Pinole City Council
August 20, 2024

I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
a n d M o n i t o r i n g
“I have solar and am interested in
trying to consume less energy
than I produce and also track
to look for patterns to make sure
there is no wasted energy.”
– Pinole Community Member

Implementation and
Monitoring
We share a long history of completing projects
to reduce GHG emissions and address climate
impacts. With the adoption of this CAAP,
additional collaboration and action will be
necessary to reduce GHG emissions in line with
the climate mitigation and adaptation goals.

Establishing, maintaining, and enhancing new,
and existing, relationships between the City and
the community will be a pivotal piece in
achieving the Plan’s targets. Being transparent
about progress over time is critical to building
trust with the community.

Additionally, new policies and ordinances will be
needed to drive change in tandem with new and
innovative funding mechanisms to bolster the
transformation of infrastructure and technology.

Programs to educate and empower the
community will increase awareness and action.
126
City of Pinole Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) Earth Walk Community Art Project, 2023
The City will implement measures that mitigate
GHG emissions and increase climate change
resilience in an equitable manner and avoid
traditional hurdles.

While substantial evidence suggests that the
emission reduction measures outlined in this
CAAP will achieve the City’s 2030 targets,
uncertainty increases over time as impacts
related to climate change may evolve or
intensify. The adoption rates of each measure
and action, costs of technology, legislative
environment, and benefits assumed in this
report will also continue to evolve over time.

Therefore, this CAAP should be viewed as a
strategic framework that will be re-evaluated
regularly. This chapter discusses the
implementation plan, monitoring and reporting
processes, and how the City will prepare
updates over time.

CAAP Implementation
Cities around the world already face challenges in meeting community needs for investment in many types of critical infrastructure and programs. Climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels, severe weather conditions, and wildfires, will only cause further damage to infrastructure, property, and people's livelihoods. Inevitably the City will incur substantial costs in repairing and rebuilding damaged infrastructure and supporting affected communities because of climate change. To minimize these costs, the City has developed an implementation plan that outlines the steps, timelines, and resources required to achieve the goals and objectives of the CAAP. Some actions such as adopting ordinances or resolutions to establish an electrification reach code can be done on a short timetable; while others, such as implementation of the Active Transportation Plan will require longer timelines for both rollout of the infrastructure and use by the community. Tables 10 – 12 included below provide detailed information on implementation of each action, including the department responsible for implementing the action, the phase in which the initiative will be implemented, and examples of what the funding sources could be.

The timeline in Figure 14 shows the five-year implementation and update schedule, with a phased approach to measure implementation. To achieve the 2030 GHG emissions reductions targets discussed in Chapter 2, Pinole will need to begin implementing the measures and actions immediately following adoption, no later than December 2024. CAAP Updates will follow the phased implementation approach, beginning with Phase 1, which will occur in the short-term over the next five years (2024 – 2029). Phase 2 would include implementation of the mid-term measures, while Phase 3 would include implementation of the longer-term measures, that are anticipated to occur after feasibility studies are complete and initial measures are implemented. If the actions identified in the CAAP are not implemented or the GHG inventories don’t track progress towards the 2030 target, additional actions will need to be developed and adopted in a CAAP update. 127
City of Pinole Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) Figure 14 CAAP Implementation and Monitoring Schedule

The first CAAP progress report will be prepared
in 2025 and the CAAP will be reviewed and
updated in 2029, based on current best practice
at that time.

CAAP Monitoring
Monitoring and reporting processes are
essential for accountability towards achieving
the adopted targets. As part of the CAAP, the
City will complete an annual progress report as
well as a five-year CAAP review and update. The
annual progress reports will include both
evaluating implementation progress against the
schedule and calculating an annual
communitywide GHG emissions inventory. The
City will also appoint a dedicated team
responsible for monitoring and reporting on the
implementation of the CAAP. This team will
collaborate with interested parties to collect
data and information on the effectiveness of
implemented strategies and report the progress
to the City Council and the public. The City
Council will in turn provide oversight and
guidance on the implementation of the CAAP.
128
City of Pinole Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) CAPDash
CAPDash, shown in Figure 5, is a web-based
dashboard developed by Rincon Consultants,
Inc. that allows Pinole to monitor the annual
emission reductions achieved through the
implementation of each measure and fulfill the
requirements of CEQA Section 15183.5(b)(1)(e).

The City will conduct annual implementation
monitoring of the GHG emissions reduction
measures. The process for tracking and
quantifying measure implementation status
relies on specific target metrics identified for
each of the quantifiable CAAP measures and
actions. By committing to annual monitoring of
implementation progress and adjusting as
needed, Pinole can effectively mitigate GHG
emissions and adapt to climate change. In doing
so, Pinole will make it’s fair-share contribution
to meeting statewide GHG emission reduction
goals, increase resilience across the community
and reap the co-benefits in public health,
economic growth, resilience, and more. This
strategic plan represents another significant
step in the City’s dedication to a sustainable
future.

Figure 15 CAPDash

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
Strategy CR. Cornerstone
CR-1. Leverage the CAAP’s work around electrification, transportation infrastructure buildout, organic waste diversion, and carbon sequestration to establish Pinole as a center for green economic development and high-road jobs.

CR-1a Coordinate with the City’s Economic Development staff to review and update the Pinole Economic Development Strategy every three years (2026/28, 2029/31, 2032/34, etc.) and adjust fees to specifically attract green and clean energy businesses to Pinole by reflecting changing economic trends, evolving community needs, and emerging opportunities. Include an annual review of the fee schedules (including a survey of competitor’s fees) to assess their impact on green businesses.

Community
Development
Phase 1 ▪ Office of Planning and
Research Covid Economic
Relief Fund: Implementation
Program
▪ Economic Development
Administration’s Public Works
and Economic Adjustment
Assistance Programs
▪ Office of Business and
Economic Development
Accelerate California Grant
CR-1b Work with the City’s Economic Development staff to perform direct outreach to existing Pinole businesses to identify climate change impacts (e.g., climate hazards, increasing water and natural gas costs, etc.) that may affect the longterm viability and growth of existing core industries and small business.

Include regional green and clean energy businesses in a “short list” of industries to focus these initial outreach and business retention efforts during Phase 1.

Community
Development
Phase 1 ▪ Office of Planning and
Research Integrated Climate
Adaptation Plan
▪ Economic Development
Department Workforce
Development Fund
CR-1c In partnership with organizations such as the Workforce Development Board of Contra Costa County or Contra Costa College, create a green workforce development program to connect Pinole residents to workforce development training courses for climate industries with high-road jobs. Additionally, use the program to develop a network of local professional associations active in Pinole and to incorporate green workforce development training courses into the periodic “Pinole Workforce Development Consortium” meetings identified in the Economic Development Strategy. Focus this program on members of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable communities in the City and track enrollment and success rate by zip code to monitor the reach and distribution of the initiative.

Community
Development
Phase 1 ▪ Economic Development
Administration ’s Public
Works and Economic
Adjustment Assistance
Programs
▪ Economic Development
Department Workforce
Development Fund
▪ Office of Planning and
Research Covid Economic
Relief Fund: Implementation
Program
Table 10 Implementation of Mitigation Strategies, Measures, and Actions 129

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CR-1d Partner with the Contra Costa County Green Business Program to help smalland medium-sized businesses in Pinole minimize their impact on the environment and increase the number of certified Green Businesses in Pinole.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Economic Development
Department Equity Target
Population Fund
CR-1e Create a Green Technology Incubator in partnership with the Workforce Development Board of Contra Costa County, Contra Costa College, the Renaissance Entrepreneurship Center, the East Bay Economic Development Alliance, or similar partners, to help startups and companies working on innovative solutions for climate-related challenges to succeed in the market.

The Green Technology Incubator would provide access to funding through identification and partnership opportunities for grants, technical assistance, networking support, and community exposure.

Community
Development
Phase 2 ▪ Office of Planning and
Research Covid Economic
Relief Fund: Implementation
Program
▪ Economic Development
Administration’s Public Works
and Economic Adjustment
Assistance Programs
▪ Office of Business and
Economic Development
Accelerate California Grant
▪ Economic Development
Department Workforce
Development Fund
CR-1f Incentivize optimal use of properties with a water view by adoption of Municipal Code Amendments allowing for height exceptions for mixed use developments that include top-floor restaurants that are dense, transit rich and connected to Pinole's growing active transportation network.

Community
Development
Phase 2
CR-1g Based on the findings and recommendation of the broadband feasibility study, a subsidy or grant program may be developed to improve existing infrastructure of multi-family units (i.e., upgrade internal wiring etc.) to update policies to increase Pinole residents' work-from-home rate, including incorporating work-from-home strategies into the Transportation Demand Management standards of Action TR-3a.

Community
Development
Phase 2 California Public Utilities
Commission Broadband Adoption
Account
CR-1h Explore locations within the City to create a plan to develop a climate resilience district. The district would receive focused City resources, support, partnerships with local businesses, and engagement to develop resilient communities. Examples could include the Pinole Valley area to focus on funding projects related to wildfire risk, for example.

Community
Development
Phase 2 ▪ Governor’s Office of Planning
and Research Integrated
Climate Adaptation and
Resiliency Program
Adaptation Planning Grant
Program
▪ Caltrans Sustainable
Transportation Planning Grant
130

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
Strategy BE. Building Energy
BE-1. Electrify 100% of new construction in the City by 2024.

BE-1a Adopt a single margin source energy score or more stringent ordinance in 2024 to avoid new natural gas construction.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 California Automated Processing
Program
BE-1b Partner with organizations such as MCE, Bay Area Regional Energy Network (BayREN), the Building Decarbonization Coalition and the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) to compile a suite of case studies (e.g., document/guide on all-electric best practices and examples applicable to Pinole or the Bay Area) and cost-effective strategies (e.g., energy efficiency improvements) for electric buildings by prototype. Provide digital copies on the City’s website and hard copies at City Hall for residents and business owners to review and utilize.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Bureau of Reclamation
WaterSMART Water and Energy
Efficiency Grants
BE-1c Partner with organizations such as MCE, BayREN, the Building Decarbonization Coalition, and USGBC to educate building owners, developers, and contractors on the cost savings, environmental benefits, and versatility associated with allelectric construction, as well as the advantages all-electric construction provide for United States Green Building Council LEED certification. Utilize the case studies and cost-effective strategies as well as existing resources such as those provided by MCE as educational materials and share the information on the City’s website, at City events (such as Dumpster Day and Earth Walk), and at the City’s permit counter.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1
BE-1d Partner with PG&E to conduct an electrification infrastructure and capacity feasibility study to identify expected increases in electricity demand due to building and vehicle electrification and identify infrastructure improvements (including local renewable energy and storage projects) to increase capacity to meet demand. During this process, work with MCE to provide projections on load changes due to electrification.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1
BE-1e Partner with MCE, the WFDBCCC and/or other organizations to host regular workforce development trainings for installers, local contractors, and building owners/operators. Trainings would provide financial resources and technical requirements, including information on new electric appliances and approaches to electrification. Partner with community-based organizations to connect members of vulnerable communities to these training programs in plain language and in a culturally appropriate manner.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Economic Development
Department Workforce
Development Fund
BE-1f Advocate for regional policy and programs that allow for utility rates that are supportive of electrification (i.e., electricity rates lower than natural gas rates).

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2
131

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-2. Electrify existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 26% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

BE-2a Adopt a reach code in 2024 requiring all central air conditioning unit installations and replacements be two-way, providing both heating and cooling with a single unit for residential buildings.

The ordinance would apply to projects after calendar year 2024. The ordinance would be implemented through the building permit process.

Planning and
Building
Phase 1
BE-2b After calendar year 2024, include major renovations (i.e., projects that affect over 50% of the building, add an additional 50% of gross floor space to the building, or value more than 50% of the assessed value of the property at time of application submittal) in the all-electric new building requirements.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-2c Complete a residential existing building electrification feasibility analysis by 2024 to determine the upfront and on-bill costs associated with building electrification strategies and draw on existing ordinances from similar jurisdictions to identify barriers to replacement and permit compliance (including equity barriers). This information will be used to inform and support future updates to the existing building electrification ordinances as well as the building electrification resource center (Action BE-2e).

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-2d Partner with Contra Costa County to create a virtual all-electric building resource center to provide residents information on available electrification assessments, turn-key installations by BayREN/state vetted contractors, low up-front costs and on-bill financing, and equipment and labor warranties.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Department of Energy Grid
Innovation Program
BE-2e As part of the building electrification resource center, provide free assessments to rental and multi-family properties, as well as seniors and residents living on low incomes.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-2f Partner with MCE and PG&E to review incentives, rebates, and on-bill financing options for procedural equity and then update the incentives to remove the identified barriers.

Community
Development
Phase 2
BE-2g Partner with properties in Pinole that provide deed-restricted affordable housing, MCE, PG&E, and BayREN to initiate and complete an affordable housing electrification pilot project. Project will implement energy efficiency strategies to mitigate increased energy bills for occupants. Promote the pilot project as a case study for future projects in the City.

Planning and
Building
Phase 1
BE-2h Work with MCE and PG&E to conduct a cost-effectiveness study and design electricity and natural gas billing rates that make electrification the most costeffective option to reduce energy bill burdens for residents living on low and medium incomes.

Planning and
Building
Phase 1
132

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-2i Provide education around cooking with electric appliances and partner with local chefs and/or restaurants to host cooking demonstrations at community events such as the Farmers’ Market. Integrate locally sourced food into the demonstrations to also educate community members on the GHG emission reduction and resilience benefits of local food.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-2j Enforce ordinance compliance through a comprehensive permitting compliance program which may include, but is not limited to:
▪ Providing dedicated time for routine staff training to incorporate into existing building inspections.
▪ Imposing fees for noncompliance to offset staff costs and encouraging voluntary compliance.
▪ Establishing easy-to-understand web-based compliance checklists and permit applications.
▪ Facilitating online permitting.
▪ Providing zero-cost permit fees for heat pump installations.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-2k Develop and implement a water heater loan program where residents who are replacing their natural gas-powered water heaters with electric-powered water heaters at the end of their useful lives can borrow or rent at no cost a working natural gas water heater from the City for a limited period of time (e.g., three weeks) to use during any electrical panel upgrade requirements to install an electric water heater. Participation in this program could serve as a mechanism to support thoughtful residential transition. Consider expanding the loan program to induction stoves as well.

Community
Development
Phase 1 California Automated Permit
Processing Program: Solar
Automated Processing Program
BE-2l Partner with Rising Sun, or similar entity, to continue providing “Green House Calls” to residents to recommend energy-saving appliances and programs to help offset the costs of electrification.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Bureau of Reclamation
WaterSMART Water and Energy
Efficiency Grants
BE-2m Work with PG&E to identify opportunities for natural gas infrastructure pruning to reduce the chance of stranded assets, provide potential funding, and establish an efficient transition to carbon-neutral buildings. Engage local developers, MCE, and vulnerable populations to assess the feasibility of adopting an end-of-flow ordinance that would require natural gas lines be capped and decommissioned in existing buildings by 2045.

Building Phase 2 – 3
BE-2n Adopt an end-of-flow ordinance that would require natural gas lines by capped and decommissioned in existing buildings by 2045.

Community
Development
Phase 3
BE-2o Explore the development of a revolving fund to integrate wall batteries for energy storage with Pinole’s Energy Enhancement Rebate Program, aiming to enhance energy efficiency, sustainability, and financial viability for a more resilient energy future.

Community
Development
Phase 3
133

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-3. Electrify existing commercial and mixed-use (i.e., combined commercial and residential) buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 26% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

BE-3a Complete an existing commercial building electrification feasibility analysis by 2024 to determine the upfront and on-bill costs associated with building electrification strategies and draw on existing ordinances from similar jurisdictions to identify barriers to replacement and permit compliance (including equity barriers).

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-3b Adopt a reach code in 2024 requiring all central air conditioning unit installations and replacements be two-way, providing both heating and cooling with a single unit for commercial and mixed-use buildings. The ordinance will be implemented through the building permit process. Track annual progress on commercial and mixed-use building electrification through the same permit tracking program developed for residential building electrification.

Planning Phase 1 California Electric Homes
Program
BE-3c Evaluate the success of the Pinole Energy Enhance Rebate Program which offers additional rebates to Pinole residents for energy efficiency improvements stacked on top of federal, state, or regional rebates or discounts. Work with Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development to restructure the pilot program as needed. Seek annual grant funding sources to sustain and support the program through.

Planning Phase 1
BE-3d Develop a building performance standard program to meet a specific level of energy use per square foot for all commercial and industrial buildings over 20,000 square feet.

Implementation and compliance support, including resources and tools which will be implemented through four stages:

1. Pre-development phase – Stage 1 – Staff to receive technical assistance from the Building Technologies Office in the Federal Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Per the EERE, technical assistance may take the form of:
▪ Building stock analyses, including analysis of energy and emission impacts associated with building performance standard adoption ▪ Performance target-setting and trajectories
▪ Measure and technology prioritization and packaging
▪ Cost-effectiveness analyses
Planning and
Building
Phase 1 – 3 California Electric Homes
Program
134

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-3d
cont.

2. Data collection phase – Stage 2 – All commercial and industrial building owners with floor area over 20,000 square feet report electricity and natural gas data through energy star portfolio manager

3. Retro commissioning phase – Stage 3 – All covered building owners complete a retro commissioning process to identify and correct system inefficiencies while identifying opportunities for electrification and downsizing of oversized equipment.

4. GHG Performance Standard – Stage 4 – Implement a building performance standard that requires buildings to meet a specific GHG performance level
BE-3e Conduct targeted outreach and complete tailored campaigns during development of the building performance program (Action BE-3d) and electrification ordinance (Action BE-3b) to identify potential barriers to commercial and mixed-use electrification (including equity barriers) and educate commercial and mixed-use property owners on the potential cost savings and other benefits of electrification. Include targeted outreach to building owners that rent or lease space to small businesses and minorityowned businesses as well as the business owners and conduct a survey to such businesses to identify specific resources needed to support an equitable building electrification.

Planning and
Building
Phase 1 ▪ Economic Development
Department Workforce
Development Fund
▪ Economic Development
Department Equity Target
Fund
BE-3f Partner with Contra Costa Health Services to provide small and minorityowned businesses/commercial property owners or property owners that rent or lease space to small or minority-owned business, electrification assessments, turn-key installations by BayREN/state vetted contractors, low up-front costs, and equipment and labor warranties through the building electrification resource center (Action BE-2e). Additionally, partner with MCE or PG&E to provide on-bill financing.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Economic Development
Department Equity Target Fund
BE-3g Partner with the Bay Area Council, Bay Front Chamber of Commerce, and Contra Cost County Green Business Program to inform, encourage, and facilitate electrification for commercial business owners.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-3h Review incentives and rebates (from Action BE-3g) for procedural equity and develop a process so that existing and updated incentive programs continue to be equitably distributed to the community. Hurdles to equitable implementation could include credit checks, excessive procedural roadblocks, and lack of targeted outreach.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-3i Work with MCE and PG&E to incentivize all-electric retrofits by combining rebate programs and financing mechanisms to create cost-effective Planning and
Building
Phase 2
135

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-3i
cont.
electrification packages and develop bulk-purchasing opportunities for multiunit development owners. Additionally, work with BayREN to educate the business community about the available incentives and include direct outreach to small, and frontline community-owned businesses and property owners who rent and lease space to frontline community-owned businesses.

BE-3j Work with BayREN to identify highly efficient net zero energy building owners that meet the CPUC’s hard-to-reach criteria and publicize commercial tax breaks to these building owners as well as commercial developers in Pinole.

Community
Development
Phase 2
BE-3k Re-evaluate the building performance program (Action BE-3d) every three years to gauge implementation progress and phase expansion of program to smaller buildings.

Building Phase 2 – 3
BE-3l Review and update Section 15.46.020 of the Municipal Code to require upon a transfer of ownership the disclosure of additional relevant weatherization information (e.g., ventilation standards, wall insulation, and installation of programmable thermostats) for residences and commercial buildings over 5,000 square feet. As part of this, work with Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development to promote the Weatherization Program for qualifying residents. Additionally, develop a City-specific disclosure checklist and coordinate with realtors/brokers to engrain the City’s resale requirements into their work with buyers and sellers.

Building Phase 2
BE-4. Work with MCE to provide carbon-free and renewable energy to at least 95% of the community by 2030.

BE-4a Support MCE in building capacity and funding to provide all Pinole customers 100% carbon-free and renewable energy and adopt a City resolution to enroll all Pinole residents and businesses in carbon-free and renewable from MCE (e.g., MCE’s Deep Green option) by 2030. The resolution shall include identification of a funding or subsidy plan/program to avoid cost increases to customers enrolled in the California Alternate Rates for Energy (CARE) or Family Electric Rate Assistance (FERA) programs (Action BE-4b).

Planning Phase 1
BE-4b In support of Action BE-4a, work with MCE to create a funding and subsidy plan/program for customers enrolled in the CARE or FERA programs to opt-up to MCE’s Deep Green option. This may include subsidizing costs to customers who participate in CARE/FERA programs through non-discounted customer rate increase or obtainment of funding for vulnerable communities.

Planning Phase 1
BE-4c Continue to work with MCE to conduct an annual analysis of opt-out rates in the City and expand the research to understand why residents and businesses opt out of MCE. Include targeted outreach to residents living on low and fixed incomes and vulnerable communities to identify barriers to remaining with MCE.

Planning Phase 1
136

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-4d Continue to partner with MCE to conduct educational campaigns, including tabling at community events, establishing informational resources on the City's website, regularly posting on social media, and developing energy bill inserts, to highlight the benefits of 100% renewable energy and promote the available incentives.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-4e Conduct targeted outreach campaigns to convert PG&E direct access customers to MCE by promoting available incentives and promoting the economic and business benefits of 100% renewable energy.

Community
Development
Phase 2
BE-5. Increase generation and storage of local community-scale renewable energy.

BE-5a Adopt a PV (Solar) Ordinance requiring newly constructed and majorly renovated multi-family and commercial buildings to install PV systems and storage that meet minimum requirements of Tier 2 Voluntary Standards under CalGreen.

Planning Phase 1 California Automated Permit
Processing Program: Solar
Automated Processing Program
BE-5b Continue to establish and streamline standards and permit requirements for electrification-related installations and battery storage systems to allow for easier implementation of these technologies in the City.

Planning Phase 1
BE-5c Install a co-located community solar and storage facility to benefit affordable housing sites using Equity Resilience Incentives under the Self-Generation Incentive Program available through the California Public Utilities Commission.

Public Works Phase 1 California Energy Commission
Block Grant for Electric Vehicle
Charger Incentive Projects
BE-5d Collaborate with PG&E, MCE, and/or other community partners to support and incentivize local on-site energy generation and storage resources. This could include:
▪ Connecting home and business owners, particularly those in vulnerable communities, to incentives for renewable energy and storage including Net Metering Programs through PG&E for bill credits, the Disadvantaged Communities-single-family Solar Homes (DAC_SASH) program, SelfGeneration Incentive Program (SGIP), and Equity Resilience rebates that provide an upfront rebate for battery storage, as well as the federal investment tax credit.
▪ Promoting installation of storage technology in concert with renewable energy infrastructure through multilingual education programs, outreach, and information provided via City platforms.
▪ Providing workshops to large commercial developers and large business property owners on the benefits of microgrids and energy resilience. ▪ Creating a strike team to conduct engagement efforts for the commercial sector to identify ways the City can support commercial energy storage installations and neighborhood scale microgrid opportunities.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Department of Energy Grid
Innovation Program
137

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
BE-5e Expand the partnership with GRID Alternatives through increased funding/support and promote the benefits of renewable energy through multilingual educational programs to facilitate an equitable transition to renewable energy.

Community
Development
Phase 1
BE-5f Partner with CBOs and homeowner’s associations (HOAs) through the City’s professional grant writing consultant, who will support the identification, conceptualization, preparation, and submittal of grant applications to secure funding for community-scale renewable energy projects. Utilize any grant funded projects as City pilot projects to demonstrate the success of the program and opportunities available.

Community
Development
Phase 2
Strategy TR. Transportation
TR-1. Create a safe and connected active transportation network linked to Pinole Creek to increase active transportation mode share to 5.5% by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.

TR-1a Conduct an analysis of existing bicycle and pedestrian conditions during the development of the Active Transportation Plan with a focus on identifying residential communities, commercial uses, schools, and open spaces currently disconnected from the Creek, due to freeways and lack of connections on busy roads. Build on the interactive map created to solicit community input regarding the Active Transportation Plan on “Pinole Speaks,” the City’s public input website to display the active transportation conditions identified and allow community feedback through the webpage.

Public Works Phase 1 ▪ Department of
Transportation’s Safe Streets
and Roads for All program
▪ Department of
Transportation’s Active
Transportation Infrastructure
Investment Program
California Transportation
Commission’s Active
Transportation Program
TR-1b Complete the Active Transportation Plan with a focus on creating safe and connected active transportation networks that link residential neighborhoods, schools, and commercial centers to Pinole Creek and thereby to each other.

The plan will include:
▪ A prioritized list of pathways to be installed or upgraded to include shareduse paths, buffered bike lanes, bike boulevards, and separated bikeways. ▪ A prioritized list of bicycle parking or storage and equipment repair infrastructure.
▪ Information on additional infrastructure installed as part of the plan, such as trash and recycling receptacles to prevent waste from entering the creek due to increased usage.
▪ A schedule for reducing vehicle speed limits at prioritized locations. ▪ Available funding sources for infrastructure buildout. ▪ Use of sustainable materials, when feasible
Public Works Phase 1
138

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-1b
cont.

Prioritization shall focus on achieving an equitable active transportation system where all Pinole residents have access to critical connections and mobility options.

TR-1c Partner with Contra Costa Transportation Authority to pursue funding from Caltrans’ Active Transportation Program or similar funding opportunities to implement improvements from the City’s Active Transportation Plan.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-1d Partner with entities such as the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 511 Contra Costa, or the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to expand existing rebate programs to help families living on low- and fixed-incomes purchase alternative modes of transportation (e.g., bicycles, scooters, rollerblades, skates, skateboards) and appropriate safety gear.

Public Works Phase 2 ▪ Department of
Transportation’s Safe Streets
and Roads for All Program
▪ Department of
Transportation’s Active
Transportation Infrastructure
Investment Program
▪ California Transportation
Commission’s Active
Transportation Program
TR-1e Partner with Bike East Bay and/or other non-profit groups to periodically close streets with connections and vistas of the Creek to cars to host walk/bike/roll (car-free) community events that demonstrate the benefits of a safe and connected active transportation network. Coincide these community events with regular active transportation events to encourage and reward residents for participation.

Public Works Phase 2
TR-1f Partner with schools, youth sports leagues, the Pinole Police Department, and community groups such as Friends of Pinole Creek Watershed, 511 Contra Costa, Pinole Valley Earth Team, Pinole Rotary, Pinole Community Services Commission and local Tribes to teach students and families bicycle and pedestrian safety and educate them on the safe route availability and the health and environmental benefits of walking and bicycling, as well as the history of the Pinole Creek ecosystem and surrounding natural lands.

Public Works,
Community
Services
Phase 2 ▪ Department of
Transportation’s Safe Streets
and Roads for All program
▪ Department of
Transportation’s Active
Transportation Infrastructure
Investment Program
▪ California Transportation
Commission’s Active
Transportation Program
▪ California Transportation
Commission’s Local
Partnership Program
139

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-1g Partner with an electric bike provider or rental company to pilot an electricbike rental program at the Pinole Library. Track use of the program, including equity indicators, to monitor its success and evaluate continuation of the program.

Community
Development
Phase 2 California Climate Investments
Program
TR-1h Install bike repair stations along the Pinole Creek and consider partnering with a local bike shop to provide quarterly bicycle repair support for residents traveling along the bike path or at a designated, central location.

Public Works Phase 2 California Transportation
Commission’s Local Partnership
Program
TR-1i Implement 100% of the Active Transportation Plan by 2030 to achieve a 5.5% active transportation mode share by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.

Public Works Phase 2 – 3 California Transportation
Commission’s Active
Transportation Program
TR-2. Implement public and shared transit improvements and programs to achieve a 14% public transit mode share by 2030 and 18% by 2045.

TR-2a Partner with Western Contra Costa Transit (WestCAT) to conduct a prioritization study to determine transit priority corridors and best potential locations for WestCAT expansions (including the Hercules Intermodal Transit Center and Richmond BART Station) to reduce transit travel times from/to Pinole. The study shall include an analysis of existing stops and schedules, a survey of existing commuter patterns, analysis of potential latent demand, and targeted outreach to residents living on low- and moderate-incomes and members of vulnerable communities to understand the concerns around or equity barriers to using public and/or shared transit.

Public Works Phase 1 California Transportation
Commission’s Local Partnership
Program
TR-2b Conduct a feasibility study to assess the potential impacts and costs of a parkand-ride facility in Pinole and identify potential locations. Public Works Phase 1 TR-2c Work with WestCAT to complete an analysis of potential design improvements, such as seating and shading bus stops and along active transportation routes to increase use.

Public Works Phase 1 CalTrans Sustainable
Transportation Planning Grant
TR-2d Work with WestCAT to improve transit accessibility for people with disabilities by ensuring physical accessibility (i.e., ramps, lifts, and tactile paving), providing both audio and visual information; training staff on how to assist people with disabilities and handle equipment; and actively engage people with disabilities in the decision-making process.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-2e Partner with WestCAT and the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to implement a free public transit pilot program for students, foster youth, and unhoused youth in Pinole that makes it free for participants to travel via WestCAT.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Section 5310 Grant for Senior
Access
140

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-2f Based on the prioritization studies (TR-2a - TR-2c), develop a plan to prioritize infrastructure improvements in existing neighborhoods that increase access to and use of public transit. The plan shall include projects and timelines to:
▪ Expand WestCAT routes and schedules
▪ Cohesively label all existing and new stops
▪ Provide safe and convenient shelters with benches, shade. hand sanitizing stations, area maps, and native plants
▪ Establish a schedule to annually monitor routes and schedules to confirm they meet the needs of the community
Public Works Phase 2
TR-2g Engage with Caltrans to design and install a park and ride facility, which may include implementing efficient traffic flow systems.

Public Works Phase 2
TR-2h Partner with 511 Contra Costa to educate Pinole residents, commuters, and students on available transit opportunities through free commute consultations, and provide qualifying commuters with financial incentives to take transit, such as pre-loaded Clipper cards and a Guaranteed Ride Home program.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 2
TR-2i Partner with WestCAT and the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to pursue funding for the prioritization study and plan (TR-2a - c and TR-2f) through MTC’s One Bay Area Grant funding, or similar funding opportunities.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 2
TR-2j Partner with the West Contra Costa Unified School District and/or private schools to evaluate mobility needs and expand bus routes where necessary to increase access to and use of school bus transportation to schools, including services for after-school hours for student and their guardians Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 2
TR-3. Develop programs and policies to discourage driving single passenger vehicles and to support the active transportation and public transit mode share goals of Measures TR-1 and TR-2.

TR-3a Adopt an ordinance requiring all employers to develop a Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan and require large employers (i.e., more than 25 employees) to include money-based incentives for employees to bike, walk, carpool, or take public transit to work. Additionally, complete a comprehensive study to establish an Average Vehicle Ridership (AVR) that accurately reflects Measure TR-1 and TR-2's goals.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-3b Create a Pinole Parklets Program to install parklets in the downtown and other commercial areas of the City and engage with businesses to gain sponsorship for the parklets.

Public Works Phase 1
141

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-3c Require informative signage be included at the parklets designed through the Pinole Parklet Program (Action TR-3b) that provide information on the benefits of ecosystem services at all scales, and the health impacts associated with reducing single occupancy vehicle trips.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-3d Partner with local jurisdictions, public transit providers, and CBOs to identify gaps in the transportation network that can be prioritized for crossjurisdictional collaboration to connect the region and reduce the need for single occupancy vehicles.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-3e Conduct an analysis of the potential community impacts and feasibility and benefits of implementing disincentive-based policies for driving singlepassenger vehicles, including a congestion charge program, limiting parking options, increased local taxes (income tax, gasoline tax, or car registration tax), and Transportation Network Companies (TNC) user taxes. Include analysis of potential equity impacts of the policies and identification of potential equity metrics to address equity concerns when developing policies.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-3f Consider opportunities to fund transportation system improvements through disincentive-based program revenues and/or a tiered TDM fee for employers who do not achieve the established AVR by 2030 to establish an equitable transition to more sustainable modes of transportation.

Public Works Phase 2
TR-3g Conduct AVR surveys of Pinole businesses every three years to determine weekday AVR and mode share split as well as perceived barriers to telecommuting and alternative modes of transportation (i.e., modes other than single occupancy vehicles), and interest in sustainable transportation amenities, infrastructure, and events/resources.

Public Works Phase 3
TR-3h Consider development applications that will improve the community by increasing density in transit-rich areas and connecting residents of multifamily, and/or affordable housing sites to public and shared transit options.

Public Works Ongoing
TR-4. Increase passenger zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 33% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-4a Adopt an EV reach code by 2025 requiring new commercial and multifamily construction to install the minimum number of EV chargers based on Tier 2 CalGreen requirements (20% of total parking spaces).

Community
Development
Phase 1
142

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-4b Adopt an EV reach code by 2026 requiring major multifamily building retrofits to install the minimum number of EV chargers based on Tier 2 CalGreen requirements (20% of total parking spaces) and major commercial retrofits (with a square footage larger than 10,000 square feet or modifications for electric service panels) to meet CalGreen requirements for “EV Ready” charging spaces and infrastructure.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-4c Adopt an ordinance that bans the development of any new, or expansion, renovation or replacement of any existing, fossil fuel stations in the City prior to the expiration of the Urgency Ordinance. The process should include:

1. Determining and define an outreach process.

2. Prepare a General Plan, Specific Plan, and Zoning Ordinance text amendment, which would establish Service Station land use as Not Permitted by Table 17.20.030-1 in the PMC, making all existing service stations legal non-conforming and subject to Section 17.14.080 of the Municipal Code.

3. Determine if any streamlining enhancements to existing provisions in the PMC that incentivize the expansion, modification, or retrofit of an existing service station to incorporate biodiesel or other alternative fuels or charging stations for electric vehicles should be considered.

4. Take the Amendments through the required public review process, including Planning Commission recommendation and City Council adoption.

5. Continue to direct staff to explore options for additional charging at City-owned/maintained properties and private facilities for public benefit.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-4d Update Pinole’s permit process for EV chargers to create a streamlined process for residents and businesses that is consistent with the State’s Electric Vehicle Charging Station Permitting Guidebook (as well as AB 970, AB 1236)..

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-4e Prepare a feasibility study to evaluate opportunities for installation of EV charging stations at City owned facilities. The feasibility study will assess electrical capacity, electrical demand, financial constraints, funding sources and parking utilization to provide a prioritized list of locations to install new publicly accessible EV charging stations.

Public Works Phase 1
143

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-4f In the feasibility study, include evaluation of opportunities and prioritization of locations to increase the equitable distribution of publicly available EV chargers to residents of multi-family homes and residents living on low- and moderate-incomes, as well as consideration for optimizing daytime charging.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-4g Work with MCE and PG&E to incentivize residential electric vehicle charger installations and panel upgrades through on-bill financing. Promote the incentives through multi-lingual outreach material on the City’s website and at community events.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-4h Work with MCE to promote and provide technical assistance for their Residential EV Rate Plan and MCE Sync charging app to help community members charge during off-peak hours and save money on home charging.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-4i Coordinate with community-based organizations, local agencies, and nonprofits such as Charge Up Contra Costa, 511 Contra Costa, and Cool the Earth to conduct zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) education events for residents and targeted events for residents living on low- and moderate- incomes as well as residents living in multi-family buildings that would engage the community to evaluate the barriers to ZEV adoption, promote information on the costs and benefits of owning ZEVs, and detail the steps on how to receive incentives for ZEVs.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-5j Work with Contra Costa County to create an EV charging etiquette policy that encourages a seamless charging experience, fosters community collaboration, and promotes sustainable practices for the benefit of all electric vehicle users and the environment.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-k Develop an equitable charging fee structure that provides accessibility for all users, regardless of socio-economic background, fostering inclusivity and promoting widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-4l Develop outreach and education materials and distribute them to local businesses, property owners, and developers on the financial (e.g., new funding streams), environmental, and health, and safety benefits of ZEVs.

Provide information on available funding opportunities and the City’s streamlined permitting process. Additionally, as part of this process, include information on EV battery recycling to dispel myths, ease disposal concerns, and promote sustainable practices grounded in science.

Community
Development
Phase 2
144

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-4m Collaborate with neighboring jurisdictions and the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to develop a zero-emission vehicle car share network.

Community
Development,
Public Works
Phase 2 Department of Transportation
Charging and Fueling
Infrastructure Grant
TR-4n Coordinate with car share companies and community-groups to develop an affordable, zero-emission vehicle car share program to serve affordable housing and/or multifamily developments with a priority to target residents living on low- and moderate-incomes.

Public Works Phase 2
TR-4o Based on the prioritized list of locations developed through actions TR-4d and TR-4e, install at least 270 new publicly accessible Level II and DC Fast chargers by 2030 and 935 by 2045, through public-private partnerships and on Cityowned properties.

Public Works Phase 2 – 3
TR-5. Increase commercial zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-5a Work with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Pacific Gas & Electric, and or similar entities to identify and provide funding for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure for disadvantaged or vulnerable business owners.

Public Works Phase 1 ▪ Bay Area Air Quality
Management District’s Clean
Cars for All
▪ BAAQMD’s Vehicle Buy Back
Program, Clean Vehicle
Assistance Program’s Clean
Vehicle Assistance Program
▪ California's Hybrid and ZeroEmission Truck and Bus
Voucher Incentive Project
TR-5b Create a summary of commercial vehicle fleets in Pinole and identify employers to work with to accelerate ZEV adoption through targeted education.

Public Works Phase 1
TR-5c Encourage commercial vehicle fleet operators to accelerate electrification by providing them educational material on the benefits of zero emission vehicles (e.g., fuel cost savings through networked charging and current availability of zero emission vehicles ahead of State mandates), educating them on the City’s streamlined permitting process, and compiling and distributing information on potential funding opportunities.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-5d Implement local tax breaks to incentivize commercial fleet electrification. Community Development
Phase 2
145

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
TR-5e Investigate opportunities to help fund additional EV charging infrastructure by leveraging public/private partnerships and ensuring the City is charging for EV infrastructure use at City-owned facilities.

Community
Development
Phase 2 California Energy Commission’s
Charging Infrastructure for
Government Fleets
TR-6. Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 8% of off-road equipment operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-6a Create a phased ordinance by 2026 to ban the local operation of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road equipment by type (e.g., lawn and garden, construction), including banning local operation of gasoline and dieselpowered small off-road equipment (SORE) by 2028. Update the ordinance based on a regular review of relevant state regulations, regional rules, and available technology.

Community
Development
Phase 1
TR-6b Establish a communication and outreach program to raise awareness of the ordinance, educate community members on the benefits of and funding opportunities for offroad decarbonization, and collect data on offroad fleet and decarbonization trends in the community (e.g., through outreach sampling and surveying).

Community
Development ,
Public Works
Phase 1 California Energy Commission
Local Government Building
Decarbonization Challenge
TR-6c As part of Action TR-6b’s program, investigate off-road equipment fleets in the City to identify fleets with the highest decarbonization potential, fleets owned by small and minority businesses that will need targeted support and incentives to decarbonize or electrify, and fleets that do not currently have zero-emission alternatives. Utilize these findings to develop the phased offroad ordinances.

Public Works Phase 1 California Energy Commission
Local Government Building
Decarbonization Challenge
TR-6d As part of Action TR-6b’s program, develop a multi-lingual Off-road Equipment Replacement Outreach Campaign that provides information to contractors, residents, and fleet operators in the City, with a target towards those identified in Action TR-6c. Information should include equivalent alternatives to fossil-fueled off-road equipment, public health, and safety benefits of alternative equipment technology, and funding opportunities available (i.e., Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Program [CORE]).

Community
Development,
Public Works
Phase 1 Clean Off-Road Equipment
Voucher Incentive Program
TR-6e Partner with surrounding jurisdictions and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) to develop a rebate and incentive program for upgrading off-road equipment and switching to electric or biofuels.

Develop the program with a focus on procedural equity and prioritize funding distribution to disadvantaged and vulnerable communities.

Community
Development,
Public Works
Phase 2
146

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
Strategy SW. Solid Waste
SW-1. By 2025, reduce organics to landfill by 75% to meet or exceed SB 1383 organic waste diversion requirements through composting and edible food recovery.

SW-1a Through MOUs with the City's waste haulers, establish requirements by 2024 for waste haulers to perform annual performance assessments to determine compliance with SB 1383 requirements. If the performance assessments show the hauler is not on target, meet with the hauler and RecycleMore staff to establish prioritized actions for the hauler and/or RecycleMore to complete.

Additionally, utilize the assessments to identify trends in contamination and integrate lessons learned into the educational program as part of Action SW1e.

Public Works Phase 1
SW-1b Partner with RecycleMore, Sustainable Contra Costa, or similar entities to complete community based social marketing (CBSM) targeted outreach and education campaign by 2025 to high organic generation commercial accounts to educate and train commercial generators’ management and staff about best practices in food waste reduction and surplus food donation. As part of this effort, develop successful case studies for Pinole food facilities to provide best practices, cost savings and other methods to energize food facility managers and staff to fully participate in the organics diversion and edible food recovery programs.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1c In concert with Economic Development programs, establish a downtown Pinole outreach campaign and recognition program by 2025 to celebrate restaurants/food facilities with the highest diversion and edible food recovery success. Create a space on the City’s CAAP website to highlight the campaign and leaders in the community, as well as provide a plaque or alternative community recognition that emphasizes the successful initiatives.

Public Works Phase 1
SW-1d Establish a program by 2024 to distribute kitchen food pails at community events (e.g., Farmers Markets, California Coastal Cleanup Day, Pinole's Dumpster Day, Earth Walk), distribute food pails at grocery stores in lowerresourced areas, and directly connect with property owners of low- and moderate- income rental housing to distribute food pails directly to housing units. Through the program, track how many pails are distributed quarterly.

Public Works Phase 1
SW-1e Establish and maintain an ongoing education program informing the community about compostable materials and upcoming at-home composting workshops, including regularly updated guidelines on composting, especially paper, distributed bi-annually and made available at the City permit counter, grocery stores, as well as at farmers' markets, California Coastal Cleanup Day, Pinole's Dumpster Day, Earth Walk and other community events.

Community
Development
Phase 1
147

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SW-1f Transform Pinole’s “Dumpster Day” into “Resource Recovery Day,” in both name and concept, by introducing a community swap meet where residents exchange/recycle household goods in preference to conventional commerce and waste. At the event, the City can provide education about organics diversion (including the concept of closing the loop for organics material and edible food recovery) and the “Buy Nothing” movement, and feature special compost giveaway events (e.g., free kitchen food pails).

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1g Work with local grocery stores and retail food markets, the Contra Costa and Solano Food Bank Rescue Program, RecycleMore, and community groups to understand the criteria for acceptable food for recovery and establish a more robust food rescue and distribution program to divert additional edible food to food insecure residents.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1h Identify and support school organizations in the City (e.g., leadership, sustainability, and environmental groups or clubs) start “Go Organics” programs to initiate, educate, and implement robust organics collection programs on campus in collaboration with the City’s waste hauler and RecycleMore.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1 Edible Food Recovery Grant
Program
SW-1i Develop presentations for all schools in Pinole to:
▪ Educate students, staff, and teachers on how to implement an efficient, yet robust organics collection program
▪ Educate students, staff, and teachers on the benefits of diverting organics and reducing GHG emissions
▪ Engage school leadership on the benefits of establishing a ‘closed loop partnership’ regarding organics. This could include adding organics end products such as mulch and compost delivered from the City’s waste hauler nearby composting facility to school gardens and landscaping, thereby eliminating need for pesticides and herbicides, and increasing water retention in school landscaping.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1 Edible Food Recovery Grant
Program
SW-1j Continue to partner with the City’s waste hauler to include quarterly multilingual inserts in residential and commercial billing to highlight important programs and initiatives, including the single-use plastic ban and the no-cost organics pails available to residents and the composting programs in Action ID SW-1h, as well as new programs as they are created.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
148

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SW-1k Develop a comprehensive outreach program to educate Homeowner Associations, neighborhood associations, and communities on social media platforms such as NextDoor and Pinole TV on the City’s organic waste diversion requirements and available programs and resources to increase diversion.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1l Implement a comprehensive organics collection and edible food recovery program for low income and fixed income people to ensure access to edible surplus food recipients such as food banks and other food recovery organizations.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1m Fund the comprehensive organics collection and edible food recovery program using CalRecycle’s SB 1383 grant funding cycle.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1n Partner with local waste management providers, food recovery organizations, and West Contra Costa Unified School District, private schools in Pinole, or similar entities, to analyze existing food waste generation, disposal practices, and potential sources of edible surplus food.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-1o Install compost bins throughout the City where there are landfill and recycling bins to collect organics generated. Incorporate the hauling requirements into the waste hauler’s contract to confirm proper management and disposal.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2. Reduce landfilled inorganic waste 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045.

SW-2a Adopt a Zero Waste Policy and Zero Waste Strategic Plan to guide and detail methods to meet the reduction target of 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045. As a part of the Zero Waste Strategic Plan, adopt a Sustainable Foodware Ordinance by 2024 to phase in the reduction, and subsequent elimination of, single-use plastic foodware by food facilities.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2b Partner with an entity such as Terracycle to create a recycling program at Cityowned and operated buildings and other community-based locations to collect hard to recycle products, such as snack pouches.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2c Partner with local businesses, nonprofits, and community groups or organizations to establish pop-up repair cafes for commonly broken and easily repaired items. Additionally, engage local home improvement businesses and partner with the Pinole Library to promote reuse by increasing accessibility to shared tools through a tool lending program. In addition to providing available resources, work with experts in various fields to provide quick reference guidance documents or record short videos that residents can refer to when borrowing specific equipment to learn the most effective ways of using the tools available.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
149

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SW-2d Continue the City’s single-use plastic education efforts and integrate the efforts into a citywide education program, ‘ Pinole’s Path to Zero Waste,’ to expand outreach and resources about zero waste goals and focus education on specific benefits to the City (e.g., reduction of single-use plastic pollution flowing into Pinole Creek and San Pablo Bay, community savings from reduce and reuse efforts).

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2e Partner with community-based organizations such as ReThink Disposables and RecycleMore to engage Bayfront Chamber of Commerce members and other Pinole businesses to educate the business community about the benefits of reusables and inform them about the new Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag Reduction Ordinance.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2f Work with compostable distributors to achieve competitive pricing for compostable foodware to increase compliance with the Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag Reduction Ordinance.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2g Sponsor businesses to host refill pop-ups at community events (e.g., Farmers Market) where community members can purchase common household products and food in bulk using their own containers and create a network of local businesses that can provide the pop-up local, bulk products with zerowaste packaging.

Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2h Secure financial grants and assistance from Rethink Disposables, CalRecycle’s City/County Payment Program (CCPP), and others, to support businesses in developing pilot programs for reusable and returnable foodware and drop-off stations, purchasing and installing dishwashers, and overall gaining compliance with the Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag ReductionOrdinance. Highlight and support use of new grant funds available for small and minority-owned businesses to participate. Additionally, Seek grant funding to support pop-up repair cafes and a tool lending program.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-2i Create a Hazardous Waste Material Reuse Program that offers usable household hazardous waste collected at the West Contra Costa County DriveThrough to the community free of charge through a Material ReUse Store.

Establish a schedule and location(s) to operate the Material ReUse Store alongside the household hazardous waste collection schedule and promote the store on the City’s website and on the City’s social media platforms.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 2
SW-2j Partner with public schools to reduce single-use plastic foodware, convert necessary single-use plastic foodware to compostable/reusable foodware, and educate students on closing the loop (i.e., Loop organics).

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 2
150

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SW-3. Meet CalGreen’s current 65% construction and demolition (C&D) materials diversion requirements on all covered projects.

SW-3a Include in, or amend, the franchise agreement with the City’s waste hauler to require C&D diversion requirements with performance disincentives for noncompliance.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3b Partner with RecycleMore and the City’s waste hauler to complete an assessment of projects that were not compliant with the 65% diversion requirement. Determine an Action Plan to ensure similar future projects meet the 65% requirement. Complete ongoing review of projects collaboratively with RecycleMore to assess projects that are non-compliant and methods to ensure 65% diversion requirements are met.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3c Fully engage and inform permit applicants of the 65% requirements at the very beginning of the planning, building, and inspection process and collaborate with RecycleMore to integrate C&D diversion practices into the City’s permit process.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3d Create and distribute a Contractors Guide to educate contractors on the requirements to meet the program conditions that include pre-permit documentation weight tags, post-permit documentation, and consequences for not meeting minimum diversion requirements.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3e Update C&D information on the City’s website to include a more complete comprehensive list of documents, such as:
▪ Pre-permit requirements
▪ Green Halo system requirements
▪ Locations for C&D materials processing/diversion
▪ Weight tag requirements
▪ Post project requirements and signature
▪ Details regarding consequences for not meeting requirements.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3f Partner with the City’s waste hauler, RecycleMore and other C&D organizations to educate on best practices for meeting CalGreen 65% requirements as part of Program 9 in the Housing Element.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3g Use financial grants and assistance from CalRecycle to fund and provide tools for low- and fixed-income projects to meet requirements.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-3h Continue to offer online-waste tracking options for the community through the Green Halo compliance system, or a similar system, which allows for receipts to be verified online, streamlining the processes substantially Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
151

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SW-4. Analyze opportunities to enhance the City’s Wastewater Treatment Plant to divert organic waste from the landfill and increase organics recovery.

SW-4a Complete a feasibility study to identify local partners, analyze the potential waste volume, and assess facility upgrades needed to complete a pilot Organics to Energy Project at the WWTP and the potential cost and GHG emission reduction impacts of such a project.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-4b Conduct case study assessments of other organics to energy projects at WWTPs to educate City decision makers, the public, and other interested parties on the feasibility of the pilot project and opportunities to enhance the WWTP for organic waste diversion.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-4c Partner with an organics-to-energy company to help assess the feasibility of a pilot project for the City and impacted communities.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-4d Pursue funding opportunities (e.g., CalRecycle) and financing alternatives to address capital costs for the pilot project.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-5 Establish new programs to meet the City’s SB 1383 annual procurement target (i.e., 1,073 tons of compost in 2030 and 1,292 tons of compost in 2045) by 2030.

SW-5a Establish a program to procure and provide compost for:
▪ The City’s parks, recreation areas, schools’ landscaping, and school gardens
▪ Garden community organizations such as the Pinole Garden Club ▪ Residential and commercial landscapers
Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-5b Amend or otherwise ensure that the Franchise Agreement for the City’s waste hauler will provide organic waste products at reduced cost.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-5c Establish a new program to deliver compost to local schools and community organizations. Expand free compost giveaways to residents, local urban farmers, and other organizations. Track the success of the program based on tons of compost given away and promote the program on the City’s CAAP website and through the City’s social media channels.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-5d Complete a feasibility study in collaboration with RecycleMore to identify costeffective end uses for organic waste products and methods to distribute the products.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-5e Using established education materials from RecycleMore and other organizations, provide outreach and education to the City’s garden community organizations such as the Pinole Garden Club, resident groups, and commercial landscapers in Pinole on the benefits of using organic end products such as compost and mulch.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1 CalRecycle SB1353 Grant
152

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SW-5f Partner with Republic Services, or others who own large composting operations in close proximity to the City to provide organic end product to the community at a cost-effective rate.

Public Works,
Community
Development
SW-5g Use the SB 1383 fee to pay for a portion of organic end use products. Use financial grants and assistance from CalRecycle to fund the purchase of organic end product. Focus effort on lower income projects to participate in program.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
SW-5h Establish an online mapping location hosted on a City website to identify existing community gardens and make a list of potential underused park space for expansion, setting internal key performance indicators for number of new garden spaces.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1
Strategy W. Water
SW-1. Reduce per capita potable water consumption 10% by 2030 and 25% by 2045, from 2017 levels.

W-1a Continue to implement and enforce Pinole Municipal Code Chapter 15.54 (Water Efficient Landscaping) to encourage use of efficient irrigation systems, greywater usage, onsite storm water capture, and limit the portion of landscapes that can be covered in turf.

Public Works Phase 1
W-1b Adopt a Water Conservation and Water Shortage Contingency Program Ordinance to establish drought thresholds that trigger varying water use reduction strategies. The Ordinance will focus primarily on domestic water use, health and sanitation, and fire protection.

Public Works Phase 1 Bureau of Reclamation
WaterSMART Drought Resiliency
Program
W-1.c Perform a study to understand the feasibility and potential potable water savings of adopting a Dual Drainage Plumbing Ordinance. The feasibility study will help the City determine the size threshold for future development projects subject to the Ordinance.

Public Works Phase 1
W-1d Upon completion of the Feasibility Study in Action W-1c, adopt an appropriate Dual Drainage Plumbing Ordinance.

Public Works Phase 1
W-1e Continue to comply with SB 1087 and Municipal Code Chapter 17.32 (Affordable Housing Requirements) requirements to provide priority water and sewer service allocations to affordable housing developments.

Public Works Phase 1
W-1f Continue to partner with East Bay Municipal Utility District’s to provide water conserving fixtures/fittings and rebates for appliances to residents throughout Pinole, with a focus on disadvantaged and vulnerable communities to reduce utility bill burdens. Provide specific updates to the community as new programs are released, such as featuring a new indoor plumbing program to help Customer Assistance Program participants find and fix indoor leaks.

Public Works Phase 1
153

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
W-1g Implement a comprehensive, coordinated educational initiative focused on property owners, landlords, property management firms, homeowners’ associations, and occupants to reduce water usage in homes and businesses.

This campaign will incorporate the water conservation messaging of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), utilizing various communication channels such as publications, websites, community events, workshops, and bill inserts. It will also provide details on available incentives for water-saving appliances, fittings, fixtures, and efficient landscaping irrigation systems, including those offered by EBMUD. Additionally, the campaign will focus on reaching disadvantaged and vulnerable communities to alleviate the burden of utility bills.

Public Works Phase 1 ▪ Bureau of Reclamation
WaterSMART Drought
Resiliency Program
▪ Bureau of Reclamation
WaterSMART Water and
Energy Efficiency Grant
▪ Department of Water
Resources Urban Community
Drought Relief Program
W-1h Partner with EBMUD, the Contra Costa Master Gardeners, and/or Pinole Garden Club to develop community programs to encourage water-wise landscaping and watering practices and to provide a hands-on learning experience such as sheet mulching lawn conversions for members of the community. Include promotion of EBMUD Lawn Conversion rebates.

Public Works Phase 1
W-1i Continue to partner with Rising Sun to provide Green House Calls to residents to provide high-efficiency fixtures/fittings and leak detection tests.

Public Works Phase 1
W-1j Work with EBMUD to provide existing commercial entities that have decorative or non-functional turf onsite with the education and resources necessary to transition to regenerative landscapes with a goal of replacing all existing commercial decorative or non-functional turf by 2030.

Public Works Ongoing
W-2. Increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water.

W-2a Continue to work with EBMUD to complete a feasibility study to identify opportunities to increase supply of recycled water to the City. The feasibility study will:
▪ Analyze opportunities to expand purple piping infrastructure ▪ Identify opportunities and technologies to increase recycled water supply ▪ Evaluate potential impacts to cost of service
▪ Investigate ways to maintain or decrease costs of service through the projects
▪ Identify customers that would benefit from receiving recycled water within City of Pinole and adjacent to the City, in Hercules or other surrounding jurisdictions, as applicable
Public Works Phase 1 Water Recycling Funding
Program
154

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
W-2b Pursue funding opportunities at the state and federal level, such as the Clean Water State Revolving Fund and the US Bureau of Reclamation's WaterSMART grants, to fund recycled water infrastructure and to increase the equitable distribution of recycled water in the City.

Public Works Phase 1 Water Recycling Funding
Program
W-2c Investigate working with EBMUD to promote the installation of greywater equipment in homes and businesses through a multi-lingual Laundry-toLandscape outreach campaign. The campaign shall include:
▪ Educational information on the environmental and financial benefits of greywater systems
▪ Information on how to install and use the systems, including information on EMBUD greywater rebates
▪ Distribution of educational materials at the City’s permitting counter ▪ Supplemental event(s) hosted with EBMUD or industry expert to educate community members on the installation and use of the systems, including an existing residential greywater system demonstration
▪ Direct outreach to multi-family property owners.

Public Works Phase 1
W-2d Create and implement a phased outreach campaign to educate the community on the benefits of recycled water as well as dispelling misconceptions to and increase community use.

Public Works Phase 1
W-2e Upon completion of the feasibility study to identify opportunities to increase supply of recycled water to the City, work with EBMUD to develop a Recycled Water Infrastructure Enhancement Plan that outlines the potential for system expansion, identifies opportunities, as applicable, to integrate recycled water sources into non-potable water networks for irrigation, and the promotion of educational campaigns that raise awareness on what recycled water is and how it is used.

Public Works Phase 1 Water Recycling Funding
Program
Strategy CS. Carbon Sequestration
CS-1. Increase carbon sequestration and prepare the urban forest for climate change, extreme heat, drought, and wildfire by adopting policies developed through the Community Urban Forest Plan.

CS-1a Develop and adopt a Community Urban Forest Plan by 2026 to identify and prioritize tree planting areas in the City. The Plan will:
▪ Inventory the existing urban forest as a baseline and identify areas in Pinole that have below average canopy coverage (such as census block groups 60133640021, 60133640023, and 60133922004) and high urban heat island effects.
▪ Design a tree planting program focused on eliminating significant difference in canopy coverage between census blocks by 2040.

Public Works Phase 1 Urban and Community Forestry
Grant Program
155

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CS-1a
cont.
▪ Identify a phased timeframe for program implementation. ▪ Establish a management plan for existing trees that will focus on promoting street tree health, enhancing resilience, increasing the environmental benefits and co-benefits from trees, and engaging the community in urban forest management.
▪ Establish a tracking system to assess progress towards annual goals and annual benchmarks.

CS-1b Collaborate with community-based organizations with connections to disadvantaged and vulnerable communities in the development of the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan and share the plan on the City’s website.

Public Works Phase 1 CalFire Urban and Community
Forestry Grant
CS-1c Continue protecting existing trees on private property through the provisions of PMC Chapter 17.96 (Tree Removal) and amend the Municipal Code to require as a condition of approval when a Tree Removal Permit is issued either planting on-site replacement trees or paying an in-lieu fee equal to at the value of the protected tree.

Public Works Phase 1 Arbor Day Foundation Tree City
USA Designation
CS-1d Prioritize tree implementation in areas with populations most at risk to extreme heat impacts (older adults, children, outdoor workers, individuals with disabilities, transit dependent individuals, and individuals with chronic health conditions) pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan.

Public Works Phase 1 Office of Planning and Research
Integrated Climate Adaptation:

Extreme Heat Mitigation
CS-1e Review, enhance, update, and regularly maintain the City’s existing “Tree” webpage with relevant information, such as best practices for watering and fertilizing trees, guidelines for pruning and maintenance, information on local tree species, and resources for reporting tree damage or disease. Additionally, provide information on the benefits of a healthy tree canopy, including improved air and water quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and increased property values.

Public Works Phase 1
CS-1f Amend the Municipal Code to include street tree requirements for all zoning districts, increase shade tree requirements for new developments, and include increased permeable surface requirements for new development or substantial redevelopment.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CS-1g Continue to pursue and obtain grant funding for tree planting and urban forest management. Identify and apply for applicable federal (e.g., USDA) and state (e.g., California ReLeaf, Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program (AHSC), Cal Fire’s Urban and Community Forestry Program, and the Public Works Phase 1
156

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CS-1g
cont.

California Natural Resources Agency’s Urban Greening Program) available grants for tree planting and urban greening projects.

CS-1h Develop a City incentive program for new tree plantings on private properties with a focus on members of disadvantaged and vulnerable communities and in areas where there is below average tree equity or canopy coverage, pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan.

Public Works Phase 2 CalFire Urban and Community
Forestry Grant
CS-1i Partner with a local nursery to host regular tree planting events and volunteer opportunities to engage community members in the effort to maintain and expand the local tree canopy.

Public Works Phase 2 Arbor Day Foundation
CS-1j Work with a community non-profit organization to develop an adopt a tree program increase the urban tree canopy in marginalized communities Public Works Phase 2
CS-1k Establish a Tree Trust or Tree Endowment where the interest on the principal can be used for purchasing and planting trees in prioritized areas pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan, paying for tree maintenance in disadvantaged and vulnerable communities in the City, or supporting staff resources for the Urban Forest Management Program.

Public Works Phase 3
CS-2. Increase nature-based and technological carbon sequestration and capture opportunities in Pinole.

CS-2a Seek funding to conduct a study to quantify the carbon stock in existing Pinole blue carbon ecosystems (e.g., eelgrass in San Pablo Bay) and quantify the carbon sequestration potential of blue carbon restoration and expansion.

Public Works Phase 1
CS-2b Partner with concrete producers to research opportunities for technological carbon sequestration in Pinole including potential funding mechanisms (e.g., Verra’s Methodology for CO2 Utilization in Concrete Production).

Public Works Phase 1
CS-2c Based on the studies, develop a plan to increase carbon sequestration in Pinole. The plan shall include a quantitative carbon sequestration target to be achieved by 2045 and a process for regular monitoring of carbon stocks.

Public Works Phase 1
CS-2d Create an educational campaign that informs members of the community about the benefits and methods associated with carbon sequestration and capture that avoids jargon and clearly explains the opportunities and benefits in the City. Confirm that the educational materials are provided in a multilingual, culturally considerate manner and distributed specifically to disadvantaged community members.

Public Works Phase 1
157

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
Strategy CAR. Community Adaptation and Resilience
CAR-1. Establish a reliable resilience center in the City to provide relief from extreme weather events, including extreme heat, flooding, and smoke from wildfires.

CAR-1a Conduct an assessment on the effectiveness of current City resilience center operations. Conduct a study regarding the feasibility of additional community locations (e.g., Pinole Youth Center and Pinole Library) that could serve as resilience centers by evaluating current amenities and resources available. As part of the studies, verify that the needs of vulnerable populations are met during climate hazard events and host focus groups with selected communitybased organizations and other interested parties to identify needs for their service population.

Public Works Phase 1
CAR-1b Identify and apply for funding opportunities that support development of a resilience center, and/or staff positions to maintain the center, such as the Office of Planning and Research Regional Resilience Grant Program.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CAR-1c Utilizing the City’s “Energy Conservation, Generation, and Storage Assessment” conducted in 2024, establish an upgrade and maintenance cycle, including replacement of filters with at least a MERV 11 rating on a quarterly basis for all existing HVAC systems in City owned buildings.

Public Works Phase 1
CAR-1d Work with WestCAT to establish a list of vulnerable community members (e.g., older adults, who may not be able to access a vehicle or public transportation during a heat wave), as well as a program to transport them to established resilience centers.

Public Works Phase 1 5310 Senior Access Fund
CAR-1e Provide essential resources such as health programs, food, refrigeration, charging stations, basic medical supplies, and other emergency supplies at all City resilience centers, as well as educational materials on resources and climate adaptation and preparedness. Audit and refresh supplies on a biannual basis, including information on any new or updated programs or resilience center locations.

Community
Development,
Public Works
Phase 1
CAR-1f Partner with local public or private entities to establish resilience centers at privately owned facilities in the City.

Community
Development
Phase 2
CAR-2. Provide streamlined communication to the public on climate adaptation preparedness, resilience, and evacuation.

CAR-2a Review and update the City’s Emergency Information webpage to reflect ways to prepare for events that may be likely to increase due to climate change, including wildfires, floods, extreme precipitation, extreme heat, poor air quality, and drought, as well as heat-related illness, exacerbate mental stress, and respiratory diseases
Public Works Phase 1
158
Table 11 Implementation of Adaptation Strategies, Measures, and Actions

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CAR-2b Assess current City capacity to shelter displaced residents including facilities, infrastructure, services, and community programs during an extreme weather event.

Public Works Phase 1
CAR-2c Partner with community-based organizations to establish a working group to develop designated temporary housing options for wildfire displaced residents to live in for up to two years after their home is destroyed or severely damaged.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CAR-2d Require that all emergency preparedness and evacuation communications are provided in plain language and translated into Spanish, Tagalog, and Cantonese to support non or limited English speakers. Increase participation in emergency notification systems including the Community Warning System and PG&E Community Wildfire Safety Program through social media campaigns and physical flyer distribution.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CAR-2e Provide administrative support and dedicate staff time for grant writing and funding tracking for climate adaptation and resilience projects, including opportunities to increase and enhance communication such as preparation of interactive websites and information sharing resources.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CAR-2f Identify critical facilities in need of reliable sources of sustained electrical power during events of extreme climate. Assess power loads at each critical facility, determine costs and technology options for battery storage, and make any additional recommendations to the City Council prior to advancing construction.

Public Works Phase 1
CAR-2g Utilize Pinole Community Television (PCTV) to provide consistent information to community members about adaptation preparedness by providing multilingual information that is accessible for people including seniors, individuals with disabilities, children, and caregivers.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CAR-2h Create evacuation procedures for vulnerable populations in partnership with community-based organizations and facilities that serve identified populations.

Host and/or participate in in-person engagement and incorporate games/activities to educate the community on preparedness.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CAR-2i Require that the City’s resilience centers have adequate backup power sources and battery storage to mitigate service disruptions and provide redundancy in the event of a power outage.

Public Works Phase 1
Strategy FC. Flood Control
FC-1. Improve the quality of and reduce the quantity of stormwater runoff through Implementation of the Pinole Green Infrastructure Plan.

FL-1a Prepare a feasibility study to investigate potential infrastructure improvements to relocate critical City infrastructure, such as the Senior Public Works Phase 1
159

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
FL-1a
cont.

Center, Pinole Police Department, and Tiny Tots, from the 100-year flood zone.

The feasibility study would include:

1. Identifying potential alternative locations for the City’s critical infrastructure that’s located in the 100-year flood zone.

2. Preliminary design and construction of new buildings or facilities.

3. Analysis of costs associated with relocating facilities as well as the potential costs of doing nothing.

3. Outreach to community members and other interested parties to confirm that the relocation aligns with the community’s needs.

Public Works Phase 1
FL-1b Continue participation in the Contra Costa County Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan update; identify flood mitigation actions eligible for grant funding through FEMA hazard mitigation assistance programs.

Public Works Phase 1
FL-1c Encourage landlords to consider how to prepare their properties for flooding by providing retrofit informational resources and educate them on prioritizing low-impact stormwater best practices.

Community
Development
Phase 1
FL-1d Create educational campaigns that connect with vulnerable populations to increase awareness and knowledge of how to mitigate and weather flooding.

Community
Development
Phase 1
FL-1e Identify and apply for grant opportunities to fund stormwater related projects from sources such as the State Water Resources Control Board, California Natural Resources Agency, the Coastal Conservancy, California Water Foundation, as well as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Department of Agriculture.

Community
Development
Phase 1
FL-1f Review existing best practice and conduct studies of combined riverine/ shoreline flooding and increased severity of rainfall events on watershed flooding.

Public Works Phase 2
FL-1g Complete the Storm Drainage Master Plan as identified in the Capital Improvement Plan to thoroughly investigate deficiencies in the existing storm drain system and prioritize infrastructure improvements.

Public Works Phase 2
FL-1h Implement stormwater and drainage projects identified in the City Capital Improvement Plan, to mitigate localized flooding incidents.

Public Works Ongoing
FL-1i Conduct post-flood inspections for residents and business owners upon request and provide post-disaster home repair and technical assistance for vulnerable communities.

Public Works Ongoing
Strategy SLR. Sea Level Rise
SLR.1. Create, restore, and protect natural coastal ecosystems.

SLR-1a Conduct a shoreline stabilization study to determine the most effective methods for protecting Pinole’s shoreline communities and infrastructure from erosion and sea level rise, and to identify opportunities for restoring Public Works Phase 1 Division of Boating and
Waterways Beach Grant
160

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SLR-1a
cont.
natural shoreline habitats that can serve as a buffer against storm surges and other impacts of climate change. The study would involve the following:

1. Assessing the physical characteristics of the shoreline

2. Evaluating the potential risks and benefits of different stabilization techniques

3. Engaging with local community members and other interested parties to ensure that the chosen strategies align with community needs and values.

4. Prioritizing options that enhance and maximize shoreline resources and access including considering innovative nature-based solution approaches.

SLR-1b In collaboration with Contra Costa County and state agencies, develop a sea level rise resilience and adaptation strategy with shoreline restoration projects using innovative nature-based solutions and green engineering that would enhance public access, shoreline habitat (e.g., re-establishing native dune habitats, wetlands, and lagoons) and increase shoreline recreational opportunities.

Public Works Phase 1
SLR-1c Partner with the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), and/or similar entities, regarding regional approaches, strategies, and mitigation actions to address sea level rise. Implement a Shoreline Management Plan, and/or a Shoreline Monitoring Program that would identify erosional hotspots and timely response.

Public Works Phase 1
SLR-1d Establish annual budgets for projects within and benefiting vulnerable populations (2016, Assembly Bill 1550), including seniors, individuals with disabilities, children, low-income communities, and communities in low-lying areas.

Public Works Phase 1
SLR-1e Research external funding opportunities, including grants to support shoreline resilience, shoreline restoration projects, or beach nourishment (e.g., Living Shoreline and Nature-based solution projects). Examples of grantee agencies are California Coastal Conservancy, California Coastal Commission, California Ocean Protection Council, NOAA, California Division of Boating and Waterways).

Public Works Phase 1
SLR-1f Identify replacement opportunities or otherwise plan for how to replace recreational areas and accessways that will be lost due to inundation or damage associated with sea level rise. It might be done through the designation and zonation of lands into a Local Coastal Program or providing additional incentives to encourage creation of new recreation areas or opportunities. Additionally, plan for future shoreline recreational space and Public Works Phase 2
161

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
SLR-1f
cont.
parkland by protecting open space adjacent to shoreline habitats, allowing the beach and habitats to migrate into these spaces.

Public Works Phase 2
SLR-1g Partner with West Contra Costa Unified School District, private schools in Pinole, East Bay Parks, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Friends of Pinole Creek Watershed, 350 Contra Costa, or similar entities to create educational opportunities for the community around the Pinole Creek Watershed. These programs would focus on educating youth in Pinole on the importance of natural shoreline ecosystems, their role in climate resilience, biodiversity, and local, native species. The programs would also include information on how people can actively get involved in adapting to climate change in their homes and neighborhoods and provide hands-on volunteer opportunities for the community to participate.

Public Works Phase 2
SLR-1h Increase the City’s near and long-term capacity building to be able to develop and implement thoughtful shoreline resilience projects by creating a position for and hiring a shoreline resilience expert. The specific title may vary depending on the individual's background and the focus of their work within the broader context of climate change and sea level rise.

Public Works Ongoing
Strategy EH. Extreme Heat
EH-1. Reduce the impacts of extreme heat in Pinole by installing green/cool roofs and cool pavement, as well as planting vegetation and trees to reduce urban temperatures and the urban heat island effect.

EH-1a Partner with West Contra Costa School District and the private schools in the City to map out each campus in Pinole to understand the current infrastructure and then develop a plan to reduce the heat islands in Pinole’s schools and adjacent areas, including on walking routes by plant trees or increasing shade structures as appropriate.

Community
Development
Phase 1 CalFire Urban Community
Forestry Grant: Green
Schoolyards
EH-1b Establish a tree removal replacement policy where trees that are removed are replaced with shade trees that are adapted to the area.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Phase 1 CalFire Urban Community
Forestry Grant
EH-1c In collaboration with Contra Costa Health Services, establish local early heat warning system that provides public health alerts in Spanish, Tagalog, and Cantonese.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-1d Complete an assessment that evaluates new cool pavement technology, cost/benefits, and challenges and opportunities. Upon completion of the study, conduct a pilot of cool pavement application at a centralized area in Pinole that is most impacted by extreme heat to demonstrate success of the program.

Public Works Phase 1 Caltrans Sustainable
Transportation Planning Grant
162

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
EH-1e Partner with WestCAT to audit existing bus stops in the City of Pinole with information detailing the current structures around the transit stops. Create a prioritization list of stops with low shading scores. Identify opportunities to add, replace, or upgrade existing transit stop shelters to provide increased shade for the transit riders and work with WestCAT to implement the identified opportunities.

Public Works Phase 1 Caltrans Sustainable
Transportation Planning Grant
EH-1f Identify trees, grasses, and shrubs with greatest cooling benefits and maximum biodiversity potential and plant them in prioritized open spaces.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-1g Identify grant funding opportunities and engage with local nurseries (e.g., Oaktown, Watershed Nursery, and Native Here) and tree planting programs to identify appropriate and cost-effective California native plants/trees that can be both planted in the ground or remain potted by residents living in rental/multi-family homes.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-1h Amend the Building Code to require cool roofs for all new construction. Public Works Phase 1 EH-1i Partner with emergency management services to establish backup power and energy grid shutdown protocols that protect the most vulnerable populations (e.g., seniors, individuals with chronic health conditions, children, individuals with disabilities).

Public Works Phase 1 FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant
EH-1j Identify opportunities to apply compost as mulch at City open spaces to improve water-holding capacity and filtration to combat extreme heat.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-1k Identify a location in the City to establish a “Community Corner” redevelopment project as a model design project to reduce urban temperatures. Incorporate trees, grasses, and shrubs with the greatest cooling benefits into the project, utilize compost in the project’s landscaping, and incorporate cool pavement technology, cool roofs, and shade structures where applicable. Further consider incorporating a rain garden and resilience center resources into the redevelopment project and publicize all resilient design elements through signage on the property and community tours.

Public Works Phase 1-2 California Natural Resources
Urban Greening Grant, Strategic
Growth Council Community
Resilience Center Grant
EH-1l Support development of community-serving microgrids and prioritize areas with high social vulnerability.

Public Works Phase 2
EH-2. Map out and create a mural or set of murals using reflective paint to reduce interior heat in areas of Pinole that are most impacted by the urban heat island effect by 2026.

EH-2a Partner with NASA, or a similar organization to create a digital map of the City showing neighborhoods where it is the hottest and identify a location or locations to pilot an urban heat mural project.

Public Works Phase 1
163

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
EH-2b Post the map on the City’s website and host community feedback sessions to update the analysis included in the map based on real lived experiences.

Additionally, post mural design concepts that are created as part of Action EH2c to foster a sense of ownership over the project.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-2c Create a partnership with Contra Costa College, Pinole Artisans, West Contra Costa Unified School District, private schools, and/or similar interested parties and community-based organizations to design and paint mural(s) that inspire the community while reducing indoor heat using reflective paint.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-2d Install indoor and outdoor temperature sensors in the identified locations prior to completing the mural and continue to track data after the murals are installed to measure indoor changes in temperature to quantify the benefits of the project.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-2e Identify and apply for grants to fund the completion of the mural and/or work with cool paint manufacturers to supply a small amount of paint at no cost for a pilot project where their name would be included on a plaque with volunteer artists who partner with the City to donate their time and expertise to create a unique project.

Public Works Phase 1
EH-2f Host a community unveiling ceremony where the artists and project partners are invited to participate in a meet and greet and celebrate the community in an unveiling celebration that can also be used to provide the community with information on the status of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan implementation and resources including relevant community incentives and rebates.

Public Works Phase 1
Strategy WF. Wildfire
WF-1. Enforce defensible space and home hardening standards to mitigate structure ignitions from wind-blown embers and direct flame impingement in fire hazard severity zones and protect the community from wildfires.

WF-1a Partner with Housing Authority Contra Costa to conduct a study that estimates potential housing displacement impacts associated with wildfire events.

Community
Development
Phase 1
WF-1b Conduct a feasibility study and if recommended, amend the Pinole Building Code Title 15 (Building and Construction) to require best-practice Ignition Resistant Construction methods for new construction and substantial redevelopment in the wildfire hazard zone.

Public Works Phase 1
WF-1c Develop a subsidy program to improve air quality in the homes of low-income residents or vulnerable community members to mitigate impacts from wildfire smoke.

Contra Costa Fire
Protection
District,
Community
Development
Phase 1
164

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
WF-1d Partner with West Contra Costa Fire Safe Council to help secure grant funding for mitigation activities that promote fire safe retrofits of existing structures that meet ignition-resistant building codes.

Community
Development
Phase 1
WF-1e Conduct a built asset vulnerability assessment to identify which City-owned facilities and infrastructure have the highest risk to wildfire impacts, identify opportunities to mitigate risk and implement changes.

Public Works Phase 1
WF-1f Evaluate and help identify and apply for funding for infrastructure improvements at Pinole Fire Station 74 to mitigate against wildfire hazards (fire breaks, fire resistant building materials, etc.).

Contra Costa Fire
Protection
District
Phase 1
WF-1g Actively engage in collaborative efforts to reduce wildfire risks, implementing effective mitigation strategies, and fostering a culture of fire safety through education and community involvement to achieve Firewise recognition Contra Costa Fire
Protection
District
Phase 1
WF-1h Prepare, adopt, and fully implement a Vegetation Management Plan for highfire risk areas.Contra Costa Fire Protection
District,
Community
Development
Phase 1
WF-1i Continue to conduct proactive vegetation/weed abatement enforcement by removing vegetation and/or brush in areas adjacent to wildfire hazard zones, including both public and private property. Establish a comprehensive defensible space zone and fire breaks within the VHFHSZ, and a regular maintenance schedule. A FEMA approved HMP can establish eligibility for grant funding to complete fuel modification projects.

Public Works Ongoing
WF-1j Locate future critical facilities outside of the wildfire hazard zone. Community Development
Department
Ongoing
WF-1k Continue to coordinate with PG&E through Rule 20A Program to underground utility lines to mitigate wildfire risk.

Community
Development
Department and
Public Works
Ongoing
WF-1l Conduct on-going workshops on defensible space, vegetation management, and home-hardening techniques based upon most up to date CAL FIRE management guidelines and policies for landowners in fire hazard severity zones.

Contra Costa Fire
Protection
District
Ongoing ▪ USDA Community Wildfire
Defense Grant
▪ CAL FIRE Wildfire Defense
Grant
165

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
WF-1m Foster a community partnership that can successfully apply for and receive funding from programs such as the CAL FIRE Defensible Space Assistance Grant program and upcoming opportunities that become available.

Community
Development
Ongoing
166

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
Strategy CIO: City Infrastructure and Operations
CIO-1. Upgrade all City accounts to MCE’s Deep Green option by 2025 and electrify or otherwise decarbonize all municipal buildings and facilities by 2035.

CIO-1a Adopt an electrification ordinance in 2024 requiring all new municipal construction to be fully electric after calendar year 2024 without any natural gas connections.

Public Works Phase 1 California Energy Commission
Energy Partnership Program
CIO-1b Complete an analysis to identify the electrical capacity and utility infrastructure upgrades needed to electrify the recreational pool heating system. Pursue replacement funding through PG&E on-bill financing and California Energy Commission (CEC) 1% Loans.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-1c By 2025, adopt a Resolution requiring the implementation of a building and facility electrification plan to electrify or otherwise decarbonize all municipal buildings by 2035.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-1d Develop a plan to electrify or otherwise decarbonize all municipal buildings and facilities by 2035 which will include:
▪ An inventory of existing fossil fuel-powered buildings and facility equipment, available electric or zero/low-carbon alternatives for replacing each, and relevant costs and benefits of replacing each (e.g., lifespan, equipment costs, operational quality).
▪ A prioritized schedule for completion based on potential to reduce natural gas and propane usage.
▪ Prioritize upgrades that benefit vulnerable communities first, such as the Senior Center, Youth Center, and Tiny Tots facilities.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-1e Expand efforts to obtain funding for municipal building and facility decarbonization through grants, incentives, or financing provided by entities such as:
▪ DOE Block Grants
▪ Leases: Capital lease, Operating Lease, Tax-Exempt Lease purchase (4-5%) ▪ Loans and Grants: 1% CEC Loan, Dept. of Energy Grants, Federal Grants (IIJA, IRA)
▪ On-Bill Financing
▪ Energy as a Service (EaaS)
▪ Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC, guaranteed energy savings help pay for the project) from Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) ▪ Grant Anticipation Notes or other Short-Term Notes/Loans Public Works Phase 1
Table 12 Implementation of Municipal Strategies, Measures, and Actions 167

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-1f Upgrade all municipal electricity accounts to MCE Deep Green by 2025. Public Works Phase 1 CIO-1g Plan, fund, and conduct an electrification pilot project at a municipal facility (e.g., the Library). Promote the demonstrated benefits of the fully electric building (e.g., cost-savings, GHG emission reductions) and publicize the planning, design, installation, and post-operation of the project to make the steps to electrification transparent to the community.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-1h Partner with regional organizations such as the Building Decarbonization Coalition to train City staff, community members and volunteers on the benefits and technical requirements of electrification, help them implement the building and facility electrification plan and empower them to be advocates for electrification across the community.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-2. Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of the municipal vehicle fleet by 2026 and 100% by 2040.

CIO-2a Expand and update the City’s fleet vehicle replacement schedule to transition 30% of the municipal vehicle fleet to ZEVs by 2026 and 100% by 2040. Review the replacement schedule and ZEV transition goals every 2 years and update them as needed based on updates to state regulation and ZEV market availability.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-2b Complete a Municipal Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Plan to analyze the City’s charging needs through 2026 and 2040. The plan shall include:
▪ A prioritized list of City-owned properties/locations to install new Level II and DC Fast chargers
▪ An assessment of future electricity demand and potentially energyconstrained locations ▪ A pathway to coordinate with PG&E on installing microgrids or back-up power at City-owned properties to support the ZEVs
Public Works Phase 1
CIO-2c Secure funding from state programs (such as the California Air Resources Board's Clean Vehicle Rebate Project and the Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Program) and federal sources to increase procurement of EV or ZEV cars, trucks, and other vehicles and installation of EV/ZEV charging/fueling infrastructure at municipal facilities. Additionally, explore opportunities for Low Carbon Fuel Standard credit generation from use of low carbon fuels/electricity for fleet vehicles.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-2d Dedicate staff time to implementing, tracking, and updating the City fleet vehicle replacement plan bi-annually.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-2e Partner with an entity such as Contra Costa Transportation Authority, to train City staff on the use and charging of electric and zero-emission vehicles and educate them on the benefits of EVs/ZEVs.

Public Works Phase 1
168

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-2f Consider highlighting the City’s EV/ZEV fleet at community events such as Earth Month.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-2g Establish electric vehicle charging infrastructure at and around all City-owned facilities. Apply the profit from community charging towards installing electric vehicle infrastructure in vulnerable communities. Additionally, develop a thoughtful pricing plan that is reviewed and updated annually, or more frequently as appropriate.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-3. Electrify or otherwise decarbonize all municipal off-road equipment by 2035, where feasible.

CIO-3a Complete an inventory of all municipal off-road equipment and determine which equipment types are possible to decarbonize based on existing technologies. Complete a cost analysis and schedule for decarbonizing.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-3b Adopt an emissions-free equipment purchasing policy by 2025 for light-duty vehicles and small off-road equipment and vehicles to require purchase and replacement of such categories be electric or emissions-free. Regularly update the policy to include more types of equipment and vehicles as electric and emission-free options become available. Use this to promote all-electric equipment in the community, providing information on the City website outlining available incentives as well as the health benefits, for residents and businesses.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-3c Dedicate staff time to implementing and tracking the success of the emissionsfree purchasing policy established as part of CIO-3b. Public Works Phase 1 CIO-3d Dedicate staff time and pursue funding opportunities to electrify and otherwise decarbonize municipal off-road equipment through programs such as:
▪ CORE Incentives
▪ Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) incentives including the Carl Moyer Program
Public Works Phase 1
CIO-3e Partner with the East Bay Regional Park District to co-lead a multi-lingual educational program for staff and City contractors detailing the benefits of using decarbonized off-road equipment, with an emphasis on improved worker health and details on comparable equipment productivity. Information from the educational program should be summarized into an infographic format and posted at parks, City-owned and operated buildings, and shared in the City’s newsletter to highlight the emissions and overall health benefits in a way that is easily understood.

Public Works Phase 1
169

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-3f By 2030, begin procuring biofuels (e.g., biodiesel and biogas) to operate municipally owned off-road equipment with no existing opportunities for electrification. Re-evaluate electrification opportunities regularly to ensure biofuels are not being used for equipment that could otherwise be electrified.

Public Works Phase 2 – 3
CIO-4. Reduce employee VMT 20% by 2035, from 2019 levels by developing and implementing a municipal Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan by 2028.

CIO-4a With employee input, develop a municipal Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan by 2028 to encourage and incentivize City employees to reduce their VMT in single-occupancy and fossil-fuel-powered vehicles.

Update the plan every 2-3 years based on survey results (e.g., Action CIO-4d) and newly available public transit and bike routes in the community.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-4b Create an incentive program to reward City employees for biking, ridesharing, and using public transit to commute to work. The program shall provide free public transit passes and free access to electric bicycle programs (where available) to all municipal employees and may include cash incentives or additional paid time-off for employees who bike, rideshare, and use public transit to commute to work.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-4c Investigate the opportunity to create zero-interest loan program to help employees purchase ZEVs for commute.

Human Resources Phase 1
CIO-4d Develop a remote work policy that encourages municipal office employees to work from home and includes alternative work schedules where feasible.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-4e Explore options for installing showers in existing City-owned facilities and bike lockers along City-owned streets, where appropriate, to encourage City employees to bike to work and demonstrate the City’s commitment to sustainability and community bicycle safety.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-4f Partner with an entity such as the WestCAT or the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) to expand employee use of carbon-free and low carbon transportation by providing education programs on the benefits of commute options including public transportation, EV/ZEV options, and vanpools. Additionally, partner with 511 Contra Costa to help employees find a carpool match.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-4g Promote and encourage employee participation in regional and national biketo-work days/months. Community Development
Phase 1
CIO-4h Develop funding sources to support incentives for City employees to commute to work via EV/ZEV options such as free or discounted employee charging at work.

Community
Development
Phase 2
170

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-4i Publish the municipal TDM Plan on the City’s website and distribute to local businesses to provide the community an example of comprehensive TDM plans that focused on GHG emission reductions and equity.

Community
Development
Phase 2
CIO-4j Conduct a survey for City staff commute data annually to monitor emissions, identify potential gaps in planning, and better understand how to elicit employee transportation behavior change. Include space for employee feedback and identification of barriers to commuting without a personal vehicle.

Community
Development
Ongoing
CIO-4k Dedicate staff time to develop, implement, and update the municipal TDM Plan and conduct the annual survey.

Community
Development
Ongoing
CIO-5. Reduce waste generation by 15% by 2025, from 2019 levels and landfill zero waste by 2035.

CIO-5a Conduct an indoor and outdoor water audit at all municipal buildings and schedule develop a schedule for water efficiency improvements.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-5b Adopt a Resolution and assign funding to retrofit or replace all inefficient shower heads, faucets, washing machines, and toilets with low-flow fixtures/water-efficient appliances in existing City-owned, managed, or operated facilities, such as, but not limited to, the Pinole Swim Center, Pinole Senior Center, Pinole Youth Center, and Public Service Facilities by 2030.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-5c Update the municipal purchasing policy to require WaterSense labeled fixtures and appliances, where feasible. This includes continuing to install waterless units such as urinals and sensor activated sinks.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-5d Require all non-functional lawns (i.e., grass that is ornamental and not used for recreational purposes) on City-owned property to be removed by 2035 and replaced with native and drought-tolerant landscaping and/or multi-use landscaping (e.g., pollinator-friendly landscapes, edible landscapes).

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-5e Identify, track, and actively pursue funding opportunities from entities such as the California Department of Water Resources and the California Environmental Protection Agency.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-5f Partner with the Pinole Community Garden Club, Contra Costa County Master Gardeners, or Bringing Back the Natives to educate City employees and the community on water-wise gardening practices, native plants, and growing food, with a focus on the most vulnerable communities.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-5g Develop and implement a plan to update City-owned properties with improved green stormwater infrastructure (e.g., stormwater systems that direct water towards vegetation, permeable surfaces).

Community
Development
Phase 2
171

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-5h Install submetering at City owned and operated buildings and facilities to track and monitor water use, including creating a succinct way to internally track specific use and complete repairs or prepare targeted education.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-5i Install rain barrels at the Library to water the native garden as a demonstration project to educate the community about the benefits of collecting rainwater and available incentives. Based on the project’s success, consider installing rain barrels at all City facilities for use in landscaping.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-6. Reduce municipal water consumption 10% by 2030, from 2019 levels.

CIO-6a Require implementation of the Single Use Plastic Ordinance at all City departments, events, and contracts.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-6b Provide reusable mugs and foodware items to all new and existing employees to use in an effort to encourage the use of reusable alternatives to single-use items. Provide information on the benefits of reusing resources.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-6c Complete an audit on current bin infrastructure and bin signage in each municipal facility and at City events. Establish a clear plan to install/distribute adequate compost and recycling bins throughout all facilities and to all events, and improve signage so that accepted landfill, recyclable, and compostable materials are clearly identified for each bin.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-6d Partner with an entity such as Republic Services to provide annual training to City employees on current waste management practices, any modifications to the practices, and proper disposal methods. Empower them to educate the community on the benefits and proper methods of recycling and composting and use this as an opportunity to promote the City’s existing programs, such as the free mulch program, shredding program, household hazardous waste collection, as well as expand programs as appropriate.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-6e Work with CalRecycle and similar entities to identify and secure grants that fund waste diversion and educational programs.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-6f Create a shared resource area within each City-owned facility dedicated to lightly used office supplies such as staplers, tape dispensers, pens, and pads of paper, facilitating the reuse of items among staff members and promoting efficiency and reducing waste.

Community
Development
Phase 2
CIO-6g Partner with local jurisdictions including surrounding cities and the county to create an inter-office or inter-jurisdiction surplus program where City offices can provide items (e.g., pieces of furniture) for reuse for free to other offices within the City or other jurisdictions.

Public Works Phase 2
172

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-6h Create a buy-nothing group for City staff to share resources and items that they may no longer be interested in or have a use for at their homes.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-6i Perform a waste audit every two years to track waste sources, gaps in signage and education, and opportunities to strengthen the purchasing policy (e.g., based on problem-some materials continuing to the landfill or the contaminating recycling and composting streams).

Ongoing
CIO-7. Retrofit existing infrastructure owned and operated by the City, such as the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant, located in the areas at risk of sea level rise.

CIO-7a Complete a feasibility study to evaluate various options for infrastructure improvements of Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant to mitigate against sea level rise and flood hazards. Develop a long-term management plan to address impacts of sea level rise, which incorporates any potential maintenance, relocation, or retrofits and structural changes to accommodate changes in sea level.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-7b Collaborate with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board to increase the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant’s resilience to sea level rise and stronger storms. For example, implement a trigger-based Coastal Hazard Monitoring Program, which would allow to implement improvements or relocate in a timely manner, and conduct feasibility studies from technical experts, retrofitting, relocating, or eliminating outfalls deemed “at risk.”
Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-7c Provide alternate routes and ensure redundancy of critical transportation routes, as possible, to allow for continued access and movement to and along the coast in instances in which sections of roadways may become temporarily impassible because of shoreline hazards. Additionally, inform City staff, residents, and visitors about alternate routes to shoreline areas.

Public Works Phase 1
CIO-7d Host working groups with community-based organizations, experts in the field, and interested parties to identify and prioritize vulnerable communities, involve them in decision-making, use community benefits agreements, prioritize underserved communities, and consider the financial impact on residents.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CIO-7e Identify and apply for a grant funding source to fund facility upgrades, relocation, or additional analysis through entities such as the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, California Coastal Commission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), or Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Community
Development
Phase 1
173

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CIO-7f Conduct a detailed and City-specific groundwater emergence threat assessment, factoring in local geomorphology and groundwater data, for use in future planning and analysis.

Public Works Phase 2
CIO-7g Incorporate policy guidance and model ordinance language in Citywide plans, policies, and regulations to prioritize strategies that reduce potential impacts due to sea level rise and shoreline hazards and increase the resilience of the City’s shoreline areas.

Community
Development
Phase 2
Strategy CG: City Governance
CG-1. Build staffing capacity to effectively implement the CAAP Mitigation Measures and update the CAAP triennially.

CG-1a Create a new full-time staff position to oversee CAAP implementation, monitoring, and reporting; and cross-department collaboration (i.e., Climate Coordinator work in Action CG-1).

Community
Development
Phase 1
CG-1b Identify a Climate Coordinator from each of the City’s main departments and divisions. The Climate Coordinators will meet for quarterly sustainability peerto-peer information sharing sessions to discuss challenges, brainstorm solutions, and track progress towards reaching the City’s CAAP key performance indicators. This team will serve as the key organizers for crossdepartmental collaboration needed to implement climate goals, as well as community contacts and key researchers for emerging technologies and best practices in climate action.

All Departments Phase 1
CG-1c Conduct an annual staff survey to determine the following:
▪ Existing staff interest in leading climate initiatives to identify internal champions.
▪ Staff capacity to implement CAAP actions, monitor progress, and report updates; and associated capacity gaps to fill.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing
CG-1d Include a description of Pinole’s climate goals and values in job postings, improving talent acquisition and potentially boosting retention and worker morale.

Human Resources Phase 1
CG-1e Identify and apply for climate staffing assistance through fellowship/internship programs including the Climate Corps Fellowship, California Pacific University, and CivicSpark to increase internal staff capacity for CAAP implementation and bring in innovative ideas.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1
CG-1f Earmark funding for CAAP updates. Finance Ongoing 174

Action ID Action Text
Responsible
Department Phase Potential Grant Funding Sources
CG-2. Establish reporting procedures to implement the CAAP measures and transparently communicate progress to the community.

CG-2a Join the Institute for Local Government’s Beacon Program to support transparent CAAP reporting through access to technical assistance, regional networking and education opportunities, and opportunities to recognize Pinole’s climate action achievements.

Community
Development
Phase 1
CG-2b Conduct a communitywide GHG inventory every two years and a municipal GHG inventory every five years.

Community
Development
Ongoing
CG-2c Report communitywide GHG emissions and progress on Mitigation Measures annually through public reporting tools (e.g., CAPDash) and utilize social media to post updates and results so the community can easily stay up to date.

Community
Development
Ongoing
CG-2d Regularly update Pinole’s CAAP webpage, Sustainability webpages (e.g., Community Choice Energy, EV Charging Stations, Single Use Plastic Reduction), and applicable Public Works webpages (e.g., Water, Garbage and Recycling, Trees) to provide up-to-date information on ordinance, program, and policies as they are updated through CAAP implementation.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing
CG-2e Explore and track the success of different ways to communicate climate progress transparently to the public (e.g., a dashboard, semi-regular social media posts, City webpages, Pinole TV). Track the number of clicks made on specific links to identify the most successful mechanisms for engagement.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing
CG-2f Translate key climate outreach materials into non-English languages. Explore partnerships through nonprofits and other organizations that can assist in translation of key materials.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing
CG-2g Communicate Pinole’s climate and green economic development commitments through City branding and communications (beyond dedicated webpages and resources) and utilize existing City meetings and events to emphasize the importance of climate action and bring it into regular City and community discussions.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing
CG-2h Earmark annual funding for the CAAP update in the budget to demonstrate commitment to implementation and monitoring and to provide a consistent conduit of funding.

Finance Ongoing
175

Appendix A
Inventory, Forecast, and Targets

Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15t h St reet , Suit e 303
Oak land, C alif ornia 94612
510 834 4455 OF F I C E
inf o@rinc onc ons ult ant s . c om
w w w . rinc onc ons ult ant s . c om
E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n t i s t s P l a n n e r s E n g i n e e r s January 3, 2024
Project No: 21-11885
Lilly Whalen
Community Development Director
City of Pinole
2131 Pear Street
Pinole, California 94564
Subject: City of Pinole 2017 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo
Dear Ms. Whalen:

Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) has been contracted by the City of Pinole (City) to conduct a peer review ofthe 2017 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions community inventory (2017 Inventory), which was originally prepared by East Bay Energy Watch (EBEW) as part of a regional GHG emissions inventory in June 2020. Establishing a consistent methodology and accurate baseline emissions inventory provides the City with an opportunity to track the success of their sustainability and climate action efforts and establish a pathway to reduce GHG emissions in accordance with the City’s and state’s goals. Therefore, Rincon has conducted a peer review of the 2017 Inventory to verify that it was completed following the ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol) and with current and accurate data sources and emission factors.
1 This memo contains the results of Rincon’s review and reconciliation of the 2017 Inventory. As part of this scope of work, Rincon completed the following:
▪ Reviewed the activity data, emission factors, and calculations associated with GHG emissions estimates in the 2017 Inventory.
▪ Identified that water, wastewater, waste, electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) loss, and natural gas methane leak sectors were omitted in the 2017 Inventory. ▪ Worked with the City to obtain community-level activity data and emission factors related to waste, water, and wastewater, and obtained loss factors and emission factors for electricity T&D losses and methane leaks and completed GHG emissions calculations for these sectors which were added to the updated GHG emissions inventory.
▪ Identified data source and emission factor improvement opportunities for the off-road sector, onroad transportation sector, and direct access electricity sector. ▪ Updated the GHG emissions calculations for the off-road sector, on-road transportation sector, and direct access electricity sector using updated models and GHG emission factors. 1 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA. July 2019. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

The sections below provide details on the review and reconciliation process, an overview of the data sources and methodologies used to perform the GHG emissions updates, and calculations for the offroad, transportation, energy, waste, water, and wastewater sectors, as well as a summary of the updated 2017 inventory (Updated Inventory). The Updated Inventory results are intended to be used by the City of Pinole to develop GHG emissions forecasts and reduction targets and support the City’s climate action planning (CAP) efforts.

Inventory Review and Reconciliation
Background
As mentioned above, the City of Pinole’s 2017 Inventory was completed by EBEW as part of a regional GHG emissions inventory in June 2020. The 2017 Inventory was completed in accordance with the Community Protocol. ICLEI protocols serve as the national standards for local-scale accounting of GHG emissions that contribute to climate change and provide authoritative guidance to account for GHG emissions accurately and consistently. The Community Protocol serves to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions in a standardized way and is used by other jurisdictions to support their own inventory, forecast, and climate action planning efforts.

In accordance with recommendations in the Community Protocol, the 2017 Inventory includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, measured collectively in units of metric tons (MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) from activities that occurred in the 2017 calendar year under the operational control of Pinole. The 2017 Inventory used 100-year global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas that are consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, which were also used by the state in their latest GHG emissions inventory. 2 The
GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of CH4 gas has 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of CO2 gas. In other words, one MT CH4 is equivalent to 28 MT CO2e in terms of warming potential. The GWPs used for each gas as part of the GHG emissions calculations for the 2017 Inventory, as well as primary sources for each gas, are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 2017 Inventory GHGs and GWPs
Greenhouse Gas Primary Source
100-year
GWP
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Combustion 1
Methane (CH4) Combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (e.g., in landfills, wastewater treatment plants)
28 Nitrous Oxide
(N2O)
Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 265
Source: IPPC Fifth Assessment Report
2 International Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Fifth Assessment Report.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Generally, GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data in each GHG emissions sector (e.g., transportation, energy, waste, water) by an associated emission factor. Activity data refer to the relevant measured or estimated energy use or GHG-generating process. Emission factors are observation-based conversion factors used to equate activity data to generated GHG emissions. The original 2017 Inventory results are summarized in Table 2. In general, the 2017 Inventory used up-todate and appropriately aggregated activity data, data sources, and emission factors, and was consistent with calculation methodologies in the Community Protocol.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Table 2 Original 2017 GHG Emissions Inventory for Pinole (East Bay Energy Watch) GHG Emissions Sector GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data
Activity
Data
Source
Emissions
Factor
Emission
Factor
Source
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Energy: GHG emissions
associated with the
consumption of energy for
residential and commercial
buildings in the jurisdiction.

Residential
Electricity
37,413,247
kWh
PG&E 0.000096 MT
CO2e/kWh
PG&E,
eGRID1
3,605
Nonresidential
Electricity
32,505,137
kWh
PG&E 0.000096 MT
CO2e/kWh
PG&E,
eGRID
3,132
Direct Access 0 kWh PG&E N/A N/A 0
Residential
Natural Gas
2,777,511
therms
PG&E 0.00531 MT
CO2e/therm
PG&E 14,750
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
810,175
therms
PG&E 0.00531 MT
CO2e/therm
PG&E 4,302
Transportation: GHG
emissions associated with
the operation of passenger,
commercial, transit, and offroad vehicles within the
jurisdiction
Passenger
Vehicles
51,150,262
miles
MTC2 0.000344 MT
CO2e/mile
EMFAC20173 17,593
Commercial
Vehicles
8,743,810
miles
MTC 0.001242 MT
CO2e/mile
EMFAC2017 10,862
BART 2,455,392
miles
BART 0.000093 MT
CO2e/mile
BART 228
Off-road Various Unknown
off-road
model
Various Unknown
off-road
model
4,753
Waste: GHG emissions
associated with
decomposition of solid
waste in a landfill generated
by the jurisdiction
Waste N/A N/A N/A N/A 0
Water and Wastewater:

GHG emissions associated
with the electricity used for
acquisition, distribution,
and treatment of water, as
well as with wastewater
treatment processes
Water and
Wastewater
N/A N/A N/A N/A 0
Source: EBEW
kWh = kilowatt hours; PG&E = Pacific Gas & Electric; MTC = Metropolitan Transportation Commission; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT = vehicle miles travelled; BART = Bay Area Rapid Transit

1. eGRID is the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID), which pr ovides regional GHG emission factors for electricity grids across the United States, and is accessed at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid

2. The MTC VMT data portal provides VMT data by jurisdiction and is accessed at: http://capvmt.us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data

3. EMFAC2017 is the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB) 2017 Emission FACtor (EMFAC) model, which estimates the official emissions inventories of on-road mobile sources in California, and is accessed at: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/2017/

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

During the review and reconciliation process, the following improvement opportunities and specific solutions to improve the analysis were identified, with the methodologies used to complete these updates further discussed in the next section:
▪ The 2017 Inventory did not include GHG emissions from waste, water, wastewater, natural gas methane leaks, or electricity T&D losses, which are recommended sectors for inclusion according to the Community Protocol. The inventory was updated to include these sectors. ▪ EBEW completed the 2017 Inventory in 2020 using the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB) OFFROAD2017 model to estimate GHG emissions in the off-road sector. Subsequently, CARB has released OFFROAD2021,3 which contains updated off-road fuel estimates to better account for offroad equipment usage. The off-road sector was updated using results from OFFROAD2021. ▪ EBEW completed the 2017 Inventory in 2020 using CARB’s EMFAC2017 model to estimate emission factors for the on-road transportation sector. Subsequently, CARB has released EMFAC2021, which contains updated emission factors and additional data to better account for electric vehicle usage.

The passenger and commercial VMT sectors were updated using results from EMFAC2021 to provide updated transportation emissions estimates.
▪ In 2017, direct access electricity was not available for the community due to data privacy regulations in the 15/15 rule.4 Direct access electricity was estimated using a proxy from 2018, when data privacy regulations were not triggered.

Updated GHG Emissions Inventory Methods
The 2017 Inventory was updated to leverage the latest available models and best available data5in accordance with the Community Protocol. The Updated Inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of the City of Pinole’s GHG emissions and was developed to serve the following purposes:
▪ Provide an understanding of where the highest sources of GHG emissions in the City originate and where the greatest opportunities for GHG emissions reductions exist. ▪ Create a GHG emissions baseline from which the City can establish a forecast, reduction targets, and evaluate future progress.
▪ Aid in the development of a future CAP.

The following sections contain further information on the inventory update approach, calculation methodologies, data used, and results.

Water
GHG emissions from water conveyance, delivery, and treatment were calculated following Method WW.14 from the Community Protocol. Activity data (acre-feet [AF] of water delivered to the City of Pinole) were provided directly by East Bay Municipal Utilities District (EBMUD), which provides water 3 CARB’s OFFROAD2021 model can be accessed at: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissionsinventory/d7e33b22a7ef163d2dc9fd91182391d41cb025f9 4 The 15/15 Rule is a California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) regulation which limits the sharing of aggregated energy usage data when that data includes usage for fewer than 15 customers with any one customer’s load exceeding 15 percent of the group’s energy consumption. 5 The concept of “best available data” is referenced by the World Resources Institute’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol (2014).

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

services for the City of Pinole. Water volume data were used to calculate electricity usage, based on an energy intensity factor for EBMUD’s water supply. The energy intensity factor for water was obtained specifically from EBMUD’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP).6 Electricity usage was further converted to GHG emissions using PG&E’s electricity emission factor, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Water GHG Emissions Calculations
Activity Data
(AF)
Energy Intensity
(kWh/AF)
Electricity
(kWh)
Electricity Emission Factor (MT
CO2e/kWh)
GHG Emissions (MT
CO2e)
1,710 379.64 649,204 0.000096 63
Wastewater
GHG emissions associated with wastewater treatment in Pinole arise from stationary combustion and processing at the in-boundary Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant, which serves the majority of the population of Pinole.7In 2017, the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant used conventional aerobic treatment systems with nitrification/denitrification processes, as well as operated an anaerobic digester which sent gas to be combusted at a cogen. Wastewater GHG emissions were calculated using Community Protocol Method WW.1.a and WW.2.a to capture CH4 and N2O emissions from the anaerobic digester;8 Method WW.7 to capture N2O emissions from nitrification/denitrification; and Method WW.12 to capture fugitive N2O emissions from effluent discharge. Finally, Community Protocol Method WW.13 was used to attribute GHG emissions at the Water Pollution Control Plant to the City of Pinole, based on information from the City of Pinole that 48 percent of water treated at the Plant comes from Pinole. GHG emissions calculations associated with wastewater are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 2017 Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector
Community Protocol
Method Activity Data Input Activity Data GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Digester Gas CH4 WW.1.a, WW.13 Digester gas (cubic feet per day) 60,725 0.59 Digester Gas N2O WW.2.a, WW.13 1.10
Denitrification
Process N2O
WW.7, WW.13 Population served 44,895 40
Effluent
Discharge
Fugitive N2O
WW.12, WW.13 Nitrogen load (kilograms of
nitrogen per day)
336 61
Waste
GHG emissions associated with the waste sector resultfrom the decomposition of waste at a landfill and from waste processing equipment. GHG emissions from waste decomposition were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4, using the default emission factor for mixed waste and assuming 6 East Bay Municipal Utility District. 2020. EBMUD Urban Water Management Plan 2020. Appendix J; Table J -1. 7 A small portion of the City of Pinole served by West County Wastewater District. Wastewater emissions for this portion of the population were not captured as part of the inventory update because they were considered negligible. 8 It was assumed that fraction of CH4 in the biogas was approximately equal to 60%, based on specifications for the anaerobic digesters.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

operation of a landfill gas collection system.9 GHG emissions from waste processing equipment were estimated using Community Protocol Method SW.5. Activity data for community-generated waste were provided directly by West Contra Costa Integrated Waste Management Authority, on behalf of Republic Services, the waste service provider in Pinole. The GHG emissions calculations for waste are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 2017 Waste GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector
Community
Protocol Method
Activity Data Input Activity Data
(wet short ton)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Landfill Decomposition SW.4 Community-generated
waste 8,367
3,163
Process Emissions SW.5 137
Transportation: Off-road
Off-road activity data, measured in gallons of fuel consumed by fuel type, were updated using the recently released OFFROAD2021 emissions database, per CARB recommendations. 10 OFFROAD2021 provides fuel usage results from off-road equipment operation at the county level; fuel usage results were then apportioned to Pinole using demographics data calculated from Plan Bay Area 2040 and Plan Bay Area 2050.
11 The updated analysis includes the same vehicle classes used in the 2017 Inventory, using the newer model of vehicle classes for which there is updated data. Emission factors for diesel, gasoline, and natural gas usage in off-road vehicles were obtained from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.12 Off-road GHG emissions calculation details are shown in Table 6.

Table 6 2017 Off-road GHG Emissions Calculations
Fuel Type Activity Data (gallons) Emission Factor (MT CO2e/gallon) GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Diesel 302,801 0.01021 3,140
Gasoline 210,947 0.00878 1,877
Natural Gas 38,014 0.00568 219
Transportation: Passenger and Commercial VMT
Transportation emissions from passenger and commercial vehicles were updated to leverage the latest on-road transportation emissions data from CARB’s EMFAC2021 model. 13 Passenger and commercial
9 West Contra Costa Integrated Waste Management Authority communicated that solid waste in Pinole is hauled to Keller Canyon Landfill and West Contra Costa SLF, which both operate landfill gas collection systems, according to the LMOP Database accessed at:
https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-09/opprjslmopdata-detailed.xlsx. 10 Updates to CARB’s OFFROAD model in 2021 include more accurate accounting of fuel usage in each off-road category, especially in the agricultural equipment sector.
11 Accessed at: http://projections.planbayarea.org/.
12 Environmental Protection Agency. April 2021. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 13 Output from the CARB 2021 EMission FACtor (EMFAC) model version 1.0.1 was used to facilitate analysis of VMT data (accessed a t:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/d7e33b22a7ef163d2dc9fd91182391d41cb025f9). EMFAC2021 is the primary data source for estimating project- and plan-level mobile source emissions in California. County-specific emissions factors, in units of MT CO2e/mile, for buses, passenger, and commercial vehicles were calculated based on EMFAC2021 model output for the year 2017. Percent electric vehicl e (EV) share and electricity used per EV-mile were also calculated at the county level for each year based on EMFAC2021 model output to quantify EV mileage and EV electricity usage for Pinole is based on the VMT data. Each variable calculated from EMFAC2021 output was aggregated over all

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

VMT data were originally obtained from Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC). However, MTC data does not include VMT from motorcycles, motor homes, or buses. VMT data from MTC were , therefore, adjusted using data from EFMAC2021 to include the missing VMT sources. VMT data were further disaggregated to electric VMT (EVMT). EVMT can be converted to electricity usage (in kWh) by applying an estimated energy per mile factor from EMFAC2021. Activity data were then converted to GHG emissions using emission factors from EMFAC2021. These calculations are shown in detail in Table 7 and Table 8.

To avoid double counting electricity emissions contained in the transportation sector and in the electricity sector, residential and nonresidential electricity activity data were adjusted by subtracting the electricity used for vehicle charging. These changes are reflected in the next section. vehicle categories (i.e., LDA, LDT1, LDT2, MCY, MDV, MH for passenger vehicles; LHDT1, LHDT2, HHDT, MHDT for commercial vehic les; OBUS, SBUS, UBUS for buses) and fuel types (i.e., gasoline, diesel, natural gas, electric vehicle, and plug-in) using a VMT-weighted average.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Table 7 2017 On-road VMT Calculations
Sector
MTC
Activity
Data
(miles/day) EMFAC Adjustment Description
EMFAC
Adjusted
Activity Data
(miles/day)
Annual
VMT
(miles)1
EMFAC
EV
share
Annual
EVMT
(miles)
EMFAC Energy
per Mile
(kWh/mile)
Annual
EVMT
(kWh)
On-road
Passenger
VMT
146,501 Augment MTC data to include
motorcycle VMT. Per EMFAC2021,

0.45% of passenger VMT is from
motorcycles.
147,169 51,067,556 1.03% 525,996 0.362 190,196
On-road
Commercial
VMT
23,932 Augment MTC data to include motor
home VMT. Per EMFAC2021, 1.59% of
commercial VMT is from motor homes.
24,318 8,438,221 0.00% 0 N/A 0
On-road
Bus VMT
N/A Augment MTC data to include bus VMT.

Per EMFAC 2021, bus VMT is equal to

3.67% of commercial VMT.
892 309,457 0.12% 371 1.743 647

1. Daily VMT is converted to annual VMT using a standard conversion factor of 347 days per year, which accounts for reduced VMT on some days of the year. See CARB’s Review of Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s Draft 2021 RTP/SCS.
14 Table 8 2017 On-road GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector Activity Data Emission Factor GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) On-road Passenger VMT 51,067,556 miles 0.000370 MT CO2e/mile 18,895 On-road Commercial VMT 8,438,221 miles 0.001288 MT CO2e/mile 10,868 On-road Bus VMT 309,457 miles 0.001530 MT CO2e/mile 473 On-road Passenger EVMT 190,196 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 18 On-road Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 0
On-road Bus EVMT 647 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 0.06
14 California Air Resources Board. July 2021. CARB Review of Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s Draft 2021 RTP/SCS Senate Bill 375 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Quantification Methodology. Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-08/2021.07.16%20CARB%20MTC%202021%20SCS%20TM%20Response%20Letter_signed_ADA.pdf

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Electricity
As mentioned above, residential and nonresidential electricity activity data and GHG emissions were updated to accurately account for the electricity used for electric vehicle charging and to avoid double - counting. Specifically, on-road passenger EVMT electricity was subtracted from the residential electricity activity data,15 while bus EVMT electricity was subtracted from the nonresidential electricity activity data. These updates are shown in Table 9.

Table 9 2017 Residential and Nonresidential Electricity Adjustment Sector
Original Activity
Data (kWh)
Annual EVMT
(kWh)
Adjusted Activity
Data (kWh)
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)
Adjusted GHG
Emissions (MT CO2e)
Residential
Electricity (PG&E)
37,413,247 kWh 190,196 37,223,051 0.000096 3,587
Nonresidential
Electricity (PG&E)
32,505,137 kWh 647 32,504,490 0.000096 3,132
Energy: Direct Access Electricity
Electricity emissions were updated to include estimated direct access electricity. While direct access electricity data was not available from PG&E in 2017 due to the 15/15 rule, direct access electricity data from 2018 were used as a proxy for 2017 data and added to the Updated Inventory. Direct access electricity data for 2018 were calculated based on data provided by PG&E and MCE Clean Energy, as shown in Table 10.
16 Table 10 2018 Direct Access Electricity Calculation
Electricity Provider Electricity Sector Activity Data (kWh) PG&E Direct Access – Including MCE Electricity 52,455,782 MCE Residential 60% Renewable 22,838,750
Residential 100% Renewable 101,218
Nonresidential 60% Renewable 18,839,092
Nonresidential 100% Renewable 83,493
Non-MCE Direct Access (PG&E Direct Access minus MCE Electricity) 10,593,229 GHG emissions from direct access electricity for 2017 were then calculated by multiplying the 2018 proxy activity data by the 2017 direct access electricity emission factor from eGRID (Table 11). 17 Table 11 2017 Direct Access GHG Emissions Calculations Electricity Sector Activity Data (kWh) Emission Factor (MT CO2e/kWh) GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Direct Access 10,593,229 0.0002404 2,546
15 It was assumed that the majority of electric vehicle charging occurs at home. 16 Starting in April 2018, MCE Clean Energy began procuring and providing electricity to the City of Pinole. MCE Clean Energy is a community choice aggregation (CCA).
17 Accessed at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Energy & Transportation: Electricity T&D Losses
Electricity T&D losses arise from electricity lost during delivery to the buildings and associated end-uses in the City of Pinole. Electricity T&D losses occur in the electricity delivery system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located in Pinole but are still associated with energy usage in the City of Pinole. GHG emissions from electricity T&D losses are calculated using an electricity T&D loss factor of 4.23 percent, obtained from eGRID.18 GHG emissions from electricity T&D losses were calculated separately for each electricity stream in the energy sector (residential, nonresidential, and direct access) using the associated emission factor. Electricity T&D GHG emission calculation details are shown in Table 12.

Table 12 Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Activity Data (kWh) T&D Losses (kWh) Emission Factor (MT CO2e/kWh)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Residential Electricity 37,223,051 1,574,535 0.000096 152 Nonresidential Electricity 32,504,490 1,374,940 0.000096 132 Direct Access Electricity 10,593,229 448,094 0.000240 108 Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks
Natural gas methane leaks arise from natural gas lost during delivery to the buildings and associated end-uses in the City of Pinole. Natural gas methane leaks occur in the pipeline delivery system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpointslocated in Pinole but are still associated with energy usage in the City of Pinole. GHG emissions from natural gas methane leaks are calculated using a methane leak factor of 2.3 percent.19 GHG emissions from natural gas methane leaks were calculated separately for the residential and nonresidential natural gas streams in the energy sector, using a natural gas methane leak emission factor. Electricity T&D GHG emission calculation details are shown in Table 13. 18 Accessed at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid
19 Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Table 13 Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations Natural Gas
Sector
Activity Data
(therms)
Methane Leaks (therms) Emission Factor (MT
CO2e/therm)
1 GHG Emissions (MT
CO2e)
Residential
Natural Gas
2,777,511 63,883 0.053067 3,390
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
810,175 18,634 0.053067 989

1. Calculated using the equation: 2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚
∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡∗ 0.7
𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
∗ 28 𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝐶𝐻4
∗ 0.001 𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔
Updated GHG Emissions Inventory Summary
The results for all GHG emissions sectors for the City of Pinole’s Updated Inventory are summarized in Figure 1 and shown in detail in Table 14.

Figure 1 Updated Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Table 14 Updated 2017 GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Energy Residential Electricity 37,223,051 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 3,587 Residential Electricity T&D 1,574,535 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 152 Nonresidential Electricity 32,504,490 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 3,132 Nonresidential Electricity
T&D
1,374,940 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 132
Direct Access Electricity 10,593,229 kWh 0.000240 MT CO2e/kWh 2,546 Direct Access Electricity
T&D
448,094 kWh 0.000240 MT CO2e/kWh 108
Residential Natural Gas 2,777,511 therms 0.00531 MT CO2e/therm 14,750 Residential Natural Gas
Leaks
63,883 therms 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
3,390
Nonresidential Natural
Gas
810,175 therms 0.00531 MT CO2e/therm 4,302
Nonresidential Natural
Gas Leaks
18,634 therms 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
989
Transportation Passenger VMT 51,067,556 miles 0.000370 MT CO2e/mile 18,895 Commercial VMT 8,438,221 miles 0.001288 MT CO2e/mile 10,868 Bus VMT 309,457 miles 0.001530 MT CO2e/mile 473
Passenger EVMT 190,196 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 18
Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT 647 kWh 0.000096 MT CO2e/kWh 0.06
BART 2,455,392 miles 0.000093 MT CO2e/mile 228
Off-road Diesel 357,578 gallons MT CO2e/gallon 3,140
Off-road Gasoline 206,631 gallons MT CO2e/gallon 1,877
Off-road Natural Gas 45,523 gallons MT CO2e/gallon 219
Waste Landfill CH4
8,367 tons
N/A 3,163
Process Emissions N/A 137
Water Water Conveyance,
Treatment, and
Distribution
57,398 kWh 0.000096 63
Wastewater Digester Gas CH4 60,725 std cubic
ft/day
N/A 0.59
Digester Gas N2O N/A 1.10
Denitrification Process
N2O
44,895
population
served
N/A 40
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
336 kg N/day N/A 61
Total 72,273

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

The Updated Inventory provides the City with accurate baseline GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and include, as mentioned previously, the following modifications for improved GHG accounting:
▪ Addition of GHG emissions from the waste, water, wastewater, natural gas methane leaks, and electricity T&D loss sectors, which were excluded from the 2017 Inventory. ▪ Use of CARB’s updated OFFROAD2021 model in place of the older off-road model, for updated offroad fuel estimates and better accounting of off-road equipment usage. ▪ Use of CARB’s updated EMFAC2021 model in place of the older EMFAC2017 model, for updated onroad transportation sector emission factors and additional data to better account for electric vehicle usage.
▪ Addition of estimated direct access electricity for 2017, using proxy data from 2018, which were excluded from the 2017 Inventory.

The Updated Inventory resulted in a 21.9 percent increase in GHG emissions attributed to the City of Pinole in 2017, primarily due to the addition of the waste, water, wastewater, electricity T&D loss, and natural gas methane leakage sectors to the inventory. The changes from the original 2017 Inventory and the Updated Inventory are shown in detail in Table 15.

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

Table 15 Original 2017 Inventory versus Updated Inventory GHG Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector
GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Percent
Change
(%)
Summary of Reason for Change
Inventory
Update
Original 2017
Inventory
Energy Residential
Electricity
3,738 3,605 3.6% Adjusted to exclude GHG emissions
from passenger EV charging and
include GHG emissions from T&D
losses
Nonresidential
Electricity
5,918 3,132 88.9% Adjusted to include GHG emissions
from direct access electricity and
T&D losses
Residential Natural
Gas
18,140 14,750 23.0% Adjusted to include GHG emissions
from methane leaks
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
5,291 4,302 23.0% Adjusted to include GHG emissions
from methane leaks
Transportation Passenger Vehicles 18,913 17,593 7.5% Adjusted to use updated emission factors and include GHG emissions
from passenger EV charging and T&D
losses.

Commercial
Vehicles
10,868 10,862 0.1% Adjusted to use updated emission
factors and exclude GHG emissions
from buses.

Public Transit
(buses and BART)
701 228 207.9% Adjusted to include GHG emissions
from buses and EV bus charging and
T&D losses.

Off-road
Equipment
5,236 4,753 10.2% Adjusted to use updated fuel usage
data and emission factors.

Waste Waste 3,300 N/A N/A Sector originally excluded from inventory and updated to be
included.

Water and
Wastewater
Water 63 N/A N/A Sector originally excluded from
inventory and updated to be
included. Wastewater 103 N/A N/A
Total 72,273 59,226 18.1% N/A

City of Pinole
Pinole 2017 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo

The Updated Inventory is intended to be used for further climate action planning efforts in the City of Pinole, including the development of GHG emissions targets, GHG emissions reduction measures, and as a baseline for comparing future GHG emissions inventories. Since 2017, GHG emissions in the City of Pinole have likely declined due to renewable energy procurement from MCE and increased efficiency in the energy and transportation sectors. Future emissions can be estimated in a GHG emissions forecast developed from the Updated Inventory.

Sincerely,
Rincon Consultants, Inc.

Erik Feldman, MS, LEED AP Hannah Mize
Principal Sustainability Project Manager

Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15 St #303
Oak land, C alif ornia 94612
(510) 834-4455 OF F I C E AN D F AX
inf o@rinc onc ons ult ant s . c om
w w w . rinc onc ons ult ant s . c om
E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n t i s t s P l a n n e r s E n g i n e e r s March 14, 2022
Project No: 21-11885
Lilly Whalen
Community Development Director
City of Pinole
2131 Pear Street
Pinole, California 94564
Subject: City of Pinole 2021 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Dear Ms. Whalen:

Rincon Consultants Inc. (Rincon) has prepared this 2021 Municipal Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory (Municipal GHG Inventory) for the City of Pinole (the City) for the 2021 calendar year as part of a baseline assessment to be used in GHG reduction planning efforts. The Municipal GHG emissions inventory is based on the most recent full year of available activity data (2021) and calculates the GHG emissions associated with the buildings and facilities, streetlights and traffic signals, vehicle fleet, employee commute, water consumption, wastewater emissions and solid waste generation under the City’s operational control. The GHG inventory was competed using the Local Government Operations Protocol1(LGOP) developed by Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Climate Action Registry, and The Climate Registry (TCR), and includes the calculation of the municipal GHG emissions inventory which can be attributed directly to Pinole’s operations in 2021.

California Regulatory Setting
California considers GHG emissions and the impacts of climate change to be a serious threat to public health, the environment, economic well-being, and natural resources of the state, and has taken an aggressive stance to mitigate the impact on climate change through the adoption of legislation and policies, the most relevant of which are summarized below. ▪ Executive Order (EO) S-3-05, signed by the Governor in 2005, establishes statewide GHG emissions reduction targets to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels. The 2050 target was accelerated by the 2045 carbon neutral target in EO B-55-18, as discussed below.2 ▪ Assembly Bill (AB) 32, known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, requires that California’s GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15% reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The AB 32 Climate Change Scoping Plan (2008) identifies mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 emissions goal and encourages local 1 ICLEI. May 2010. Local Government Operations Protocol for the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions inventories. 2 Executive Orders are binding only unto state agencies. Accordingly, Executive Order S-3-05 will guide state agencies’ efforts to control and regulate GHG emissions but will have no direct binding effect on local government or private actions.

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

governments to reduce municipal and community GHG emissions proportionate with state goals. 3 This state achieved this goal in 2016, reducing GHG emissions below 1990 levels three years before the target.4
▪ Senate Bill (SB) 32, signed by the Governor in 2016, establishes a statewide mid-term GHG reduction goal of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) formally adopted an updated Climate Change Scoping Plan in December 2017, establishing a roadmap to achieve the 2030 goal and providing guidance to achieve substantial progress toward California’s long-term goals.
▪ Executive Order B-55-18, signed by the Governor in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO B-55-18 identifies CARB as the lead agency to develop a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal.

California has encouraged local governments and agencies to develop strategies to reduce their contribution to the state’s total GHG emissions proportional to the levels established by state legislation, by demonstrating their “fair share” of GHG emissions reduction. The GHG emissions inventory presented here is the first step towards evaluating how the City can demonstrate their commitment to mitigating their contribution towards climate change.

Greenhouse Gases
The Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory was developed based on methodologies outlined in ICLEI’s LGOP. The LGOP states that local governments should assess emissions of all six internationally recognized GHGs. These gases are outlined in Table 1, which also includes their sources and global warming potential (GWP).5 This inventory incorporates the latest 100-year GWP values published in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).6 The GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of methane has approximately 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of carbon dioxide. This report focuses on the three GHGs most relevant to local government policymaking: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases comprise a large majority of GHG emissions at the municipal and community level. The other gases such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluorides are emitted primarily in private sector manufacturing and electricity transmission and are the subject of regulation at the state level and therefore, have been omitted from this inventory. GHG emissions are reported in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) units.

When dealing with an array of emissions, the gases are converted to their carbon dioxide equivalents for comparison purposes.
3 Specifically, the AB 32 Scoping Plan states that CARB, “encourages local governments to adopt a reduction goal for municipal operations emissions and move toward establishing similar goals for community emissions that parallel the State commitment to reduce GHG emissions by approximately 15% from current levels by 2020” (p. 27). “Current” as it pertains to the AB 32 Scoping Plan is commonly understood as between 2005 and 2008.
4 How California is working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. March 2020. Clear Center, UC Davis. Accessed at https://clear.ucdavis.edu/explainers/how-california-working-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions. Accessed March 1, 2022. 5 The IPCC 5th Assessment report outlines different GWP’s that CARB uses in their inventory reporting https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2022 6 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 14064-1 in 2006 (revised 2018) to provide an international standard for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions.

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

Table 1 Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emission
Greenhouse Gas Formula Primary Source(s) GWP (CO2e)
Carbon Dioxide CO2 Fuel combustion 1
Methane CH4
Fuel combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (landfills, wastewater treatment plants), fuel handling 28 Nitrous Oxide N2O Combustion and wastewater treatment 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Various Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 4 – 12,400 Perfluorocarbons Various
Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, HVAC
equipment manufacturing 6,630 – 11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride SF6 Transmission and distribution of power 23,500 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment Report AR5, Chapter 8 Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. 2014. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2022.

GWP: Global Warming Potential
2021 Municipal GHG Inventory Overview
The 2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory includes all emissions occurring within the City of Pinole’s direct jurisdictional authority (i.e., sources of emissions resulting from facilities that the City owns and/or operates). The municipal inventory allows the City to track its GHG emissions resulting from the municipally owned facilities, vehicles, and equipment over which it is able to exert control with GHG reduction policies and ultimately lead by example.

The City of Pinole operates and maintains multiple buildings, and facilities across the City. The City’s primary GHG emissions originate from building heating and cooling, operational energy use, fossil fuels burned in vehicles, streetlights and traffic signals, water consumption, wastewater generation, and waste generation. Fleet data includes employee vehicles and agency-owned vehicles and rentals. Water consumption data includes water service provided to the City’s facilities. Wastewater generation data includes the emissions generated from treating water at the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant, which is located in Pinole. Because the City owns and operates the Wastewater facility it is considered a direct Scope 1 source of emissions under the LGOP. 7 Solid waste generation data include tonnage generated by the City’s facilities across the 2021 calendar year.

The reporting and calculation of GHG emissions are consistent with the recommendations of LGOP and ICLEI. The operational inventory reports GHG emissions by their source, which includes buildings and facilities, vehicle fleet, water delivery facilities, employee commute, water consumption, fugitive wastewater emissions, and solid waste generation. The calculation of GHG emissions uses the best available data and guidance of the LGOP methodologies.

The results of GHG emission calculations are presented by emissions scope, relating to the degree of control the City has over emissions sources, and the specific sources that the emissions are associated with. Emissions sources are categorized as direct (Scope 1) or indirect (Scope 2 or Scope 3), in 7 The wastewater facility is owned and operated by the city of Pinole and serves the nearby city of Hercules in addition to Pinole. Because the municipal inventory is a subset of the community inventory there is no double counting despite the qualification of wastewater emissions as Scope 1 emissions for this municipal inventory.

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

accordance with the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, which are summarized below:
▪ Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions from sources within a local government’s operations that it owns and/or controls. This includes stationary combustion to produce electricity, steam, heat, and power equipment; mobile combustion of fuels; process emissions from physical or chemical processing; fugitive emissions that result from production, processing, transmission, storage, and use of fuels; and other sources.
▪ Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling that are purchased from a utility provider that also provides energy to other jurisdictions and/or is located outside City boundaries.
▪ Scope 3: All other indirect GHG emissions not covered in Scope 2, such as emissions resulting from the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport-related activities in vehicles not owned or controlled by the City (e.g., employee commuting and business travel, outsourced activities, waste disposal, etc.).
2021 Municipal GHG Inventory Results
A discussion of the emissions by source follows for the seven primary emission sources of: buildings and facilities, streetlights and traffic signals, vehicle fleet, employee commute, water consumption, wastewater emissions, and solid waste generation.

Table 2 2021 Municipal GHG Emission Inventory Results (MT CO2e) Sector Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total
Buildings and Facilities 337.0 150.9 N/A 487.9
Streetlights and Traffic Signals N/A 2.8 N/A 2.8
Vehicle Fleet 346.6 N/A N/A 346.6
Employee Commute N/A N/A 298.4 298.4
Water Consumption N/A N/A 1.4 1.4
Wastewater Emissions 221.1 N/A N/A 221.1
Solid Waste Generation N/A N/A 356.3 356.3
Business Travel N/A N/A 490.5 490.5
Cumulative Emissions 904.8 153.7 1,146.6 2,205.0
Notes: All values presented are in units of metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e); N/A = Not applicable; Values may not add due to rounding
Buildings and Other Facilities
Buildings and facilities generate Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions that relate to the combustion of natural gas and propane (Scope 1) and the use of electricity (Scope 2) in the City’s facilities.

As of 2021, the City sources its electricity from one provider, Marin Clean Energy (MCE) and purchases electricity at the Light Green level, sourcing 60% of its electricity from carbon-free sources. The City is provided natural gas by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), which is used for heating and cooling buildings and facilities. Activity data was provided directly through MCE and PG&E invoices while emissions

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

factors were provided for MCE electricity through their website and the natural gas emissions factor was gathered from the PG&E data delivery form. The GHG emissions associated with buildings and other facilities sector sources in the Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory are provided in Table 3.

Table 3 Buildings and Other Facilities Sector Operational GHG Emissions GHG Emission Source Activity Data Emissions
Factor
Emissions (MT CO2e)
Emission Source Scope
Natural Gas Consumption 63,467 Therms 0.0053105 337 Scope 1 Electricity Consumption 4,319,353 kWh 0.0000349 150.9 Scope 2 Cumulative Sector Emissions 487.9
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Vehicle Fleet
Vehicle fleet emissions include Scope 1 sources that relate to the combustion of fossil fuels in the City’s fleet vehicles, equipment rentals, and personal use of vehicles for work. Fleet vehicles include light and medium-duty vehicles, trucks, and off-road equipment. This sector also includes emissions from the use of personal vehicles for work. The employee commute sector accounts for emissions generated by City employees’ trips to and from work and is treated as separate from the use of personal vehicles for work trips and is discussed further below. The City tracks data for vehicle fleet including diesel and gasoline use for 2021 in gallons. Using 2021 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) emissions factors, the total emissions were calculated for each fuel type. The GHG emissions associated with vehicle fleet sector sources in the Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory are provided in Table 4.

Table 4 Vehicle Fleet Sector Operational GHG Emissions
GHG Emission Source Activity Data
(Gallons)
Emissions
Factor
Emissions (MT CO2e) Emission Source Scope
Diesel 10,789 0.01024268 110.5 Scope 1
Gasoline 26,795 0.00881184 236.1 Scope 1
Cumulative Sector Emissions 346.6 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Employee Commute
Emissions from employee commute include Scope 3 GHG emissions sources that relate to the combustion of fossil fuels generated by the City of Pinole’s employees’ vehicles. The employee commute activity data was gathered through an employee survey while the emissions factors used were pulled by vehicle type from CARB’s EMFAC 2021 analysis.8 The employee commute sector accounts for emissions generated by City employees’ trips to and from work and is treated as separate from the use of personal vehicles for work trips described above under vehicle fleet sector emissions. The GHG emissions associated with the employee commute sector are found in Table 5. 8 EMFAC is used to calculate offroad and on road emissions and also provides data to calculate emissions factors by fuel type and vehicle class. https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/. Accessed March 14, 2021.

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

Table 5 Employee Commute GHG Emissions
GHG Emission Source Activity Data
(VMT)
Emissions
Factor
Emissions (MT CO2e) Emission Source Scope
Employee Commute 10,789 0.01024268 298.4 Scope 3
Cumulative Sector Emissions 298.4 Scope 3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Water Consumption
Water consumption generates Scope 3 emissions from the electricity used to deliver water to the City facilities, as well as the energy used to treat and convey the water prior to delivery. The City owns and operates several buildings and facilities receiving water service from East Bay Municipal Utilities District (EBMUD) exclusively. The water consumption metered data was collected from monthly invoices and used to calculate emissions by pulling emissions factors from EPA eGRID, IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and PG&E data delivery forms. The 2021 municipal water consumption andGHG emissions are provided in Table 6.

Table 6 Water Consumption GHG Emissions
Activity Data
(AF)
Energy Intensity
(kWh/AF)
Electricity
(kWh)
Electricity Emission Factor (MT
CO2e/kWh)
GHG Emissions (MT
CO2e)

38.55 379.6 14,636.9 0.000094 1.38
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Wastewater Emissions
The wastewater treatment plant activity produces emissions through every stage of the process and falls under Scope 1 as it is a City owned and operated facility. Data was provided by the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant in the form of effluent nitrogen and anerobic digester gas. Emissions factors used with the provided data to calculate emissions were pulled from the ICLEI community protocols for wastewater emissions calculations. The totalstationary, process, and fugitive wastewater emissions generated by the City can be found in Table 7. 9 9 See ICLEI Community Protocol Methods WW.1.a, WW.2.a, WW.12, and WW.13 for all default inputs including emissions factors used to calculate wastewater emissions.

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

Table 7 2021 Wastewater GHG Emissions
Sector
Community Protocol
Method Activity Data Input Activity Data
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Digester Gas CH4 WW.1.a, WW.13 Digester gas (cubic feet/day) 55,323.29 1.1 Digester Gas N2O WW.2.a, WW.13 2.1
Denitrification Process N2O WW.7, WW.13 Population served 44,895 83.3 Effluent Discharge Fugitive
N2O
WW.12, WW.13 Nitrogen load (kilograms of
nitrogen per day)
354.57 134.6
Cumulative Sector Emissions 221.1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Solid Waste
GHG emissionsfrom solid waste include Scope 3 emissionsfromwaste generated by municipal facilities.

These GHG emissions occur in the form of methane as disposed waste decays in landfills over time. The GHG emissions captured here account methane commitment for the waste generated in 2021 calculated with activity data of total tonnage and ICLEI community protocol method SW.4 and SW.5. 10 The 2021 total tons of solid waste disposed of from the City of Pinole’s Municipal operations and the associated emissions can be found in Table 8.

Table 8 2021 Waste GHG Emissions
Sector Community
Protocol Method
Activity Data Input Activity Data
(wet short ton)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e) 11
Landfill Methane Emissions SW.4 Municipal-generated waste 915.98 346.3 Landfill Process Emissions SW.5 Municipal-generated waste 915.98 10.1 Cumulative Sector Emissions 356.3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Business Travel
Business travel results in Scope 3 emissions from passenger and airplane associated business travel. The business travelsources account for emissions generated by City employees’ travel that is related to work. Activity data was provided by the City and emissions factors used in calculations were pulled from 10 Because emissions from solid waste are attributed to municipal solid waste produced by municipal facilities (Scope 3 emissions as a subset of community waste emissions), ICLEI Community Protocol Methods SW.4 and SW.5 were deemed most appropriate to use in this case.
11 See ICLEI Community Protocol Methods SW.4, and SW.5 for all default inputs including emissions factors used to calculate solid waste emissions.

City of Pinole
2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Baseline Assessment Memorandum

CARB’s 2021 EMFAC analysis and the BlueSkyModel.12 The GHG emissions associated with business travelsector sources are found below in Table 9.

Table 9 2021 Business Travel GHG Emissions Calculations GHG Emission Source Activity Data
(Mileage)
Emissions
Factor
Emissions (MT CO2e) Emission Source Scope
Passenger Car 3,865 0.000305274 1.2 Scope 3
Airplane 20,238 0.024176721 489.3 Scope 3
Cumulative Sector Emissions 490.5 Scope 3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding Conclusion
Given the progress of the City of Pinole’s baseline assessment, Rincon believes the City is wellpositioned to advance towards the development of a Climate Action Plan (CAP), establishing a GHG emissions forecast and reduction plan to achieve net carbon neutrality by 2045 in accordance with state legislated targets. The data within this GHG Municipal inventory is a subsector of the community inventory that can be used to develop specific measures for the city of Pinole in a CAP. With a CAP, the City will be able to chart a transparent pathway towards GHG reduction in line with the state goals. GHG reduction strategies can be identified through a comprehensive assessment of existing local and regional policies, programs, and actions and by assessing any gaps and identifying additional opportunities.

Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions, comments, or concerns regarding the material provided, such as the excel workbook titled "Pinole Municipal Inventory" and provided via email with this submittal.

Sincerely,
Rincon Consultants, Inc.

Hannah Mize Erik Feldman, MS, LEED-AP
Sustainability Planner Principal
12 The BlueSkyModel was used to determine the emissions factor of airplane business travel. https://blueskymodel.org/air-mile#:~:text=On%20average%2C%20a%20plane%20produces,(CO2)%20per%20mile .

Accessed March 14, 2022.

Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15t h St reet , Suit e 303
Oak land, C alif ornia 94612
510 834 4455 OF F I C E
inf o@rinc onc ons ult ant s . c om
w w w . rinc onc ons ult ant s . c om
E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n t i s t s P l a n n e r s E n g i n e e r s Updated: January 19, 2024
Project No: 21-11885
Lilly Whalen
Community Development Director
City of Pinole
2131 Pear Street
Pinole, California 94564
Subject: City of Pinole Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts and Provisional Target Memorandum
Dear Ms. Whalen,
Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) has calculated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions forecast and provisional GHG reduction targets based on the 2017 GHG emission inventory completed for the City of Pinole by East Bay Energy Watch (EBEW) and updated by Rincon as described in the City of Pinole 2017 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memorandum (updated January 3, 2024). The 2017 GHG emissionsinventory identifiesthe majorsources and quantities of GHG emissions produced by communitywide activities within Pinole’s boundaries. The inventory was developed to provide the City with the data necessary to establish an emissions baseline, track emissionstrends, identify the greatestsources of GHG emissions within their jurisdiction, and settargets for future reductions.

The GHG emissions forecast provides an estimate of how the City’s GHG emissions are expected to change in the years 2025, 2030 (Senate Bill [SB] 32 horizon year), 2035, 2040, and 2045 (Assembly Bill [AB] 1279 horizon year) as a result of economic and population growth, as well as the impacts that state climate related legislation will have on these future GHG emissions. Additionally, this memorandum includes GHG emission reduction targets based on the State’s goals and provides a pathway to determine the quantity of GHG emissions that Pinole needs to reduce to contribute their fairshare reduction towards achieving California’s long-term GHG emission reduction goals.1 Below, please find a brief regulatory background detailing California’s GHG reduction goals and strategies followed by a summary of the methodology for calculating the forecasts and the provisional GHG reduction targets.

Regulatory Background
California considers GHG emissions and the impacts of climate change to be a serious threat to public health, the environment, economic well-being, and natural resources of the State, and has taken an aggressive stance to mitigate the impact on climate change at the state-level through the adoption of legislation and policies, the most relevant of which are summarized below. 1 California’s long-term GHG emissions reduction goals were established by AB 32, SB 32, and AB 1279. Collectively, these legislative actions provide a GHG reduction trajectory for the State of reducing statewide GHG emissions to 40 percentbelow 1990 GHG emissions levels 2030, and carbon neutrality by 2045.

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

▪ Executive Order S-3-05, signed by the Governor in 2005, establishes statewide GHG emission reduction targets to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels. The 2050 target was accelerated by the 2045 carbon neutral target in Executive Order (EO) B-55-18 and AB 1279, as discussed below.2
▪ AssemblyBill 32, known as the GlobalWarming Solutions Act of 2006, requiresthat California’s GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15 percent reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The AB 32 Climate Change Scoping Plan, 2008, identifies mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 emissions goal, and encourages local governments to reduce municipal and community GHG emissions proportionate with state goals.3 AB 32 is discussed in order to provide context, however, because 2020 has passed, emissions were not forecast, and no targets were identified for this year. ▪ Senate Bill 32, signed by the Governor in 2016, requires a statewide GHG reduction of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) formally adopted an updated Climate Change Scoping Plan in December 2017, laying the roadmap to achieve the 2030 goal and giving guidance to achieve substantial progress toward the 2050 state goal. ▪ Executive Order B-55-18, signed by the Governor in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO B-55-18 supersedes the targets set by EO S-3- 05 forstate agencies. Additionally, EO B-55-18 identifies the CARB as the lead agency to develop a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal. ▪ Assembly Bill 1279, known as the California Climate Crisis Act, signed by the governor in 2022, codifies the GHG emissions reduction goals of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and expands upon this goal to define carbon neutrality as reducing direct emissions 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing or sequestering the remaining emissions. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update (November 2022) provides the pathway for reaching the State’s AB 1279 goal.

GHG Emissions Forecasts
Pinole’s 2017 inventory establishes a baseline reference point. However, annual GHG emissions change overtime and GHG emissions forecasts provide a way to estimate future emission levels based on both the continuation of current activities and external factors such as population and job growth. Forecasts also account for state legislative actions that are anticipated to reduce GHG emissions. Calculating the difference between the forecasted GHG emissions and the reduction target determines the gap to be closed through local policies. This section includes an estimate of the future emissions for the City of Pinole in the years 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045 in a business-as-usualscenario (BAU) forecast and an adjusted scenario (adjusted) forecast, which are defined as follows:
▪ Business-as-usualscenario- Provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change if current activities continued as they did in 2017 and growth trends were to occur absent of any 2 Executive Orders are binding only unto state agencies. Accordingly, Executive Order S-03-05 will guide state agencies’ efforts to control and regulate GHG emissions but will have no direct binding effect on local government or private actions. 3 Specifically, the AB 32 Scoping Plan states that CARB, “encourages local governments to adopt a reduction goal for municipal operations emissions and move toward establishing similar goals for community emissions that parallel the State’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions by approximately 15 percent from current levels by 2020” (p. 27). “Current” as it pertains to the AB 32 Scoping Plan is commonly understood as between 2005 and 2008.

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

policies or legislation that would reduce local emissions. The BAU forecast is based on growth trends projected in population, housing, employment, and transportation activity over time, consistent with regional projections.
▪ Adjusted scenario- Provides a forecast of how currently adopted legislation would reduce GHG emissions from the business-as-usualscenario. The adjusted scenario represents the State’s contribution to reducing local GHG emissions to meet state goals without any additional contribution from local policies or actions.

Business-as-usual Forecast
The BAU forecast provides an estimate of how GHG emissions would change in the forecast years if existing action continued as in 2017, absent any new regulations or actions which would reduce local GHG emissions. Future GHG emissions were calculated using projected city-specific demographic and vehicle activity data as well as emission factors utilized in the 2017 communityGHG emissionsinventory.

On-road transportation and off-road equipment GHG emissions were separately projected using modeled activity data for the forecast years.
4 A description of the demographic metrics used to project activity data and associated growth factors for each forecasted GHG emission source are provided in Table 1 for each for the GHG emission sources in the 2017 community GHG emissions inventory. 4 California Air Resources Board (CARB). Modeling Tools On-road and Off-road. 2022. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-sourceemissions-inventory/msei-modeling-tools. Accessed April 1, 2022

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

Table 1 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast GHG Emissions Source
Demographic
Projection Metric Growth Factor Value
Energy
Residential Electricity Households Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Household 5,393.53 Non-residential Electricity Employment Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Employment 4,078.14 Direct Access Electricity Employment Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Employment 1,329.07 Residential Natural Gas Households Natural Gas Consumption (therms) per Household 402.45 Non-residential Natural Gas Employment Natural Gas Consumption (therms) per Employment 101.65 Transmission and Distribution
Losses (T&D Losses) N/A T&D Losses Factor (1.28%) applied to total ElectricityConsumption N/A Transportation
On-Road Transportation N/A Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled as obtained from EMFAC2021 and MTC N/A
Off-Road Equipment N/A MT CO2e as obtained from CARB’s OFFROAD2021 offroad transportation emissions model N/A BART SP Public Rail Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) per Service Population 88.86
Water
Conveyance, Treatment,
Distribution SP
Water Supply Electricity Consumption (kWh) per
Service Person 23.49
Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions SP Wastewater Process and Fugitive Emissions (MTCO2e) per Service Person 0.00373 Solid Waste
Solid Waste Disposal SP Solid Waste Disposed (tons) per Service Person 0.119 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbondioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; VMT = vehiclemilestraveled; N/A = Not Applicable; SP = Service Population – the combined total number of employees and residents in the City The BAU forecast relies on demographics projections from the Association of Bay Area Governments estimates of population, employment, and households using Plan Bay Area 2040 and Plan Bay Area 2050 projections.
5On-road transportation VMTprojections utilize data obtained from the EMFAC2021 model and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) Transportation Demand Model, using the same methodology as for the 2017 inventory and explained in detail in the 2017 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Review and Reconciliation Memo (February 25, 2022). Off-road transportation fuel consumption was projected using CARB’s OFFROAD2021 model. A summary of the demographics and projection metrics for each forecast year in the BAU forecast are provided in 5 Plan Bay Area 2050 accounts for Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA) from the 2023-2031 Housing Element cycle. However, it only provides demographic projections by superdistrict. Plan Bay Area 2040 does not account for RHNA from the most recent cycle butdoes provide demographic data on a city-level. For these reasons, initial Pinole-specific estimates from Pan Bay Area 2040 were used and growth factors for Pinole’ssuperdistrict and the region were applied from Play Bay Area 2050 to project the initial demographic estimates through the year 2050.

Association of Bay Area Governments(ABAG) and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC). 2017. Plan Bay Area Projections 2040. http://projections.planbayarea.org/data. Accessed March 22, 2022.

Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC). 2021. Plan Bay Area Projections 2050. https://www.planbayarea.org/finalplan2050. Accessed January 17, 2024.

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

Table 2.

Table 2 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year Demographics/
Sector
Data Source 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Population1
Plan Bay Area
2040 and Plan
Bay Area 2050
21,718 23,110 24,592 26,168 27,845
Employment2
Plan Bay Area
2040 and Plan
Bay Area 2050
8,963 9,645 10,379 11,168 12,018
Households2
Plan Bay Area
2040 and Plan
Bay Area 2050
7,431 7,783 8,151 8,536 8,940
Service Population3 Calculated 30,681 32,755 34,970 37,336 39,864 Passenger VMT4 MTC and
EMFAC2021 53,068,488 56,269,980 56,974,378 57,678,777 58,383,176 Commercial VMT5 MTC and
EMFAC2021 9,378,483 9,774,662 10,325,871 10,856,256 11,382,970 Off-road Diesel
(gallons)6
EMFAC 2021 472,841 547,673 605,283 666,526 732,098
Off-road Gasoline
(gallons) 6
EMFAC 2021 256,674 275,967 293,882 312,115 328,790
Off-road Natural
Gas (gallons) 6
EMFAC 2021 45,294 50,123 55,327 61,212 63,296
1 Population estimates were calculated by applying Bay Area region growth factors from Play Bay Area 2050 to Pinole’s 2015 estimates from Play Bay Area 2040 (i.e., 2.83 people/household in 2015). Growth factors were calculated to represent the compound annual growth rate (i.e., -0.32% annual growth in people/household) from the modeled change in people per household in the Bay Area region between the years 2015 and 2050.
2 Employment and household estimates were calculated by applying West Contra Costa County growth factors from Play Bay Area 2050 to Pinole’s 2015 estimates from Play Bay Area 2040 (i.e., 7,740 jobs in 2015 and 6,775 households in 2015). Growth factors were calculated to represent the compound annual growth rate (i.e., 1.48% annual growth in employment and 0.93% annual growth in households) from the modeled change in employment and households in West Contra Costa County between the years 2015 and 2050. 3 Service population is the sum of the estimated population and employees in the City of Pinole. 4 Passenger VMT was calculated based onresultsfromtheMTC Transportation Demand Model andaugmentedto includemotorcycle VMT using data from EMFAC2021.
5 Commercial VMT was calculated using percent increasemetricsin commercial VMT for Contra Costa County from EMFAC2021, which were applied tothe commercial VMT total for 2017 fromthe 2017 community inventory, originally obtained from MTC. Commercial VMT was augmented to include motorhome and bus VMT using data from EMFAC2021. While VMT from buses was segmented and GHG emissions were calculated separately, the commercial VMT data shown here includes bus VMT. 6 Offroad fuel usage is calculated by applying the attribution metrics calculated from the demographicsto the OFFROAD2021 model outputs for the forecast years to attribute the county-level outputs to Pinole.

The BAU forecast was calculated using the growth factors in Table 1, the demographic and projection metrics in
Table 2, and the 2017 community inventory emission factors. In the BAU forecast, GHG emissions are expected to increase through 2045. A summary of the BAU forecast results by GHG emission sector is provided in Table 3.

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

Table 3 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector GHG Emissions
Sector
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 36,252 38,331 40,537 42,877 45,359
Transportation 39,401 42,076 43,841 45,625 47,413
Waste 3,664 3,912 4,176 4,459 4,761
Water 69 74 79 85 90
Wastewater 114 122 130 139 148
Total 79,501 84,515 88,764 93,183 97,772
Adjusted Forecast
Several federal and state regulations have been enacted that would reduce Pinole’s GHG emissions in 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045. The impact of these regulations was quantified and incorporated into the adjusted forecast to project future emissions growth and the responsibility of the City and community once established state regulations have been implemented. The state legislation included in the adjusted forecast results in GHG emission reductions related to transportation, building efficiency and renewable electricity. A brief description of each regulation and the methodology used to calculate associated reductionsis provided in the following, as well as a description of why specific legislation was excluded from the analysis.

The adjusted forecast additionally includesGHG emissionsreductionsfrom the City’s switch from Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E)-provided electricity to Marin Clean Energy (MCE)-provided electricity in 2018.

MCE is a community choice aggregation (CCA) in Contra Costa County, which provides lower-emissions electricity options to Pinole. The GHG emissions reductions from this local action were included in the adjusted forecast because the action has already occurred and the GHG emissions reductions for the forecast are significant. GHG emissionsreductionsfromMCE-provided electricity are detailed separately from state-driven legislative reductions in the following section for increased transparency. Detailed calculations for the adjusted forecast are included in Attachment A titled “Adjusted (State Legislation + MCE”).

Transportation Legislation
Major regulations incorporated into CARB’s 2021 transportation model (EMFAC2021) include Advanced Clean Car Standards (LEV III, ZEV program, etc.), Senate Bill 1, and Phase 2 Federal GHG Standards.

Additional reductions were calculated for the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulations from CARB.

Signed into law in 2002, AB 1493 (Pavley Standards) required vehicle manufacturers to reduce GHG emissions from new passenger vehicles and light trucks from 2009 through 2016. Regulations were adopted by CARB in 2004 and took effect in 2009 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued awaiver confirming California’s right to implement the bill. The CARB anticipates that the Pavley I standard willreduce GHG emissions from new California passenger vehicles by about 30 percent in 2016, while simultaneously improving fuel efficiency and reducing motorists’ costs.6 6 CARB. Clean Car Standards – Pavley, Assembly Bill 1493. May 2013. http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

Prior to 2012, mobile emissions regulations were implemented on a case-by-case basis for GHG and criteria pollutant emissions separately. In January 2012, CARB approved a new emissions-control program combining the control of smog, soot-causing pollutants, and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars and light trucks for model years 2017 through 2025. The Advanced Clean Cars program coordinates the goals of the Low Emissions Vehicles, Zero Emissions Vehicles, and Clean Fuels Outlet programs into a single coordinated package of requirements for model years 2017 to 2025. The new standards are anticipated to reduce GHG emissions by 34 percent in 2025.7
Public transit GHG emissions will also be reduced in the future through the ICT regulation, which was adopted in December 2018. It requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to a 100-percent zero-emission bus fleet by 2040. Under ICT, large transit agencies are expected to adopt Zero-Emission Bus Rollout Plans to establish a roadmap towards zero emission public transit buses.8 Reductions in GHG emissions from the above referenced standards were calculated using CARB’s EMFAC2021 model for Contra Costa County with additional reductions for ICT regulations modeled by Rincon. The EMFAC2021 model integrates the estimated reductions into the mobile source emissions portion ofthe model.9 The degree towhichGHG emissions from on-road transportation will be reduced can be quantified as the difference between transportation emissions calculated using the 2017 provided emission factors and calculated using the reduced emission factors for the target years.

Advanced Clean Cars II was approved by CARB in August 2022 and expands the Advanced Clean Car Standards’ roadmap so that by 2035 all new cars and passenger trucks will be zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). This regulation effectively binds the State to EO N-79-20, which was passed by the governor in 2020 and requires all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California be ZEV by 2035. While this legislation will lead to an expedited timeline for ZEV adoption in California, modeling data is not ye t available, and emissions reductions attributable to the Advanced Clean Cars II program were therefore excluded from the GHG forecast.

Title 24
The California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 6: California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, was first adopted in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption, which in turn reducesfossilfuel consumption and associated GHG emissions. The standards are updated triennially to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy-efficient technologies and methods. Since the 2017 inventory year, the 2019 Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards have come into effect, creating significantly more efficient new building stock. Starting in 2020, new residential developments must include on-site solar generation and nearzero net energy use. For projects implemented after January 1, 2020, the California Energy Commission 7 CARB. Facts About the Advanced Clean Cars Program. December 2011. http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/advanced_clean_cars_eng.pdf 8 Innovative Clean Transit. Approved August 13, 2019. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-10/ictfro-CleanFinal_0.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery 9 Additional details are provided in CARB’s EMFAC2017 Technical Documentation, July 2018. (https://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/downloads/emfac2017-volume-iii-technical-documentation.pdf). Note that the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) regulation is excluded from EMFAC2017 because most of the emissions benefits due to the LCFS come from the production cycle (upstream emissions) of the fuel rather than the combustion cycle (tailpipe). As a result, LCFS is assumed to not have a significant impact on CO2 emissions from EMFAC’s tailpipe emission estimates.

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

(CEC) estimatesthatthe 2019 standards willreduce electricity consumption by 53 percentforresidential buildings and 30 percent for non-residential buildings, relative to the 2016 standards. The CEC further estimates electricity efficiency increases of seven percent for residential end uses. No efficiency increases were estimated for commercial natural gas end uses, based on lack of requirements in this sector in the 2019 standards. These percentage savings relate to heating, cooling, lighting, and water heating only and do notinclude other appliances, outdoor lighting that is not attached to buildings, plug loads, or other energy uses.

The 2022 standards have also been released since the 2017 inventory, but no guidance has been provided by the State on the energy reductions expected from these new standards. The 2022 standards were conservatively excluded from the GHG forecast.

The calculations and GHG emissions forecast assume that all growth in the residential and nonresidentialsectors is from new construction. The SB 32 Scoping Plan calls for the continuation of ongoing triennial updatesto Title 24 thatwill yield regular increasesin the mandatory energy and water savings for new construction, including the recent adoption of the 2022 standards. These recent and future updates to Title 24 standards for residential and non-residential alterations past 2025 are not taken into consideration due to lack of data and certainty about the magnitude of energy savings that will be realized with each subsequent update.

Renewables Portfolio Standard, SB 100, & SB 1020
Established in 2002 under Senate Bill 1078, enhanced in 2015 by Senate Bill 350, and accelerated for the first time in 2018 under Senate Bill 100, California's Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) is one of the most ambitious renewable energy standards in the country. The RPS program requires investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50 percent of total procurement by 2026 and 60 percent of total procurement by 2030. The RPS program further requires these entities to increase procurement from GHG-free sources to 100 percent of total procurement by 2045.

California’s RPS was further accelerated in 2022 by SB 1020 which established additional requirements that procurement from eligible renewable energy resources increase to 90 percent of total procurement by 2035 and 95 percent of total procurement by 2040. The requirements of SB 1020 do not affect those previously set forth and are to be considered additional to the existing RPS requirements.

PG&E and MCE currently provide electricity in Pinole and are subject to RPS requirements. 10 The RPS program and SB 1020 were incorporated into the GHG forecast by adjusting the electricity emissions factors for future years. As shown in Table 4, the RPS and SB 100 requirements to reduce overall carbon intensity would reduce Pinole’s emissions.
10 MCE provides two electricity options in Pinole: Light Green and Deep Green portfolios. The Light Green portfolio contains 60 percent renewables while the Deep Green portfolio contains 100 percent renewables.

City of Pinole
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

Table 4 Pinole Forecasted RPS and Electricity Emission Factors Metric 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
PG&E Renewables Mix 47.3% 60% 90% 95% 100%
PG&E Emission Factor (lbs CO2e/MWh) 179.17 135.95 33.99 16.99 0 MCE Light Green Renewables Mix 65% 85% 90% 95% 100%
MCE Light Green Emission Factor (lbs CO2e/MWh) 67.38 28.88 19.25 9.63 0 MCE Deep Green Renewables Mix 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
MCE Deep Green Emission Factor (lbs CO2e/MWh) 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: lbs CO2e = pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt-hour MCE. Operational Integrated Resource Plan 2021-2030. 2020. https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/11/MCE-Operational-Integrated-Resource-Plan_2022.pdf.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2022 State Legislation not Considered in Adjusted Forecast
The following discussion highlights state legislation that plays an integral role in reducing GHG emissions, however, was not included in the emissions forecast calculations.

AB 939 & AB 341
In 2011, AB 341 setthe target of 75 percentrecycling, composting, orsource reduction of solid waste by 2020 calling for the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) to take a statewide approach to decreasing California’s reliance on landfills. This target was an update to the former target of 50 percent waste diversion set by AB 939.

SB 1383
In 2016, SB 1383 established a methane emission reduction target forshort-lived climate pollutants11 (SLCP) in various sectors of the economy. Specifically, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50 percent reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75 percent reduction by 2025 (CalRecycle 2019).
12 Additionally, SB 1383 requires a 20 percent
reduction in “current” edible food disposal by 2025. Although SB 1383 has been signed into law, compliance at the jurisdiction-level is unproven. For example, Santa Clara County, in their SB 1383 Rulemaking Overview presentation (June 20, 2018),13 suggest that the 75 percent reduction in organics is not likely achievable under the current structure; standardized bin colors are impractical; and the general requirement is too prescriptive. As such, SB 1383 has not been included as part of the adjusted 11 Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) are powerful climate forcers that have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes. These pollutants include the greenhouse gases methane and hydrofluorocarbons, and anthropogenic black carbon. CARB 2019. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/short-lived-climate-pollutants 12 CalRecycle. April 16, 2019. Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP): Organic Waste Methane Emissions Reductions (General Information). https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/climate/slcp
13 Santa Clara County. June 20, 2018. SB 1383 Rulemaking Overview. https://www.sccgov.org/sites/rwr/rwrc/Documents/SB%201383%20PowerPoint.pdf

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forecast. Instead,measures addressing compliance with SB 1383 will be included and quantified through GHG reduction measures included in the CAP.

SB X7-7
Senate Bill (SB) X7-7, also known as the Water Conservation Act of 2009, requires that all water suppliersincrease their wateruse efficiency. SB X7-7 establishes an urban water use reduction target of 20 percent below 2010 per capita daily water use levels by 2020.

Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution
Based on the above-described legislation and emission reduction potential for each, the City of Pinole can expectsignificant help fromthese state regulations in meeting state GHG emission reduction goals.

These GHG emissions reductions primarily contribute to the energy sector and transportation sectors, with some impact fromCalifornia RPS on GHG emissionsfromwaterdue to the energy required to treat, transport, and deliver water. Emissionsreductionsfrom legislation reductions and MCE reductions were calculated sequentially and separately to reflect the additivity of reductions. Title 24 reductions were accounted for first followed by California RPS reductions associated exclusively with PG&E electricity while MCE reductions were calculated outside of the legislation and added into the forecasted emissions separately. PG&E and MCE proportions of electricity were calculated by taking opt-out rates and applying them to total projected electricity use through 2045. The legislative emissions reductions for Title 24, California RPS, and MCE are known to be additive and were calculated to avoid double counting. A summary of the reductions from the BAU forecast that can be expected under the adjusted forecast are provided in Table 5.

Table 5 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions Legislation 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
California RPS 2,281 4,578 10,231 11,799 13,478
Title 24 374 625 890 1,170 1,467
Transportation Legislation (Pavley, Innovative Clean Transit, etc.) 3,936 7,039 9,747 11,693 12,926 MCE 3,352 3,371 492 259 0
Total 9,943 15,613 21,361 24,921 27,871
Notes: All values are presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) Adjusted Forecast Results
In the adjusted forecast, the electricity and watersectors all experience a strong downward trend, approaching near-zero in 2045 due to stringent RPS requirements from SB 100 and SB 1020. Natural gas emissions are expected to continue an upward trajectory until 2045 due to housing and employment growth projections. This trend is partially offset due to the increasingly stringent efficiency requirements for new construction from Title 24. Transportation emissions are expected to decrease through 2045 due to existing fuel efficiency requirements, fleet turnover rates, and increasing vehicle electrification driven by the electric vehicle market. As most current regulations expire in 2025 or 2030, emissions standards will experience diminishing returns while VMTcontinuesto increase, leading to lower rates of emissions reduction in the transportation sector. A detailed summary of the projected GHG emissions under the adjusted forecast by sector and year through 2045 can be found in Table 6.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

Table 6 Adjusted Forecast Results
GHG Emissions Source 2017 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Residential Electricity 3,738 1,492 794 405 207 0
Non-residential Electricity 3,264 1,520 904 417 221 0
Direct Access Electricity 2,654 1,928 1,565 421 227 0
Residential Natural Gas 18,140 19,435 20,294 21,194 22,137 23,124 Non-residential Natural Gas 5,291 5,950 6,403 6,890 7,414 7,978 Energy Sector Total 33,088 30,324 29,960 29,327 30,206 31,102 On-road Passenger Vehicles 18,913 16,597 15,899 15,059 14,718 14,654 On-road Commercial Vehicles 10,868 10,773 10,024 9,033 8,313 8,025 On-road Buses 474 435 368 301 220 161
BART 228 253 270 288 308 329
Off-road Equipment 5,236 7,339 8,299 9,074 9,893 10,721 Transportation Sector Total 35,719 35,397 34,860 33,757 33,452 33,890 Waste 3,300 3,664 3,912 4,176 4,459 4,761
Water 63 59 47 13 7 0
Wastewater 103 114 122 130 139 148
Total GHG Emissions 72,273 69,558 68,902 67,403 68,262 69,901 Notes: All values are presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) Municipal Emissions Forecast
The municipal emissions are a subset of the community-wide emissions and therefore are included within the community-wide forecast presented above.14 The municipal emissions inventory is used as a tool to track progress in reducing GHG emissions for municipally owned facilities, and these emissions are notrequired to meetstate goals. Therefore,the municipalemissions are not directly forecasted, and municipal emission reduction targets are not set according to state legislation.

GHG Reduction Targets
GHG reduction targets are used in climate action plans to establish measurable metrics intended to guide the community’s commitment to achieve GHG emissions reductions and help gage progress with reducing emissions over time. GHG targets are developed relative to a baseline emissions level.

California has established statewide GHG reduction goals for 2030 and 2045. CARB’s 2017 Scoping Plan recommends that local agencies provide their fair share GHG reduction to achieve the State’s goals.

Thus, local agencies are recommended to establish equivalent reduction targets at the local level by establishing community wide GHG reduction goals for climate action that will help California achieve its 2030 and 2045 goals.
14 Except for wastewater, which is processed for Pinole in the wastewater treatment plant located in Pinole that serves both Pinole and the neighboring community of Hercules. In the community inventory and forecast the wastewater sector includes GHG emissions from the wastewater treatment plant attributable to Pinole only, but in the municipal inventory includes all GHG emissions from the wastewater treatment plant.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Target and Forecast Memorandum

CARB hasissued severalguidance documents concerning the establishment of GHG emission reduction targets for climate action plans to comply with legislated GHG emissions reductions targets and California EnvironmentalQuality Act Guidelines(CEQA) § 15183.5(b). For example, as mentioned above, in the first California Climate Change Scoping Plan,15 CARB encouraged local governments to adopt evidence based GHGs reduction target for community emissions that are based on local emissions sectors and population projections that parallel the state commitment to reduce GHG emissions. In 2016, the State adopted SB 32 mandating a reduction of GHG emissions by 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and AB 1279 establishes a state goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. Pursuant to the Scoping Plan’srecommendations, the community GHG reduction targets will be developed based on local levels of GHG emissions that would be proportional to the statewide goals, relative to 1990. 1990 Back-cast
Pinole does not have a 1990 GHG inventory from which to estimate GHG reductions, however, equivalent targets can be calculated for the community relative to the State’s 2017 statewide baseline and targets.

Pinole’s 1990 GHG emissions have been calculated using the states 2017 GHG emissions inventory as compared to the State’s GHG emissions inventory in 1990 to calculate specific percent reduction in Pinole between 2017 and 1990. This approach assumes that the City’s community GHG emissions have generally tracked with the State’s GHG emissions The calculation is developed using the published statewide emissionsresultsfromCARB, afterremoving emissions from sectors not included in the City’s inventory (i.e., agricultural, industrial, and high GWP sectors). The 1990 back-cast for Pinole is shown in Table 7.

Table 7 1990 Back-cast
1990 Back-cast Calculations
2017 Statewide GHG Emissions (MMT CO2e) 283.30
1990 Statewide GHG Emissions (MMT CO2e) 309.60
2017 to 1990 Statewide GHG Emissions Change (%) 9.28%
2017 Pinole GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 72,273
1990 Pinole GHG Emissions Back-cast (MT CO2e) 78,982
1990 Pinole Population 17,000
1990 Pinole per Capita GHG Emissions Back-cast (MT CO2e/person) 4.65 Provisional GHG Reduction Targets
GHG reduction targets can be set as either an efficiency target (MT CO2e per capita) or as a communitywide mass emissions target (total MT CO2e). With CARB’s 2017 Scoping Plan Update, the State recommends using efficiencymetricsforlocal targetsto incentivize growth in a coordinatedmanner and 15 2008 Climate Change Scoping Plan https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/adopted_scoping_plan.pdf

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not penalize cities which are growing at significant rates.16 Efficiency metrics continue to be used and are recommended in the 2022 Scoping Plan.

GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting
Target setting is an iterative process which must be informed by the reductions that can realistically be achieved through the development of feasible GHG reduction measures. As such, the targets identified herein should remain provisional until the quantification and analysis of potential GHG reduction measures has been completed. The purpose of target setting is to develop the trajectory toward achieving the State’s 2030 goal and prepare for the deep decarbonization needed by 2045 in a costeffective manner by setting an incremental path toward achieving the AB 1279 goals. CARB guidance is for jurisdictions to first strive to exceed the SB 32 targets of reducing GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels, while establishing a policy framework to work towards the long-term target of carbon neutrality by 2045. Additionally, Pinole’s City Council adopted a Climate Emergency Resolution in October 2021 that directed staff to develop a GHG inventory and CAP that align with State’s GHG reduction targets for SB 32 and EO B-55-18 (which was codified by AB 1279). With GHG emission reduction targets in place, the reduction gap that the City will be responsible for through local action can be calculated. The City’s future Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) will assess the GHG reduction gap based on the difference between the adjusted forecast, discussed previously, and the established GHG reduction targets. Table 8 provides a summary of the GHG emission reduction targets and gap in both mass emissions and per capita emissions metrics. The per capita targets are calculated by dividing forecasted GHG emissions by the expected City population in each target year.

Table 8 GHG Emission Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis Emissions Forecast or Pathway 2017 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Mass Emissions Target Pathway Scenario
Adjusted Forecast (MT CO2e) 72,273 69,558 68,902 67,403 68,262 69,901 SB 32 Mass Emissions Target Pathway (MT CO2e)1 72,273 56,960 47,389 31,593 15,796 0 Remaining Emissions Gap (MT CO2e) 0 12,598 21,512 35,810 52,466 69,901 Per Capita Emissions Target Pathway Scenario
Population 19,663 21,718 23,110 24,592 26,168 27,845
Per Capita Adjusted Forecast (MT CO2e/person) 3.68 3.20 2.98 2.74 2.61 2.51 SB 32 Per Capita Target Pathway (MT
CO2e/person)
2 3.68 3.13 2.79 1.86 0.93 0
Remaining Per Capita Emissions Gap (MT
CO2e/person)
0 0.07 0.19 0.88 1.68 2.51
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Emissions have been rounded to the nearest whole number and therefore sums may not match.

1. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 mass emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 MT CO2e in 2045. This target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

2. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 per capita emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional t arget pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279. 16 California Air Resources Board. 2017. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p. 99 -102.

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According to the Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP), the feasibility of achieving substantial reductions through local action only is questionable given limitations on local municipality authority. The AEP also states that no city or county is completely autonomous in matters of energy and transportation systems; and notes that a municipality can influence certain matters; however, many decisions about the electricity and transportation systems are under the control of the State and federal government, and/or are controlled by market determinations. Achieving the established target will require major shifts in how communities within California obtain and use energy, transport themselves and goods, and how the population lives and builds. These transformations would require implementation across all levels of the economy, not just what local jurisdictions have authority over. As such, placing the burden predominantly on local jurisdictions would thus be highly disproportional, costly, and potentially subject to litigation.17
Establishing a minimum 2030 target of 2.79 MT CO2e per person, or 47,389 MT CO2e per year, for 2030 (the SB 32 target year) and a long-term target of 0 MT CO2e per person, or carbon neutrality, for 2045 will demonstrate the City’s commitment to aligning with state goals. The 2030 target will maintain compliance with SB 32, as well as align with the AB 1279 emissions reduction trajectory. However, as noted at the beginning of this memorandum, the long-term reduction targets are provisional and may need to be adjusted based on the reductions that can realistically be achieved from feasible GHG reduction measures that will be identified during the climate action planning process. The intent of the City’s future CAAP will be to demonstrate substantial progress toward the long-term state reduction goals. New opportunities are anticipated to emerge that could yield additional reductions beyond those identified in the City’s future CAAP. Another phase of local climate action planning will be needed to continue and expand the actions in the future CAAP and to explore new strategies to meet the 2045 GHG reduction target. Figure 1 provides a visual representation of future GHG emissions, with the impacts of state legislation and the remaining gap Pinole will be responsible for the meet the mass GHG emission reduction targets.
17 AEP. Beyond Newhall and 2020: A Field Guide to New CEQA Greenhouse Gas Thresholds and Climate Action Plan Targets in California. October 2016.

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Figure 1 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways (Mass Emissions) Meeting the Targets
The 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045 targets identified above will be achieved through a combination of existing state measures and the implementation of local measures that will be identified in the City’s CAAP. Local measures will be identified through a comprehensive assessment of existing local and regional policies, programs, and actions and by assessing any gaps and identifying additional opportunities. Additional measures will be developed from best practices of othersimilar and neighboring jurisdictions, as well as those recommended by organizations and agencies, such as the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, the Office of Planning and Research, CARB’s 2017 Scoping Plan, and AEP.

Sincerely,
Rincon Consultants, Inc.

Erik Feldman, MS, LEED AP Hannah Mize
Principal Sustainability Project Manager
Attachment A Detailed GHG Emissions Forecast Calculations 2045 Emissions Gap
69,901 MT CO2e
1990 Emissions
78,982 MT CO2e
2017 Emissions
72,273 MT CO2e
2030 Target
47,389 MT CO2e
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1990 2017 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
GHG Emissions Gap 1990 Baseline Business-as-usual Forecast Adjusted Forecast Target Pathway

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Appendix B
Regulatory Background

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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan - Appendix A: Regulatory Background

Regulatory Summary
As the impacts of climate change are being recognized, many strategies that address climate change have emerged at all levels of government. This section provides an overview of the regulatory context at the international, state, and local levels relative to the City of Pinole’s actions toward reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

International Climate Action Guidance
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) The primary international regulatory framework for GHG reduction is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC is an international treaty adopted in 1992 with the objective of stabilizing atmospheric GHG concentrations to prevent disruptive anthropogenic climate change. The framework established non-binding limits on global GHG emissions and specified a process for negotiating future international climate-related agreements.1 Kyoto Protocol (1997)
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that was adopted in 1997 to extend and operationalize the UNFCCC. The protocol commits industrialized nations to reduce GHG emissions per country-specific targets, recognizing that they hold responsibility for existing atmospheric GHG levels. The Kyoto Protocol involves two commitment periods during which emissions reductions are to occur, the first of which took place between 2008-2012 and the second of which has not entered into force.2 The Paris Agreement (2015)
The Paris Agreement is the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate agreement that was adopted in 2015 and has been ratified by 190 countries worldwide. 3 The Paris Agreement establishes a roadmap to keep the world under 2° C of warming with a goal of limiting an increase of temperature to

1.5° C. The agreement does not dictate one specific reduction target, instead relying on individual countries to set nationally determined contributions (NDCs) or reductions based on GDP and other factors. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), limiting global warming to 1.5° C will require global emissions to be reduced through 2030 and hit carbon neutrality by mid-century.4 Glasgow Climate Pact (2021)
The Glasgow Climate Pact5(Pact) was adopted by nearly 200 nations in 2021 and builds on the 2015 Paris Agreement. The Pact includes an agreement to revisit the emissions reduction plans to keep the

1.5°C target achievable. It is the first global climate agreement to commit to phasing down the use of 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf 2 UNFCCC. What is the Kyoto Protocol? https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol 3 UNFCCC. Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification. https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification 4 IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5 C. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ 5 https://unfccc.int/documents/310475

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unabated coal. Further, the Pact includes a commitment to provide climate finance to developing countries.

California Regulations and State GHG Targets
California remains a global leader in the effort to reduce GHG emissions and combat climate change through its mitigation and adaptation strategies. With the passage of Assembly Bill (AB) 32 in 2006, California became the first state in the United States to mandate GHG emission reductions across its entire economy. To support AB 32, California has enacted legislation, regulations, and executive orders (EO) that put it on course to achieve robust emission reductions and address the impacts of a changing climate. The following is a summary of executive and legislative actions most relevant to the City of Pinole’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

Senate Bill 1078 (2002)
In 2002, (Senate Bill) SB 1078 established the California Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS) Program and was accelerated in 2006 by SB 107, requiring that 20 percent of retail electricity sales be composed of renewable energy sources by 2010. EO S-14-08 was signed in 2008 to further streamline California's renewable energy project approval process and increase the State's RPS to the most aggressive in the nation at 33 percent renewable power by 2020.

Assembly Bill 1493 (2002)
In 2002, the California State Legislature enacted Assembly Bill 1493 (aka “the Pavley Bill”), which directs CARB to adopt standards that will achieve "the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of GHG emissions from motor vehicles," considering environmental, social, technological, and economic factors.

In September 2009, CARB adopted amendments to the “Pavley” regulations to reduce GHG emissions in new passenger vehicles from 2009 through 2016. The Pavley Bill is considered to be the national model for vehicle emissions standards. In January of 2012, CARB approved a new emissions control program for vehicle model years 2017 through 2025. The program combines the control of smog, soot, and GHGs and the requirement for greater numbers of zero emission vehicles into a single package of standards called Advanced Clean Cars.

Executive Order S-3-05 (2005)
EO S-3-05 was signed in 2005 establishing statewide GHG emissions reduction targets for the years 2020 and 2050. The EO calls for the reduction of GHG emissions in California to 2000 levels by 2010, 1990 levels by 2020, and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. The 2050 emission reductions target would put the State’s emissions in line with the worldwide reductions needed to reach long-term climate stabilization as concluded by the IPCC 2007 Fourth Assessment Report.

Assembly Bill 32 (2006)
California’s major initiative for reducing GHG emissions is outlined in AB 32, the “California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006,” which was signed into law in 2006. AB 32 codifies the statewide goal of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and requires CARB to prepare a Scoping Plan that outlines the main state strategies for reducing GHG emissions to meet the 2020 deadline. In addition, AB 32 requires CARB to adopt regulations to require reporting and verification of statewide GHG emissions.

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Based on this guidance, CARB approved a 1990 statewide GHG baseline and 2020 emissions limit of 427 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MMT CO2e). The Scoping Plan was approved by CARB on December 11, 2008, and included measures to address GHG emission reduction strategies related to energy efficiency, water use, and recycling and solid waste, among other measures. Many of the GHG reduction measures included in the Scoping Plan (e.g., Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Advanced Clean Car standards,6 and Cap-and-Trade) have been adopted since approval of the Scoping Plan.

In May 2014, CARB approved the first update to the AB 32 Scoping Plan. The 2014 Scoping Plan update defined CARB’s climate change priorities for the next five years and set the groundwork to reach post2020 statewide goals. The update highlighted California’s progress toward meeting the “near-term” 2020 GHG emission reduction goals defined in the original Scoping Plan. It also evaluated how to align the State’s longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other State policy priorities, including those for water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use.

Senate Bill 107 (2006)
SB 107 builds on SB 1078 and requires investor-owned utilities, energy service providers, and Community Choice Aggregations to procure an additional 1 percent of retail sales per year from eligible renewable sources until 20 percent is reached, no later than 2010. The California Public Utilities Commission and California Energy Commission are jointly responsible for implementing the program.

Executive Order S-1-07 (2007)
Also known as the Low Carbon Fuel Standard, EO S-1-07, issued in 2007, established a statewide goal that requires transportation fuel providers to reduce the carbon intensity of California’s transportation fuels by at least 10 percent by 2020. EO S-1-07 was readopted and amended in 2015 to require a 20 percent reduction in carbon intensity by 2030, the most stringent requirement in the nation. The new requirement aligns with California’s overall 2030 target of reducing climate-changing emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, which was set by SB 32 and signed by the governor in 2016.

Senate Bill 97 (2007)
Signed in August 2007, SB 97 acknowledges that climate change is an environmental issue that requires analysis in California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) documents. In March 2010, the California Natural Resources Agency adopted amendments to the State CEQA Guidelines for the feasible mitigation of GHG emissions or the effects of GHG emissions. The adopted guidelines give lead agencies the discretion to set quantitative or qualitative thresholds for the assessment and mitigation of GHG and climate change impacts.

Senate Bill 375 (2008)
SB 375, signed in August 2008, enhances the State’s ability to reach AB 32 goals by directing CARB to develop regional GHG emission reduction targets to be achieved from passenger vehicles by 2020 and 6 On September 19, 2019 the National Highway Traffic Safety Agency (NHTSA) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a final action entitled the One National Program on Federal Preemption of State Fuel Economy Standards Rule. This action finalizes Part I of the Safer, Affordable, Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule. This rule states that federal law preempts State and local tailpipe greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions standards as well as zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandates. The SAFE Rule withdraws the Clean Air Act waiver it granted to California in January 2013 as it relates to California’s GHG and zero emission vehicle programs.

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2035. In addition, SB 375 directs each of the State’s 18 major Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to prepare a “sustainable communities strategy” (SCS) that contains a growth strategy to meet these emission targets for inclusion in the MPO’s Regional Transportation Plan (RTP).

Executive Order S-14-08 (2008)
EO S-14-08 was issued in 2008 and sets a statewide target of 33 percent renewable energy use by 2020.

California Green Building Code (2009)
The California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) is Part 11 of the California Building Standards Code or Title 24 and is the first statewide “green” building code in the nation. The purpose of CALGreen is to improve public health, safety, and general welfare by enhancing the design and construction of buildings. Enhancements include reduced negative impact designs, positive environmental impact designs, and encouragement of sustainable construction practices. The first CALGreen Code was adopted in 2009 and has been updated in 2013, 2016, and 2019. The CALGreen Code will have subsequent, and continually more stringent, updates every three years.

Senate Bill X7-7 (2009)
In 2009, SB X7-7, also known as the Water Conservation Act, was signed, requiring all water suppliers to increase water use efficiency. This legislation sets an overall goal of reducing per capita urban water use by 20 percent by 2020.

Senate Bill 2X (2011)
SB 2X was signed in 2011, requiring California energy providers to buy (or generate) 33 percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020.

Assembly Bill 341 (2012)
AB 341 directed the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) to develop and adopt regulations for mandatory commercial recycling. As of July 2012, businesses were required to recycle, and jurisdictions had to implement a program that includes education, outreach, and monitoring. AB 341 also set a statewide goal of 75 percent waste diversion by the year 2020.

Assembly Bill 32 Scoping Plan Update (2014)
In 2014, CARB approved the first update to the Scoping Plan. This update defines CARB’s climate change priorities and sets the groundwork to reach the post-2020 targets set forth in EO S-3-05. The update highlights California’s progress toward meeting the near-term 2020 GHG emissions reduction target, defined in the original Scoping Plan. It also evaluates how to align California’s longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other statewide policy priorities, such as water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use.

Assembly Bill 1826 (2014)
AB 1826 was signed in 2014 to increase the recycling of organic material. GHG emissions produced by the decomposition of these materials in landfills were identified as a significant source of emissions contributing to climate change. Therefore, reducing organic waste and increasing composting and

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mulching are goals set out by the AB 32 Scoping Plan. AB 1826 specifically requires jurisdictions to establish organic waste recycling programs by 2016, and phases in mandatory commercial organic waste recycling over time.

Senate Bill 350 (2015)
SB 350, the Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act of 2015, has two objectives: to increase the procurement of electricity from renewable sources from 33 percent to 50 percent by 2030 and to double the energy efficiency of electricity and natural gas end users through energy efficiency and conservation.

Executive Order B-30-15 (2015)
In 2015, EO B-30-15 was signed, establishing an interim GHG emissions reduction target to reduce emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The EO also calls for another update to the CARB Scoping Plan.

Senate Bill 32 (2016)
On September 8, 2016, the governor signed SB 32 into law, extending AB 32 by requiring the State to further reduce GHGs to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (the other provisions of AB 32 remain unchanged). The bill charges CARB to adopt the regulation so that the maximum technologically feasible emissions reductions are achieved in the most cost-effective way.

Senate Bill 1383 (2016)
Adopted in September 2016, SB 1383 requires CARB to approve and begin implementing a comprehensive strategy to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants. The bill requires the strategy to achieve the following reduction targets by 2030:
▪ Methane – 40 percent below 2013 levels
▪ Hydrofluorocarbons – 40 percent below 2013 levels
▪ Anthropogenic black carbon – 50 percent below 2013 levels SB 1383 also requires CalRecycle, in consultation with the CARB, to adopt regulations that achieve specified targets for reducing organic waste in landfills. The bill further requires 20 percent of edible food disposed of at the time to be recovered by 2025.

Scoping Plan Update (2017)
On December 14, 2017, CARB adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan, which provides a framework for achieving the 2030 goal set by SB 32. The 2017 Scoping Plan relies on the continuation and expansion of existing policies and regulations, such as the Cap-and-Trade Program, as well as implementation of recently adopted policies, such as SB 350 and SB 1383 .

The 2017 Scoping Plan also puts an increased emphasis on innovation, adoption of existing technology, and strategic investment to support its strategies. As with the 2014 Scoping Plan Update, the 2017 Scoping Plan does not provide project-level thresholds for land use development. Instead, it recommends that local governments adopt policies and locally appropriate quantitative thresholds consistent with statewide per capita goals of six metric tons (MT) CO2e by 2030 and two MT CO2e by

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2050. As stated in the 2017 Scoping Plan, these goals may be appropriate for plan-level analyses (city, county, subregional, or regional level), but not for specific individual projects because they include all emissions sectors in the State (CARB 2017).

Senate Bill 100 (2018)
Adopted on September 10, 2018, SB 100 supports the reduction of GHG emissions from the electricity sector by accelerating the state’s RSP Program, which was last updated by SB 350 in 2015. SB 100 requires electricity providers to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 33 percent of total retail sales by 2020, 60 percent by 2030, and 100 percent by 2045.

Executive Order B-55-18 (2018)
On September 10, 2018, the governor issued Executive Order B-55-18, which established a new statewide goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and maintaining net negative emissions thereafter. This goal is in addition to the existing statewide GHG reduction targets established by SB 375, SB 32, SB 1383, and SB 100.

Executive Order N-79-20 (2020)
In September 2020, EO N-79-20 requires that, by 2035, all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California be zero-emission vehicles. EO N-79-20 also requires that 100 percent of medium- and heavyduty vehicles in the State be zero-emission by 2045 for all operations where feasible and by 2035 for drayage trucks and notes that the State shall transition to 100 percent zero-emission off-road vehicles and equipment by 2035, where feasible.

Executive Order N-79-20 (2020)
On September 23, 2020, the governor issued EO N-79-20, which sets new statewide goals for phasing out gasoline-powered cars and trucks in California, which is applicable to state agencies. The EO requires 100 percent of in-state sales of new passenger cars and trucks to be zero-emission by 2035; 100 of instate sales of medium- and heavy-duty trucks and busses to be zero-emission by 2045, where feasible; and 100 percent of off-road vehicles and equipment sales to be zero-emission by 2035, where feasible.

Senate Bill 27 (2021)
Adopted on September 23, 2021, SB 27 requires the state Natural Resources Agency to establish carbon sequestration goals for natural and working lands by July 2023. SB 27 also requires the Natural Resources Agency to create a registry of projects for public and private investment and track the carbon benefits of each project. The projects that would be part of this program may not generate compliance offsets under California’s Cap-and-Trade program. Additionally, as part of the next Scoping Plan Update, CARB is required to establish specific CO2 removal targets starting in 2030.

Senate Bill 379 (2022)
Adopted September 16, 2022, SB 379 requires cities and counties to implement an online, automated permitting platform to verify solar installation code compliance and issue permits in real time for residential solar energy systems no larger than 38.4 kilowatt hours.

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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan - Appendix A: Regulatory Background

Senate Bill 1020 (2022)
Adopted September 16, 2022, SB 1020 expedites the previous goals established by SB 100, by establishing a clean electricity goal for end-use customers of 90 percent by 2035, and 95 percent by 2040. Additionally, SB 1020 requires 100 percent of all electricity procured to serve all state agencies to be clean energy by December 31, 2035.

Senate Bill 1063 (2022)
Adopted September 16, 2022, SB 1063 creates appliance efficiency standards set by the State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, which may now take effect sooner than one year after their adoption/revision. SB 1063 builds on Title 20 efficiency standards enforced through the California Energy Commission and first adopted in 1977.

Assembly Bill 1909 (2022)
Adopted September 16, 2022, AB 1909 removes prohibition of operating motorized electric bicycles or Class 3 bikes on bicycle paths or trails, bikeways, or bicycle lanes. However, the bill also includes an exemption for the Department of Parks and Recreation, which may prohibit these classes of bicycles on any bicycle path or trail within the department’s jurisdiction, where appropriate.

Assembly Bill 1857 (2022)
Adopted September 16, 2022, AB 1857 amends various sections of the California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989, which required jurisdictions to divert 50 percent of solid waste through source reduction, recycling, and composting activities, with no more than 10 percent through transformation. AB 1857 repeals the provision that jurisdictions may divert 10 percent through transformation (e.g., incineration). Additionally, AB 1857 requires the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery to establish the Zero-Waste Equity Grant Program to support targeted strategies and investments in communities transitioning to zero-waste circular economies.

Assembly Bill 1985 (2022)
Adopted September 16, 2022, AB 1985 establishes penalties for jurisdictions that do not meet SB 1383 requirements. The penalty will be based on the percentage of the target the jurisdiction was able to achieve.

Assembly Bill 1279 (2022)
In September 2022, AB 1279 (e.g., the California Climate Crisis Act) was approved, which established a legally binding requirement for California to achieve and maintain carbon neutrality no later than 2045.

Assembly Bill 1279 also established the requirement to achieve a Statewide reduction in GHG emissions of 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045. This indicates that the remaining 15 percent to achieve carbon neutrality can be achieved via carbon sequestration and other non-direct-GHG-emissions-reductions techniques.
2022 Scoping Plan Update (2022)
In response to the passage of AB 1279 and the identification of the 2045 GHG reduction target, CARB adopted the Final 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan in November 2022. The 2022 Update builds upon

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan - Appendix A: Regulatory Background

the framework established by the 2008 Climate Change Scoping Plan and previous updates while identifying new, technologically feasible, cost-effective, and equity-focused paths to achieve California’s climate goals. The 2022 Update includes policies to achieve a significant reduction in fossil fuel combustion, further reductions in short-lived climate pollutants, support for sustainable development, increased action in natural working lands to reduce emissions and sequester carbon, and the capture and storage of carbon. The 2022 Update assesses the progress California is making toward reducing its GHG emissions by at least 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, as called for in SB 32 and laid out in the 2017 Scoping Plan, addresses recent legislation and direction from Governor Newsom, extends and expands upon these earlier plans, and implements a goal of reducing anthropogenic emissions to 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045, as well as taking an additional step of adding carbon neutrality as a science-based guide for California’s climate work.7
Advanced Clean Cars II (2022)
By 2035 all new passenger cars, trucks and SUVs sold in California will be zero emission vehicles. The Advanced Clean Cars II regulations take the state’s already growing zero-emission vehicle market and robust motor vehicle emission control rules and augments them to meet more aggressive tailpipe emissions standards and ramp up to 100 percent zero-emission vehicles.

Senate Bill 1020 (2022)
SB 1020, also known as the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022, would build off of existing laws and require that eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources supply 90 percent of all retail sales of electricity to California end-use customers by December 31, 2035, 95 percent of all retail sales of electricity to California end-use customers by December 31, 2040, 100 percent of all retail sales of electricity to California end-use customers by December 31, 2045, and 100 percent of electricity procured to serve all state agencies by December 31, 2035, as specified.

City of Pinole Sustainability Plans and Policies
The City of Pinole has established initiatives related to increasing adaptive capacity and reducing GHG emissions and the potential impacts of climate change. These initiatives are primarily detailed in the Pinole Creek Watershed Vision Plan, General Plan – Sustainability Element, Three Corridor Specific Plan, Pinole Green Infrastructure Plan, City of Pinole Climate Resolution, updated emissions inventory, and Pinole Capital Improvement Plan (FY 22/23 – 26/27), each of which is discussed in detail below.

Pinole Creek Watershed Vision Plan (2004)
The Pinole Creek Watershed Vision Plan8 provides a consolidated list of goals and actions developed to outline the proposed future of the Pinole Creek Watershed. In total, the Pinole Creek Watershed Vision Plan includes nine overarching goals and a variety of actions that were developed to help achieve the goals. Goals included improving the water quality of Pinole Creek, restoring health and quality of the 7 CARB. 2022. 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/2022-sp.pdf (accessed November 2023)
8 Urban Creeks Council. June 2004. Pinole Creek Watershed Vision Plan: A Local Community-Based Effort. https://s3-us-west2.amazonaws.com/ucldc-nuxeo-ref-media/c6f48c7b-fe69-41f2-a4fb-c5c0382f1689 (accessed April 2024)

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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan - Appendix A: Regulatory Background

surrounding environment, providing educational opportunities, increasing flood protection, and improving recreation among others.

General Plan – Sustainability Element (2010)
The City adopted an updated General Plan in 2010, which includes 12 chapters. Chapter 11, the Sustainability Element,9supports land use patterns and programs that will enhance opportunities to improve ecological conditions, enhance the local economy, and provide equal job, housing, education, recreation, and transportation opportunities. This chapter was developed to begin addressing climate change in the City and develop goals related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, encouraging renewable energy sources, expanding local use of green technology, and educating Pinole’s residents on how they can live fully while preserving Pinole for future generations. As outlined in the Sustainability Element, because sustainability is at the core of the General Plan, it is integrated through each chapter.

According to the Sustainability Element, “a sustainable Pinole is one where members [of the community] meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present and plan and act on or the ability to maintain these ideals indefinitely.”
Three Corridor Specific Plan (2010)
The purpose of the Three Corridor Specific Plan10 is to facilitate revitalization of the San Pablo Avenue, the Pinole Valley Road, and the Appian Way commercial corridors, which are designated as Priority Development Areas (PDAs). Though the project area contains three distinct corridors, each of which has a unique character, they are combined into one Specific Plan to coordinate land use planning where they intersect, efficiently communicate common standards and provisions, and provide consistency in planning for these three areas. While the General Plan is the primary guide for growth and development within Pinole, this Specific Plan seeks to establish a direct connection between the City of Pinole’s General Plan and economic and revitalization opportunities within the three Specific Plan corridors. An overall goal is the orderly development of three project area(s) – San Pablo Avenue, Pinole Valley Road, and Appian Way –consistent with the City’s General Plan and, more specifically, with the community’s vision developed through the Specific Plan public outreach process.

Pinole Green Infrastructure Plan (2019)
The City’s Green Infrastructure Plan11 was developed to meet the requirements of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board for the San Francisco Bay Region’s (RWQCB’s) Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP), which mandates implementation of a comprehensive program of stormwater control measures and actions designed to limit contributions of urban runoff pollutants to San Francisco Bay. Specifically, MRP Provision C.3.j.i. requires the City to prepare a Green Infrastructure Plan. For the 9 Pinole, City of. 2010. Sustainability Element of the General Plan (Chapter 11). (accessed April 2024) https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_10946972/File/City%20Government/Planning/General%20Plan/City_of_Pinole_General_Plan_1

2.2010-Chapter11.pdf
10 Pinole, City of. November 2010. Three Corridors Specific Plan. (accessed April 2024) https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_10946972/File/City%20Government/Planning/General%20Plan/Three%20Corridors/City_of_Pin ole_Corridor_Specific_Plan_2010%20-%20updated%206.16.20.pdf 11 Pinole, City of. December 2019. City of Pinole Green Infrastructure Plan. (accessed April 2024) https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_10946972/File/City%20Government/Public%20Works/Storm%20Water/2019.12.16%20Pinol e% 20GI%20Plan_Final.pdf

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan - Appendix A: Regulatory Background

purposes of the plan, Green Infrastructure (GI) refers to the construction and retrofit of storm drainage to reduce runoff volumes, disperse runoff to vegetated areas, harvest and use runoff where feasible, promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and use bioretention and other natural systems to detain and treat runoff before it reaches our creeks and Bay. As outlined under the Plan’s Objective and Vision, the Plan will guide a shift from conventional “collect and convey” storm drain infrastructure to more resilient, sustainable stormwater management systems that reduce runoff volumes, disperse runoff to vegetated areas, harvest and use runoff where feasible, promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and use natural processes to detain and treat runoff.

City of Pinole Climate Emergency Resolution (2021)
On October 19, 2021, the Pinole City Council adopted Resolution No. 2021-93 that declared a Climate Emergency. This resolution acknowledges the disastrous effects that climate change threatens to have on the City’s public health, economy, infrastructure, and overall wellbeing. The Climate Resolution outlined the need for preparation of a Climate Action Plan that aligns with the state’s goals for emissions reductions. Additionally, the Climate Emergency Resolution states that the health, social-economic, and racial equity considerations should be included in policymaking and climate solutions across all sectors to protect all community members, with an emphasis on youth, older adults, low-income or communities of color, and other vulnerable populations.

Updated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (2021)
The City of Pinole updated the 2017 GHG emissions community inventory (2017 Inventory), which was originally prepared by East Bay Energy Watch (EBEW) as part of a regional GHG emissions inventory in June 2020. Establishing a consistent methodology and accurate baseline emissions inventory provides the City with an opportunity to track the success of sustainability and climate action efforts and establish a pathway to reduce GHG emissions in accordance with the City’s and state’s goals. As part of the review, the inventory was updated following the ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol) and with current and accurate data sources and emission factors. 12 Pinole Capital Improvement Plan (FY 22/23 – 26/27) (2022) As outlined in the Capital Improvement Plan,13 it is a multi-year planning tool used to identify and implement the City’s capital needs over the upcoming five-year period. The CIP aligns the needs with appropriate funding, scheduling, and implementation. This document is a working blueprint for building and sustaining publicly funded physical infrastructure. Capital improvements refer to physical assets and include the design, purchase, construction, maintenance, or improvement of public resources (i.e. parks public infrastructure, equipment, public spaces). These improvements influence Pinole’s built and natural environment and help guide the trajectory of future growth or change. 12 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA. July 2019. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2.
13 City of, Pinole. June 21, 2022. Pinole Capital Improvement Plan (FY 22/23 – 26/27). (accessed April 2024) https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_10946972/File/City%20Government/Public%20Works/Capital%20Projects/AttachmentA_Final_P roposed_CIP.pdf

Appendix C
Measure Substantial Evidence

Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
Technical Report
prepared for
City of Pinole
Community Development Department
2131 Pear Street
Pinole, California 94564
prepared by
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15th Street, Suite 303
Oakland, California 94612
August 2024

Table of Contents
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 GHG Emission Reduction Targets........................................................................................1

1.2 Mitigation Measures and Actions Organization .................................................................2

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions.................................................................................................3 2 Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaption Planning.............................................6 3 Strategy BE: Building Energy...........................................................................................................7 4 Strategy TR: Transportation..........................................................................................................38 5 Strategy SW: Solid Waste .............................................................................................................53 6 Strategy W: Water........................................................................................................................59 7 Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration...............................................................................................61 8 Municipal Mitigation Strategies ...................................................................................................63 9 Adaptation Strategies...................................................................................................................64 Figures
Figure 1 City of Pinole’s GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway....................................................5 Tables
Table 1 Pinole CAAP GHG Emission Reduction Summary by Mitigation Measure....................3 Table 2 City of Pinole’s GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway....................................................4 Table 3 Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaption Planning GHG Emission Reduction Summary.......................................................................................6 Table 4 Strategy BE: Building Energy GHG Emission Reduction Summary................................7 Table 5 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources.......................................9 Table 6 All-electric New Construction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....................... 10 Table 7 Pinole’s Housing Stock Age ........................................................................................ 12 Table 8 All-electric Residential Major Renovation Parameters and Data Sources................. 13 Table 9 All-electric Residential Major Renovation GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.... 14 Table 10 Two-Way Residential Air Conditioning Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources.... 15 Table 11 Two-Way Residential Air Conditioning Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations................................................................................................................ 17 Table 12 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Residential Water Heating Parameters and Data Sources....................................................................................................................... 19 Table 13 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Residential Water Heating GHG Emission Reduction Calculations................................................................................................................ 21 Table 14 End-of-flow Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources.............................................. 22

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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
ii
Table 15 End-of-flow Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations ................................. 22 Table 16 All-electric Nonresidential Major Renovation Parameters and Data Sources........... 24 Table 17 All-electric Nonresidential Major Renovation GHG Emission Reduction Calculations................................................................................................................ 25 Table 18 Two-Way Nonresidential AC Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources.................... 26 Table 19 Two-Way Nonresidential AC Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....... 28 Table 20 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Commercial and Mixed-use Water Heating Parameters and Data Sources.................................................................................... 30 Table 21 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Commercial and Mixed-use Water Heating GHG Emission Reduction Calculations ............................................................................... 32 Table 22 End-of-flow Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources.............................................. 33 Table 23 End-of-flow Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations ................................. 34 Table 24 Carbon-free and Renewable Electricity Parameters and Data Sources..................... 36 Table 25 Carbon-free and Renewable Electricity GHG Emission Reduction Calculations........ 36 Table 26 Strategy TR: Transportation GHG Emission Reduction Summary.............................. 38 Table 27 Active Transportation Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources........................... 40 Table 28 Active Transportation Mode Share GHG Emission Reduction Calculations .............. 41 Table 29 Public Transit Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources ........................................ 42 Table 30 Public Transit Mode Share GHG Emission Reduction Calculations............................ 43 Table 31 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources.............. 45 Table 32 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources.............. 46 Table 33 Passenger Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Parameters and Data Sources.............. 47 Table 34 Passenger Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption GHG Emission Reduction Calculations................................................................................................................ 48 Table 35 Commercial Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Parameters and Data Sources........... 49 Table 36 Commercial Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption GHG Emission Reduction Calculations................................................................................................................ 50 Table 37 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources.......................................... 51 Table 38 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emission Reduction Calculations............................. 52 Table 39 Strategy SW: Solid Waste GHG Emission Reduction Summary ................................. 53 Table 40 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources................................... 55 Table 41 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations...................... 55 Table 42 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources.............................................. 57 Table 43 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations...................... 58 Table 44 Strategy W: Water GHG Emission Reduction Summary ............................................ 59 Table 45 Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration GHG Emission Reduction Summary................... 61 Table 46 Municipal Strategies GHG Emission Reduction Summary ......................................... 63 Table 47 Adaptation Strategies GHG Emission Reduction Summary ....................................... 64

Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 1
1 Introduction
This technical report presents the quantification and substantial evidence that supports the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of the City of Pinole’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP). This report also supports the CAAP’s classification as a qualified GHG reduction plan. The CAAP is Pinole’s plan to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change. It includes Mitigation Measures to reduce GHG emissions within the community and Adaptation Measures to adapt the community to climate change. This report focuses on Mitigation Measures and their associated Actions. The Mitigation Measures include numeric targets to reduce GHG emissions and the Actions under each Mitigation Measure represent the steps the City will implement through 2045 to reduce GHG emissions.

Section 15183.5(b)(1) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines establishes several criteria which a plan must meet to be considered a qualified GHG reduction plan and allow for programmatic CEQA streamlining of project GHG emissions. This report details the evidence substantiating the GHG emissions reductions associated with the CAAP’s Mitigation Measures pursuant to Subsection (D) which requires measures or a group of measures, including performance standards, that substantial evidence demonstrates, if implemented on a project-by-project basis, would collectively achieve the specified GHG emissions level. This report demonstrates the Mitigation Measures in the CAAP provide the GHG emission reductions necessary to meet the City’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target, which aligns with the State’s GHG emission reduction goal established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and make substantial progress towards the City’s 2045 target which aligns with the State’s goal established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279. 1 Mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the CAAP and its progress toward achieving the City’s GHG emission reduction targets are included in the CAAP, as required in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b)(e). If, based on the tracking of community GHG emissions, the City is not on track to reach the 2030 GHG emission reductions specified in this report, the CAAP as a whole or specific Mitigation Measures and Actions will be amended. Based on these amendments, a CAAP Update will be prepared that includes altered or additional Measures and Actions, with evidence that their implementation can achieve the City’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target and make substantial progress towards the City’s 2045 target.

1.1 GHG Emission Reduction Targets
The City of Pinole’s GHG emission reduction targets align with California’s goal to reduce GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32) and California’s goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 (AB 1279) defined as reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing or sequestering the remaining GHG emissions.

Pinole’s short- and long-term GHG emission reduction targets are:
▪ Reduce GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; and ▪ Achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.
1 SB 32 established the State goal to reduce GHG emission 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. AB 1279 established the State goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The State defines carbon neutrality as net zero carbon emissions, which is achieved by reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing the remaining emissions.

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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
2 1.2 Mitigation Measures and Actions Organization
As part of the CAAP process, the City of Pinole has developed a comprehensive set of Mitigation Measures and Actions to reduce communitywide GHG emissions to achieve the City’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target and make substantial progress towards the City’s 2045 target. The Mitigation Measures are organized around a set of six Strategies to reduce GHG emissions. Each Measure is then supported by a set of Actions. The structure of the Mitigation Strategies, Measures, and Actions are as follows:
▪ Strategies: Strategies describe an overall approach for reducing GHG emissions. ▪ Measures: Measures are long-range policies that the City has established to ultimately reduce GHG emissions in line with the State.
▪ Actions: Actions are the discrete steps the City will take to achieve the established Measures.

The Measures and Actions can be either quantitative or supportive, defined as follows:
▪ Quantitative: Quantitative Measures result in direct and measurable GHG emissions reductions when their Actions, backed by substantial evidence, are implemented. GHG emissions reductions from these Measures and Actions are justified by case studies, scientific articles, calculations, and other third-party substantial evidence that establish the effectiveness of the reduction Actions. Quantitative Measures can be summed to quantify how the City will meet its 2030 GHG emission reduction target and demonstrate progress towards the 2045 target. ▪ Supportive: Supportive Measures may also be quantifiable and have substantial evidence to support their overall contribution to GHG emission reductions. However, due to one of several factors – including a low GHG emission reduction benefit, indirect GHG emission reduction benefit, or potential for double-counting– they have not been quantified and do not contribute directly to achieving and making progress towards the City’s GHG emission reduction targets.

Despite not being quantified, supportive Measures are nevertheless critical to the overall success of the CAAP and provide support so that the quantitative Measures will be successfully implemented.

This report identifies both the quantitative and supportive Mitigation Measures and provides a complete description of their contribution to achieving the City of Pinole’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target and making substantial progress towards the City’s 2045 target. This report, however, only details the quantitative Actions that enable each Mitigation Measure. The supportive Actions are excluded from this report because they do not contribute directly to achieving and making progress towards the City’s GHG emission reduction targets. Detail on these supportive Actions can be found in the CAAP. Furthermore, this report presents the Adaptation Measures of the CAAP, but excludes detail in these Measures because they are supportive. Details on these supportive Adaptation Measures can be found in the CAAP.

Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 3

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions
Table 1 summarizes the Mitigation Measures and the GHG emission reductions they would achieve in 2030 and 2045 upon the implementation of their Actions.

Table 1 Pinole CAAP GHG Emission Reduction Summary by Mitigation Measure Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaptation Planning Measure CR-1 Leverage the CAAP’s work around electrification, transportation infrastructure buildout, organic waste
diversion, and carbon sequestration to establish Pinole as a center for green economic development and high-road
jobs.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy BE: Building Energy
Measure BE-1 Electrify 100% of new construction in the City in 2024. 1,509 5,962 Measure BE-2 Electrify existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas consumption by 26% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
4,778 19,273
Measure BE-3 Electrify existing commercial and mixed-use (i.e., combined commercial and residential) buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 18% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
997 5,868
Measure BE-4 Work with MCE to provide carbon-free and renewable energy to at least 95% of the community by 2030.
3,200 0
Measure BE-5 Increase generation and storage of local community-scale renewable energy.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy TR: Transportation
Measure TR-1 Create a safe and connected active transportation network linked to Pinole Creek to increase active transportation mode share to 5.5% by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.
107 256
Measure TR-2 Implement public and shared transit improvements and programs to achieve a 13% public transit mode share by
2030 and 18% by 2045.
256 559
Measure TR-3 Develop programs and policies to discourage driving single passenger vehicles and to support the active
transportation and public transit mode share goals of
Measures TR-1 and TR-2.

Supportive Supportive
Measure TR-4 Increase passenger zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 33% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
3,832 13,839
Measure TR-5 Increase commercial zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 30% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
2,303 8,186
Measure TR-6 Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 15% of off-road equipment operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
1,245 10,721
Strategy SW: Solid Waste
Measure SW-1 By 2025, reduce landfilled organic waste by 75% and support food insecure residents by diverting 20% of
currently disposed edible food to food recovery
organizations to meet and or exceed SB 1383
requirements.
2,934 3,570