet all of the GHG reduction strategies identified in the GHG Reduction Plan Update Consistency Checklist, the Project has disclosed the Project emissions inventory and has demonstrated consistency with the GHG Reduction Plan by demonstrating the Project GHG reductions align with those expected for the City in the GHG Reduction Plan. Therefore, the Project’s GHG emissions will be less than significant in the context of Threshold 1 and Threshold 2, as discussed in Section 3.3.

Further, the SJVAPCD’s GAMAQI observes that: “It is widely recognized that no single project could generate sufficient GHG emissions to noticeably change global climate temperature.

However, the combination of GHG emissions from past, present, and future projects could contribute substantially to global climate change. Thus, project specific GHG emissions should be evaluated in terms of whether or not they would result in a cumulatively significant impact on global climate change.”115 In this context, and based on the analysis above, the Project’s GHG emissions are not cumulatively considerable. 115 SJVAPCD. 2015. Final Draft Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/GAMAQI.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Costco Commercial Center
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Fresno, California
Ramboll
TABLES
Table 4-1. Construction Schedule
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
CalEEMod®
Phase Type1 Start Date1 End Date1
Phase
Duration2
(days)
Demolition 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 7
Site Preparation 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 7
Grading 5/9/2023 6/12/2023 30
Grading/BC Overlap 6/13/2023 7/5/2023 20
Building Construction 7/6/2023 11/10/2023 110
Paving 7/29/2023 9/13/2023 40
Architectural Coating 9/14/2023 11/10/2023 50
Notes:
1 Construction phases and duration are based on Project-specific estimates. 2 The construction work week was assumed to be 6 days per week.

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model

Table 4-2. Construction Equipment
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name
Offroad Equipment Type1
Number of
Equipment1
Usage Hours2
(hours/day)
Equipment
Horsepower2
(hp)
Equipment Load
Factor2
Concrete/Industrial Saws 1 8 81 0.73
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8 247 0.4
Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 4 8 97 0.37
Graders 3 8 187 0.41
Other Construction Equipment 2 8 401 0.42
Paving Equipment 1 8 132 0.36
Rubber Tired Dozers 4 8 247 0.4
Scrapers 2 8 367 0.48
Surfacing Equipment 1 8 263 0.3
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 97 0.37
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 8 97 0.37
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 7 97 0.37
Rough Terrain Forklifts 1 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 97 0.37
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 6 78 0.48
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
hp - horsepower
2 Equipment usage hours, horsepower, and load factor are based on CalEEMod® defaults, with the exception of the horsepower value for "Other Construction Equipment" during the Grading phase. The "Other Construction Equipment" represents soil compactors and is based is based on project-specific data.

Demolition
Grading
Grading/BC Overlap
Building Construction
Paving
1 Number and type of offroad equipment for the Grading, Grading/BC Overlap, Building Construction, and Paving phases based on Projectspecific data. Equipment used in the Demolition and Architectural Coating phases are based on CalEEMod® default values.

Table 4-3. Construction Material Movement
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name
Material Imported1
(yd3)
Material Exported1
(yd3)
Grading 60,000 0
Grading/BC Overlap 0 3,000
Notes:
1 Soil import and export quantities based on project-specific data.

Abbreviations:
yd3 - cubic yard

Table 4-4. Construction Demolition Assumptions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name Size Metric Unit Amount1
Demolition/Site Prep Tons of Debris 10
Notes:
1 Square-footage quantity based on project-specific data.

Table 4-5. Utility GHG Emission Factor Associated with Renewable Portfolio Standard Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
2017 2018 Average Units
CO2 Intensity Factor per Total Energy
Delivered1 210 206 208 lbs CO2/MWh delivered
% of Total Energy From Renewables2 33.0% 38.9% 36.0%
CO2 Intensity Factor per Total NonRenewable Energy3 314 338 325 lbs CO2/MWh delivered 2020 RPS (33%) 210.4 226.2 218.0 lbs CO2/MWh delivered
2030 RPS (60%) 125.6 135.1 130.1 lbs CO2/MWh delivered
2023 RPS5 185.0 198.9 191.6 lbs CO2/MWh delivered
CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
2018 208.4 0.033 0.004 210.4
2023 191.61 0.033 0.004 193.6
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CO2 - carbon dioxide CH4 N2O
GHG - greenhouse gases 25 298
lbs - pounds
MT - metric tonnes
MWh - megawatt-hour
PG&E - Pacific Gas and Electric
PUP - Power/Utility Protocol
RPS - Renewable Portfolio Standards
3 The emissions metric presented here is calculated based on the total CO2 emissions divided by the energy delivered from non-renewable sources.
4 The intensity factors for default RPS assumption are calculated by multiplying the percentage of energy delivered from non-renewable energy by the CO2 emissions per total non-renewable energy metric calculated above. The emission factors presented here are 33% RPS for 2020 and 60% RPS for 2030. The estimate provided here and the PUP reports issued by PG&E assume that renewable energy sources do not result in any CO2 emissions. 5 The RPS percentage for the 2023 future year is interpolated from the goals of 33% RPS in 2020 and 60% RPS in 2030.

GWP
6 The most recent emission factor available is for 2017 and 2018, which is why these values are being used to interpolate 2023 emission factors even though more recent sustainability reports by PG&E are available. 2 Percent of total energy from RPS-eligible renewables are from the PG&E 2018 and 2019 Corporate Responsibility Reports. Available at: http://www.pgecorp.com/corp_responsibility/reports/2018/assets/PGE_CRSR_2018.pdf and http://www.pgecorp.com/corp_responsibility/reports/2019/assets/PGE_CRSR_2019.pdf. Accessed: September 2021.

Energy Delivered
[MWh]
Calculated Intensity Factors for Total Energy Delivered4 Year
Emission Factors
(lb/MWh)
1 2017 and 2018 intensity factors per total energy delivered available at: https://www.theclimateregistry.org/ourmembers/cris-public-reports/. Accessed: September 2021.

Table 4-6. TRU Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Herndon/Riverside Herndon/Riverside
410 712 57.5
Notes:

Abbreviations:
bhp-hr - brake horsepower hour SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District CARB - California Air Resources Board TRU - Transportation Refrigeration unit CO2 - Carbon Dioxide equivalents
g - gram
Constants:

Horsepower 3 50 bhp
Load Factor 4 0.38
TRU Cycle Duration 5 622 minutes
Density of Diesel 3,221 g/gal
Conversion Factors:
453.592 g/lb
1000000 g/MT
60 min/hr
365 day/year
2000 lb/ton
MT - metric tonnes
2 Approximately 15% of warehouse delivery trucks are equipped with TRUs.

Number of Round
Trips with TRUs2
Annual Average CO2
Emissions (MT/year)
5 TRU Cycle Duration is based on 2 hours of off-site loading time plus the duration of the on-site and off-site transit. It is assumed that loading/unloading will occur while the TRU is plugged in, so no emissions are estimated for this time period. Assumptions based on Table II.G.1 of CARB Proposed Amendments to the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/board/rulemaking/tru2021/appi.pdf. Accessed: May 2022.

CO2 Emission
Factor1
(g/bhp-hr)
1 Emission factors obtained from OFFROAD2021 emissions output for Calendar Year 2023, Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Instate Trailer and Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Out-Of-State Trailer in Fresno County.
3 Horsepower is based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling, section 2.3.1 Transportation Refrigeration unit (TRU), Modeling Parameters.
4 Load factor obtained from CARB Draft 2019 Update to Emissions Inventory for Transport Refrigeration Units, for TRUs Over 25 hp, 2013 and newer. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/coldstorage/documents/hra_emissioninventory2019.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Table 4-7. Summary of GHG Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California

0.02 334
21,482
38 540
22,393
35 22,428
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
CH4 - methane
CO2 - carbon dioxide
CO2e - carbon dioxide equivalents
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model
MT - metric tonnes
TRU - Transportation Refrigeration unit
6 Sum of annualized one-time emissions and operational emissions. 1 One-time emissions (i.e., construction) and operational emissions were calculated using CalEEMod®. See Appendix A for details
2 Emissions are presented as CO2e, which include CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, weighted by their respective global warming potentials. 3 Emissions shown as zero may be non-zero values, however, they are below a meaningful reporting level for this analysis.
4 Total mobile emissions include emissions from on-road vehicles and TRUs. On-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and Project-specific vehicle trip rates provided by Kittelson & Associates, See Appendix B for details. TRU emissions were estimated using OFFROAD2021 emission factors.
5 One-time emissions from construction were amortized over a 30-year period.

GHG Emissions2,3
(MT CO2e/yr)
Operational Sub-Total
Construction Amortized5
Total6
Waste Disposed
Area Sources
Energy Usage
Mobile4
Water
Emissions Category1

Table 5-1. Summary of ABAU and Project GHG Emissions in 2030 and 2035 Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
2030 2035 2030 2035

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
275 233 148 148
24,342 22,504 21,782 16,943
34 31 34 31
540 540 365 365
25,191 23,308 22,328 17,487

1.5% 11.6%
381 2,711
Notes:

Abbreviations:

ABAU - Adjusted Business-As-Usual HHDT - heavy-heavy duty trucks CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel MT - metric tonnes CH4 - methane N2O - nitrous oxide
CO2 - carbon dioxide PG&E - Pacific Gas & Electric
CO2e - carbon dioxide equivalents RPS - Renewable Portfolio Standard EMFAC - EMission FACtors model TRU - Transportation Refrigeration unit GHG - greenhouse gases yr - year
GHGRP - Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan
9 The solid waste generation for ABAU was estimated using CalEEMod® defaults. The Project emissions were estimated based on the State goal of a 75% waste diversion target and Fresno's GHGRP methodology. Please see footnote 10 in Table 5-2 for more details. 10 The percent reduction for the Project are the same percentage reduction required, i.e., 1.5% reduction in 2030 and 11.6% in 2035 from Table 4-C in the Fresno GHGRP.
11 Emission reduction needed from ABAU is calculated as the percent reduction from the operational total. The Project emissions do not include an emission reduction since this is solely based on the ABAU conditions. 4 The Project emissions take into account the project commitments in line with the local measures established by the GHGRP, which includes Land Use Strategies and Transportation Demand Management, Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, Net Zero Energy Commercial Building, Water Conservation, and Waste Diversion and Recycling. It also takes into account additional local measures that would result in project emissions reductions beyond the ABAU scenario, such as the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation and the Executive Order N-79-20. The exact assumptions made for the project emissions inventory reductions are detailed in Table 5-2. 5 The project's ABAU emissions accounts for RPS-required improvements to the electric grid carbon intensity, while the Project emissions account for 100% solar energy, based on the Project's commitment to the PG&E's "Solar Choice" program, which provides 100% solar electricity to customers. 6 For both the ABAU and Project emissions, total mobile emissions include emissions from on-road vehicles and TRUs, using Project-specific vehicle trip rates provided by Kittelson & Associates. TRU emissions were estimated using OFFROAD2021 emission factors. 7 For the ABAU emissions, on-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and fleet mix assumptions for employee and member vehicles to represent the same assumptions as the GHGRP. Based on the available EMFAC version at the time of the GHGRP preparation (i.e., EMFAC2017), the analysis assumes extracted data from EMFAC2017. For the delivery truck fleet mix, the analysis made a simplifying assumption that the fraction of natural gas and gasoline-powered HHDT would be diesel-powered. 8 For the Project emissions, on-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and EMFAC2021 fleet mix for delivery trucks. The fleet mixes for employee and member light duty vehicles are based on the Draft 2022 Scoping Plan E3 Modeling workbook. Please see footnote 7 in Table 5-2 for more details.

GHG Emissions2
(MT CO2e/yr)
Operational Total
Waste Disposed9
Area Sources
Energy Usage5
Mobile6,7,8
Water
Emissions Category1
ABAU3 Project4
Percent Reduction Needed From ABAU10
Emission Reduction Needed11
1 Operational emissions were calculated using CalEEMod®. See Appendix A for details. 2 Emissions are presented as CO2e, which include CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, weighted by their respective global warming potentials. 3 The ABAU emissions account for the local regulations that were in place at the time the Fresno GHGRP was published. --
--

Table 5-2. Local Measures Reductions Table for 2030 and 2035 Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
2030 2035
Land Use Strategies and Transportation
Demand Management2 48 36
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations3,4,5 230 862
Advanced Clean Trucks6 142 297
ZEV Regulations7 2,418 5,265
Commercial Energy Net Zero Energy Commercial Building8 127 85 Industrial Energy (water) Water Conservation9 00
Solid Waste Waste Diversion and Recycling10 175 175
3,140 6,719
381 2,711

YES YES
Notes:

Abbreviations:

ABAU - Adjusted Business-As-Usual MT - metric tonnes
CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel PG&E - Pacific Gas & Electric CalGreen - California Green Building Standards Code RPS - Renewable Portfolio Standard CO2e - carbon dioxide equivalents TIA - transportation impact assessment EMFAC - EMissions FACtor Model VMT - vehicle mile traveled EV - electric vehicle ZEV - zero emission vehicle
GHGRP - Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan
Sector Local Measures
Emissions Reductions (MT CO2e/year)
11 The reduction needed is calculated based on the percent reduction from ABAU needed in Table 4-C in the Fresno GHGRP. 8 The project has committed to PG&E's "Solar Choice" program, which provides 100% solar electricity to customers. The ABAU emissions for commercial building energy accounts for RPS-required improvements to the electric grid carbon intensity, and the improvements from this in 2030 and 2035 reflect the Project's commitment to PG&E's "Solar Choice" program.
9 The project will align with CalGreen2019, which is accounted for in Fresno's GHGRP ABAU emissions. 10 The ABAU solid waste generation was estimated using CalEEMod® defaults assumes a 63% employee-based diversion rate statewide, based on 2010 CalRecycle data, available here:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/goalmeasure/disposalrate/graphs/estdiversion/. Accessed: August 2022. The improvement from ABAU was estimated based on the State goal of a 75% waste diversion target and Fresno's GHGRP methodology.

Transportation1
1 The ABAU emissions for the transportation emissions inventory utilizes EMFAC2017 fleet mix defaults which takes into account the State policies that were in place at the time of the Fresno GHG Reduction Plan Update release. 3 The number of electric vehicle chargers assumed for 2030/2035 aligns with CalGreen2022 requirements, see Table

5.106.5.3.1. Available here: https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAGBC2022P1/chapter-5-nonresidential-mandatorymeasures. Accessed: August 2022. 4 For 2030, Annual energy delivery is estimated based on an average monthly energy delivery of 588 kWh per charging station for conventional Level 2 chargers, as reported by the California Energy Commission. Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/CEC-500-2018-020/CEC-500-2018-020.pdf. 5 For 2035, it is assumed that the EV chargers will be used 8 hours/day at 25 miles per hour of charge in line with the increase in EVs predicted by the Draft 2022 Scoping Plan E3 PATHWAYS Modeling Workbook. 6 EMFAC2021 fleet mix defaults are utilized for the delivery truck fleet mixes, which represents the improvement from ABAU due to the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation which became effective March 2021 and was incorporated into the EMFAC2021 model. This regulation requires an increasing number of zero emission truck sales over time starting in 2024. Available here: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/. Accessed: August 2022. 7 The member and employee light-duty vehicle fleet assumptions were based on Executive Order N-79-20, which requires that by 2035 100% of in-state sales of new passenger cars and trucks will be zero-emission by 2035. The fleet mix projections were calculated to align with the Draft 2022 Scoping Plan Update E3 PATHWAYS modeling workbook, which provides year-by-year fleet projections that align with this Executive Order. The E3 Modeling workbook can be found here:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/2022-draft-sp-PATHWAYS-data-E3.xlsx. Accessed: August 2022. 2 Costco will provide a voluntary commute trip reduction program for employees that can result in a 4% reduction in employee vehicle trips, based on Kittelson & Associates TIA.

Total
Reduction Needed11
Reduction Met?

Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX A
CALEEMOD® OUTPUT
Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run
Fresno County, Annual
Project Characteristics - Project-specific information (RPS Emission Factor) Land Use - Project-specific information
Construction Phase - Project-specific information
Off-road Equipment -
Off-road Equipment - Project-specific information
Off-road Equipment -
Off-road Equipment - Project-specific information
Off-road Equipment - Project-specific information
Off-road Equipment - Project-specific information

1.1 Land Usage
Land Uses Size Metric Lot Acreage Floor Surface Area Population Parking Lot 889.00 Space 15.55 355,600.00 0
Automobile Care Center 4.80 1000sqft 0.11 4,800.00 0
Discount Club 241.34 1000sqft 5.54 241,340.00 0
Gasoline/Service Station 32.00 Pump 1.33 4,517.60 0

1.2 Other Project Characteristics
Urbanization
Climate Zone
Rural
3 Wind Speed (m/s) 2.2 Precipitation Freq (Days) 45

1.3 User Entered Comments & Non-Default Data

1.0 Project Characteristics
Utility Company Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Operational Year 2023
CO2 Intensity
(lb/MWhr)
191.61 CH4 Intensity 0.033
(lb/MWhr)
N2O Intensity 0.004
(lb/MWhr)
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 1 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Off-road Equipment -
Trips and VMT - Project-specific information
Demolition - Project-specific information
Grading - Project-specific information
Vehicle Trips - Unmitigated Construction Run
Consumer Products - Unmitigated Construction Run
Area Coating - Unmitigated Construction Run
Landscape Equipment - Unmitigated Construction Run
Energy Use - Unmitigated Construction Run
Water And Wastewater - Unmitigated Construction Run
Solid Waste - Unmitigated Construction Run
Construction Off-road Equipment Mitigation - Water 2x/day to comply with SJVAPCD Rule 8021. All construction equipment >50 hp mitigated to Tier 3 + Level 3 DPF.

Vehicle Emission Factors -
Table Name Column Name Default Value New Value
tblAreaCoating Area_Nonresidential_Exterior 125329 0
tblAreaCoating Area_Nonresidential_Interior 375986 0
tblAreaCoating Area_Parking 21336 0
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 2 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation DPF No Change Level 3
tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 1.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 1.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 9.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 3.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 2.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 1.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 5.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 14.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 2.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 1.00 tblConstEquipMitigation NumberOfEquipmentMitigated 0.00 14.00 tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstEquipMitigation Tier No Change Tier 3
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 20.00 50.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 370.00 110.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 20.00 7.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 35.00 30.00
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 3 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied tblConstructionPhase NumDays 35.00 20.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 20.00 40.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 10.00 7.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase NumDaysWeek 5.00 6.00
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 4/11/2025 11/10/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 2/14/2025 11/10/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 5/26/2023 5/8/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 7/28/2023 6/12/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 9/15/2023 7/5/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 3/14/2025 9/13/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 6/9/2023 5/8/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseStartDate 3/15/2025 9/14/2023 tblConstructionPhase PhaseStartDate 9/16/2023 7/6/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseStartDate 6/10/2023 5/9/2023
tblConstructionPhase PhaseStartDate 7/29/2023 6/13/2023 tblConstructionPhase PhaseStartDate 2/15/2025 7/29/2023 tblConstructionPhase PhaseStartDate 5/27/2023 5/1/2023
tblConsumerProducts ROG_EF 2.14E-05 0
tblConsumerProducts ROG_EF_Degreaser 3.542E-07 0
tblConsumerProducts ROG_EF_PesticidesFertilizers 5.152E-08 0 tblEnergyUse LightingElect 2.70 0.00
tblEnergyUse LightingElect 3.71 0.00
tblEnergyUse LightingElect 2.70 0.00
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 4 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied tblEnergyUse LightingElect 0.35 0.00
tblEnergyUse NT24E 4.16 0.00
tblEnergyUse NT24E 2.30 0.00
tblEnergyUse NT24E 4.16 0.00
tblEnergyUse NT24NG 3.84 0.00
tblEnergyUse NT24NG 2.08 0.00
tblEnergyUse NT24NG 3.84 0.00
tblEnergyUse T24E 1.75 0.00
tblEnergyUse T24E 1.91 0.00
tblEnergyUse T24E 1.75 0.00
tblEnergyUse T24NG 16.86 0.00
tblEnergyUse T24NG 8.53 0.00
tblEnergyUse T24NG 16.86 0.00
tblGrading MaterialExported 0.00 3,000.00
tblGrading MaterialImported 0.00 60,000.00
tblLandscapeEquipment NumberSummerDays 180 0
tblLandUse LotAcreage 8.00 15.55
tblLandUse LotAcreage 0.10 1.33
tblOffRoadEquipment HorsePower 172.00 401.00
tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 2.00 3.00 tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 1.00 3.00 tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 1.00 4.00 tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 1.00 3.00 tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 2.00 3.00 tblProjectCharacteristics CO2IntensityFactor 203.98 191.61 tblProjectCharacteristics UrbanizationLevel Urban Rural tblSolidWaste SolidWasteGenerationRate 18.34 0.00
tblSolidWaste SolidWasteGenerationRate 1,037.93 0.00
tblSolidWaste SolidWasteGenerationRate 17.25 0.00
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 5 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

2.0 Emissions Summary
tblTripsAndVMT HaulingTripNumber 1.00 2.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 53.75 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 182.17 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 11.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 33.67 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 166.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 41.80 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 172.01 0.00
tblWater IndoorWaterUseRate 451,589.32 0.00
tblWater IndoorWaterUseRate 17,876,662.33 0.00
tblWater IndoorWaterUseRate 425,020.45 0.00
tblWater OutdoorWaterUseRate 276,780.55 0.00
tblWater OutdoorWaterUseRate 10,956,664.01 0.00
tblWater OutdoorWaterUseRate 260,496.40 0.00
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 6 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

2.1 Overall Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 2.2806 4.5511 3.7117 0.0113 0.9356 0.1729 1.1085 0.3872 0.1595 0.5467 0.0000 1,026.939 5 1,026.939
5 0.1854 0.0533 1,047.441
0 Maximum 2.2806 4.5511 3.7117 0.0113 0.9356 0.1729 1.1085 0.3872 0.1595 0.5467 0.0000 1,026.939 5 1,026.939
5 0.1854 0.0533 1,047.441
0 Unmitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 2.0686 3.9074 4.6415 0.0113 0.5786 0.0294 0.6080 0.2169 0.0291 0.2459 0.0000 1,026.938 8 1,026.938
8 0.1854 0.0533 1,047.440
3 Maximum 2.0686 3.9074 4.6415 0.0113 0.5786 0.0294 0.6080 0.2169 0.0291 0.2459 0.0000 1,026.938 8 1,026.938
8 0.1854 0.0533 1,047.440
3 Mitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

9.30 14.14 -25.05 0.00 38.16 82.99 45.15 43.99 81.76 55.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 7 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Quarter Start Date End Date Maximum Unmitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) Maximum Mitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) 1 5-1-2023 7-31-2023 3.2883 2.7515
2 8-1-2023 9-30-2023 2.0410 1.7429
Highest 3.2883 2.7515

2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Energy 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Operational
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 8 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Energy 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Operational

3.0 Construction Detail
Construction Phase
Phase
Number
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Num Days
Week
Num Days Phase Description
1 Demolition Demolition 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 6 7
2 Site Preparation Site Preparation 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 6 7 3 Grading Grading 5/9/2023 6/12/2023 6 30
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 9 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied 4 Grading/BC Overlap Grading 6/13/2023 7/5/2023 6 20
5 Building Construction Building Construction 7/6/2023 11/10/2023 6 110 6 Paving Paving 7/29/2023 9/13/2023 6 40
7 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 9/14/2023 11/10/2023 6 50 OffRoad Equipment
Phase Name Offroad Equipment Type Amount Usage Hours Horse Power Load Factor Demolition Concrete/Industrial Saws 1 8.00 81 0.73
Demolition Excavators 3 8.00 158 0.38
Demolition Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8.00 247 0.40
Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 4 8.00 97 0.37 Grading Graders 3 8.00 187 0.41
Grading Other Construction Equipment 2 8.00 401 0.42
Grading Paving Equipment 1 8.00 132 0.36
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers 4 8.00 247 0.40
Grading Scrapers 2 8.00 367 0.48
Grading Surfacing Equipment 1 8.00 263 0.30
Grading Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8.00 97 0.37
Grading/BC Overlap Excavators 3 8.00 158 0.38
Grading/BC Overlap Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8.00 100 0.40 Grading/BC Overlap Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8.00 247 0.40
Grading/BC Overlap Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 8.00 97 0.37 Building Construction Excavators 3 8.00 158 0.38
Residential Indoor: 0; Residential Outdoor: 0; Non-Residential Indoor: 375,986; Non-Residential Outdoor: 125,329; Striped Parking Area:
21,336 (Architectural Coating – sqft)
Acres of Grading (Site Preparation Phase): 0
Acres of Grading (Grading Phase): 165
Acres of Paving: 15.55
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 10 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.1 Mitigation Measures Construction
Use Cleaner Engines for Construction Equipment
Use DPF for Construction Equipment
Water Exposed Area
Building Construction Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8.00 100 0.40 Building Construction Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8.00 247 0.40 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 7.00 97 0.37 Paving Rough Terrain Forklifts 1 8.00 100 0.40
Paving Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8.00 247 0.40
Paving Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8.00 97 0.37
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 6.00 78 0.48
Trips and VMT
Phase Name Offroad Equipment
Count
Worker Trip
Number
Vendor Trip
Number
Hauling Trip
Number
Worker Trip
Length
Vendor Trip
Length
Hauling Trip
Length
Worker Vehicle
Class
Vendor
Vehicle Class
Hauling
Vehicle Class
Demolition 6 15.00 0.00 2.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Site Preparation 4 10.00 0.00 0.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Grading 15 38.00 0.00 7,500.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Grading/BC Overlap 11 28.00 0.00 375.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Building Construction 11 230.00 99.00 0.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Paving 5 13.00 0.00 0.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Architectural Coating 1 46.00 0.00 0.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 11 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 1.1000e0040.0000 1.1000e0042.0000e0050.0000 2.0000e0050.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 7.9400e0030.0752 0.0688 1.4000e0043.4900e0033.4900e0033.2500e0033.2500e0030.0000 11.8972 11.8972 3.3300e0030.0000 11.9805 Total 7.9400e0030.0752 0.0688 1.4000e0041.1000e0043.4900e0033.6000e0032.0000e0053.2500e0033.2700e0030.0000 11.8972 11.8972 3.3300e0030.0000 11.9805 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 1.3000e0043.0000e0050.0000 2.0000e0050.0000 2.0000e0050.0000 0.0000 1.0000e0050.0000 0.0567 0.0567 0.0000 1.0000e0050.0593 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 2.1000e0041.5000e0041.7700e0031.0000e0056.5000e0040.0000 6.6000e0041.7000e0040.0000 1.8000e0040.0000 0.5083 0.5083 1.0000e0051.0000e0050.5126 Total 2.1000e0042.8000e0041.8000e0031.0000e0056.7000e0040.0000 6.8000e0041.7000e0040.0000 1.9000e0040.0000 0.5650 0.5650 1.0000e0052.0000e0050.5719 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 12 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 5.0000e0050.0000 5.0000e0051.0000e0050.0000 1.0000e0050.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 3.2400e0030.0641 0.0864 1.4000e0044.5000e0044.5000e0044.5000e0044.5000e0040.0000 11.8972 11.8972 3.3300e0030.0000 11.9805 Total 3.2400e0030.0641 0.0864 1.4000e0045.0000e0054.5000e0045.0000e0041.0000e0054.5000e0044.6000e0040.0000 11.8972 11.8972 3.3300e0030.0000 11.9805 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 1.3000e0043.0000e0050.0000 2.0000e0050.0000 2.0000e0050.0000 0.0000 1.0000e0050.0000 0.0567 0.0567 0.0000 1.0000e0050.0593 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 2.1000e0041.5000e0041.7700e0031.0000e0056.5000e0040.0000 6.6000e0041.7000e0040.0000 1.8000e0040.0000 0.5083 0.5083 1.0000e0051.0000e0050.5126 Total 2.1000e0042.8000e0041.8000e0031.0000e0056.7000e0040.0000 6.8000e0041.7000e0040.0000 1.9000e0040.0000 0.5650 0.5650 1.0000e0052.0000e0050.5719 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 13 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.3 Site Preparation - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 2.1200e0030.0215 0.0312 4.0000e0051.0600e0031.0600e0039.8000e0049.8000e0040.0000 3.8302 3.8302 1.2400e0030.0000 3.8612 Total 2.1200e0030.0215 0.0312 4.0000e0050.0000 1.0600e0031.0600e0030.0000 9.8000e0049.8000e0040.0000 3.8302 3.8302 1.2400e0030.0000 3.8612 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 1.4000e0041.0000e0041.1800e0030.0000 4.4000e0040.0000 4.4000e0041.2000e0040.0000 1.2000e0040.0000 0.3389 0.3389 1.0000e0051.0000e0050.3417 Total 1.4000e0041.0000e0041.1800e0030.0000 4.4000e0040.0000 4.4000e0041.2000e0040.0000 1.2000e0040.0000 0.3389 0.3389 1.0000e0051.0000e0050.3417 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 14 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.3 Site Preparation - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 1.0600e0030.0243 0.0328 4.0000e0052.6000e0042.6000e0042.6000e0042.6000e0040.0000 3.8302 3.8302 1.2400e0030.0000 3.8612 Total 1.0600e0030.0243 0.0328 4.0000e0050.0000 2.6000e0042.6000e0040.0000 2.6000e0042.6000e0040.0000 3.8302 3.8302 1.2400e0030.0000 3.8612 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 1.4000e0041.0000e0041.1800e0030.0000 4.4000e0040.0000 4.4000e0041.2000e0040.0000 1.2000e0040.0000 0.3389 0.3389 1.0000e0051.0000e0050.3417 Total 1.4000e0041.0000e0041.1800e0030.0000 4.4000e0040.0000 4.4000e0041.2000e0040.0000 1.2000e0040.0000 0.3389 0.3389 1.0000e0051.0000e0050.3417 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 15 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.4 Grading - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 0.4522 0.0000 0.4522 0.2086 0.0000 0.2086 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 0.1079 1.1479 0.7006 1.9600e0030.0465 0.0465 0.0428 0.0428 0.0000 172.1647 172.1647 0.0557 0.0000 173.5567 Total 0.1079 1.1479 0.7006 1.9600e0030.4522 0.0465 0.4987 0.2086 0.0428 0.2514 0.0000 172.1647 172.1647 0.0557 0.0000 173.5567 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 8.0000e0030.4693 0.0990 2.2100e0030.0642 4.4300e0030.0686 0.0177 4.2400e0030.0219 0.0000 212.4374 212.4374 1.3900e0030.0334 222.4289 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 2.3000e0031.6100e0030.0192 6.0000e0057.0900e0033.0000e0057.1200e0031.8800e0033.0000e0051.9100e0030.0000 5.5190 5.5190 1.3000e0041.4000e0045.5650 Total 0.0103 0.4709 0.1182 2.2700e0030.0713 4.4600e0030.0757 0.0195 4.2700e0030.0238 0.0000 217.9564 217.9564 1.5200e0030.0336 227.9939 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 16 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.4 Grading - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 0.2035 0.0000 0.2035 0.0939 0.0000 0.0939 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 0.0480 0.9363 1.0751 1.9600e0035.6200e0035.6200e0035.6200e0035.6200e0030.0000 172.1645 172.1645 0.0557 0.0000 173.5565 Total 0.0480 0.9363 1.0751 1.9600e0030.2035 5.6200e0030.2091 0.0939 5.6200e0030.0995 0.0000 172.1645 172.1645 0.0557 0.0000 173.5565 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 8.0000e0030.4693 0.0990 2.2100e0030.0642 4.4300e0030.0686 0.0177 4.2400e0030.0219 0.0000 212.4374 212.4374 1.3900e0030.0334 222.4289 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 2.3000e0031.6100e0030.0192 6.0000e0057.0900e0033.0000e0057.1200e0031.8800e0033.0000e0051.9100e0030.0000 5.5190 5.5190 1.3000e0041.4000e0045.5650 Total 0.0103 0.4709 0.1182 2.2700e0030.0713 4.4600e0030.0757 0.0195 4.2700e0030.0238 0.0000 217.9564 217.9564 1.5200e0030.0336 227.9939 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
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3.5 Grading/BC Overlap - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 0.1967 0.0000 0.1967 0.1011 0.0000 0.1011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 0.0329 0.3343 0.3036 5.7000e0040.0151 0.0151 0.0139 0.0139 0.0000 50.3819 50.3819 0.0163 0.0000 50.7893 Total 0.0329 0.3343 0.3036 5.7000e0040.1967 0.0151 0.2118 0.1011 0.0139 0.1149 0.0000 50.3819 50.3819 0.0163 0.0000 50.7893 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 4.0000e0040.0235 4.9500e0031.1000e0043.2100e0032.2000e0043.4300e0038.8000e0042.1000e0041.0900e0030.0000 10.6219 10.6219 7.0000e0051.6700e00311.1215 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 1.1300e0037.9000e0049.4400e0033.0000e0053.4800e0032.0000e0053.5000e0039.2000e0041.0000e0059.4000e0040.0000 2.7111 2.7111 6.0000e0057.0000e0052.7337 Total 1.5300e0030.0243 0.0144 1.4000e0046.6900e0032.4000e0046.9300e0031.8000e0032.2000e0042.0300e0030.0000 13.3329 13.3329 1.3000e0041.7400e00313.8551 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 18 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.5 Grading/BC Overlap - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Fugitive Dust 0.0885 0.0000 0.0885 0.0455 0.0000 0.0455 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 0.0141 0.2857 0.3759 5.7000e0042.1800e0032.1800e0032.1800e0032.1800e0030.0000 50.3819 50.3819 0.0163 0.0000 50.7892 Total 0.0141 0.2857 0.3759 5.7000e0040.0885 2.1800e0030.0907 0.0455 2.1800e0030.0477 0.0000 50.3819 50.3819 0.0163 0.0000 50.7892 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 4.0000e0040.0235 4.9500e0031.1000e0043.2100e0032.2000e0043.4300e0038.8000e0042.1000e0041.0900e0030.0000 10.6219 10.6219 7.0000e0051.6700e00311.1215 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 1.1300e0037.9000e0049.4400e0033.0000e0053.4800e0032.0000e0053.5000e0039.2000e0041.0000e0059.4000e0040.0000 2.7111 2.7111 6.0000e0057.0000e0052.7337 Total 1.5300e0030.0243 0.0144 1.4000e0046.6900e0032.4000e0046.9300e0031.8000e0032.2000e0042.0300e0030.0000 13.3329 13.3329 1.3000e0041.7400e00313.8551 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
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3.6 Building Construction - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Off-Road 0.1776 1.8072 1.6238 3.0900e0030.0814 0.0814 0.0748 0.0748 0.0000 271.4578 271.4578 0.0878 0.0000 273.6527 Total 0.1776 1.8072 1.6238 3.0900e0030.0814 0.0814 0.0748 0.0748 0.0000 271.4578 271.4578 0.0878 0.0000 273.6527 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 5.6200e0030.2227 0.0698 1.0000e0030.0327 1.3900e0030.0340 9.4400e0031.3300e0030.0108 0.0000 95.4877 95.4877 5.3000e0040.0144 99.7859 Worker 0.0511 0.0357 0.4263 1.3400e0030.1573 7.3000e0040.1580 0.0418 6.7000e0040.0425 0.0000 122.4820 122.4820 2.9000e0033.1900e003123.5038 Total 0.0567 0.2584 0.4961 2.3400e0030.1899 2.1200e0030.1920 0.0512 2.0000e0030.0532 0.0000 217.9697 217.9697 3.4300e0030.0176 223.2896 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 20 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.6 Building Construction - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Off-Road 0.0758 1.5354 2.0193 3.0900e0030.0116 0.0116 0.0116 0.0116 0.0000 271.4575 271.4575 0.0878 0.0000 273.6524 Total 0.0758 1.5354 2.0193 3.0900e0030.0116 0.0116 0.0116 0.0116 0.0000 271.4575 271.4575 0.0878 0.0000 273.6524 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 5.6200e0030.2227 0.0698 1.0000e0030.0327 1.3900e0030.0340 9.4400e0031.3300e0030.0108 0.0000 95.4877 95.4877 5.3000e0040.0144 99.7859 Worker 0.0511 0.0357 0.4263 1.3400e0030.1573 7.3000e0040.1580 0.0418 6.7000e0040.0425 0.0000 122.4820 122.4820 2.9000e0033.1900e003123.5038 Total 0.0567 0.2584 0.4961 2.3400e0030.1899 2.1200e0030.1920 0.0512 2.0000e0030.0532 0.0000 217.9697 217.9697 3.4300e0030.0176 223.2896 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 21 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.7 Paving - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Off-Road 0.0356 0.3745 0.2593 5.4000e0040.0168 0.0168 0.0154 0.0154 0.0000 47.0096 47.0096 0.0152 0.0000 47.3896 Paving 0.0204 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0559 0.3745 0.2593 5.4000e0040.0168 0.0168 0.0154 0.0154 0.0000 47.0096 47.0096 0.0152 0.0000 47.3896 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 1.0500e0037.3000e0048.7600e0033.0000e0053.2300e0031.0000e0053.2500e0038.6000e0041.0000e0058.7000e0040.0000 2.5174 2.5174 6.0000e0057.0000e0052.5384 Total 1.0500e0037.3000e0048.7600e0033.0000e0053.2300e0031.0000e0053.2500e0038.6000e0041.0000e0058.7000e0040.0000 2.5174 2.5174 6.0000e0057.0000e0052.5384 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 22 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.7 Paving - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Off-Road 0.0131 0.2697 0.3271 5.4000e0042.0600e0032.0600e0032.0600e0032.0600e0030.0000 47.0095 47.0095 0.0152 0.0000 47.3896 Paving 0.0204 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0335 0.2697 0.3271 5.4000e0042.0600e0032.0600e0032.0600e0032.0600e0030.0000 47.0095 47.0095 0.0152 0.0000 47.3896 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 1.0500e0037.3000e0048.7600e0033.0000e0053.2300e0031.0000e0053.2500e0038.6000e0041.0000e0058.7000e0040.0000 2.5174 2.5174 6.0000e0057.0000e0052.5384 Total 1.0500e0037.3000e0048.7600e0033.0000e0053.2300e0031.0000e0053.2500e0038.6000e0041.0000e0058.7000e0040.0000 2.5174 2.5174 6.0000e0057.0000e0052.5384 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 23 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.8 Architectural Coating - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Archit. Coating 1.8169 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 4.7900e0030.0326 0.0453 7.0000e0051.7700e0031.7700e0031.7700e0031.7700e0030.0000 6.3831 6.3831 3.8000e0040.0000 6.3927 Total 1.8217 0.0326 0.0453 7.0000e0051.7700e0031.7700e0031.7700e0031.7700e0030.0000 6.3831 6.3831 3.8000e0040.0000 6.3927 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 4.6500e0033.2500e0030.0388 1.2000e0040.0143 7.0000e0050.0144 3.8000e0036.0000e0053.8600e0030.0000 11.1347 11.1347 2.6000e0042.9000e00411.2276 Total 4.6500e0033.2500e0030.0388 1.2000e0040.0143 7.0000e0050.0144 3.8000e0036.0000e0053.8600e0030.0000 11.1347 11.1347 2.6000e0042.9000e00411.2276 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 24 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.8 Architectural Coating - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Archit. Coating 1.8169 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Off-Road 1.4900e0030.0339 0.0458 7.0000e0053.6000e0043.6000e0043.6000e0043.6000e0040.0000 6.3831 6.3831 3.8000e0040.0000 6.3927 Total 1.8184 0.0339 0.0458 7.0000e0053.6000e0043.6000e0043.6000e0043.6000e0040.0000 6.3831 6.3831 3.8000e0040.0000 6.3927 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 4.6500e0033.2500e0030.0388 1.2000e0040.0143 7.0000e0050.0144 3.8000e0036.0000e0053.8600e0030.0000 11.1347 11.1347 2.6000e0042.9000e00411.2276 Total 4.6500e0033.2500e0030.0388 1.2000e0040.0143 7.0000e0050.0144 3.8000e0036.0000e0053.8600e0030.0000 11.1347 11.1347 2.6000e0042.9000e00411.2276 Mitigated Construction Off-Site
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 25 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

4.0 Operational Detail - Mobile
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

4.1 Mitigation Measures Mobile

4.2 Trip Summary Information

4.3 Trip Type Information
Average Daily Trip Rate Unmitigated Mitigated
Land Use Weekday Saturday Sunday Annual VMT Annual VMT
Automobile Care Center 0.00 0.00 0.00
Discount Club 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gasoline/Service Station 0.00 0.00 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00
Miles Trip % Trip Purpose %
Land Use H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW Primary Diverted Pass-by Automobile Care Center 14.70 6.60 6.60 33.00 48.00 19.00 21 51 28 Discount Club 14.70 6.60 6.60 16.70 64.30 19.00 45 40 15 Gasoline/Service Station 14.70 6.60 6.60 2.00 79.00 19.00 14 27 59 CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 26 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Miles Trip % Trip Purpose %
Land Use H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW Primary Diverted Pass-by Parking Lot 14.70 6.60 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0

4.4 Fleet Mix
Land Use LDA LDT1 LDT2 MDV LHD1 LHD2 MHD HHD OBUS UBUS MCY SBUS MH Automobile Care Center 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090 Discount Club 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090 Gasoline/Service Station 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090 Parking Lot 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090

5.0 Energy Detail

5.1 Mitigation Measures Energy
Historical Energy Use: N
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 27 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Electricity
Mitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Electricity
Unmitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 NaturalGas
Mitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 NaturalGas
Unmitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 28 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Discount Club 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Gasoline/Service
Station
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 29 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Discount Club 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Gasoline/Service
Station
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 30 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Discount Club 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gasoline/Service
Station
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Unmitigated
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6.1 Mitigation Measures Area

6.0 Area Detail

5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Discount Club 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gasoline/Service
Station
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Mitigated
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PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated
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7.1 Mitigation Measures Water

7.0 Water Detail

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated
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Category MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Discount Club 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gasoline/Service
Station
0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Unmitigated
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7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Discount Club 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gasoline/Service
Station
0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Mitigated

8.1 Mitigation Measures Waste

8.0 Waste Detail
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MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Category/Year

8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Discount Club 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gasoline/Service
Station
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Unmitigated
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8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Discount Club 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Gasoline/Service
Station
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Mitigated

9.0 Operational Offroad
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Days/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type

10.0 Stationary Equipment
Fire Pumps and Emergency Generators
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Hours/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type Boilers
Equipment Type Number Heat Input/Day Heat Input/Year Boiler Rating Fuel Type User Defined Equipment
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 38 of 39 Date: 11/21/2022 12:59 PM Costco Fresno Mitigated Construction Run - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

11.0 Vegetation
Equipment Type Number
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Fresno County, Annual
Project Characteristics - Project-specific values (RPS emission factor) Land Use - Project-specific values
Construction Phase - Operational run
Off-road Equipment - Operational run
Vehicle Trips - Project-specific values, mobile emissions calculated seperately Consumer Products - Updated emission factor for consumer products to refine the VOC emissions based on recent CARB regulations.

1.1 Land Usage
Land Uses Size Metric Lot Acreage Floor Surface Area Population Parking Lot 889.00 Space 8.00 355,600.00 0
Automobile Care Center 4.80 1000sqft 0.11 4,800.00 0
Discount Club 241.34 1000sqft 5.54 241,340.00 0
Gasoline/Service Station 32.00 Pump 0.10 4,517.60 0

1.2 Other Project Characteristics
Urbanization
Climate Zone
Rural
3 Wind Speed (m/s) 2.2 Precipitation Freq (Days) 45

1.3 User Entered Comments & Non-Default Data

1.0 Project Characteristics
Utility Company Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Operational Year 2023
CO2 Intensity
(lb/MWhr)
191.61 CH4 Intensity 0.033
(lb/MWhr)
N2O Intensity 0.004
(lb/MWhr)
Table Name Column Name Default Value New Value
tblConsumerProducts ROG_EF 2.14E-05 1.62E-05
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2.0 Emissions Summary
tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 1.00 0.00 tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 3.00 0.00 tblOffRoadEquipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount 2.00 0.00 tblProjectCharacteristics CO2IntensityFactor 203.98 191.61 tblProjectCharacteristics UrbanizationLevel Urban Rural tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 53.75 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 182.17 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 11.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 33.67 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 166.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 41.80 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 172.01 0.00
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2.1 Overall Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Maximum 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Maximum 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Quarter Start Date End Date Maximum Unmitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) Maximum Mitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 3 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied Highest

2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Energy 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 330.8528 330.8528 0.0345 6.5300e003333.6620 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 217.9149 0.0000 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.9496 12.3158 18.2653 0.6132 0.0147 37.9717 Total 0.9616 0.1351 0.1241 8.1000e0040.0000 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 0.0103 0.0103 223.8644 343.1895 567.0539 13.5261 0.0212 911.5307 Unmitigated Operational
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2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Energy 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 330.8528 330.8528 0.0345 6.5300e003333.6620 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 217.9149 0.0000 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.9496 12.3158 18.2653 0.6132 0.0147 37.9717 Total 0.9616 0.1351 0.1241 8.1000e0040.0000 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 0.0103 0.0103 223.8644 343.1895 567.0539 13.5261 0.0212 911.5307 Mitigated Operational

3.0 Construction Detail
Construction Phase
Phase
Number
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Num Days
Week
Num Days Phase Description
1 Demolition Demolition 4/1/2023 4/30/2023 5 20
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Acres of Grading (Site Preparation Phase): 0
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3.1 Mitigation Measures Construction
OffRoad Equipment
Phase Name Offroad Equipment Type Amount Usage Hours Horse Power Load Factor Demolition Concrete/Industrial Saws 0 8.00 81 0.73
Demolition Excavators 0 8.00 158 0.38
Demolition Rubber Tired Dozers 0 8.00 247 0.40
Trips and VMT
Phase Name Offroad Equipment
Count
Worker Trip
Number
Vendor Trip
Number
Hauling Trip
Number
Worker Trip
Length
Vendor Trip
Length
Hauling Trip
Length
Worker Vehicle
Class
Vendor
Vehicle Class
Hauling
Vehicle Class
Demolition 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.80 6.60 20.00 LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Residential Indoor: 0; Residential Outdoor: 0; Non-Residential Indoor: 0; Non-Residential Outdoor: 0; Striped Parking Area: 0 (Architectural Coating – sqft)
Acres of Grading (Grading Phase): 0
Acres of Paving: 8
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3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Off-Road 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site
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3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Off-Road 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction On-Site
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction Off-Site

4.0 Operational Detail - Mobile
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PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

4.1 Mitigation Measures Mobile

4.2 Trip Summary Information

4.3 Trip Type Information
Average Daily Trip Rate Unmitigated Mitigated
Land Use Weekday Saturday Sunday Annual VMT Annual VMT
Automobile Care Center 0.00 0.00 0.00
Discount Club 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gasoline/Service Station 0.00 0.00 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00
Miles Trip % Trip Purpose %
Land Use H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW Primary Diverted Pass-by Automobile Care Center 14.70 6.60 6.60 33.00 48.00 19.00 21 51 28 Discount Club 14.70 6.60 6.60 16.70 64.30 19.00 45 40 15 Gasoline/Service Station 14.70 6.60 6.60 2.00 79.00 19.00 14 27 59 Parking Lot 14.70 6.60 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
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4.4 Fleet Mix
Land Use LDA LDT1 LDT2 MDV LHD1 LHD2 MHD HHD OBUS UBUS MCY SBUS MH Automobile Care Center 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090 Discount Club 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090 Gasoline/Service Station 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090 Parking Lot 0.510058 0.053037 0.175964 0.161396 0.026773 0.007006 0.013819 0.022114 0.000717 0.000291 0.024206 0.001529 0.003090

5.0 Energy Detail
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Electricity
Mitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 183.9160 183.9160 0.0317 3.8400e003185.8520 Electricity
Unmitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 183.9160 183.9160 0.0317 3.8400e003185.8520 NaturalGas
Mitigated

0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.6900e003147.8100 NaturalGas
Unmitigated

0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.6900e003147.8100

5.1 Mitigation Measures Energy
Historical Energy Use: N
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5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
99360 5.4000e0044.8700e0034.0900e0033.0000e0053.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0040.0000 5.3022 5.3022 1.0000e0041.0000e0045.3337 Discount Club 2.56062e
+006

0.0138 0.1255 0.1054 7.5000e0049.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0030.0000 136.6443 136.6443 2.6200e0032.5100e003137.4563 Gasoline/Service
Station
93514.3 5.0000e0044.5800e0033.8500e0033.0000e0053.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0040.0000 4.9903 4.9903 1.0000e0049.0000e0055.0199 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.7000e003147.8100 Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 11 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
99360 5.4000e0044.8700e0034.0900e0033.0000e0053.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0040.0000 5.3022 5.3022 1.0000e0041.0000e0045.3337 Discount Club 2.56062e
+006

0.0138 0.1255 0.1054 7.5000e0049.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0030.0000 136.6443 136.6443 2.6200e0032.5100e003137.4563 Gasoline/Service
Station
93514.3 5.0000e0044.5800e0033.8500e0033.0000e0053.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0040.0000 4.9903 4.9903 1.0000e0049.0000e0055.0199 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.7000e003147.8100 Mitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 12 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
41328 3.5919 6.2000e0047.0000e0053.6297
Discount Club 1.91141e
+006
166.1263 0.0286 3.4700e003167.8751
Gasoline/Service
Station
38896.5 3.3806 5.8000e0047.0000e0053.4162
Parking Lot 124460 10.8172 1.8600e0032.3000e00410.9310 Total 183.9160 0.0317 3.8400e003185.8520
Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 13 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

6.1 Mitigation Measures Area

6.0 Area Detail

5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
41328 3.5919 6.2000e0047.0000e0053.6297
Discount Club 1.91141e
+006
166.1263 0.0286 3.4700e003167.8751
Gasoline/Service
Station
38896.5 3.3806 5.8000e0047.0000e0053.4162
Parking Lot 124460 10.8172 1.8600e0032.3000e00410.9310 Total 183.9160 0.0317 3.8400e003185.8520
Mitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 14 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Unmitigated 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.1817 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.7641 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 9.9000e0041.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Total 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 15 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

7.1 Mitigation Measures Water

7.0 Water Detail

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.1817 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.7641 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 9.9000e0041.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Total 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Mitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 16 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category MT/yr
Mitigated 18.2653 0.6132 0.0147 37.9717
Unmitigated 18.2653 0.6132 0.0147 37.9717

7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

0.451589 /

0.276781

0.4398 0.0148 3.5000e0040.9144
Discount Club 17.8767 /

10.9567

17.4115 0.5845 0.0140 36.1967
Gasoline/Service
Station

0.42502 /

0.260496

0.4140 0.0139 3.3000e0040.8606
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 18.2653 0.6132 0.0147 37.9717
Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 17 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

0.451589 /

0.276781

0.4398 0.0148 3.5000e0040.9144
Discount Club 17.8767 /

10.9567

17.4115 0.5845 0.0140 36.1967
Gasoline/Service
Station

0.42502 /

0.260496

0.4140 0.0139 3.3000e0040.8606
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 18.2653 0.6132 0.0147 37.9717
Mitigated

8.1 Mitigation Measures Waste

8.0 Waste Detail
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 18 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
MT/yr
Mitigated 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Unmitigated 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Category/Year

8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

18.34 3.7229 0.2200 0.0000 9.2232
Discount Club 1037.93 210.6904 12.4515 0.0000 521.9766
Gasoline/Service
Station

17.25 3.5016 0.2069 0.0000 8.6751
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 19 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

18.34 3.7229 0.2200 0.0000 9.2232
Discount Club 1037.93 210.6904 12.4515 0.0000 521.9766
Gasoline/Service
Station

17.25 3.5016 0.2069 0.0000 8.6751
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Mitigated

9.0 Operational Offroad
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Days/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type

10.0 Stationary Equipment
Fire Pumps and Emergency Generators
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Hours/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type Boilers
Equipment Type Number Heat Input/Day Heat Input/Year Boiler Rating Fuel Type User Defined Equipment
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 20 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied

11.0 Vegetation
Equipment Type Number
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 21 of 21 Date: 1/24/2022 1:27 PM Costco Fresno (Project) Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Applied Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation
Fresno County, Annual
Project Characteristics - Project-specific values (RPS emission factor) Land Use - Project-specific values
Construction Phase - Operational emissions only
Off-road Equipment - Operational emissions only
Vehicle Trips - Project-specific values, mobile emissions calculated seperately Consumer Products - Updated emission factor for consumer products to refine the VOC emissions based on recent CARB regulations.

1.1 Land Usage
Land Uses Size Metric Lot Acreage Floor Surface Area Population Gasoline/Service Station 32.00 Pump 1.33 4,517.60 0
Automobile Care Center 4.80 1000sqft 0.11 4,800.00 0
Discount Club 241.34 1000sqft 5.54 241,340.00 0
Parking Lot 889.00 Space 15.55 355,600.00 0

1.2 Other Project Characteristics
Urbanization
Climate Zone
Rural
3 Wind Speed (m/s) 2.2 Precipitation Freq (Days) 45

1.3 User Entered Comments & Non-Default Data

1.0 Project Characteristics
Utility Company Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Operational Year 2030
CO2 Intensity
(lb/MWhr)
130.13 CH4 Intensity 0.033
(lb/MWhr)
N2O Intensity 0.004
(lb/MWhr)
Table Name Column Name Default Value New Value
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 20.00 0.00
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2.0 Emissions Summary
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 5/26/2023 4/30/2023
tblConsumerProducts ROG_EF 2.14E-05 1.62E-05
tblLandUse LotAcreage 0.10 1.33
tblLandUse LotAcreage 8.00 15.55
tblProjectCharacteristics CO2IntensityFactor 203.98 130.13 tblProjectCharacteristics UrbanizationLevel Urban Rural tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 53.75 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 182.17 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 11.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 33.67 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 166.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 41.80 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 172.01 0.00
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 2 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

2.1 Overall Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Maximum 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Maximum 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Quarter Start Date End Date Maximum Unmitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) Maximum Mitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 3 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Highest

2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Energy 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 271.8415 271.8415 0.0345 6.5300e003274.6507 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 217.9149 0.0000 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.9496 8.3641 14.3137 0.6132 0.0147 34.0200 Total 0.9616 0.1351 0.1241 8.1000e0040.0000 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 0.0103 0.0103 223.8644 280.2265 504.0909 13.5261 0.0212 848.5677 Unmitigated Operational
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 4 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Energy 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 271.8415 271.8415 0.0345 6.5300e003274.6507 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 217.9149 0.0000 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.9496 8.3641 14.3137 0.6132 0.0147 34.0200 Total 0.9616 0.1351 0.1241 8.1000e0040.0000 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 0.0103 0.0103 223.8644 280.2265 504.0909 13.5261 0.0212 848.5677 Mitigated Operational

3.0 Construction Detail
Construction Phase
Phase
Number
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Num Days
Week
Num Days Phase Description
1 Demolition Demolition 5/1/2023 4/30/2023 5 0
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Acres of Grading (Site Preparation Phase): 0
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 5 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site

3.1 Mitigation Measures Construction
OffRoad Equipment
Phase Name Offroad Equipment Type Amount Usage Hours Horse Power Load Factor Trips and VMT
Phase Name Offroad Equipment
Count
Worker Trip
Number
Vendor Trip
Number
Hauling Trip
Number
Worker Trip
Length
Vendor Trip
Length
Hauling Trip
Length
Worker Vehicle
Class
Vendor
Vehicle Class
Hauling
Vehicle Class
Demolition 0.00 0.00 16.80 6.60
Residential Indoor: 0; Residential Outdoor: 0; Non-Residential Indoor: 0; Non-Residential Outdoor: 0; Striped Parking Area: 0 (Architectural Coating – sqft)
Acres of Grading (Grading Phase): 0
Acres of Paving: 15.55
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 6 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction Off-Site

4.0 Operational Detail - Mobile

4.1 Mitigation Measures Mobile
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 7 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

4.2 Trip Summary Information

4.3 Trip Type Information
Average Daily Trip Rate Unmitigated Mitigated
Land Use Weekday Saturday Sunday Annual VMT Annual VMT
Automobile Care Center 0.00 0.00 0.00
Discount Club 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gasoline/Service Station 0.00 0.00 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00
Miles Trip % Trip Purpose %
Land Use H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW Primary Diverted Pass-by Automobile Care Center 14.70 6.60 6.60 33.00 48.00 19.00 21 51 28 Discount Club 14.70 6.60 6.60 16.70 64.30 19.00 45 40 15 Gasoline/Service Station 14.70 6.60 6.60 2.00 79.00 19.00 14 27 59 Parking Lot 14.70 6.60 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0

4.4 Fleet Mix
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 8 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Land Use LDA LDT1 LDT2 MDV LHD1 LHD2 MHD HHD OBUS UBUS MCY SBUS MH Automobile Care Center 0.542478 0.054482 0.176258 0.134700 0.021641 0.005926 0.015139 0.022678 0.000679 0.000278 0.021974 0.001325 0.002442 Discount Club 0.542478 0.054482 0.176258 0.134700 0.021641 0.005926 0.015139 0.022678 0.000679 0.000278 0.021974 0.001325 0.002442 Gasoline/Service Station 0.542478 0.054482 0.176258 0.134700 0.021641 0.005926 0.015139 0.022678 0.000679 0.000278 0.021974 0.001325 0.002442 Parking Lot 0.542478 0.054482 0.176258 0.134700 0.021641 0.005926 0.015139 0.022678 0.000679 0.000278 0.021974 0.001325 0.002442

5.0 Energy Detail
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Electricity
Mitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 124.9047 124.9047 0.0317 3.8400e003126.8407 Electricity
Unmitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 124.9047 124.9047 0.0317 3.8400e003126.8407 NaturalGas
Mitigated

0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.6900e003147.8100 NaturalGas
Unmitigated

0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.6900e003147.8100

5.1 Mitigation Measures Energy
Historical Energy Use: N
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5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
99360 5.4000e0044.8700e0034.0900e0033.0000e0053.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0040.0000 5.3022 5.3022 1.0000e0041.0000e0045.3337 Discount Club 2.56062e
+006

0.0138 0.1255 0.1054 7.5000e0049.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0030.0000 136.6443 136.6443 2.6200e0032.5100e003137.4563 Gasoline/Service
Station
93514.3 5.0000e0044.5800e0033.8500e0033.0000e0053.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0040.0000 4.9903 4.9903 1.0000e0049.0000e0055.0199 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.7000e003147.8100 Unmitigated
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5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
99360 5.4000e0044.8700e0034.0900e0033.0000e0053.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0040.0000 5.3022 5.3022 1.0000e0041.0000e0045.3337 Discount Club 2.56062e
+006

0.0138 0.1255 0.1054 7.5000e0049.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0030.0000 136.6443 136.6443 2.6200e0032.5100e003137.4563 Gasoline/Service
Station
93514.3 5.0000e0044.5800e0033.8500e0033.0000e0053.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0040.0000 4.9903 4.9903 1.0000e0049.0000e0055.0199 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.7000e003147.8100 Mitigated
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5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
41328 2.4394 6.2000e0047.0000e0052.4772
Discount Club 1.91141e
+006
112.8230 0.0286 3.4700e003114.5718
Gasoline/Service
Station
38896.5 2.2959 5.8000e0047.0000e0052.3315
Parking Lot 124460 7.3464 1.8600e0032.3000e0047.4602
Total 124.9047 0.0317 3.8400e003126.8407
Unmitigated
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6.1 Mitigation Measures Area

6.0 Area Detail

5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
41328 2.4394 6.2000e0047.0000e0052.4772
Discount Club 1.91141e
+006
112.8230 0.0286 3.4700e003114.5718
Gasoline/Service
Station
38896.5 2.2959 5.8000e0047.0000e0052.3315
Parking Lot 124460 7.3464 1.8600e0032.3000e0047.4602
Total 124.9047 0.0317 3.8400e003126.8407
Mitigated
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PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Unmitigated 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.1817 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.7641 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 9.8000e0041.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Total 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Unmitigated
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7.1 Mitigation Measures Water

7.0 Water Detail

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.1817 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.7641 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 9.8000e0041.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Total 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Mitigated
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Category MT/yr
Mitigated 14.3137 0.6132 0.0147 34.0200
Unmitigated 14.3137 0.6132 0.0147 34.0200

7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

0.451589 /

0.276781

0.3447 0.0148 3.5000e0040.8192
Discount Club 17.8767 /

10.9567

13.6446 0.5845 0.0140 32.4298
Gasoline/Service
Station

0.42502 /

0.260496

0.3244 0.0139 3.3000e0040.7710
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 14.3137 0.6132 0.0147 34.0200
Unmitigated
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7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

0.451589 /

0.276781

0.3447 0.0148 3.5000e0040.8192
Discount Club 17.8767 /

10.9567

13.6446 0.5845 0.0140 32.4298
Gasoline/Service
Station

0.42502 /

0.260496

0.3244 0.0139 3.3000e0040.7710
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 14.3137 0.6132 0.0147 34.0200
Mitigated

8.1 Mitigation Measures Waste

8.0 Waste Detail
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 17 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:38 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2030 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
MT/yr
Mitigated 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Unmitigated 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Category/Year

8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

18.34 3.7229 0.2200 0.0000 9.2232
Discount Club 1037.93 210.6904 12.4515 0.0000 521.9766
Gasoline/Service
Station

17.25 3.5016 0.2069 0.0000 8.6751
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Unmitigated
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8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

18.34 3.7229 0.2200 0.0000 9.2232
Discount Club 1037.93 210.6904 12.4515 0.0000 521.9766
Gasoline/Service
Station

17.25 3.5016 0.2069 0.0000 8.6751
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Mitigated

9.0 Operational Offroad
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Days/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type

10.0 Stationary Equipment
Fire Pumps and Emergency Generators
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Hours/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type Boilers
Equipment Type Number Heat Input/Day Heat Input/Year Boiler Rating Fuel Type User Defined Equipment
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11.0 Vegetation
Equipment Type Number
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Fresno County, Annual
Project Characteristics - Project-specific values (RPS emission factor) Land Use - Project-specific values
Construction Phase - Operational emissions only
Off-road Equipment - Operational emissions only
Vehicle Trips - Project-specific values, mobile emissions calculated seperately Consumer Products - Updated emission factor for consumer products to refine the VOC emissions based on recent CARB regulations.

1.1 Land Usage
Land Uses Size Metric Lot Acreage Floor Surface Area Population Gasoline/Service Station 32.00 Pump 1.33 4,517.60 0
Automobile Care Center 4.80 1000sqft 0.11 4,800.00 0
Discount Club 241.34 1000sqft 5.54 241,340.00 0
Parking Lot 889.00 Space 15.55 355,600.00 0

1.2 Other Project Characteristics
Urbanization
Climate Zone
Rural
3 Wind Speed (m/s) 2.2 Precipitation Freq (Days) 45

1.3 User Entered Comments & Non-Default Data

1.0 Project Characteristics
Utility Company Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Operational Year 2035
CO2 Intensity
(lb/MWhr)

86.75 CH4 Intensity 0.033
(lb/MWhr)
N2O Intensity 0.004
(lb/MWhr)
Table Name Column Name Default Value New Value
tblConstructionPhase NumDays 20.00 0.00
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2.0 Emissions Summary
tblConstructionPhase PhaseEndDate 5/26/2023 4/30/2023
tblConsumerProducts ROG_EF 2.14E-05 1.62E-05
tblLandUse LotAcreage 0.10 1.33
tblLandUse LotAcreage 8.00 15.55
tblProjectCharacteristics CO2IntensityFactor 203.98 86.75 tblProjectCharacteristics UrbanizationLevel Urban Rural tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 53.75 0.00
tblVehicleTrips ST_TR 182.17 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 11.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 33.67 0.00
tblVehicleTrips SU_TR 166.88 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 23.72 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 41.80 0.00
tblVehicleTrips WD_TR 172.01 0.00
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 2 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

2.1 Overall Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Maximum 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Year tons/yr MT/yr
2023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Maximum 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Quarter Start Date End Date Maximum Unmitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) Maximum Mitigated ROG + NOX (tons/quarter) CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 3 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Highest

2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Energy 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 230.2034 230.2034 0.0345 6.5300e003233.0126 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 217.9149 0.0000 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.9496 5.5759 11.5254 0.6132 0.0147 31.2318 Total 0.9616 0.1351 0.1240 8.1000e0040.0000 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 0.0103 0.0103 223.8644 235.8002 459.6646 13.5261 0.0212 804.1414 Unmitigated Operational
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2.2 Overall Operational
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Area 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Energy 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 230.2034 230.2034 0.0345 6.5300e003233.0126 Mobile 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Waste 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 217.9149 0.0000 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748 Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.9496 5.5759 11.5254 0.6132 0.0147 31.2318 Total 0.9616 0.1351 0.1240 8.1000e0040.0000 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 0.0103 0.0103 223.8644 235.8002 459.6646 13.5261 0.0212 804.1414 Mitigated Operational

3.0 Construction Detail
Construction Phase
Phase
Number
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Num Days
Week
Num Days Phase Description
1 Demolition Demolition 5/1/2023 4/30/2023 5 0
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e
Percent
Reduction

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Acres of Grading (Site Preparation Phase): 0
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3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated Construction Off-Site

3.1 Mitigation Measures Construction
OffRoad Equipment
Phase Name Offroad Equipment Type Amount Usage Hours Horse Power Load Factor Trips and VMT
Phase Name Offroad Equipment
Count
Worker Trip
Number
Vendor Trip
Number
Hauling Trip
Number
Worker Trip
Length
Vendor Trip
Length
Hauling Trip
Length
Worker Vehicle
Class
Vendor
Vehicle Class
Hauling
Vehicle Class
Demolition 0.00 0.00 16.80 6.60
Residential Indoor: 0; Residential Outdoor: 0; Non-Residential Indoor: 0; Non-Residential Outdoor: 0; Striped Parking Area: 0 (Architectural Coating – sqft)
Acres of Grading (Grading Phase): 0
Acres of Paving: 15.55
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3.2 Demolition - 2023
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Hauling 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Vendor 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Worker 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Mitigated Construction Off-Site

4.0 Operational Detail - Mobile

4.1 Mitigation Measures Mobile
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PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Unmitigated 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

4.2 Trip Summary Information

4.3 Trip Type Information
Average Daily Trip Rate Unmitigated Mitigated
Land Use Weekday Saturday Sunday Annual VMT Annual VMT
Automobile Care Center 0.00 0.00 0.00
Discount Club 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gasoline/Service Station 0.00 0.00 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00
Miles Trip % Trip Purpose %
Land Use H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW H-W or C-W H-S or C-C H-O or C-NW Primary Diverted Pass-by Automobile Care Center 14.70 6.60 6.60 33.00 48.00 19.00 21 51 28 Discount Club 14.70 6.60 6.60 16.70 64.30 19.00 45 40 15 Gasoline/Service Station 14.70 6.60 6.60 2.00 79.00 19.00 14 27 59 Parking Lot 14.70 6.60 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0

4.4 Fleet Mix
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 8 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Land Use LDA LDT1 LDT2 MDV LHD1 LHD2 MHD HHD OBUS UBUS MCY SBUS MH Automobile Care Center 0.553747 0.055870 0.176952 0.125831 0.019734 0.005457 0.015107 0.021893 0.000653 0.000272 0.021077 0.001181 0.002226 Discount Club 0.553747 0.055870 0.176952 0.125831 0.019734 0.005457 0.015107 0.021893 0.000653 0.000272 0.021077 0.001181 0.002226 Gasoline/Service Station 0.553747 0.055870 0.176952 0.125831 0.019734 0.005457 0.015107 0.021893 0.000653 0.000272 0.021077 0.001181 0.002226 Parking Lot 0.553747 0.055870 0.176952 0.125831 0.019734 0.005457 0.015107 0.021893 0.000653 0.000272 0.021077 0.001181 0.002226

5.0 Energy Detail
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Electricity
Mitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 83.2666 83.2666 0.0317 3.8400e00385.2026 Electricity
Unmitigated

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 83.2666 83.2666 0.0317 3.8400e00385.2026 NaturalGas
Mitigated

0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.6900e003147.8100 NaturalGas
Unmitigated

0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.6900e003147.8100

5.1 Mitigation Measures Energy
Historical Energy Use: N
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5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
99360 5.4000e0044.8700e0034.0900e0033.0000e0053.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0040.0000 5.3022 5.3022 1.0000e0041.0000e0045.3337 Discount Club 2.56062e
+006

0.0138 0.1255 0.1054 7.5000e0049.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0030.0000 136.6443 136.6443 2.6200e0032.5100e003137.4563 Gasoline/Service
Station
93514.3 5.0000e0044.5800e0033.8500e0033.0000e0053.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0040.0000 4.9903 4.9903 1.0000e0049.0000e0055.0199 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.7000e003147.8100 Unmitigated
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5.2 Energy by Land Use - NaturalGas
NaturalGa
s Use
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kBTU/yr tons/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
99360 5.4000e0044.8700e0034.0900e0033.0000e0053.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0043.7000e0040.0000 5.3022 5.3022 1.0000e0041.0000e0045.3337 Discount Club 2.56062e
+006

0.0138 0.1255 0.1054 7.5000e0049.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0039.5400e0030.0000 136.6443 136.6443 2.6200e0032.5100e003137.4563 Gasoline/Service
Station
93514.3 5.0000e0044.5800e0033.8500e0033.0000e0053.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0043.5000e0040.0000 4.9903 4.9903 1.0000e0049.0000e0055.0199 Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total 0.0149 0.1350 0.1134 8.1000e0040.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0103 0.0000 146.9368 146.9368 2.8200e0032.7000e003147.8100 Mitigated
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5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
41328 1.6262 6.2000e0047.0000e0051.6640
Discount Club 1.91141e
+006

75.2125 0.0286 3.4700e00376.9612
Gasoline/Service
Station
38896.5 1.5306 5.8000e0047.0000e0051.5661
Parking Lot 124460 4.8974 1.8600e0032.3000e0045.0113
Total 83.2666 0.0317 3.8400e00385.2026
Unmitigated
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6.1 Mitigation Measures Area

6.0 Area Detail

5.3 Energy by Land Use - Electricity
Electricity
Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use kWh/yr MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center
41328 1.6262 6.2000e0047.0000e0051.6640
Discount Club 1.91141e
+006

75.2125 0.0286 3.4700e00376.9612
Gasoline/Service
Station
38896.5 1.5306 5.8000e0047.0000e0051.5661
Parking Lot 124460 4.8974 1.8600e0032.3000e0045.0113
Total 83.2666 0.0317 3.8400e00385.2026
Mitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 13 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category tons/yr MT/yr
Mitigated 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Unmitigated 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.1817 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.7641 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 9.8000e0041.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Total 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 14 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

7.1 Mitigation Measures Water

7.0 Water Detail

6.2 Area by SubCategory
ROG NOx CO SO2 Fugitive
PM10
Exhaust
PM10
PM10
Total
Fugitive
PM2.5
Exhaust
PM2.5
PM2.5
Total
Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
SubCategory tons/yr MT/yr
Architectural
Coating

0.1817 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Consumer
Products

0.7641 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Landscaping 9.8000e0041.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Total 0.9467 1.0000e0040.0107 0.0000 4.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0054.0000e0050.0000 0.0209 0.0209 5.0000e0050.0000 0.0222 Mitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 15 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Category MT/yr
Mitigated 11.5254 0.6132 0.0147 31.2318
Unmitigated 11.5254 0.6132 0.0147 31.2318

7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

0.451589 /

0.276781

0.2775 0.0148 3.5000e0040.7521
Discount Club 17.8767 /

10.9567

10.9867 0.5845 0.0140 29.7718
Gasoline/Service
Station

0.42502 /

0.260496

0.2612 0.0139 3.3000e0040.7078
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 11.5254 0.6132 0.0147 31.2318
Unmitigated
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7.2 Water by Land Use
Indoor/Out
door Use
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use Mgal MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

0.451589 /

0.276781

0.2775 0.0148 3.5000e0040.7521
Discount Club 17.8767 /

10.9567

10.9867 0.5845 0.0140 29.7718
Gasoline/Service
Station

0.42502 /

0.260496

0.2612 0.0139 3.3000e0040.7078
Parking Lot 0 / 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 11.5254 0.6132 0.0147 31.2318
Mitigated

8.1 Mitigation Measures Waste

8.0 Waste Detail
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 17 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
MT/yr
Mitigated 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Unmitigated 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Category/Year

8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

18.34 3.7229 0.2200 0.0000 9.2232
Discount Club 1037.93 210.6904 12.4515 0.0000 521.9766
Gasoline/Service
Station

17.25 3.5016 0.2069 0.0000 8.6751
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Unmitigated
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 18 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

8.2 Waste by Land Use
Waste
Disposed
Total CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Land Use tons MT/yr
Automobile Care
Center

18.34 3.7229 0.2200 0.0000 9.2232
Discount Club 1037.93 210.6904 12.4515 0.0000 521.9766
Gasoline/Service
Station

17.25 3.5016 0.2069 0.0000 8.6751
Parking Lot 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 217.9149 12.8784 0.0000 539.8748
Mitigated

9.0 Operational Offroad
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Days/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type

10.0 Stationary Equipment
Fire Pumps and Emergency Generators
Equipment Type Number Hours/Day Hours/Year Horse Power Load Factor Fuel Type Boilers
Equipment Type Number Heat Input/Day Heat Input/Year Boiler Rating Fuel Type User Defined Equipment
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 19 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied

11.0 Vegetation
Equipment Type Number
CalEEMod Version: CalEEMod.2020.4.0 Page 20 of 20 Date: 7/26/2022 7:52 PM Costco Fresno (Project) 2035 Operation - Fresno County, Annual EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Gasoline Light Duty Vehicle to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Not Applied Costco Commercial Center
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX B

OPERATIONAL MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS
Table B-1a. Trip Lengths and Vehicle Miles Traveled by Operational Mobile Sources (Herndon/Riverside) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Average
One-Way Trip
Length1,2
Peak Daily Trips
(one-way
trips/day)3
Peak Daily
VMT4
Annual Average
Trips (one-way
trips/yr)
Annual
Average VMT
Primary 17.3 10,046 173,528 3,666,790 63,337,720
Diverted 1.0 4,038 4,119 1,473,870 1,503,435
Pass-By 0.1 3,788 379 1,382,620 138,262
Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash
Employee Vehicles Primary

30.7 300 9,210 109,500 3,361,650
MDO Driver and Warehouse Employee
Vehicles Primary

30.7 136 4,175 49,640 1,523,875
MDO Delivery Trucks Primary 81.5 20 1,630 7,300 594,950 Fuel Delivery Trucks Primary 125.0 14 1,750 5,110 638,750 Warehouse Delivery Trucks Primary 125.0 26 3,250 9,490 1,186,250 Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
MDO - market delivery operation
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
4 Peak daily VMT based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates or estimated as a product of average trip length and number of trips presented in this table.

Trip Type
Member Vehicles
1 Average trip lengths for primary and diverted trip types are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates. Pass-by trip length for member vehicles is assumed to be equal to the CalEEMod® default trip length of 0.1 miles. 3 Peak daily trips are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates. 2 Average trip length for MDO delivery trucks provided by Costco. The average routed round trip length for Fresno MDO delivery trucks is 163 miles.