Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Policy Implications
Congressional Research Service 35
Concluding Comments
When addressing public mass shootings, many of the policymaking challenges may boil down to two interrelated concerns: (1) a need to determine the effectiveness of existing programs— particularly preventive efforts—and (2) figuring out where to disburse limited resources.
The law enforcement and public health fields have lengthy histories of applying preventive approaches to their work. However, the utility of widely employed preventive measures in these areas to fight public mass shootings is far from clear. For example, it appears that intelligence-led policing fails to address this threat. Likewise, preventive public health approaches reliant on research drawn from large data sets, covering broad populations, and examining general trends may not adequately address relatively rare—though devastating—public mass shootings. Given this, policy makers may be interested in supporting the development of useful preventive schemes in the law enforcement and public health arenas.
In the area of education, preventive efforts may be more effective. Fostering a positive school climate can be seen as a key element in preventing shootings. Additionally, the use of school resource officers as a preventive measure is popular among Americans. Yet, there are those who question the impact of such officers on the learning environment.
Policy makers confront the task of disbursing resources among a wide assortment of programs to tackle public mass shootings. Which efforts are more important than others? For example, should prevention trump response in most cases? Should programs that have multiple uses be favored over others that may be seen as more focused (or vice versa)? For example, which should receive more support related to dealing with mass shootings: EMS or efforts to cultivate positive school climate? Which untested programs or approaches should be evaluated thoroughly? Who should evaluate them? How long should funding exist to tackle the threat of mass shootings? All of this hints at an overarching difficulty confronting experts interested in crafting policy to address mass shootings. Essentially, baseline metrics gauging the effectiveness of policies to thwart public mass shootings are often unclear or unavailable. This lack of clarity starts with identifying the number of shootings, themselves, since no broadly agreed-to definition exists.
Several questions flow from this issue. How many people have such incidents victimized? How much does prevention of, preparedness for, and response to such incidents cost the federal government? What measurements can be used to determine the effectiveness of such efforts? In other words, and most importantly, how will we measure our successes or determine our failures in fighting this problem?
Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Policy Implications
Congressional Research Service R43004 · VERSION 9 · UPDATED 36
Author Information
Jerome P. Bjelopera, Coordinator
Specialist in Organized Crime and Terrorism
Kristin M. Finklea
Specialist in Domestic Security
Erin Bagalman
Analyst in Health Policy
Gail McCallion
Specialist in Social Policy
Sarah W. Caldwell
Information Research Specialist
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
Staff Report
March 1, 2023
ATTACHMENT 3
2022 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
Firearm Violence Prevention
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Violence Prevention
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Fast Facts: Firearm Violence Prevention
What is a (rearm injury?
A =rearm injury is a gunshot wound or penetrating injury from a weapon that uses a powder charge to =re a projectile.
Weapons that use a powder charge include handguns, riFes, and shotguns. Injuries from air- and gas-powered guns, BB guns, and pellet guns are not considered =rearm injuries as these types of guns do not use a powder charge to =re a projectile.
What are the di2erent types of (rearm injuries?
There are many types of =rearm injuries, which can be fatal or nonfatal:
• IIn ntte en nttiio on na alllly y s se ellff--iin nF Fiic ctte ed d ◦ Includes =rearm suicide or nonfatal self-harm injury from a =rearm • UU nn i i nn t t e e nn t t i i o o nn a a l l
◦ Includes fatal or nonfatal =rearm injuries that happen while someone is cleaning or playing with a =rearm or other incidents of an accidental =ring without evidence of intentional harm • IIn ntte er rp pe er rs so on na all v viio olle en nc ce e ◦ Includes =rearm homicide or nonfatal assault injury from a =rearm • LL ee gg aa l l i i nn t t ee rr vv ee nn t t i i oo nn ◦ Includes =rearm injuries inFicted by the police or other law enforcement agents acting in the line of duty ▪ For example, =rearm injuries that occur while arresting or attempting to arrest someone, maintaining order, or ensuring safety
◦ The term legal intervention is a commonly used external cause of injury classi=cation. It does not indicate the legality of the circumstances surrounding the death.
• UU nn dd e e t t e e r r m m i i nn e e dd i i nn t t e e nn t t ◦ Includes =rearm injuries where there is not enough information to determine whether the injury was intentionally self-inFicted, unintentional, the result of legal intervention, or from an act of interpersonal violence.
How common are (rearm injuries?
FF i i rr ee aa rr m m i i nn j j uu rr i i ee ss aa rr ee aa ss ee rr i i oo uu ss pp uu bb l l i i cc hh ee aa l l t t hh pp rr oo bb l l ee m m . . In 2020, there were 45,222 =rearm-related deaths in the United States – that’s about 124 people dying from a =rearm-related injury each day. More than half of =rearm-related deaths were suicides and more than 4 out of every 10 were =rearm homicides.
MM o o r r e e p p e e o o p p l l e e s s u u W W e e r r n n o o n n f f a a t t a a l l = = r r e e a a r r mm - - r r e e l l a a t t e e d d i i n n j j u u r r i i e e s s t t h h a a n n d d i i e e. More than seven out of every 10 medically treated =rearm injuries are from =rearm-related assaults. Nearly 2 out of every 10 are from unintentional =rearm injuries. There are few intentionally self-inFicted =rearm-related injuries seen in hospital emergency departments. Most people who use a =rearm in a suicide attempt, die from their injury.
FF i i rr ee aa rr m m i i nn j j uu rr i i ee ss aa W W ee cc t t pp ee oo pp l l ee i i nn aa l l l l ss t t aa gg ee ss oo f f l l i i f f ee . . In 2020, =rearm-related injuries were among the 5 leading causes of death for people ages 1-44 in the United States.
SS oo m m ee gg r r oo uu pp ss hh aa vv ee hh i i gg hh ee r r r r aa t t ee ss oo f f == r r ee aa r r m m i i nn j j uu r r yy t t hh aa nn oo t t hh ee r r ss . . Men account for 86% of all victims of =rearm death and 87% of nonfatal =rearm injuries. Rates of =rearm violence also vary by age and race/ethnicity. Firearm homicide rates are highest among teens and young adults 15-34 years of age and among Black or African American, American Indian or We take your privacy seriously. You can review and change the way we collect information below.
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PP ee r r f f oo r r m m aa nn cc ee CC oo oo kk i i ee s s
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Alaska Native, and Hispanic or Latino populations. Firearm suicide rates are highest among adults 75 years of age and older and among American Indian or Alaska Native and non-Hispanic white populations.
What is defensive gun use? How often does it occur?
Although de=nitions of defensive gun use vary, it is generally de=ned as the use of a =rearm to protect and defend oneself, family, other people, and/or property against crime or victimization.
Estimates of defensive gun use vary depending on the questions asked, populations studied, timeframe, and other factors related to study design. Given the wide variability in estimates, additional research is necessary to understand defensive gun use prevalence, frequency, circumstances, and outcomes.
What are the consequences of (rearm violence?
People who survive a =rearm-related injury may experience long-term consequences. These include problems with memory, thinking, emotions, and physical disability from injury to the brain; paralysis from injury to the spinal cord; and chronic mental health problems from conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
The eWects of =rearm violence extend beyond victims and their families. Shooting incidents, including those in homes, schools, houses of worship, workplaces, shopping areas, on the street or at community events can aWect the sense of safety and security of entire communities and impact everyday decisions.
The economic impact of =rearm violence is also substantial. Firearm violence costs the United States tens of billions of dollars each year in medical and lost productivity costs.
What is CDC’s role in (rearm violence prevention?
CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) has been the nation’s leading public health authority on violence and injury prevention for nearly 30 years. Firearm violence has tremendous impact on American’s overall safety and wellbeing. Using a public health approach is essential to addressing =rearm violence and keeping people safe and healthy.
CDC’s approach to preventing =rearm injuries focuses on three elements: providing data to inform action; conducting research and applying science to identify eWective solutions; and promoting collaboration across multiple sectors to address the problem.
How can you safely store your (rearm?
It is important to store all =rearms safely when not in use. Putting a =rearm out of sight or out of reach is nn oo t t s s aa f f ee ss tt o o rr aa gg ee aa n n d d n n o o tt ee n n o o u u gg h h to prevent use by children or unauthorized adults.
Resources are available to help =rearm owners consider the best options for safely storing =rearms. For example, the We take your privacy seriously. You can review and change the way we collect information below.
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Veteran’s Administration, in collaboration with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the National Shooting Sports Foundation, has released Suicide Prevention is Everyone’s Business: A Toolkit for Safe Firearm Storage . This toolkit describes methods for safe storage and provides guidance to enhance safe storage practices in your community.
The National Shooting Sports Foundation’s Project ChildSafe emphasizes the importance of storing =rearms unloaded and locked, with ammunition secured separately. They provide safety kits, brochures, tip sheets, and other educational materials and resources.
Please note that these examples are not meant to be a complete list of resources for safe =rearm storage and other resources are available.
1. Fowler K, Dahlberg LL, Haileyesus T, Annest JL. Firearm injuries in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 2015; 79:5-14.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coding of data based on International Classi=cation of Disease-10th Revision (ICD-10) external cause of injury codes. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. [Online] Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars /fatal_help/data_sources.html#6.3
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fatal injury data. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. [Online] Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/injury /wisqars/index.html.
4. Dahlberg LL, Haileyesus T. The human toll of =rearm violence in the United States. In: Schildkraut J (Ed) Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law, 3rd Edition, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Publishers (in-press).
5. DiScala C, Sege R. Outcomes in children and young adults who are hospitalized for =rearms-related injuries. Pediatrics, 2004; 113(5):1306-1312.
6. Greenspan AI, Kellermann AL. Physical and psychological outcomes eight months after serious gunshot injury. Journal of Trauma, 2002; 53(4):709-716.
7. Vella MA, Warshauer A, Tortorello G, et al. Long-term functional, psychological, emotional, and social outcomes in survivors of =rearm injuries. JAMA Surgery, 2019;155(1):1-9 [online ahead of print].
8. Lowe SR, Galea S. The mental health consequences of mass shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2017; 18(1):62-82.
References
Last Reviewed: May 4, 2022
We take your privacy seriously. You can review and change the way we collect information below.
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Staff Report
March 1, 2023
ATTACHMENT 4
2022 Council on Foreign Relations:
U.S. Gun Policy
Backgrounder
The United States is witnessing another year of record gun violence, raising domestic and international scrutiny of its comparatively loose gun laws and placing pressure on lawmakers to enact meaningful reforms.
WRITTEN BY
Jonathan Masters
UPDA TED
Last updated June 10, 2022 9:00 am (EST)
U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons
Summary
Introduction
The debate over gun control in the United States has waxed and waned over the years, stirred by frequent mass shootings in civilian settings. Gun violence is the leading cause of death for children and young adults in the United States. In particular, the ready availability of assault weapons and ammunition has provoked national discussion after multiple mass shootings of The debate over U.S. gun laws has raged for decades, often reigniting after high-profile mass shootings. Gun violence has surged amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Gun ownership and gun homicide rates are high in the United States in comparison to rates in other advanced democracies.
Mass shootings in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom prompted those governments to tighten gun laws.
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school children, most recently in Uvalde, Texas. However, Congress has repeatedly been unable to pass meaningful gun legislation in the wake of these tragedies despite broad public support for new restrictions.
Recent years have seen some of the worst gun violence in U.S. history. In 2021, guns killed more than forty-five thousand Americans , the highest toll in decades; and the upward trend is on track to continue.
Many gun control advocates say the United States should look to the experiences of wealthy democratic peers that have instituted tighter restrictions to curb gun violence.
United States
Gun ownership in the United States is rooted in the Second Amendment of the Constitution: “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. ”
The United States, with less than 5 percent of the world’s population, has 46 percent of the world’s civilian-owned guns , according to the most recent report by the Switzerland-based Small Arms Survey (2018). It ranks number one in firearms per capita. The United States also has the highest homicide-by-firearm rate of the world’s most-developed nations. Many gun rights proponents say these statistics do not indicate a causal relationship.
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However, the right to bear arms is not unlimited. The U.S. Congress and state legislatures have authority to enact controlling legislation, and the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld some firearms restrictions, such as bans on concealed weapons and on the possession of certain types of weapons, as well as prohibitions on the sale of guns to certain categories of people. The Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits individuals under eighteen years of age, convicted criminals, the mentally disabled, dishonorably discharged military personnel, and others from purchasing firearms. In 1993, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act mandated background checks for all unlicensed individuals purchasing a firearm from a federally authorized dealer.
But some gun laws have not survived judicial review. For instance, in 2008, the Supreme Court struck down a Washington, DC, law that banned handguns , the court’s first ruling on the Second Amendment in nearly seventy years.
Federal law provides the basis for firearms regulation in the United States, but states and cities can impose further restrictions. Some studies have indicated that states with more restrictive gun laws , such as California or Hawaii, have lower incidences of gun deaths, although researchers say more analysis is needed.
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In recent years, Congress has debated changes to existing gun laws, typically in the immediate aftermath of a high-profile mass shooting, such as that in Las Vegas in 2017 (sixty people killed), or in Parkland, Florida, in 2018 (seventeen killed). But in almost every instance, legislation has failed to garner enough support. Ill-fated bills have proposed measures including an assault weapons ban, expanded background checks, and a prohibition on firearm sales to people on federal terrorism watch lists.
As of mid-2022, there were no federal laws banning semiautomatic assault weapons, military- style .50 caliber rifles, handguns, or large-capacity magazines. There was also no federal requirement for those purchasing a gun to have any firearm safety training. There was a federal prohibition on assault weapons and on large-capacity magazines between 1994 and 2004, but Congress allowed these restrictions to expire.
Meanwhile, gun violence has surged amid the COVID-19 pandemic. As of June 2022, guns have killed some nineteen thousand people in the United States this year. The majority of those were in acts of suicide. Mass shootings—those with at least four victims—were occurring at a rate of at least one per day.
Canada
Gun ownership is also relatively high in Canada, at about thirty-five firearms per hundred residents (ranking fifth globally), but the country does not struggle with a similar level of gun violence. As in the United States, Canada’s national government sets gun restrictions that the provinces, territories, and municipalities can supplement. And like its southern neighbor, Canada’s gun laws have often been prompted by gun violence. In 1989, a student armed with a semiautomatic rifle killed fourteen students and injured more than a dozen others at a Montreal engineering school . The incident is widely credited with driving major gun reforms that imposed a twenty-eight-day waiting period for purchases; mandatory safety training courses; more detailed background checks; bans on large-capacity magazines; and bans or greater restrictions on military-style firearms and ammunition.
Firearms in Canada are divided into three classes: nonrestricted weapons, such as ordinary rifles and shotguns; restricted, such as handguns and semiautomatic rifles or shotguns; and prohibited, such as automatic weapons. It is illegal to own a fully automatic weapon unless it U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons | Council on Foreign Relations https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons 4 of 9 2/22/23, 7:12 PM
was registered before 1978.
Changes to the law in 1995 required individuals to obtain a license to buy guns and ammunition, as well as register all firearms. However, in 2012, the requirement to register nonrestricted guns was dropped, and related public records were expunged. Following another mass shooting, at a Quebec City mosque in 2017, the government passed a bill to again require nonrestricted firearms to be registered and allow background checks to consider events from more than five years in the past. In 2020, after a gunman killed twenty-two people in Canada’s deadliest mass shooting, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced a ban on “assault-style” firearms.. The legislation also required those who owned now-prohibited firearms to either participate in a buyback program or comply with a strict storage regime.
Australia
The inflection point for modern gun control in Australia was the Port Arthur massacre of 1996, when a young man killed thirty-five people and wounded nearly two dozen others. The rampage, perpetrated with a semiautomatic rifle, was the worst mass shooting in the nation’s history. Less than two weeks later, the conservative-led national government pushed through fundamental changes to the country’s gun laws in cooperation with the various states and territories, which regulate firearms.
The National Agreement on Firearms [PDF] all but prohibited automatic and semiautomatic assault rifles, mandated licensing and registration, and instituted a temporary gun buyback program that took some 650,000 assault weapons (about one-sixth of the national stock) out of public circulation. Among other things, the law also required licensees to demonstrate a “genuine need” for a particular type of gun and take a firearm safety course. After another high-profile shooting, in Melbourne in 2002, Australia’s handgun laws were tightened as well.
Many analysts said these measures were highly effective, citing declines in gun-death rates and gun-related mass killings.
Following an uptick in gun sales in 2017, however, Australian gun control advocates warned against the easing of gun laws in some states and territories. The gun safety discussion was also influenced by the suspected murder-suicide of a family of seven in Western Australia, the country’s worst mass shooting in two decades. Today, Australia has more guns in circulation U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons | Council on Foreign Relations https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons 5 of 9 2/22/23, 7:12 PM
than before the Port Arthur massacre, although the number of people who own them has fallen over the same period.
Israel
Military service is compulsory in Israel, and guns are a part of many Israelis’ daily lives. Much of the population has indirect access to an assault weapon by either being a soldier or a reservist or a relative of one. By law, most eighteen-year-olds are drafted into the military, psychologically screened, and provided at least some weapons training after high school. After serving typically two or three years in the armed forces, however, most Israelis are discharged and subject to civilian gun laws.
The country has relatively strict gun regulations, including an assault-weapons ban, a requirement to register ownership with the government, and a limit of one gun per owner. To obtain a gun license, an applicant must be an Israeli citizen or permanent resident; speak at least some Hebrew, Israel’s official language; and pass a health screening. The minimum-age requirements vary: twenty-seven years old for citizens with no military or national-service experience, twenty-one for those who have served, and forty-five for permanent residents who are not citizens. Applicants must also show genuine cause to carry a firearm, such as self- defense or hunting.
United Kingdom
Modern gun control efforts in the United Kingdom (UK) have also been precipitated by extraordinary acts of violence that sparked public outrage. In 1987, a lone gunman armed with two semiautomatic rifles and a handgun went on a six-hour shooting spree roughly seventy miles west of London, killing more than a dozen people and then himself. In the wake of the incident, known as the Hungerford massacre , Britain introduced the Firearms (Amendment) Act, which expanded the list of banned weapons, including certain semiautomatic rifles, and increased registration requirements for other weapons.
A gun-related tragedy in the Scottish town of Dunblane in 1996 prompted Britain’s strictest gun laws yet. A man armed with four handguns shot and killed sixteen schoolchildren and one adult before committing suicide in the country’s worst mass shooting to date. The incident sparked a U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons | Council on Foreign Relations https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons 6 of 9 2/22/23, 7:12 PM
public campaign known as the Snowdrop Petition, which helped drive legislation banning handguns, with few exceptions. The government also instituted a temporary gun buyback program, which many credit with taking tens of thousands of illegal or unwanted guns out of supply.
A large majority of police officers in the UK do not carry firearms, setting them apart from counterparts in the United States and other countries. Guns are limited to specially trained police units that respond to particular emergencies or deploy for certain types of operations.
Supporters of the policy say the unarmed officer symbolizes policing of the public by consent as opposed to by force.
Norway
Gun control had rarely been much of a political issue in Norway—where gun laws are viewed as tough, but ownership rates are high—until a right-wing extremist killed seventy-seven people attacks in Oslo and at an island summer camp in 2011. Though Norway ranks fourteenth worldwide in gun ownership, according to Small Arms Survey, it placed near the bottom in gun homicide rates. (The U.S. rate is roughly forty-four times higher .) Most Norwegian police, like the British, do not carry firearms.
In the wake of the tragedy, some analysts in the United States cited the rampage as proof that strict gun laws—which in Norway include requiring applicants to be at least eighteen years of age, specify a “valid reason” for gun ownership, and obtain a government license—are ineffective. Other gun control critics have argued that had other Norwegians, including the police, been armed, the gunman might have been stopped earlier and killed fewer victims.
After the massacre, an independent commission recommended tightening Norway’s gun restrictions in various ways, including by prohibiting pistols and semiautomatic weapons, but changes were not made. In 2018, the Norwegian parliament approved a ban on semiautomatic firearms, which took effect in 2021.
Japan
Gun control advocates regularly cite Japan’s highly restrictive firearm regulations in tandem with its extraordinarily low gun death rate . Most years, fewer than one hundred Japanese die U.S. Gun Policy: Global Comparisons | Council on Foreign Relations https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons 7 of 9 2/22/23, 7:12 PM
from gun violence in a country of 125 million people. Most guns are illegal in the country and ownership rates, which are quite low, reflect this.
Under Japan’s firearm and sword law [PDF], the only guns permitted are shotguns, air guns, guns with specific research or industrial purposes, or those used for competitions. However, before access to these specialty weapons is granted, one must obtain formal instruction and pass a battery of written, mental, and drug tests and a rigorous background check.
Furthermore, owners must inform the authorities of how their weapons and ammunition are stored and provide their firearms for annual inspection.
Some analysts link Japan’s aversion to firearms with its demilitarization in the aftermath of World War II. Others say that because the overall crime rate in the country is so low, most Japanese see no need for firearms.
Recommended Resources
This Backgrounder explores how U.S. policing compares with that of other advanced democracies.
The New York Times Magazine profiles the National Rifle Association , one of the most powerful political lobbies in the United States.
For CFR’s Think Global Health, Katherine Leach-Kemon and Laurent Grosvenor write that there is little connection between mental health and gun violence , and that policymakers should focus on other risk factors, such as alcohol use and intimate partner violence.
The Brookings Institution investigates the spike in firearm sales in the United States at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
For media inquiries on this topic, please reach out to [email protected] .
Alice Hickson and Andrew Chatzky contributed to this Backgrounder.
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Staff Report
March 1, 2023
ATTACHMENT 5
2023 List of MCIs (as of February 22, 2023)
2023
date City State Dead Injured Total Description
February
19 Chicago (3) Illinois 3 3 6
Three people were killed and three
others were injured along a northbound
lane of I-57 in the South Side.[19]
February
19 New
Orleans (4) Louisiana 1 4 5
One man was killed and four others were
shot and injured at an intersection along
a parade route.[20]
February
19 Linden New Jersey 4[n 2] 0 4
Two parents and their two teenage
children were killed in a murder–suicide
at their home.[21]
February
19 St. Louis Missouri 0 4 4
One woman and three men were shot
and injured during a shooting in
Downtown St. Louis.[22]
February
19 Memphis Tennessee 1 10 11
Seven people were shot and injured at a
Live Lounge. Four others were shot, one
fatally, at a related shooting nearby.[23]
February
19 Indianapolis Indiana 0 5 5 Five people were shot and injured, one critically, at a gas station.
February
18 Columbus
(2) Georgia 2 2 4
Two men were killed and two children
were injured during a shooting at a
motel.[24]
February
18 Galena Park Texas 5[n 2][n 3] 2 7
A man sexually assaulted a 12-year-old
girl before fatally shooting three teenage
girls, one of whom was pregnant, during
a domestic dispute. An infant and a
juvenile were also hospitalized. He then
committed suicide in his bedroom.[25]
February
18 Loris South
Carolina 0 4 4 Four people shot and injured outside of
Loris.[26]
February
17 Columbus
(1) Georgia 0 9 9 Nine juveniles were shot and injured at a gas station.[27]
February
15 Baltimore
(2) Maryland 0 4 4
Four people, including two teenagers,
were shot and wounded outside of a gas
station in southeastern Baltimore.[28]
February
15 El Paso Texas 1 3 4
2023 El Paso shooting: A gunman
opened fire in the Cielo Vista Mall, killing
one person and injuring three others.[29]
February
14 Buffalo New York 0 5 5 Five people were shot and injured after an altercation escalated.[30]
February
14 Sweetwater Tennessee 1 4 5
One person was killed and five others,
including a child, were injured at a
residence.[31]
February
14 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 0 4 4 Four teenagers were shot outside Westinghouse High School.[32]
February
13 East
Lansing Michigan 4[n 2] 5 9
2023 Michigan State University shooting:
Three people were killed and five others
injured, all students, at Michigan State
University.[33] The shooter, a 43-year-old
man with no known ties to the school,
died reportedly of a self-inflicted gunshot
wound as he was being approached by
police.[34]
2/22/23, 3:01 PM
2023
date City State Dead Injured Total Description
February
13 Paterson New Jersey 0 4 4 Two teenagers and two adults were shot and wounded.[35]
February
12 Louisville Mississippi 1 5 6
Six people were injured after multiple
shooters opened fire in a parking
lot.[36][37]
February
10 New York
City (2) New York 0 4 4
Four people were wounded in a drive-by
shooting outside a smoke shop in Coney
Island, Brooklyn.[38]
February
10 New York
City (1) New York 2 2 4
A 24-year-old person was killed, and
three additional people were wounded
outside a Popeye's restaurant in the
Crotona neighborhood of the Bronx.[39]
February
9 Harvey Louisiana 4[n 2] 0 4
A man fatally shot three of his family
members at their home before
committing suicide.[40]
February
8 Laurinburg North
Carolina 0 4 4 Three teenagers and one man were shot
and injured during a drive-by shooting.[41]
February
8 New
Orleans (3) Louisiana 2 5[n 4] 7
Two adults were killed and five other
people, including two children, were
injured in a vehicle at an intersection in
New Orleans East.[42]
February
8 Elizabeth
City
North
Carolina 0 4 4 Four teenagers were shot and injured.[43] February
6 Corpus
Christi Texas 1 4 5
A 20-year-old woman was killed and four
other people were injured after an
argument between a group of people in
two cars and a group of people at a
home escalated.[44]
February
5 Stockton California 1 3 4 One man was killed and three others were injured in downtown Stockton.[45]
February
5 Tucson Arizona 1 3 4
One man was killed and three teenage
boys were injured, one critically, at a
house party in Southeast Tucson.[46]
February
5 Newport Arkansas 1 4 5
One woman was killed and three were
injured after two shooters opened fire at
a concert.[47]
February
5 Colorado
Springs Colorado 1 4 5
One person was killed and four were
injured after an unknown shooter open
fired in the Meridian Ranch
neighborhood.Authorities believe the
shooting is linked to a carjacking from the
day before. [48]
February
4 Huntsville Texas 2 2 4
Two people were killed and two others
were critically injured after two shooters
opened fire at a house party near Sam
Houston State University.[49]
February
1 Los Angeles
(2) California 0 5 5 Five people were injured in a drive-by shooting in South Los Angeles.[50]
February
1 Texas City Texas 0 4 4
Four people were shot, one critically, at
an apartment complex. Two children
were present, but were left unharmed.[51]
2/22/23, 3:01 PM
2023
date City State Dead Injured Total Description
January
31 Durham (2) North
Carolina 2 2 4 Four men were shot, two fatally, in a
neighborhood of Durham.[52]
January
30 Lakeland Florida 0 11 11
Eleven people were injured, two critically,
during a targeted attack at a
neighborhood intersection one mile north
of downtown Lakeland.[53] The
perpetrator was killed by police seven
days later in a car chase.[54]
January
30 Dallas (2) Texas 1 3 4
One man was killed and three other
people, including a child, were injured in
southern Dallas.[55]
January
29 Greensboro North
Carolina 1 6 7
One person was killed and six people
were injured during a shooting at a
nightclub.[56]
January
29 Columbus Ohio 1 3 4
One person was killed and three people
were injured after two shooters opened
fire at a strip club in northeast
Columbus.[57]
January
28 Andrews South
Carolina 2 2 4
Two deceased victims were found lying in
a road, while two injured were found
nearby.[58]
January
28 Austin Texas 1 4 5
One person was killed and four people
were injured, two critically, at a hookah
lounge in northeast Austin.[59]
January
28 Philadelphia
(2) Pennsylvania 0 4 4
Four people were injured in a shooting
the Oxford Circle neighborhood in
Northeast Philadelphia.[60]
January
28 Los Angeles
(1) California 3 4 7
Three people were killed and four others
were critically injured in a shooting in the
Beverly Crest neighborhood.[61]
January
26 Newark New Jersey 1 4 5
One person was killed and four others
were wounded on the sidewalk outside of
a liquor store in downtown Newark.[62]
January
26 Lancaster Pennsylvania 0 4 4 Four people were shot and wounded at a McDonald's after a fight broke out.[63]
January
24 Red Springs North
Carolina 3 1 4 Three people were killed and one other
person critically injured in a shooting.[64]
January
23 Oakland California 1 7 8
A teenager was killed and seven people
were injured in a shootout at a gas
station near the filming of a music video.
Police believe the motive is gang
related.[65]
January
23 Half Moon
Bay California 7 1 8
2023 Half Moon Bay shootings: Seven
people were shot and killed, and one was
critically injured at two farms. The victims
were all farmworkers. A suspect was
arrested for the shootings.[66]
January
23 Chicago (2) Illinois 2 3 5
Suspects open fire on people in a South
Shore apartment, killing two people and
wounding three others. [67]
2/22/23, 3:01 PM
2023
date City State Dead Injured Total Description
January
23 Dodge City Kansas 1[n 2] 5[n 5] 6
A suspect opened fire at deputies,
shooting three deputies and a woman,
before being shot and killed in a shootout
with police.[68]
January
22 Tunica
Resorts Mississippi 0 4 4
Four people were wounded outside a
casino early in the morning after an
individual in a vehicle opened fire.[69]
January
22 Shreveport Louisiana 0 8 8
Five adults and three children were
injured in a home, four of them
critically.[70]
January
22 Brookhaven Georgia 1 3 4 A man was killed and three other people were injured at an apartment complex.[71]
January
22 Baton
Rouge Louisiana 0 12 12 Twelve people were injured, three critically, in a shooting at a bar.[72]
January
21–22
Monterey
Park California 11] 9 20
2023 Monterey Park shooting: A 72-year-
old man killed 11 people and injured nine
others at a dance studio in Monterey
Park after a Lunar New Year celebration
in the city.[73]
January
18 Lynchburg Virginia 0 4[n 6] 4
Four people were injured, two critically,
after two groups opened fire on each
other in a parking lot.[74][75]
January
17 Houston (2) Texas 0 4 4
Four people were injured during a drive-
by shooting of a convenience store in
Northeast Houston.[76]
January
16 Sanford Florida 1 5 6
One woman was killed and five others
were injured in a targeted car-to-car
shooting at an intersection.[77]
January
16 Fort Pierce Florida 1 11[n 7] 12
One person was killed and 11 others
were injured in a shooting at a park
during a Martin Luther King Jr. Day
event. The shooting stemmed from a
disagreement between two parties.[78]
January
16 Goshen California 6 0 6
Goshen shooting: A baby, a teenager,
and four others were killed in a shooting
at a home.[79]
January
15 Houston (1) Texas 1 4 5
Five people were shot, one fatally, after a
shooter opened fire outside a club in
north Houston.[80]
January
15 Rockford Illinois 3 2 5 Multiple shootings occurred leaving three killed and two others injured.[81]
January
15 Phoenix Arizona 0 4 4
Four people, including a pregnant
woman, were shot and injured in a
townhouse.[82]
January
15 Homestead Florida 1 3 4
One person was killed and three others
were injured during a drive-by shooting
near an intersection.[83]
January
13 Cleveland Ohio 4 1 5
A man went inside a home in the west
side and opened fire, shooting five family
members, killing four, before being taken
into custody.[84][85]
6 of 16 2/22/23, 3:01 PM
2023
date City State Dead Injured Total Description
January 9 Minneapolis
(2) Minnesota 0 4 4
Four people were shot near the Lake
Street/Midtown station at about 8:00
p.m.[86]
January 9 Philadelphia
(1) Pennsylvania 3 1 4
Three people were killed and one was
critically injured in the Mayfair
neighborhood.[87]
January 9 Denver Colorado 0 4 4
Four people were wounded near an
intersection in the LoDo
neighborhood.[88]
January 8 Albany Georgia 0 4 4
Four people, including three teenagers,
were wounded in a drive-by shooting
while playing basketball in Driskell
Park.[89]
January 8 Minneapolis
(1) Minnesota 0 4 4
A woman and three men were wounded
outside of a party on Hennepin
Avenue.[90]
January 7 Huntsville Alabama 2 13 15
Two women were killed and 13 other
people were wounded during a shootout
between two groups at a birthday party
held in a strip mall.[91]
January 7 Lee
Township Michigan 4[n 2] 0 4 A man killed his wife and two daughters before killing himself.[92]
January 7 High Point North
Carolina 5[n 2] 0 5 A man killed his three children and his wife before killing himself.[93]
January 6 San
Francisco California 1 3 4 Four people were shot, one fatally, near a police station in the Mission District.[94]
January 6 Dallas (1) Texas 3 2 5
Three people were killed and two others
were injured in the parking lot of an
apartment building in North Dallas.[95]
January 5 New
Orleans (2) Louisiana 2 3 5 Two were killed and three were injured in a shooting in Central City.[96]
January 5 Miami
Gardens Florida 0 10 10
At least 10 people were wounded outside
a restaurant during the filming of a music
video for rapper French Montana.[97]
January 4 Enoch Utah 8[n 2] 0 8
Killing of the Haight family: A man fatally
shot his five children, wife, and mother-in-
law before killing himself.[98]
January 4 Baltimore
(1) Maryland 1 4 5 Five teenage boys were shot, one fatally, at a mall in West Baltimore.[99]
January 4 Dumfries Virginia 1 4 5
A man shot his teenage girlfriend, her
three siblings and a teenage relative in a
domestic dispute.[100]
January 3 New
Orleans (1) Louisiana 0 4 4 Four people were shot and wounded in the Hoffman Triangle neighborhood.[101]
January 3 Washington
(1)
District of
Columbia 1 3 4
One man was killed and three males
were injured, including an eight-year-old
boy, after two shooters opened fire near
an intersection in Northwest DC.[102]
January 1 Allentown Pennsylvania 0 4 4 Four adults were shot and injured near a recreation center.[103]
2/22/23, 3:01 PM
2023
date City State Dead Injured Total Description
January 1 Chicago (1) Illinois 1 3 4
A 17-year-old boy was killed and three
other teenagers were wounded in
Washington Park during a car-to-car
shooting.[104]
January 1 Durham (1) North
Carolina 0 5 5
Five people were injured in a drive-by
shooting outside a Subway
restaurant.[105]
January 1 Clinton Maryland 2 2 4
Two adults were killed and two others,
including a child, were injured in a
domestic violence incident.[106]
January 1 Ocala Florida 2 4 6
Two people were killed and four others
were injured in an early-morning shooting
amid a crowd of approximately 100
people.[107]
January 1 Oklahoma
City Oklahoma 1 3 4
One person was killed and at least three
others were injured in a parking lot in
downtown Oklahoma City.[108]
January 1 Mifflin
Township Ohio 1 4 5
One person was killed and four others
were injured at a strip club near John
Glenn Columbus International Airport
after an argument escalated into
gunfire.[109]
RESOLUTION NO.
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MONTEREY PARK IN SUPPORT OF ACA 5, CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO
REPEAL PROPOSITION 8 LANGUAGE AND PROTECTS SAME-SEX
MARRIAGE
BE IT RESOLVED by the Council of the City of Monterey Park as follows:
SECTION 1: The City Council finds as follows:
A. In an effort to protect marriage equality, on February 14, 2023, Assemblymember Evan Low and Senator Scott Wiener introduced ACA 5, which is a constitutional amendment intended to protect same sex-marriage with plans to remove Proposition 8’s language from the state’s constitution that was approved by voters in 2008.
B. ACA 5 legislation is a 2024 ballot initiative for California voters to rescind anti- same sex marriage language from the California constitution.
C. Marriage equality is protected by Judge Vaughn Walker’s 2010 state court ruling striking down Prop. 8 and the 2015 Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v.
Hodges; however, recent actions taken by the Supreme Court has prompted the introduction of legislation (ACA 5) to remove Prop. 8’s language from the California Constitution.
SECTION 2: The City of Monterey Park supports ACA 5, a constitutional amendment intended to protect same sex-marriage with plans to remove Proposition 8’s language from the state’s constitution.
SECTION 3: Severability. If any part of this Resolution or its application is deemed invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the City Council intends that such invalidity will not affect the effectiveness of the remaining provision or application and, to this end, the provisions of this Resolution are severable.
SECTION 4: Electronic Signatures. This Resolution may be executed with electronic signatures in accordance with Government Code §16.5. Such electronic signatures will be treated in all respects as having the same effect as an original signature.
SECTION 5: Recordation. The Mayor, or presiding officer, is authorized to sign this Resolution signifying its adoption by the City Council of the City of Monterey Park and the City Clerk, or her duly appointed deputy, may attest thereto.
SECTION 6: Effective Date. This Resolution will become effective immediately upon adoption and will remain effective unless repealed or superseded.
City Communications - 6A
Resolution No.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 1
st day of March, 2023.
________________________________
Jose Sanchez, Mayor
Attest:
__________________________
Maychelle Yee, City Clerk
Approved as to Form:
__________________________
Karl H. Berger, City Attorney