Agenda packet — Pinole City Council, August 20, 2024 (part 5 of 8)

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
4 Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Measure SW-2 Reduce landfilled inorganic waste 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SW-3 Meet CalGreen’s current 65% construction and demolition (C&D) materials diversion requirements on all covered
projects.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SW-4 Analyze opportunities to enhance the City’s Wastewater Treatment Plant to divert organic waste from the landfill and increase organics recovery.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SW-5 Establish new programs to meet the City’s SB 1383 annual procurement target (i.e., 1,073 tons of compost) by 2030. 425 513
Strategy WW: Water and Wastewater
Measure W-1 Reduce per capita potable water consumption 10% by 2030 and 25% by 2045, from 2017 levels.

Supportive Supportive
Measure W-2 Increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration
Measure CS-1 Increase carbon sequestration and prepare the urban forest for climate change, extreme heat, drought, and
wildfire by adopting policies developed through the Tree Master Plan.

Supportive Supportive
Measure CS-2 Increase nature-based and technological carbon sequestration opportunities in Pinole.

Supportive Supportive
Together, the Mitigation Measures and Actions in in the CAAP provide Pinole with the GHG emission reductions necessary to achieve Pinole’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target (see Table 2).

However, the 2045 GHG emissions reductions quantified in this report are not currently enough to meet the City’s 2045 target of carbon neutrality. Achieving carbon neutrality will require new technologies, new State regulations, and additional Measures and Actions that incorporate lessons learned from implementing the Measures and Actions of this CAAP. Future CAAP updates will account for these emerging technologies and new State regulations and include new Measures and Actions that Pinole will implement to close the remaining gap to achieve carbon neutrality.

Table 2 City of Pinole’s GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway GHG Emission Forecast or Reduction Target
2030 GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Business-as-usual Forecast 84,515 97,772
Adjusted Forecast 68,902 69,901
GHG Emissions Reductions (from full implementation of Measures) (21,585) (68,746) GHG Emissions Remaining (after Measure reductions) 47,316 1,155 GHG Emission Reduction Target 47,389 0
GHG Emissions Gap (between remaining GHG emissions and target) (73) 1,155 Target Anticipated to be Met? Yes No
Notes: Numeric numbers donated in parathesis represent negative numbers.

Page 560 of 945 ends

Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 5
Figure 1 shows the City’s GHG emission reduction targets in relation to the City’s GHG emissions after implementation of the Mitigation Measures and Actions included in the CAAP. A complete description of each Measure and the quantitative Actions is included in the remainder of the report.

Figure 1 City of Pinole’s GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway 1990 Emissions
78,982 MT CO2e
2017 Emissions
MT CO2e
2030 Target
47,389 MT CO2e 2045 GHG Emissions
Gap MT CO2e
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1990 2017 2030 2035 2040 2045
GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
GHG Emissions Gap 1990 Baseline Business-as-usual Forecast Adjusted Forecast Target Pathway GHG Emissions Remaining

Page 561 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
6 2 Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate
Action and Adaption Planning
The City of Pinole’s Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaptation Planning Strategy focuses on leveraging the CAAP’s work around electrification, transportation infrastructure buildout, organic waste diversion, and carbon sequestration to establish Pinole as a center for green economic development and high-road jobs. While this Strategy will not produce direct GHG emission reductions, it will create community support for the CAAP and enable implementation of the CAAP with a talented and diverse workforce. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaptation Planning Strategy consists of the following Measure presented in Table 3.

The table also indicates the Measure is supportive.

Table 3 Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaption Planning GHG Emission Reduction Summary
Measure ID Measure
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaption Planning CR-1 Leverage the CAAP’s work around electrification,
transportation infrastructure buildout, organic waste
diversion, and carbon sequestration to establish Pinole as a center for green economic development and highroad jobs.

Supportive Supportive
Total 0 0

Page 562 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 7
3 Strategy BE: Building Energy
The City of Pinole’s Building Energy Strategy focuses on electrifying residential and commercial buildings to leverage the GHG reduction benefits associated with carbon-free and renewable electricity provided by Marin Clean Energy (MCE) along with the generation and storage of local community-scale renewable energy.
2 Electrifying Pinole’s building stock consists of transitioning natural gas stationary equipment—the equipment that heats the water we use and heats and cools the spaces we live and work in—to efficient electric alternatives. When coupled with renewable and zero-carbon electricity, all-electric buildings eliminate GHG emissions from natural gas consumption and transition to a zero-emission operational energy footprint. This characteristic is why Pinole will support MCE in providing carbon-free and renewable energy to the whole community. Pinole will also work to increase the generation and storage of community-scale renewable energy in the community to help meet the additional electricity demand resulting from building electrification.

Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Building Energy Strategy consists of the Measures presented in Table 4. The table also indicates which Measures are quantitative and which Measures are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Measures and the role of the supportive Measures.

Table 4 Strategy BE: Building Energy GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure ID Measure
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy BE: Building Energy
BE-1 Electrify 100% of new construction in the City by 2024. 1,509 5,962 BE-2 Electrify existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas consumption by 31% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
4,778 19,273
BE-3 Electrify existing commercial and mixed-use (i.e., combined commercial and residential) buildings to
reduce natural gas consumption 26% by 2030 and 100%
by 2045.
997 5,868
BE-4 Work with MCE to provide 100% carbon-free and
renewable energy to at least 95% of the community by
2030.
3,200 0
BE-5 Increase generation and storage of local communityscale renewable energy by exploring new advancements in the clean energy sector.

Supportive Supportive
Total 10,484 31,102
2 Community-scale renewable energy provides electricity for community or commercial consumption rather than for a single home as residential rooftop solar does.

Page 563 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
8 BE-1: Electrify 100% of new construction in the City in 2024.

Measure BE-1 commits the City to electrify new construction in the community. The primary Actions that enable this Measure are Action BE-1a which directs the City to adopt a single margin source energy score or more stringent ordinance in 2024 to avoid new natural gas construction for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

The City of Pinole fully intends to prohibit new natural gas developments in the community.

However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit’s decision to overturn the City of Berkeley’s natural gas regulation—the ordinance that prohibited the installation of natural gas piping within newly constructed buildings—limits the City of Pinole’s ability to establish regulations to ban new natural gas construction.
3 Through Action BE-1a, the City will employ the most stringent regulation currently available to electrify all new construction in the community. Action BE-1a’s ordinance will be designed to either strongly encourage electrification of new construction as a single margin energy score or specifically restrict the use of natural gas in new construction.

As a single margin source energy score, the ordinance would establish a low Energy Design Rating (EDR)—a scoring metric that determines a building’s compliance with California’s Building Energy Efficiency Standards—that new residential and commercial buildings in Pinole would need to meet.

The EDR would be set in a way to make electrification the easiest pathway to meet the standard.

However, since the ordinance does not ban natural gas infrastructure outright, this ordinance may permit some new construction to be built with natural gas. These exceptions are, however, expected to be minimal because of the cost effectiveness of new building electrification in Pinole and the available incentives that will help continue the natural growth in electric space and water heater installations seen in California over the past decade. According to a recent market study, electric space heaters have grown from a five percent market share in 2009 to a 20 percent market share in 2019. Likewise, electric water heaters have grown from a six percent market share in 2009 to an 11 percent market share in 2019.4 This natural trend is not only expected to continue through 2030 because all-electric new construction has proven to be cost-effective in Pinole for most all buildings types,
5 but also be accelerated when coupled with the large amount of funding available for Pinole community members to install electric or heat pump space and water heating appliances.

While the total amount of funding available will change with sunset dates and budget cycles, the currently available federal (i.e., High Efficiency Electric Home Rebate [HEEHRA], Homeowner Managing Energy Savings [HOMES] Rebate, Inflation Reduction Act), State (i.e., TEHC Clean California), regional (i.e., Bay Area Regional Energy Network [BayREN] Home+ Program, Bay Area Multifamily Building Enhancements [BAMBE] Program), and local (i.e., MCE’s rebates) funding makes it so that low- and middle-income residents in Pinole can install electric or heat pump space and water heaters at no additional cost compared to gas space and water heaters. In some cases, such customers will even be able to install the heat pump water heaters for free.6 For those minimal cases where construction with natural gas may still occur under a single margin source energy score despite cost effectiveness and incentives, this Measure relies on CEQA 3 CRA V. City of Berkeley, No. 21-16278. Accessed at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/21-16278/21-16278- 2023-04-17.html.
4 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Accessed at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view.
5 According to the California Energy Codes and Standards’ Cost Effectiveness Explorer, all-electric construction is cost effective for all building types in Pinole except accessory dwelling units (ADUs).

California Energy Codes and Standards. Cost Effectiveness Explorer (2024). Accessed at:
https://explorer.localenergycodes.com/jurisdiction/pinole-city/study-results/3-PGE?only_study_type=new-buildings. 6 Rincon Consultants, Inc. Installation Costs for Zero-NOx Space and Water Heating Appliances (2024).

Page 564 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 9
mechanisms to require such buildings to mitigate the GHG emissions from natural gas construction.

This mitigation can be assumed because the CAAP assumes 100 percent of new construction will be all-electric and incorporates this assumption into Pinole’s CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds and CEQA GHG Emissions Analysis Compliance Checklist. This incorporation means new construction that utilizes natural gas will need to identify other ways to mitigate GHG emissions to meet the GHG emission threshold of an all-electric building. Moreover, Action BE-1a also allows Pinole to adopt a more stringent ordinance that effectively bans new natural gas construction. This option may be feasible as more jurisdictions across the State explore pathways for all-electric new construction after the Berkeley case. Without exemptions, this option would also allow for 100 percent allelectric new construction.

Thus, the GHG emission reductions from this Measure are based on the forecasted residential and commercial building growth and the assumption that 100 percent of new buildings will be allelectric. While Action BE-1a’s ordinance shall apply to industrial buildings as well, the GHG emission reduction calculations of this Measure exclude natural gas use from these industrial buildings because they were excluded from the GHG forecast.7 Table 5 shows the parameters and data sources that support these electrification ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 6 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 1 through 1.2.

All-electric New Construction Equations
Equation 1 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+( Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 1.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i-FuelNG,imp.y,I*Coveragey,i Equation 1.2 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec Table 5 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 1
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
See calculation table MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption
avoided
See calculation table therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor

0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage
emission factor

N/A N/A
7 Industrial natural gas usage was excluded from the GHG forecast because it is regulated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and subject to GHG emission reduction requirements under California’s Cap-and-Trade Program.

Page 565 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
10 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 1.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption
See calculation table therms Forecast
FuelNG,imp Forecasted natural gas in
implementation year
See calculation table therms Calculated
Coveragey, i Percent of buildings
ordinance applies to
100% percentage Assumed due to electric
appliance market trends,
cost-effectiveness,
incentives, and inclusion of
all-electric assumption in
CEQA documents.
imp.y Ordinance
implementation year
See calculation table year N/A
Equation 1.2
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions1
Effelec Efficiency factor of electric
equipment relative to
natural gas equipment
3 unitless European Copper
Institute
2 1 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
2 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018). Accessed at:
https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf.

Table 6 All-electric New Construction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 1.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption
therms Residential 3,107,356 3,540,617
Nonresidential 980,365 1,221,620
imp.y Ordinance
implementation year
year Residential 2024 2024
Nonresidential 2024 2024
FuelNG,imp Forecasted natural gas
in implementation year
therms Residential 2,950,997 2,950,997
Nonresidential 898,433 898,433
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas
consumption avoided
therms Residential 156,359 589,620
Nonresidential 81,932 323,187
Equation 1.2
Elec Converted Electricity usage from
conversion
kWh Residential 1,527,102 5,758,624
Nonresidential 800,199 3,156,463
Equation 1
EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT CO2e/kWh Residential 0.000019 0.00
Nonresidential 0.000023 0.00
CO2e
ReductionNG
Natural gas GHG
emission reductions
MT CO2e Residential 992 3,851
Nonresidential 517 2,111

Page 566 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 11 BE-2: Electrify existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 26% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure BE-2 puts Pinole on a path to reduce residential natural gas consumption 26 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045 to reduce GHG emissions. The primary Actions that enable this level of adoption include:
▪ Action BE-2a which commits the City to adopt a reach code in 2024 requiring all central air conditioning unit installations and replacements be two-way, providing both heating and cooling with a single unit for residential buildings;
▪ Action BE-2b which commits the City to include major renovations in the all-electric new building requirements in 2024—including residential buildings; ▪ Action BE-2j which directs the City to enforce reach code or ordinance compliance through a comprehensive permitting compliance program; and
▪ Action BE-2m which commits the City to adopt an end-of-flow ordinance that would require natural gas lines be capped and decommissioned in existing buildings by 2045.

These Actions will work with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s (BAAQMD) zeronitrogen oxides (zero-NOx) rules to require the electrification of existing residential water heating and space heating and cooling appliances in Pinole and reduce the associated GHG emissions from natural gas consumption.

First, Action BE-2b expands Action BE-1a’s new construction ordinance to apply to major renovations. Major renovations will be defined by this ordinance as renovation projects that affect over 50 percent of the building, add an additional 50 percent of gross floor space to the building, or value more than 50 percent of the assessed value of the property at time of application submittal.

These three definitions will be utilized to capture more projects under the ordinance. As shown in Table 7, over 68 percent of Pinole’s housing stock was built during the 1950s to 1970s. This means the majority of the houses in the community are between 45 to 75 years old, having reached or soon reaching the point of needing major renovations since the average lifespan of a house is 50 to 63 years.
8 This quantification thus assumes three percent of homes will need major renovations each year through 2045 so that a conservative 17 percent receive major renovations cumulatively by 2030 and 47 percent by 2045.
8 MIT Architecture. Architectural Longevity: What Determines a Building’s Lifespan? (2023). Accessed at:
https://architecture.mit.edu/news/architectural-longevity-what-determines-buildingslifespan#:~:text=Courtesy%20of%20the%20artists.&text=The%20average%20lifespan%20of%20a,years%2C%20from%20construction%20 to%20demolition.

Page 567 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
12 Table 7 Pinole’s Housing Stock Age
Year Built Age (years) Total Houses Share of Houses
Built 2014 or later 10 or younger 20 0.3%
Built 2010 to 2013 11 to 14 18 0.3%
Built 2000 to 2009 15 to 24 194 2.9%
Built 1990 to 1999 25 to 34 545 8.0%
Built 1980 to 1989 35 to 44 1,069 15.7%
Built 1970 to 1979 45 to 54 1,373 20.2%
Built 1960 to 1969 55 to 64 1,813 26.7%
Built 1950 to 1959 65 to 74 1,397 20.6%
Built 1940 to 1949 75 to 84 167 2.5%
Built 1939 or earlier 85 or older 196 2.9%
Total 6,792 100%
The annual major renovation percentage (i.e., three percent) is applied to a decreasing existing building housing stock (i.e., homes receiving major renovations the previous year are removed from the existing housing stock) to employ diminishing returns in the quantification. Due to the available incentives, ordinance requirements, and the age of existing appliances, the quantification assumes all major renovations will replace existing natural gas appliances with electric alternatives, eliminating the natural gas usage of the renovated building. The quantification does, however, conservatively assume a portion of major renovations (i.e., 12 percent) will not conform with the ordinance each year to electrify, as supported by Action BE-2j.

Action BE-2j will help Pinole enforce this ordinance through a permit compliance program. Although permits are required for many energy efficiency improvements (e.g., water heaters, insulation, HVAC systems, duct replacement) many jurisdictions face permit evasion issues, with permitted HVAC systems only accounting for eight to about 30 percent of total HVAC system installations. 9, 10
This trend in permit evasion means jurisdictions face issues determining compliance with building ordinances and codes. Strategies that have proven effective at improving permit compliance in various states and local jurisdictions include streamlining the compliance process and providing advanced training for enforcement staff—actions Pinole’s permit compliance program will implement to enforce the major renovation electrification ordinance.11 Pinole will monitor permit numbers to estimate compliance rates and adjust the permit compliance program strategies as needed to achieve an 88 percent compliance rate with the ordinance.

This Action will result in a 15 percent reduction in existing residential natural gas usage by 2030 and 43 percent by 2045. Table 8 shows the parameters and data sources that support this Action’s GHG emission reductions and Table 9 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 2 through 2.2. 9 Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing Single-Family Buildings – User Guide (2021). Accessed at: https://www.bayrencodes.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BayREN-Policy-Calculator-UserGuide_10.29.2021.pdf. 10 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017). Accessed at:
http://www.calmac.org/publications/HVAC_WO6_FINAL_REPORT_VolumeI_22Sept2017.pdf. 11 Meres, Ryan et al. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Successful Strategies for Improving Compliance with Building Energy Codes (2012). Accessed at: https://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000112.pdf.

Page 568 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 13 All-electric Residential Major Renovation Equations
Equation 2 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 2.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*(1-MRi*(1-NCRi)) (y-imp.y)
Equation 2.2 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec Table 8 All-electric Residential Major Renovation Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 2
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG
emission reductions
See calculation table MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas
consumption avoided
See calculation table therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor

0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
LNGL Natural gas leakage
factor

2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast
EFNGL Natural gas leakage
emission factor

0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
Elec Converted Electricity usage from
conversion
See calculation table kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See calculation table MT CO2e/kWh Inventory & Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Residential N/A N/A
Equation 2.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption after
new building
electrification
ordinance (Measure
BE-1)
See calculation table therms Forecast
MR Annual percentage of
residential homes
receiving major
renovations
3% percentage Estimated based on
Pinole house stock age
(Table 7) and average
lifespan of a house.1
NCR Ordinance
noncompliance rate
12% percentage Estimate based on
permit evasion rates and
strategies to increase
building code
compliance.2, 3, 4
imp.y Ordinance
implementation year
See calculation table year N/A
Equation 2.2
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions.5
Effelec Efficiency factor of
electric equipment
relative to natural gas
equipment
3 unitless European Copper
Institute6

Page 569 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
14 1 MIT Architecture. Architectural Longevity: What Determines a Building’s Lifespan? (2023). 2 Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing Single-Family Buildings – User Guide (2021).
3 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017).
4 Meres, Ryan et al. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Successful Strategies for Improving Compliance with Building Energy Codes (2012).
5 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
6 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018). Accessed at:
https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf.

Table 9 All-electric Residential Major Renovation GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 2.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
building electrification
ordinance (Measure BE-1)
therms Residential 2,950,997 2,950,997
imp.y Ordinance implementation
year
year Residential 2024 2024
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption
avoided
therms Residential 437,652 1,268,476
Equation 2.2
Elec Converted Electricity usage from
conversion
kWh Residential 4,274,399 12,388,778
Equation 2
EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT CO2e/kWh Residential 0.000019 0.00
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential 2,777 8,284
Second, Action BE-2a’s two-way central air conditioning ordinance will work to require the electrification of central air conditioning replacements in Pinole homes after 2024. The only technologies currently available that provide two-way central air conditioning are heat pumps. In Pinole’s climate zone, heat pumps are a cost-effective and energy efficient way to provide both heating and cooling in homes due to their lower operating cost (enabled by their 300 to 400 percent energy efficiency) and their ability to replace the need for separate appliances (i.e., air conditioning unit and furnace).12,13 These heat pumps will serve to replace gas air conditioning units and gas furnaces with electric alternatives.

This ordinance will be enforced through the same permit compliance program as the major renovation ordinance (Action BE-2j), employing permit streamlining and staff training to improve permit compliance. Thus, this quantification assumes the same compliance rate (i.e., 88 percent) for the two-way central air conditioning ordinance. The quantification applies this compliance rate to 12 According to the California Energy Codes and Standards’ Cost Effectiveness Explorer, all-electric construction is cost effective for all building types in Pinole except accessory dwelling units (ADUs).

California Energy Codes and Standards. Cost Effectiveness Explorer (2024). 13 Redwood Energy. A Pocket Guide to All-Electric Retrofits of Commercial Buildings (2022). Accessed at: https://assets-global.websitefiles.com/62b110a14473cb7777a50d28/6377e7c7fd6f8cc30f88afa7_Redwood%20Energy-s%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20AllElectric%20Commercial%20Retrofits.pdf.

Page 570 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 15 the percent of central air conditioning units reaching the end of their useful life to estimate the percent of electric or heat pump replacements that will occur each year. The percent of replacements is then paired with the share of residential natural gas consumption those central air conditioning units and related space heating units account for in the average California house to estimate the overall reduction in existing residential natural gas consumption from this ordinance.

This Action will reduce existing residential natural gas consumption three percent by 2030 and seven percent by 2045. The quantification is made under the conservative assumption that the twoway AC ordinance would be implemented after the major renovation ordinance with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on residential natural gas. Table 10 shows the parameters and data sources that support the residential two-way central air conditioning ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 11 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 3 through 3.4.

Two-Way Residential Air Conditioning Ordinance Equations Equation 3 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 3.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*ReductionNG,y,i Equation 3.2 ReductionNG,y,i=(EOLNG,HVAC,y,i*Fuel ShareNG,HVAC,i) Equation 3.3 EOLNG,HVAC,y,i=1/LSPHVAC,i*(y-imp.yi)*CACi*(1-NCRi) Equation 3.4 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec Table 10 Two-Way Residential Air Conditioning Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 3
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
See calculation table MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption
avoided
See calculation table therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission
factor

Page 571 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
16 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 3.2
EOLNG,HVAC Percent of HVAC units
reaching end-of-life
See calculation table percentage N/A
Fuel ShareNG,HVAC Percent of residential natural
gas consumption from space
heating/cooling
39% percentage Hopkins, Asa S., PhD et al.

Decarbonization of Heating
Energy Use in California
Buildings (2018)1

Page 572 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 17 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 3.3
LSPHVAC Average residential HVAC
unit lifespan

21.5 years U.S. Energy Information
Administration. Updated
Buildings Sector Appliance
and Equipment Costs and
Efficiencies (2023)2
imp.y Ordinance implementation
year
See calculation table year N/A
CAC Share of homes with central
air conditioning
34% percentage Calculated from the U.S.

Census Bureau’s 2021
American Housing Survey
for San Francisco.3
NCR Ordinance noncompliance
rate
12% percentage Estimate based on permit
evasion rates and strategies
to increase building code
compliance. 4, 5, 6
Equation 3.4
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions7
Effelec Efficiency factor of electric
equipment relative to natural
gas equipment
3 unitless European Copper Institute8
1 Hopkins, Asa S. et al. Decarbonization of Heating Energy Use in California Buildings (2018). Accessed at: https://www.synapseenergy.com/sites/default/files/Decarbonization-Heating-CA-Buildings-17-092-1.pdf. 2 US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies (2023).

Accessed at: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/buildings/equipcosts/. 3 U.S. Census Bureau. American Housing Survey. 2021 San Francisco — Heating, Air Conditioning, and Appliances — All Occupied Units.

Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/programssurveys/ahs/data/interactive/ahstablecreator.html?s_areas=41860&s_year=2021&s_tablename=TABLE3&s_bygroup1=1&s_bygroup2= 1&s_filtergroup1=1&s_filtergroup2=1.
4 Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing Single-Family Buildings – User Guide (2021).
5 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017).
6 Meres, Ryan et al. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Successful Strategies for Improving Compliance with Building Energy Codes (2012).
7 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
8 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Table 11 Two-Way Residential Air Conditioning Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 3.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas consumption
after new construction
electrification (Measure BE-1) and
major renovation electrification
(Action BE-2b)
therms Residential 2,513,346 1,682,522
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption avoided therms Residential 97,916 196,645 Equations 3.2
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent percentage Residential 4% 12%

Page 573 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
18 Equations 3.3
EOLNG,HVAC Percent of HVAC units reaching endof-life since ordinance implementation
percentage Residential 10% 30%
imp.y Ordinance implementation year year Residential 2024 2024 Equation 3.4
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Residential 956,311 1,920,564 Equation 3
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/kWh Residential 0.000019 0.00
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential 621 1,284
Additionally, Pinole is under BAAQMD’s jurisdiction and will be affected by the amendments adopted for BAAQMD’s Rule 9-6: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Boilers and Water Heaters. These amendments, referred to herein as ‘zero-NOx rules,’ govern point of sale emission standards for water heating systems starting January 1, 2027. The only technologies currently available that meet the amended rule are electric water heating systems. Although there are a range of electric alternatives (e.g. electric resistance space heating), heat pump water heaters are the most cost-effective option on the market due to their significantly higher efficiency (300 to 400 percent) and resulting lower operating costs. This Measure’s quantification assumes Pinole residents will replace existing gas water heaters with heat pump water heaters at the end of the heaters’ useful life. The updated rule applies to small water heaters first, which most homes have. 14 The quantification assumes all residential buildings have small water heaters and will begin switching to electric replacements in 2027 with full compliance.

This rule will reduce existing residential natural gas consumption by seven percent by 2030 and 21 percent by 2045. The quantification is made under the conservative assumption that the zero-NOx rules would be implemented after the major renovation ordinance with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on residential natural gas. Table 12 shows the parameters and data sources that support BAAQMD’s zero-NOx rule GHG emission reductions and Table 13 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 4 through 4.4.

BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Residential Water Heating Equations Equation 4 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG) +(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 4.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*ReductionNG,y,i Equation 4.2 ReductionNG,y,i=(EOLNG,wh,y,i*Fuel ShareNG,wh,i) Equation 4.3 EOLNG,wh,y,i=1/LSPwh,i*(y-imp.yi)*(1-NCRi) Equation 4.4 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec 14 Rule 9-6 affects the future sale of NOx emitting water heaters and boilers with a rated heat capacity of 75,000 British thermal units per hour or less. This threshold equates to an upper limit of NOx emitting water heaters with a 75-gallon tank capacity. Water heaters of these size are typically found in single-family homes, duplexes, and low-rise multi-family homes. Higher capacity water heaters will be regulated starting January 1, 2031.

Page 574 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 19 Table 12 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Residential Water Heating Parameters and Data Sources
Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 4
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
See calculation table MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption
avoided
See calculation table therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission
factor

0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
Elec Converted Electricity usage from
conversion
See calculation table kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See calculation table MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Residential N/A N/A
Equation 4.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
construction electrification
(Measure BE-1) and major
renovations
See calculation table therms Forecast
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent See calculation table percentage N/A Equation 4.2
EOLNG,wh Percent of water heaters
reaching end-of-life
See calculation table percentage N/A
Fuel ShareNG,wh Percent of residential natural
gas consumption from water
heaters
38% percentage Hopkins, Asa S., PhD et al.

Decarbonization of Heating
Energy Use in California
Buildings (2018).1
Equation 4.3
LSPwh Average residential water
heater lifespan
13 years U.S. Energy information
Administration. Updated
Buildings Sector Appliance
and Equipment Costs and
Efficiencies (2023).2
imp.y Ordinance implementation
year
2027 year Year zero-NOx rule goes
into effect for small water
heaters.

NCR Ordinance noncompliance
rate
0% percentage Full compliance assumed
because the zero-NOx rule
is a regional rule on the
sale of water heaters.

Equation 4.4
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions3
Effelec Efficiency factor of electric
equipment relative to natural
gas equipment
3 unitless European Copper Institute4

Page 575 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
20 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
1 Hopkins, Asa S. et al. Decarbonization of Heating Energy Use in California Buildings (2018). 2 US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies (2023). 3 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
4 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Page 576 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 21 Table 13 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Residential Water Heating GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 4.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas consumption after
new construction electrification (Measure
BE-1) and major renovation electrification
(Action BE-2b)
therms Residential 2,513,346 1,682,522
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption avoided therms Residential 217,501 630,946 Equations 4.2
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent percentage Residential 9% 38% Equations 4.3
EOLNG,wh Percent of water heaters reaching end-oflife since ordinance implementationpercentage Residential 23% 100% Equation 4.4
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Residential 2,124,260 6,162,236 Equation 4
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission factor MT CO2e/kWh Residential 0.000019 0.00 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Residential 1,380 4,121 Lastly, Action BE-2j’s end-of-flow ordinance will provide the remaining natural gas consumption reductions to achieve a 100 percent reduction in residential natural gas consumption by 2045. The end-of-flow ordinance will set the direction for full residential building electrification in Pinole and require all natural gas lines be decommissioned and capped in existing residential buildings by 2045.

The City of Half Moon Bay adopted such an ordinance in 2022.15 This Action will reduce existing residential natural gas consumption an additional 29 percent in 2045 to achieve 100 percent residential building electrification. Table 14 shows the parameters and data sources that support the end-of-flow ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 15 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 5 through 5.2.

End-of-flow Ordinance Equations
Equation 5 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG) +(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 5.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i={
FuelNG,y,i, 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝. 𝑦
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Equation 5.2 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec 15 City of Half Moon Bay. Building Electrification. Accessed at: https://www.half-moon-bay.ca.us/761/BuildingElectrification#:~:text=Required%20all%20new%20building%20construction,in%20existing%20buildings%20by%202045.

Page 577 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
22 Table 14 End-of-flow Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 5
CO2e
ReductionNG
Natural gas GHG emission reductions See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption avoided See calculation table
therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission factor 0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion See calculation table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission factor See calculation table
MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Residential N/A N/A
Equation 5.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas consumption after
new building electrification (Measure BE1), major renovation electrification (Action BE-2b), air conditioning electrification
(Action BE-2a), and water heater
electrification (BAAQMD Rule 9-6).

See calculation
table
therms Forecast
imp.y Ordinance implementation year See calculation
table
year N/A
Equation 5.2
CFelec Electricity to therms conversion factor 29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions1 Effelec Efficiency factor of electric equipment
relative to natural gas equipment
3 unitless European Copper
Institute2
1 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
2 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Table 15 End-of-flow Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 5.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas consumption after
new building electrification (Measure
BE-1), major renovation electrification
(Action BE-2b), air conditioning
electrification (Action BE-2a), and water
heater electrification (BAAQMD Rule 9-6).
therms Residential 2,197,929 854,931
imp.y Ordinance implementation year year Residential 2045 2045 Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption avoided therms Residential 0 854,931 Equation 5.2
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Residential 0 8,349,830 Equation 5
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission factor MT CO2e/kWh Residential 0.000019 0.00 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Residential 0 5,584

Page 578 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 23 BE-3: Electrify existing commercial and mixed-use (i.e., combined commercial and residential) buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 18% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure BE-3 puts Pinole on a path to reduce commercial and mixed-use natural gas consumption 18 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045 to reduce GHG emissions. The primary Actions that enable this level of adoption include:
▪ Action BE-2b which commits the City to include major renovations in the all-electric new building requirements in 2024—including commercial buildings; and ▪ Action BE-3b which commits the City to adopt a reach code in 2024 requiring all central air conditioning unit installations and replacements be two-way, providing both heating and cooling by two-way units for commercial and mixed-use buildings and enforcing it through the same permitting compliance program established in BE-2j.

These Actions will work with BAAQMD’s zero-NOx rules to require the electrification of existing commercial water heating and space heating and cooling appliances and reduce the associated GHG emissions from natural gas consumption.

First, Action BE-2b expands Action BE-1a’s new construction ordinance to apply to major renovations—including those for commercial buildings. Major renovations will be defined by this ordinance as renovation projects that affect over 50 percent of the building, add an additional 50 percent of gross floor space to the building, or value more than 50 percent of the assessed value of the property at time of application submittal. These three definitions will be utilized to capture more projects under the ordinance.

Since Pinole is and has been a bedroom community, this Measure assumes Pinole’s nonresidential building stock has a similar history to the residential housing stock. As a bedroom community serving surrounding commercial centers, most of the existing nonresidential buildings in Pinole were developed to support the residents of Pinole. Thus, it is anticipated that the development and age of nonresidential buildings would have followed the same path as residential development so Pinole housing stock data can be utilized for this Measure. As shown in Table 7, over 68 percent of Pinole’s housing stock was built during the 1950s to 1970s. This means the majority of commercial buildings in the community are between 45 to 75 years old, having reached or soon reaching the point of needing major renovations since the average lifespan of a commercial building is 50 to 60 years.16 This quantification thus assumes three percent of commercial buildings will need major renovations each year through 2045 so that a conservative 17 percent receive major renovations cumulatively by 2030 and 47 percent by 2045.

The annual major renovation percentage (i.e., three percent) is applied to a decreasing existing building stock (i.e., buildings receiving major renovations the previous year are removed from the existing building stock) to employ diminishing returns in the quantification. The quantification assumes all major renovations will replace existing natural gas appliances with electric alternatives, eliminating the natural gas usage of the renovated building. The quantification does, however, conservatively assume a portion of major renovations (i.e., 12 percent) will not conform with the ordinance each year to electrify. The ordinance will be enforced through the same permit compliance program as the residential ordinance (Action BE-2j), employing permit streamlining and staff training to improve permit compliance. As such, this quantification assumes the same 16 BCI Construction. Which Factors Determine the Lifespan of a Building? (2021). Accessed at: https://bciconstruction.us/which-factorsdetermine-the-lifespan-of-a-building/.

Page 579 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
24 compliance rate as the residential ordinance (i.e., 88 percent) for the commercial and mixed-use ordinance.

This Action will result in a 15 percent reduction in existing commercial and mixed-use natural gas usage by 2030 and 43 percent by 2045. Table 16 shows the parameters and data sources that support this Action’s GHG emission reductions and Table 17 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 6 through 6.2.

All-electric Nonresidential Major Renovation Equations
Equation 6 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+( Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 6.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*(1-MRi*(1-NCRi))(y-imp.y) Equation 6.2 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec Table 16 All-electric Nonresidential Major Renovation Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 6
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG
emission reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption
avoided
See calculation
table
therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor

0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
LNGL Natural gas leakage
factor

2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast
EFNGL Natural gas leakage
emission factor

0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast
Elec Converted Electricity usage from
conversion
See calculation
table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/kWh Inventory & Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Nonresidential N/A N/A
Equation 6.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
building electrification
ordinance (Measure
BE-1)
See calculation
table
therms Forecast
MRi Annual percentage of
nonresidential buildings
receiving major
renovations
3% percentage Estimated based on age of
Pinole’s building stock
(Table 7) and average
lifespan of commercial
buildings. 1
NCR Ordinance
noncompliance rate
12% percentage Estimate based on permit
evasion rates and strategies
to increase building code
compliance.2, 3, 4

Page 580 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 25 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
imp.y Ordinance
implementation year
See calculation
table
year N/A
Equation 6.2
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions5
Effelec Efficiency factor of
electric equipment
relative to natural gas
equipment
3 unitless European Copper Institute6
1 BCI Construction. Which Factors Determine the Lifespan of a Building? (2021). 2 Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing Single-Family Buildings – User Guide (2021).
3 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017).
4 Meres, Ryan et al. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Successful Strategies for Improving Compliance with Building Energy Codes (2012).
5 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
6 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Table 17 All-electric Nonresidential Major Renovation GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 6.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas consumption
after new building electrification
ordinance (Measure BE-1)
therms Nonresidential 898,433 898,433
imp.y Ordinance implementation year year Nonresidential 2024 2024 Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption avoided therms Nonresidential 133,243 386,188 Equation 6.2
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Nonresidential 1,301,344 3,771,772 Equation 6
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/kWh Nonresidential 0.000023 0.00
CO2e
ReductionNG
Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Nonresidential 2,028 2,522
Second, Action BE-3b’s two-way central air conditioning ordinance will work to require the electrification of central air conditioning replacements in Pinole commercial and mixed-use buildings after 2024. As for residential buildings, heat pumps are the only technology currently available that provide cost-effective and energy efficient two-way central air conditioning. 17 These
heat pumps will serve to replace gas air conditioning units and gas furnaces with electric alternatives.

This ordinance will be enforced through the same permit compliance program as the residential ordinance (Action BE-2j), employing permit streamlining and staff training to improve permit compliance. Thus, this quantification assumes the same compliance rate (i.e., 88 percent) for the commercial and mixed-use ordinance. The quantification applies this compliance rate to the percent 17 Rincon Consultants, Inc. Installation Costs for Zero-NOx Space and Water Heating Appliances (2024).

Page 581 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
26 of central air conditioning units reaching the end of their useful life to estimate the percent of electric or heat pump replacements that will occur each year. The percent of replacements is then paired with the share of residential natural gas consumption those central air conditioning units and related space heating units account for in the average California house to estimate the overall reduction in existing residential natural gas consumption from this ordinance.

This Action will reduce existing commercial and mixed-use natural gas consumption three percent by 2030 and six percent by 2045. The quantification is made under the conservative assumption that the two-way AC ordinance would be implemented after the major renovation ordinance with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on nonresidential natural gas. Table 18 shows the parameters and data sources that support the residential building electrification ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 19 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 7 through 7.4.

Two-Way Nonresidential AC Ordinance Equations
Equation 7 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 7.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*ReductionNG,y,i Equation 7.2 ReductionNG,y,i=(EOLNG,HVAC,y,i*Fuel ShareNG,HVAC,i) Equation 7.3 EOLNG,HVAC,y,i=1/LSPHVAC,i*(y-imp.yi)*CACi*(1-NCRi) Equation 7.4 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec Table 18 Two-Way Nonresidential AC Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 7
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption avoided See calculation table
therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission factor 0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion See calculation table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Nonresidential N/A N/A
Equation 7.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
construction electrification
(Measure BE-1) and major
renovation electrification (Action
BE-3c)
See calculation
table
therms Forecast
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent See calculation table
percentage N/A
Equation 7.2

Page 582 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 27 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
EOLNG,HVAC Percent of HVAC units reaching
end-of-life
See calculation
table
percentage N/A
Fuel ShareNG,HVAC Percent of residential natural gas
consumption from space
heating/cooling
39% percentage Hopkins, Asa S., PhD et al.

Decarbonization of
Heating Energy Use in
California Buildings (2018)1

Page 583 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
28 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 7.3
LSPHVAC Average residential HVAC unit
lifespan

21.5 years U.S. Energy information
Administration. Updated
Buildings Sector Appliance
and Equipment Costs and
Efficiencies (2023).2
imp.y Ordinance implementation year See calculation
table
year N/A
CAC Share of buildings with central air
conditioning
34% percentage Conservatively assumed to
follow housing central air
conditioning data.

Calculated from the U.S.

Census Bureau’s 2021
American Housing Survey
for San Francisco.3
NCR Ordinance noncompliance rate 12% percentage Estimate based on permit evasion rates and
strategies to increase
building code compliance.4,
5, 6
Equation 7.4
CFelec Electricity to therms conversion
factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions7
Effelec Efficiency factor of electric
equipment relative to natural gas
equipment
3 unitless European Copper Institute8
1 Hopkins, Asa S. et al. Decarbonization of Heating Energy Use in California Buildings (2018). 2 US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies (2023). 3 U.S. Census Bureau. American Housing Survey. 2021 San Francisco — Heating, Air Conditioning, and Appliances — All Occupied Units.

Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/programssurveys/ahs/data/interactive/ahstablecreator.html?s_areas=41860&s_year=2021&s_tablename=TABLE3&s_bygroup1=1&s_bygroup2 =1&s_filtergroup1=1&s_filtergroup2=1.
4 Alvarez, Emily and Mast, Bruce. BayREN Codes & Standards Program. Local Government Policy Calculator for Existing Single-Family Buildings – User Guide (2021).
5 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017).
6 Meres, Ryan et al. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Successful Strategies for Improving Compliance with Building Energy Codes (2012).
7 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
8 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Table 19 Two-Way Nonresidential AC Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 7.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas consumption after
new construction electrification (Measure
BE-1) and major renovation electrification
(Action BE-3c)
therms Nonresidential 765,190 512,245
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption avoided therms Nonresidential 24,885 58,307 Equations 7.2
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent percentage Nonresidential 3% 11% Equations 7.3

Page 584 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 29 EOLNG,HVAC Percent of HVAC units reaching end-of-life
since ordinance implementation
percentage Nonresidential 8% 27%
imp.y Ordinance implementation year year Nonresidential 2024 2024 Equation 7.4
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Nonresidential 243,046 569,463 Equation 7
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission factor MT CO2e/kWh Nonresidential 0.000023 0.00 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Nonresidential 157 381

Page 585 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
30 Additionally, Pinole’s commercial and mixed-use buildings will be affected by BAAQMD’s zero-NOx rules. While small water heaters are affected beginning in 2027, large water heaters are affected beginning January 1, 2031. 18 This Measure’s quantification conservatively assumes all commercial and mixed-use residential buildings have large water heaters and will begin switching to heat pump water heaters in 2031 with full compliance.

This rule will not impact existing commercial and mixed-use natural gas consumption by 2030 but will reduce existing commercial and mixed-use natural gas consumption 16 percent by 2045. The quantification is made under the conservative assumption that the zero-NOx rules would be implemented after the major renovation ordinance with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on nonresidential natural gas. Table 20 shows the parameters and data sources that support BAAQMD’s zero-NOx rule GHG emission reductions and Table 21 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 8 through 8.4.

BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Commercial and Mixed-use Water Heating Equations Equation 8 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG) +(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 8.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*ReductionNG,y,i Equation 8.2 ReductionNG,y,i=(EOLNG,wh,y,i*Fuel ShareNG,wh,i) Equation 8.3 EOLNG,wh,y,i=1/LSPwh,i*(y-imp.yi)*(1-NCRi) Equation 8.4 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec Table 20 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Commercial and Mixed-use Water Heating Parameters and Data Sources
Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 8
CO2e ReductionNG Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption avoided See calculation table
therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission factor 0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Inventory & Forecast Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion See calculation table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Nonresidential N/A N/A
18 Rule 9-6 affects the future sale of NOx emitting water heaters and boilers with a rated heat capacity of 75,000 British thermal units per hour or less. This threshold equates to an upper limit of NOx emitting water heaters with a 75-gallon tank capacity. Higher capacity water heaters will be regulated starting January 1, 2031. Water heaters under the threshold are typically found in small commercial buildings and water heaters over the threshold are found in large commercial buildings.

Page 586 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 31 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 8.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas consumption
after new construction
electrification (Measure BE-1) and
major renovations
See calculation
table
therms Forecast
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent See calculation table
percentage N/A
Equation 8.2
EOLNG,wh Percent of water heaters reaching
end-of-life
See calculation
table
percentage N/A
Fuel ShareNG,wh Percent of residential natural gas
consumption from water heaters
38% percentage Hopkins, Asa S., PhD et
al. Decarbonization of
Heating Energy Use in
California Buildings
(2018).1
Equation 8.3
LSPwh Average residential water heater
lifespan
13 years U.S. Energy
information
Administration.

Updated Buildings
Sector Appliance and
Equipment Costs and
Efficiencies (2023).2
imp.y Ordinance implementation year 2031 year Year zero-NOx rule goes into effect for
large water heaters.

NCR Ordinance noncompliance rate 0% percentage Full compliance assumed because the
zero-NOx rule is a
regional rule on the
sale of water heaters.

Equation 8.4
CFelec Electricity to therms conversion
factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions3
Effelec Efficiency factor of electric
equipment relative to natural gas
equipment
3 unitless European Copper
Institute4
1 Hopkins, Asa S. et al. Decarbonization of Heating Energy Use in California Buildings (2018). 2 US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies (2023). 3 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
4 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Page 587 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
32 Table 21 BAAQMD Zero-NOx Rule for Commercial and Mixed-use Water Heating GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 8.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
construction electrification
(Measure BE-1) and major
renovation electrification (BE-3c)
therms Nonresidential 765,190 512,245
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption avoided therms Nonresidential 0 142,290 Equations 8.2
ReductionNG Natural gas reduction percent percentage Nonresidential 0% 28% Equations 8.3
EOLNG,wh Percent of water heaters reaching
end-of-life since ordinance
implementation
percentage Nonresidential 0% 100%
Equation 8.4
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Nonresidential 0 1,389,701 Equation 8
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/kWh Nonresidential 0.000023 0.00
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Nonresidential 0 929
Lastly, Action BE-2j’s end-of-flow ordinance will provide the remaining natural gas consumption reductions to achieve a 100 percent reduction in commercial and mixed-use natural gas consumption by 2045. The end-of-flow ordinance will set the direction for full commercial and mixed-use building electrification in Pinole and require all natural gas lines be decommissioned and capped in existing commercial and mixed-use buildings by 2045. As mentioned above, the City of Half Moon Bay adopted such an ordinance in 2022.19
This Action will reduce existing commercial and mixed-use natural gas consumption an additional 35 percent by 2045 to achieve 100 percent commercial and mixed-use building electrification. Table 22 shows the parameters and data sources that support the end-of-flow ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 23 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 9 through 9.2.

End-of-flow Ordinance Equations
Equation 9 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG) +(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*LNGL*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 9.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i={
FuelNG,y,i, 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝. 𝑦
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Equation 9.2 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec 19 City of Half Moon Bay. Building Electrification.

Page 588 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 33 Table 22 End-of-flow Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 9
CO2e
ReductionNG
Natural gas GHG emission reductions See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel
AvoidedNG
Natural gas consumption avoided See calculation
table
therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission factor 0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
Inventory & Forecast
LNGL Natural gas leakage factor 2.3% percentage Inventory & Forecast EFNGL Natural gas leakage emission factor 0.05307 MT
CO2e/therm
Inventory & Forecast
Elec
Converted
Electricity usage from conversion See calculation
table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission factor See calculation table
MT
CO2e/kWh
Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Nonresidential N/A N/A
Equation 9.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas consumption
after new building electrification
(Measure BE-1), major renovation
electrification (Action BE-2b), air
conditioning electrification (Action
BE-2a), and water heater
electrification (BAAQMD Rule 9-6).

See calculation
table
therms Forecast
imp.y Ordinance implementation year See calculation
table
year N/A
Equation 9.2
CFelec Electricity to therms conversion
factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions1
Effelec Efficiency factor of electric
equipment relative to natural gas
equipment
3 unitless European Copper Institute2
1 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours.
2 European Copper Institute. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling (2018).

Page 589 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
34 Table 23 End-of-flow Ordinance GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 9.1
FuelNG Forecasted natural gas consumption
after new building electrification
(Measure BE-1), major renovation
electrification (Action BE-3c), air
conditioning electrification (Action
BE-3b), and water heater
electrification (BAAQMD Rule 9-6).
therms Nonresidential 740,304 311,648
imp.y Ordinance implementation year year Nonresidential 2045 2045 Fuel AvoidedNG Natural gas consumption avoided therms Nonresidential 0 311,648 Equation 9.2
Elec Converted Electricity usage from conversion kWh Nonresidential 0 3,043,760 Equation 9
EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/kWh Nonresidential 0.000023 0.00
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Nonresidential 0 2,035
BE-4: Work with MCE to provide 100% carbon-free and renewable energy to at least 95% of the community by 2030.

Measure BE-4 aims to increase the share of Pinole’s residential, commercial, and mixed-use electricity consumption sourced from carbon-free and renewable sources to 100 percent. The primary Action that enables this target is Action BE-4a, which directs the City to adopt a resolution to enroll all Pinole residents and businesses in MCE’s 100 percent carbon-free and renewable electricity program by 2030.

MCE currently offers an electricity option with a GHG emission rate lower than the other electricity options offered in the region. This electricity option, known as Deep Green, supplies electricity sourced 100 percent from solar and wind at a GHG emissions rate of zero.20 Currently, electricity customers in Pinole are automatically enrolled in MCE’s Light Green electricity option (with a nearzero GHG emission factor) but are allowed to opt-up to MCE’s Deep Green electricity option, optout to receive electricity directly from PG&E, or opt-out to procure electricity at wholesale directly from electricity generators (i.e., direct access). Action BE-4a directs Pinole to switch their automatic enrollment from MCE’s Light Green option to MCE’s Deep Green Option, or similar option with 100 percent carbon-free and renewable electricity—to reduce such customers’ electricity GHG emissions to zero.

Automatic enrollment has shown to be an effective method of increasing the use of carbon-free and renewable energy. In January 2023, MCE completed a pilot project where all new move-ins across the service area were automatically enrolled in MCE’s Deep Green option as opposed to MCE’s Light Green service. The pilot increased Pinole's Deep Green enrollment from three percent in January 2023, to over six percent in August 2023. Thus, changing customers’ automatic enrollment to the carbon-free and renewable electricity option in 2030 should immediately increase Pinole’s share of electricity sourced from carbon-free and renewable sources. It is, however, conservatively assumed some customers will opt-down from or opt-out of the service once automatically enrolled. 20 California Energy Commission. 2022 Power Content Label: MCE. Accessed at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/filebrowser/download/6043.

Page 590 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 35 Currently, Pinole has an MCE opt-out rate of about nine percent.21 Typical California community choice aggregation (CCA) opt-out rates are zero percent for municipal accounts, five percent for residential accounts, and 15 percent for commercial and industrial accounts.22 Furthermore, the City of Encinitas automatically enrolled community members in San Diego Community Power’s Power100 service—their 100 percent renewable and carbon-free service. With no education or incentive initiatives, Encinitas experienced a seven percent opt-out rate and has maintained it since- -with increased costs cited as the primary reason for opt-out.23 Pinole will, thus, implement education initiatives and incentives to maintain an opt-out rate of five percent from MCE’s carbonfree and renewable electricity option in 2030.

To minimize the opt-out rate, Pinole will implement education initiatives and incentives. As confirmed in Encinitas, Pinole understands cost is often the deciding factor for residents and businesses when making choices about energy provider.24 For this reason, Pinole will focus educational efforts on available financial assistance programs to keep customers in MCE. As directed by Action BE-4a, Pinole will also identify a funding or subsidy plan or program (detailed in Action BE4b) for customers enrolled in the California Alternate Rates for Energy (CARE) and Family Electric Rate Assistance (FERA) programs. This plan or program will prevent customers enrolled in these programs from experiencing cost increases due to the automatic enrollment to 100 percent carbonfree and renewable electricity. Moreover, studies have also shown informational programs can result in up to a 70 percent implementation rate of recommended practices by participants.25 The City will, therefore, include education on the benefits of clean energy for residents and businesses to encourage customers to remain in MCE. With these factors it is assumed the City will maintain an opt-out rate of five percent from MCE’s carbon-free and renewable electricity option in 2030.

While education and funding will support Pinole’s automatic enrollment move to achieve this Measure, the City also understands they will need to work directly with MCE to provide Pinole 100 percent carbon-free and renewable electricity at cost-effective rates. Currently MCE does not have the capacity to enroll all Pinole residents in Deep Green due to high costs and procurement constraints. Thus, this Action directs Pinole to work with MCE as they evaluate their service options and assumes MCE and the City will be able to supply all Pinole customers with carbon-free and renewable electricity by 2030. Table 24 shows the parameters and data sources that support these carbon-free and renewable electricity GHG emission reductions and Table 25 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 10 through 10.1.
21 MCE. Communities at a Glance: MCE Electric Accounts by Community (April 2024). Available at:
https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/member-communities/.
22 County of Butte. July 2018. Community Choice Aggregation Initial Feasibility Study. Page 18. Accessed at:
http://buttecounty.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&clip_id=512&meta_id=87147 23 San Diego Community Power (SDCP). Presentation at the San Diego Regional Climate Collaborative’s Networking Meeting on October 17, 2023.
24 Villasenor, Karen. The City of Rancho Mirage Launches Community Choice Aggregation Program with Low Opt-Out Rate (2018).

Accessed at: https://www.civicbusinessjournal.com/city-rancho-mirage-launches-community-choice-aggregation-program-low-opt-rate/. 25 Laquatra, Joseph et al. The Consumer Education Program for Residential Energy Efficiency (2009). Accessed at:
https://archives.joe.org/joe/2009december/a6.php.

Page 591 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
36 Carbon-free and Renewable Electricity Equations
Equation 10 CO2e ReductionElec,y,i=Total Elecy,i*(1-Opt-Out Rate)*(1+Lelec)*(EFelec,y,i-EFCF and R,y) Equation 10.1 Total Elecy,i=Elecy,i+Total Elec Convertedy,i Table 24 Carbon-free and Renewable Electricity Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 10
CO2e
ReductionElec
Electricity GHG emission
reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Total Elec Total electricity
consumption
See calculation
table
kWh Calculated
Opt-Out Rate MCE opt-out rate 5% percentage Estimated based on California CCA opt-out rates, minimized by
incentives and education.
1, 2, 3, 4
Lelec Transmission and
distribution loss

5.1% percentage Forecast
EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
EFCF and R Electricity emission factor
of MCE’s carbon-free and
renewable electricity (e.g.,
Deep Green)
0 MT CO2e/kWh California Energy Commission
5 y Year 2030 or 2045 year N/A
i Subsector Residential &
Nonresidential

N/A N/A
Equation 10.1
Elec Forecasted electricity
consumption
See calculation
table
kWh Forecast
Total Elec
Converted
Total electricity usage
from conversions
See calculation
table
kWh Measures BE-1, BE-2, BE-3, TR-4,
and TR-5.
1 County of Butte. July 2018. Community Choice Aggregation Initial Feasibility Study. Page 18. 2 San Diego Community Power (SDCP). Presentation at the San Diego Regional Climate Collaborative’s Networking Meeting on October 17, 2023.
3 Villasenor, Karen. The City of Rancho Mirage Launches Community Choice Aggregation Program with Low Opt-Out Rate (2018). 4 Laquatra, Joseph et al. The Consumer Education Program for Residential Energy Efficiency (2009). 5 California Energy Commission. 2021 Power Content Label: Silicon Valley Clean Energy.

Table 25 Carbon-free and Renewable Electricity GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 10.1
Elec Forecasted electricity
consumption
kWh Residential &
Nonresidential
76,741,176 86,451,073
Total Elec
Converted
Total electricity usage from
conversions
kWh Residential &
Nonresidential
11,226,660 46,511,191
Total Elec Total electricity
consumption
kWh Residential &
Nonresidential
83,569,444 126,314,151
Equation 10

Page 592 of 945 ends

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 37 EFelec Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT CO2e/kWh Residential &
Nonresidential

0.000036 0
CO2e ReductionNG Electricity GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential &
Nonresidential
3,200 0
BE-5: Increase generation and storage of local community-scale renewable energy by exploring new advancements in the clean energy sector.

Measure BE-5 directs Pinole to increase the generation and storage of local community-scale renewable energy in the City. Community-scale renewable energy provides electricity for community or commercial consumption rather than for a single home as residential rooftop solar does. While this Measure may produce GHG emission reductions in the short-term (i.e., before the grid is decarbonized), it is not quantified in this CAAP due to the high potential to double count GHG emission reductions with Measure BE-4. This Measure does however directly support the transition to carbon-free and renewable electricity—and in turn support the GHG emission reductions from Measures BE-1, Measure BE-2, and Measure BE-3—by providing flexible, carbon-free electricity.

Community solar can help support electrification and GHG emissions reduction in several ways. For many customers, community solar can make electricity bills less expensive, providing cost savings that are supportive of electrification when compared to grid electricity or gas bills. Community solar can also generate resilience and grid benefits, protecting customers who electrify from potential grid disturbances. Lastly, community solar can provide more customers access to these benefits through local renewable energy generation. Nearly 50 percent of households and businesses nationwide are unable to host rooftop solar systems due to rental limitations, roof conditions (e.g., too much shade, too small), and upfront costs. Community solar provides a way for such community members to experience the benefits—specifically the cost savings and resilience benefits—of local solar energy generation.26
26 Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Community Solar Basics. Accessed at:
https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/community-solar-basics.

Page 593 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
38 4 Strategy TR: Transportation
The City of Pinole’s Transportation Strategy aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and leverage renewable and carbon-free electricity (provided by Strategy BE) to reduce GHG emissions from the transportation system. Reducing VMT consists of transitioning Pinole residents and visitors out of single-occupancy vehicles and into active transportation mode options (i.e., walking and biking) and public and shared transit options (e.g., public buses, rail, carpools) by improving these modes and adopting policies to discourage single-occupancy vehicle commutes. The remaining VMT will then be decarbonized by increasing the adoption of zero-emission vehicles. When combined with renewable and carbon-free electricity, electric vehicles eliminate GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion and transition commutes to a zero-emission operational footprint. Additionally, the Strategy targets off-road equipment and vehicles for decarbonization. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Transportation Strategy consists of the following Measures presented in Table 26. The table also indicates which Measures are quantitative and which Measures are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Measures and the role of the supportive Measures.

Table 26 Strategy TR: Transportation GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure
ID Measure
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy TR: Transportation
TR-1 Create a safe and connected active transportation network linked to Pinole Creek to increase active transportation mode share to 5.5% by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.
107 256
TR-2 Implement public and shared transit improvements and programs to achieve a 13% public transit mode share by 2030 and 18% by 2045.
256 559
TR-3 Develop programs and policies to discourage driving single passenger vehicles and to support the active transportation and public transit mode share goals of Measures TR-1 and TR-2.

Supportive Supportive
TR-4 Increase passenger zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 33% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
3,832 13,839
TR-5 Increase commercial zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 30% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
2,303 8,186
TR-6 Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 15% of off-road equipment operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
1,245 10,721
Total 7,743 33,561

Page 594 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 39 TR-1: Create a safe and connected active transportation network linked to Pinole Creek to increase active transportation mode share to 5.5% by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.

Measure TR-1 aims to increase Pinole’s active transportation mode share to 5.5 percent by 2030 and to 11.5 percent by 2045. The primary Actions that enable this Measure are Action TR-1b which directs the City to complete the Active Transportation Plan currently underway; and Action TR-1i which commits the City to implement 100 percent of the Active Transportation Plan by 2030 to achieve the short- and long-term mode share targets.

Currently, Pinole has low bicycle and walking mode shares. In 2017 (i.e., Pinole’s inventory year), Pinole’s bicycle and pedestrian mode shares were 0.2 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively.27 However, studies show that investments in active transportation infrastructure have demonstrated significant improvements in active transportation mode shifts and GHG emissions reductions.28 For example, urban cities that make a strong commitment to bicycle travel can see up to an 11 percent reduction in vehicle miles traveled and associated GHG emissions.29 Such reductions can be reasonably expected because in 2017, about 16 percent of vehicle trips made nationally were one mile or less—a distance easily travelled by foot or bicycle. 30 To estimate the mode shift potential of developing and implementing an Active Transportation Plan in Pinole, other cities’ bicycle and road networks were analyzed. The City of Berkeley leads the State with an 18 percent active transportation mode share in 2022 (i.e., 4.9 percent bicycle mode share and 13.4 percent pedestrian mode share) followed by the City of Davis with a 16 percent active transportation mode share in 2022 (i.e., 13.5 percent bicycle mode share and 2.6 percent pedestrian mode share).
31, 32 For Pinole’s 2030 quantification, a conservative active transportation mode share of four percent is assumed with the increase coming from bicycle mode share while walking mode share is conservatively assumed to remain constant. Pinole’s 2045 quantification estimates an active transportation mode shift closer to—but still below—the maximums seen in Berkeley and Davis.

Like 2030, the 2045 quantification assumes the increases would be attributable to bicycle mode share, while walking mode share remains constant. These active transportation mode share estimates also provide VMT reductions for Pinole well within the reductions shown in the cited studies.

Table 27 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emission reductions from active transportation mode shifts and Table 28 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 11 through 11.2.
27 US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2017.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0657288. 28 Glazener, Andrew and Khreis, Haneen. Transforming our Cities: Best Practices Towards Clean Air and Active Transportation (2019).

Accessed at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40572-019-0228-1 29 Jacob Mason et al., Institute for Transportation & Development Policy and the University of California, Davis. A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario (2015). Accessed at: https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-Global-High-Shift-CyclingScenario_Nov-2015.pdf 30 National Household Travel Survey. Population Vehicle Trips Statistics (2021). Accessed at: https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicle-trips 31 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0618100. 32 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0606000.

Page 595 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
40 Active Transportation Mode Share Equations
Equation 11 CO2e Reductioni,y= VMT Reducedi,y*VMT EFi,y Equation 11.1 VMT Reducedi,y= VMTi,y*TPMi,y*TLi*MS IncreaseBike,y Equation 11.2 MS IncreaseBike,y=MS TargetActive,y-MSWalk,by -MSBike,by Table 27 Active Transportation Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 11
CO2e Reduction VMT GHG emission
reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
VMT Reduced VMT reduced See calculation
table
miles Calculated
VMT EF VMT emission factor See calculation
table
MT CO2e/mile Forecast
Equation 11.1
VMT Forecasted VMT See calculation
able
miles Forecast
TPM Forecasted trips per
mile
See calculation
table
trips/mile Forecast
TL Average bicycle trip
length

1.5 miles CARB Quantifying Reductions in Vehicle
Miles Traveled from New Bike Paths,
Lanes, and Cycle Tracks: Technical
Documentation
1 MS IncreaseBike Bicycle mode share
increase
See calculation
table
percentage Calculated
i VMT type Passenger N/A N/A
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
Equation 11.2
MS TargetActive Active transportation
mode share target
See calculation
table
percentage Conservative estimate based on bicycle
mode shares currently seen in Davis
and Berkeley.2
MSWalk,by Walking mode share in
baseline year

0.2% percentage US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year
Estimates Subject Tables.
3Assumed
constant through 2045.

MSBike,by Bicycle mode share in
baseline year

1.7% percentage US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year
Estimates Subject Tables3
by Baseline year 2017 year Inventory
1 CARB. Quantifying Reductions in Vehicle Miles Traveled from New Bike Paths, Lanes, and Cycle Tracks: Technical Documentation (2019). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/auction-proceeds/bicycle_facilities_technical_041519.pdf. 2 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. 3 US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex.

Page 596 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 41 Table 28 Active Transportation Mode Share GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 11.2
MS TargetActive Active transportation mode
share target
percentage Passenger 5.5% 11.5%
MS IncreaseBike Bicycle mode share increase percentage Passenger 3.8% 9.8% Equation 11.1
VMT Forecasted VMT miles Passenger 56,269,980 58,383,176 TPM Forecasted trips per mile trips/mile Passenger 0.1186 0.1189 VMT Reduced VMT reduced miles Passenger 380,438 1,020,104 Equation 11
VMT EF VMT emission factor MT CO2e/mile Passenger 0.000282 0.000251 CO2e Reduction VMT GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Passenger 108 256 TR-2: Implement public and shared transit improvements and programs to achieve a 13% public transit mode share by 2030 and 18% by 2045.

Measure TR-2 aims to increase Pinole’s public and shared transit mode share to 13 percent by 2030 and to ten percent by 2045. The primary Action that enables this Measure is Action TR-2f which directs the City to partner with the Western Contra Costa Transit Authority (WestCAT) to develop a plan to prioritize infrastructure improvements in existing neighborhoods that increase access to and use of public transit. The plan will include projects and timelines to expand bus routes and schedules and establish a schedule to monitor the community’s public transit use and needs.

In 2017 (i.e., Pinole’s inventory year), Pinole’s public transit mode share was 9.4 percent.33 However, other cities in the Bay Area exhibit higher public transit mode shares. In 2022, the City of Oakland had a public transit mode share of about 17 percent, the City of Berkeley had one of about 18 percent, and the City of San Francisco had one of about 24 percent.34, 35, 36 Studies have shown that expanding transit coverage through service routes and schedules can increase public transit mode share in a city. Specifically, studies which incorporated factors such as elasticity of transit demand and average mode shift factors have estimated that doubling transit coverage in a city can reduce VMT—and associated GHG emissions—up to 4.6 percent.37 For this reason, Action TR-2f directs the City to work with WestCAT to increase the coverage of public transit services in Pinole.

For Pinole’s 2030 quantification, a conservative public transit mode share of 13 percent is assumed while Pinole’s 2045 quantification estimates a public transit mode shift closer to the maximums— but still below those—seen in other Bay Area cities. These public transit mode share estimates also provide VMT reductions well within the reductions shown in cited studies. These percentages are also made under the conservative assumption that the public transit Actions would be implemented 33 US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2017.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0657288. 34 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0653000 35 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0606000 36 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0667000 37 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021).

Page 597 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
42 after the active transportation actions with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on total VMT.

Table 29 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emission reductions associated with reducing vehicle miles traveled through public transit mode share and Table 30 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 12 through 12.2.

Public Transit Mode Share Equations
Equation 12 CO2e Reductioni,y= VMT Reducedi,y*VMT EFi,y Equation 12.1 VMT Reducedi,y= VMTi,y*TPMi,y*TLi*MS IncreasePublic,y Equation 12.2 MS IncreasePublic,y=MS TargetPublic,y-MSPublic,by Table 29 Public Transit Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 12
CO2e Reduction VMT GHG emission
reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
VMT Reduced VMT reduced See calculation
table
miles Calculated
VMT EF VMT emission factor See calculation
table
MT CO2e/mile Forecast
Equation 12.1
VMT Forecasted VMT after
active transportation
reductions
See calculation
able
miles Forecast
TPM Forecasted trips per
mile
See calculation
table
trips/mile Forecast
TL Average public transit
trip length

3.8 miles Used regular bus trip to remain
conservative from American Public
Transportation Association’s Public
Transportation Fact Book1
MS IncreasePublic Public transit mode
share increase
See calculation
table
percentage Calculated
i VMT type Passenger N/A N/A
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
Equation 12.2
MS TargetPublic Public transit mode
share target
See calculation
table
percentage Conservative estimate based on public
transit mode shares currently seen in
Oakland, Berkeley, and San Francisco.
2 MSPublic,by Public transit mode
share in baseline year

9.4% percentage US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year
Estimates Subject Tables3
by Baseline year 2017 year Inventory
1 American Public Transportation Association. Public Transportation Fact Book (2018). Accessed at: https://www.apta.com/wpcontent/uploads/Resources/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/2018-APTA-Fact-Book.pdf. 2 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. 3 US Census Bureau. 2017: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex.

Page 598 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 43 Table 30 Public Transit Mode Share GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 12.2
MS TargetPublic Public transit mode share
target
percentage Passenger 13% 18%
MS IncreasePublic Public transit mode share
increase
percentage Passenger 3.6% 8.6%
Equation 12.1
VMT Forecasted VMT after active
transportation reductions
miles Passenger 55,889,542 57,363,072
TPM Forecasted trips per mile trips/mile Passenger 0.1186 0.1189 VMT Reduced VMT reduced miles Passenger 906,878 2,228,198 Equation 12
VMT EF VMT emission factor MT CO2e/mile Passenger 0.000282 0.000251 CO2e Reduction VMT GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Passenger 256 559 TR-3: Develop programs and policies to discourage driving single passenger vehicles and to support the active transportation and public transit mode share goals of Measures TR-1 and TR-2.

Measure TR-3 directs Pinole to develop programs and policies to discourage travel by singleoccupancy vehicles. Although this Measure may produce GHG emission reductions, it is not quantified in this CAAP due to the high potential to double count GHG emission reductions with Measures TR-1 and TR-2. This Measure does however directly support the active transportation and public transit mode share goals of Measure TR-1 and TR-2.

While incentive-based policies and infrastructure improvements, such as those identified in Measures TR-1 and TR-2, can effectively change community choices around transportation, the impacts of incentive-based policies increase when coupled with disincentives for less favorable choices, such as driving a gasoline-fueled single passenger vehicle.38 This measure thus focuses on ways to discourage use of single passenger vehicles, including limiting parking, implementing increased or new taxes, and developing a Transportation Demand Management program with tiered fees. Because disincentive-based policies like these can place a disproportionate burden on the community, this Measure focuses on feasibility analyses and equity metrics.

TR-4: Increase passenger zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 33% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure TR-4 aims to increase passenger zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption in Pinole to 33 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045. While the State is anticipated to reach a 26 percent ZEV adoption rate by 2030,39 Pinole plans to exceed this goal through focused public and private 38 Ogunkunbi, Gabriel Ayobami et al. Evidence-Based Market Overview of Incentives and Disincentives in Electric Mobility as a Key to the Sustainable Future (2021). Accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7590/1/2/17/pdf. 39 Based on the zero-emission vehicle goals for passenger vehicles established by Executive Order N-79-20, eight million zero-emission vehicles are anticipated statewide by 2030. Pinole calculated that these eight million zero-emission vehicles represent 26 percent of the total passenger vehicles expected statewide by 2030 (based on statewide passenger car and light-duty truck counts in 2016 and population estimates for 2016 and 2030).

Crisostomo, Noel et al. Assembly Bill 2127 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Assessment: Analyzing Charging Needs to Support ZeroEmission Vehicles in 2030. Accessed at: Calmatters.org/environment/2023/03/california-electric-carsdemographics/?utm_id=91724&sfmc_id=4863450.

Page 599 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
44 investments in electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. The primary Actions that are designed to drive these investments and enable this Measure include Action TR-4o which focuses on the installation of publicly accessible EV chargers; and Actions TR-4a, TR-4b, and TR-4g which focus on the installation of private EV charging infrastructure in new and existing buildings.

Action TR-4o directs Pinole to install the number of publicly accessible EV chargers needed to support Pinole’s zero-emission vehicle adoption target. This Action focuses on public EV chargers because studies have consistently found that limited charging infrastructure is one of the primary barriers to electric vehicle adoption.40, 41 Publicly accessible EV chargers make owning an electric vehicle convenient for all drivers—including those who cannot charge at home or drive daily distances longer than their electric vehicle battery range. According to a recent study on public charging infrastructure needs, it is expected that 20 percent of EV charging nationally will occur at publicly accessible chargers in 2030.42 This Action’s quantification is based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool outputs for the San Francisco-OaklandBerkeley Metropolitan Area.43 The tool is used to calculate the number of publicly accessible EV chargers needed in Pinole to support a 33 percent passenger ZEV adoption in 2030 and a 100 percent passenger ZEV adoption in 2045. The quantification assumes all ZEVs will be EVs to remain conservative in the plan for EV chargers.

Table 31 shows the parameters and data sources used to calculate the publicly accessible EV chargers needed in 2030 and 2045 with the Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool and Table 32 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 13 through 13.2.

Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Chargers Equation
Equation 13 EV Chargersy = Region EV Chargersy*(EVsy/(Region EVsy)-Existing EV Chargersby Equation 13.1 EVsy=Populationy*(Vehiclesby/Populationby)*ZEV Adoptiony Equation 13.2 Region EVsy=Region Vehiclesy*ZEV Adoptiony 40 Kumar, Rajeev Ranjan and Kumar Alok. Adoption of Electric Vehicle: A Literature Review and Prospects for Sustainability (2020).

Accessed at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261934781X. 41 Winjobi, Olumide and Kelly, Jarod. Used Plug-in Electric Vehicles as a Means of Transportation Equity in Low-Income Households (2021). Accessed at: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1658592. 42 Kampshoff, Philipp et al. Building the Electric-Vehicle Charging Infrastructure America Needs (2022). Accessed at:
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/building-the-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-america-needs. 43 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. Accessed at: https://afdc.energy.gov/evi-prolite.

Page 600 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 45 Table 31 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 13
EV Chargers New publicly accessible
electric vehicle chargers
needed in Pinole
See
calculation
table
chargers Calculated
Region EV
Chargers
Regional electric vehicle
chargers needed
See
calculation
table
electric vehicles Estimated using the Electric
Vehicle Infrastructure
Projection Tool public charger
outputs for the San FranciscoOakland-Berkeley
Metropolitan Area with the
Region EVs2030 value as the
input.
1 EVs Electric vehicles targeted in
Pinole
See
calculation
table
electric vehicles Calculated
Region EVs Regional electric vehicles
targeted
See
calculation
table
electric vehicles Calculated
Existing EV
Chargersb
Existing publicly accessible
electric vehicle chargers in
Pinole
8 chargers PlugShare2
y Year 2030 or
2045
year N/A
by Baseline year 2020 year N/A
Equation 13.1
Population Forecasted population in
Pinole
See
calculation
table
people Inventory
Vehiclesby Vehicles in baseline year in
Pinole
16,829 vehicles California Department of
Motor Vehicles
3 Population Population in baseline year in
Pinole
20,410 people Inventory
ZEV Adoption Zero-emission vehicle
adoption target
See
calculation
table
percentage Targeted zero-emission
vehicle adoption for Measure
TR-4.

Equation 13.2
Region
Vehicles
Regional vehicles 3,500,500 vehicles Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool value for the
San Francisco-OaklandBerkeley Metropolitan Area1
1 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. 2 PlugShare. EV Charging in Pinole, CA. Accessed at: https://www.plugshare.com/directory/us/california/pinole. 3 California Department of Motor Vehicles. Fuel Type by County as of 1/1/2020. Accessed at:
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/uploads/2020/09/MotorVehicleFuelTypes_City_01012020.pdf.

Page 601 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
46 Table 32 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 13.2
ZEV Adoption Zero-emission vehicle adoption target percentage 33% 100% Region EVs Regional electric vehicles targeted electric vehicles 1,155,165 3,500,500 Equation 13.1
Population Forecasted population in Pinole people 23,110 27,845 EVs Electric vehicles targeted in Pinole electric vehicles 6,288 22,960 Equation 13
Region EV Chargers Regional electric vehicle chargers
needed
electric vehicles 50,522 286,225
EV Chargers New publicly accessible electric
vehicle chargers needed in Pinole
chargers 267 323
Through public-private funding and partnerships, Pinole will install 267 publicly accessible EV chargers by 2030 and 323 publicly accessible EV chargers by 2045 at prioritized locations on Cityowned properties and across the community to support the Measure’s passenger ZEV adoption goals.44 These ZEVs will also be supported by private electric vehicle chargers in new developments and existing buildings.

Actions TR-4a and TR-4b commit the City to adopting the Tier 2 voluntary measures of the California Green Building Standards Code—Part 11, Title 24, California Code of Regulations—known as CALGreen. Once adopted through a reach code in 2025, these Tier 2 requirements will be mandatory for new commercial and multifamily construction in Pinole and require such buildings to install the minimum number of EV chargers based on the requirements (i.e., 20 percent of total parking spaces). Additionally, Pinole will adopt Tier 2 requirements for major commercial and multifamily retrofits through a reach code in 2026. These requirements will require major commercial retrofits to meet Tier 2 requirements for “EV Ready” charging spaces and infrastructure; and major multifamily building retrofits to install the minimum number of EV chargers based on Tier 2 requirements (i.e., 20 percent of total parking spaces).45 These Actions will work to increase private EV chargers at new buildings. Action TR-4g directs the City to work with MCE and PG&E to expand their incentive programs for EV chargers. This local funding along with new federal and State funding (e.g., Inflation Reduction Act) will help cover the upfront costs to purchasing an EV and installing the equipment or infrastructure upgrades needed to charge the EV at home as high costs are one of the barriers to EV adoption for low-income households.46 These Actions will enable Pinole to install as many privately owned EV chargers in new and existing buildings as practical to 44 Public-private funding and partnerships are expected due to the large amount of state and federal funding available to support California’s need for over one million public and shared chargers by 2030 to meet Executive Order B-48-18’s ZEV goals.

Office of Governor Gavin Newsom. California Building Bigger, Better Zero-Emission Charging Network. Accessed at:
http://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/02/14/california-building-bigger-better-zero-emission-charging-network/.

Caltrans. California Investing in EV Charging Reliability Statewide with $63 Million in Federal Funding (2024). Accessed at:
https://dot.ca.gov/news-releases/news-release-2024-002.

California Energy Commission (CEC). Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Assessment-AB 2127. Accessed at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/reports/electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-assessment-ab-2127. 45 Major commercial retrofits include retrofits to commercial buildings with a square footage larger than 10,000 square feet or retrofits with modifications to electric service panels.
46 Gaillard, Isa. Ingredients for Equitable Electrification: Analyzing Equity in Statewide Electric Vehicle Rebate Programs (2022). Accessed at: https://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Greenlining-Ingredients-Equitable-Transportation-WebFINAL.pdf.

Page 602 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 47 support a 33 percent passenger ZEV adoption by 2030 and a 100 percent passenger ZEV adoption by 2045.

Table 33 shows the parameters and data sources that support GHG emission reductions from the zero-emission vehicle adoption and Table 34 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 14 through 14.2.

Passenger Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Equations
Equation 14 CO2e ReductionVMT,i,y=(VMT ReducedICE,i,y*EFVMT,i,y)-(Elec Convertedi,y*EFelec,i,y) Equation 14.1 VMT ReducedICE,i,y=VMTi,y*(ZEV Adoptioni,y-ZEV Adoption Baselinei,y) Equation 14.2 Elec Convertedi,y =VMT ReducedICE,i,y*EPMZEV,i,y Table 33 Passenger Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 14
CO2e
ReductionVMT
VMT GHG emission reductions See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
VMT ReducedICE Internal combustion engine VMT
reduced
See calculation
table
miles Calculated
EFVMT,y Forecasted VMT emission factor See calculation
table
MT CO2e/mile Forecast
Elec Converted Electricity from zero-emission
vehicle conversion
See calculation
table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted residential electricity
emission factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
i VMT type Passenger N/A N/A
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
Equation 14.1
VMT Forecasted total VMT after VMT
reductions (Measures TR-1 and
TR-2)
See calculation
table
miles/gallon Forecast and Measures TR-1
and TR-2.

ZEV Adoption Zero-emission vehicle adoption
target
See calculation
table
percentage Targets that are enabled by
267 and 323 new publicly
accessible chargers (Table 32).

ZEV Adoption
Baseline
Zero-emission vehicle adoption
baseline
See calculation
table
percentage Forecast
Equation 14.2
EPMZEV Forecasted electricity usage per
mile of zero-emission vehicles
See calculation
table
kWh/mile Forecast

Page 603 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
48 Table 34 Passenger Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 14.1
VMT Forecasted total VMT after VMT
reductions (Measures TR- and TR-2)
miles Passenger 54,982,663 55,134,874
ZEV Adoption Zero-emission vehicle adoption
target
percentage Passenger 33% 100%
ZEV Adoption Baseline Zero-emission vehicle adoption
baseline
percentage Passenger 7.65% 10.10%
VMT ReducedICE Internal combustion engine VMT
reduced
miles Passenger 13,937,553 55,134,874
Equation 14.2
EPMZEV Forecasted electricity usage per mile
of zero-emission vehicles
kWh/mile Passenger 0.3689 0.3695
Elec Converted Electricity from zero-emission vehicle
conversion
kWh Passenger 5,141,856 20,371,950
Equation 14
EFVMT Forecasted VMT emission factor MT CO2e/mile Passenger 0.000282 0.000251 EFelec Forecasted electricity emission factor MT CO2e/kWh Passenger 0.000019 0 CO2e ReductionVMT VMT GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Passenger 3,832 13,839 TR-5: Increase commercial zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 30% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure TR-5 aims for Pinole to increase commercial ZEV adoption to 30 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045. Commercial VMT includes medium- and heavy-duty (MDHD) vehicles and trucks as well as buses. These commercial VMT targets are in line with the State’s goals and regulations for MDHD vehicles and buses. California is working towards achieving Executive Order (EO) N-79-20, which aims to reach a 100 percent zero-emission drayage truck population by 2035 and 100 percent zero-emission MDHD vehicle population by 2045. To reach these goals, CARB has adopted the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation which regulates the sale of MDHD vehicles in California and the Advanced Clean Fleets regulation which regulates the purchase and use of zero-emission MDHD vehicles in public and private fleets in California. These regulations have increasing requirements for zero-emission MDHD vehicle sales and use to mandate the phase-in of commercial ZEVs. For example, by 2030, the Advanced Clean Fleets regulation requires 10 percent of sleeper cab tractors and specialty vehicles, 25 percent of pickup trucks and day cab tractors, and 50 percent of box trucks, vans, and package delivery vehicles in a fleet to be zero-emission. Additionally, the State has adopted zero-emission regulations for transit buses including the Innovative Clean Transit which requires 100 percent of new transit bus purchases to be to be zero-emission starting in 2029 and 100 percent of transit bus fleets to be zero-emission by 2040.

Overall, it is estimated that compliance with these zero-emission regulations for MDHD vehicles in Pinole will equate to a 30 percent commercial ZEV adoption.47 To support this compliance, Measure 47 For example, the Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA) completed a Zero-Emission Vehicle Readiness Plan in 2024. The plan assessed their existing MDHD vehicle fleet and estimated over 30 percent of their fleet would need to be zero-emission by 2030 to comply with the Advanced Clean Fleets regulation.

IEUA. Draft Zero-Emission Vehicle Readiness Plan (2024).

Page 604 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 49 TR-5 includes Actions that focus on funding for and education of commercial ZEVs and these regulations. Table 35 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emission reductions associated with commercial ZEVs and Table 36 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 15 through 15.2.

Commercial Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Equations
Equation 15 CO2e ReductionVMT,i,y=(VMT ReducedICE,i,y*EFVMT,i,y)-(Elec Convertedi,y*EFelec,i,y) Equation 15.1 VMT ReducedICE,i,y=VMTi,y*(ZEV Adoptioni,y-ZEV Adoption Baselinei,y) Equation 15.2 Elec Convertedi,y =VMT ReducedICE,i,y*EPMZEV,i,y Table 35 Commercial Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 15
CO2e ReductionVMT VMT GHG emission reductions See calculation table
MT CO2e Calculated
VMT ReducedICE Internal combustion engine
VMT reduced
See calculation
table
miles Calculated
EFVMT,y Forecasted VMT emission
factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/mile Forecast
Elec Converted Electricity from zero-emission
vehicle conversion
See calculation
table
kWh Calculated
EFelec Forecasted nonresidential
electricity emission factor
See calculation
table
MT CO2e/kWh Forecast
i VMT type Commercial N/A N/A
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
Equation 15.1
VMT Forecasted total VMT See calculation
table
miles/gallon Forecast
ZEV Adoption Zero-emission vehicle adoption
target
See calculation
table
percentage Targets that are consistent
with state regulations and
goals.

ZEV Adoption
Baseline
Zero-emission vehicle adoption
baseline
See calculation
table
percentage Forecast
Equation 15.2
EPMZEV Forecasted electricity usage
per mile of zero-emission
vehicles
See calculation
table
kWh/mile Forecast

Page 605 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
50 Table 36 Commercial Zero-emission Vehicle Adoption GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 15.1
VMT Forecasted total VMT miles Commercial 9,774,662 11,382,970 ZEV Adoption Zero-emission vehicle adoption
target
percentage Commercial 30% 100%
ZEV Adoption
Baseline
Zero-emission vehicle adoption
baseline
percentage Commercial 7.29% 35.66%
VMT ReducedICE Internal combustion engine VMT
reduced
miles Commercial 2,163,909 11,053,749
Equation 15.2
EPMZEV Forecasted electricity usage per
mile of zero-emission vehicles
kWh/mile Commercial 1.03 0.99
Elec Converted Electricity from zero-emission
vehicle conversion
kWh Commercial 2,250,781 11,159,190
Equation 15
EFVMT Forecasted VMT emission factor MT CO2e/mile Commercial 0.001061 0.000719 EFelec Forecasted electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/kWh Commercial 0.000023 0.00
CO2e ReductionVMT VMT GHG emission reductions MT CO2e Commercial 2,303 8,186 TR-6: Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 15% of off-road equipment operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure TR-6 aims for Pinole to decarbonize 15 percent of off-road vehicle and equipment use in the community by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045. The primary Action that enables this Measure is Action TR-6a which commits the City to establishing a phased ordinance by 2026 to ban local operation of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road vehicles and equipment by type.

The phased ordinance will first ban the operation of off-road vehicles and equipment with gasolineand diesel-powered small off-road engines (SORE) by no later than 2028. As defined by CARB, SORE are those equipment types with rated power at or below 19 kilowatts (i.e., 25 horsepower). Typical off-road vehicle and equipment types that use these engines include lawn and garden equipment, portable generators, and pressure washers.48 In 2030, gasoline and diesel used by these SOREs will compromise 19 percent of the off-road vehicle and equipment fuel used in Pinole. 49 By banning the
operation of gasoline- and diesel-powered small off-road engines, the ordinance will effectively reduce more than 15 percent of the community’s off-road fuel usage. Compliance with the ordinance will be supported by a communication and outreach program (Action TR-6b and Action TR-6d). The program will raise awareness of the ordinance and educate community members on the benefits of and funding opportunities for offroad decarbonization (e.g., CARB’s Clean Off-road Equipment Voucher Incentive Program).
48 California Air Resources Board. SORE Applicability Fact Sheet (2021). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/soreapplicability-fact-sheet. 49 Pinole’s SORE fuel usage in 2030 was estimated by filtering CARB OFFROAD2021 model outputs (for Contra Costa County in 2030) for horsepower ratings less than or less than 25 and attributing the resulting County-level annual fuel usage to Pinole based on the attribution methodology used in the GHG inventory and forecast. The results were divided by the total estimated off-road fuel usage in Pinole in 2030 to estimate the share, or percentage, of fuel usage attributable to SOREs.

Page 606 of 945 ends

Strategy TR: Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 51 The remaining off-road fuel will be reduced after 2030 by targeting other vehicles and equipment types with engines greater than 25 horsepower through different phases of the ordinance. For example, the ordinance may first progress to ban the operation of gasoline- and diesel-powered lawn and garden equipment with engines greater than 25 horsepower. Where equipment does not have market-ready electric alternatives available, the ordinance will still require decarbonization of targeted equipment with renewable diesel. Renewable diesel is a drop-in renewable fuel produced from non-petroleum renewable sources—including vegetable oils and animal fats—and is readily available in California due to existing regulation requiring its use.50 This requirement for renewable diesel will be a strong tool to increase compliance with the local ordinance by providing flexibility and can be counted towards the Measure because the State’s requirements for renewable diesel were not included in Pinole’s adjusted forecast.

This ordinance aligns with the State’s goals and regulations on off-road equipment and vehicles. The ordinance exceeds CARB’s SORE regulations which ban the sale of off-road vehicles and equipment with gasoline- and diesel-powered SOREs starting in 2024 and bans the sale of gasoline- and dieselpowered portable generators starting in 2028. The ordinance also aligns with EO N‑79‑20’s statewide goal to transition off-road vehicles and equipment operations to 100 percent zeroemission by 2035.

Table 37 shows the parameters and data sources that support off-road ordinance GHG emission reductions and Table 38 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 16 through 16.1.

Off-road Decarbonization Equations
Equation 16 CO2e ReductionFuel,y=Fuel Reducedy*EFFuel
Equation 16.1 Fuel Reducedy = (FuelGasoline,y+FuelDiesel,y+FuelNatural Gas,y)*Fuel Reductiony Table 37 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 16
CO2e ReductionFuel Fuel GHG emission reductions See calculation table
MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel Reduced Fuel use reduced See calculation
table
gallons Calculated
EFFuel Weighted fuel emission factor See calculation
table
MT
CO2e/gallon
Forecast
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
Equation 16.1
FuelGasoline Forecasted gasoline use See calculation
table
gallon Forecast
FuelDiesel Forecasted diesel use See calculation
table
gallon Forecast
FuelNatural Gas Forecasted natural gas use See calculation table
gallon Forecast
Fuel Reduction Fuel use reduction target See calculation table
percentage Estimated based on the share of
small off-road engines in Pinole
and direction of state goals (i.e.,
EO N-79-20).1
50 California Air Resources Board. Fact Sheet: Renewable Diesel Fuel Requirements. Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/factsheets/fact-sheet-renewable-diesel-fuel-requirements.

Page 607 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
52 1 California Air Resources Board. Fact Sheet: Renewable Diesel Fuel Requirements.

Table 38 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 16.1
FuelGasoline Forecasted gasoline use gallons 275,967 328,790 FuelDiesel Forecasted diesel use gallons 547,673 732,098 FuelNatural Gas Forecasted natural gas use gallons 50,123 63,296 Fuel Reduction Fuel use reduction target percentage 15% 100% Fuel Reduced Fuel use reduced gallons 131,064 1,124,185 Equation 16
EFFuel Weighted fuel emission factor MT CO2e/gallon 0.009499 0.009537 CO2e ReductionFuel Fuel GHG emission reductions MT CO2e 1,245 10,721

Page 608 of 945 ends

Strategy SW: Solid Waste
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 53 5 Strategy SW: Solid Waste
The City of Pinole’s Solid Waste Strategy focuses on increasing diversion to reduce the amount of resources sent to the landfill and effectively using those diverted resources across the community.

The Strategy aims to accomplish these goals by focusing on organic materials, inorganic materials, construction and demolition (C&D) materials, and wastewater organics along with the final compost product. In the landfill, organic waste decays without access to light or oxygen and produces methane (CH4) gas. Diverting organic waste from the landfill reduces the occurrence of this anaerobic decomposition, providing Pinole with an important opportunity to reduce solid waste GHG emissions. After diverting and processing this organic waste, the compost product can be applied to lands in the community to sequester carbon. Thus, managing organic waste provides an important opportunity to employ circular economy methods to reduce GHG emissions and sequester carbon. While diverting inorganic waste and C&D waste from the landfill do not provide direct GHG emission reductions, they do support indirect GHG emission reduction benefits outside Pinole’s jurisdiction. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Solid Waste Strategy consists of the Measures presented in Table 39. The table also indicates which Measures are quantitative and which Measures are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Measures and the role of the supportive Measures.

Table 39 Strategy SW: Solid Waste GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure
ID Measure
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy SW: Solid Waste
SW-1 By 2025, reduce landfilled organic waste by 75% and support food insecure residents by diverting 20% of currently disposed edible food to food recovery organizations to meet and or exceed SB 1383 requirements.
2,934 3,570
SW-2 Reduce landfilled inorganic waste 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045. Supportive Supportive SW-3 Meet CalGreen’s current 65% construction and demolition (C&D) materials diversion requirements on all covered projects.

Supportive Supportive
SW-4 Analyze opportunities to enhance the City’s Wastewater Treatment Plant to divert organic waste from the landfill and increase organics recovery.

Supportive Supportive
SW-5 Establish new programs to meet the City’s SB 1383 annual procurement target (i.e., 1,073 tons of compost in 2030 and 1,292 tons of compost in 2045) by 2030.
425 513
Total 3,359 4,083

Page 609 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
54 SW-1: By 2025, reduce organics sent to landfill by 75% to meet or exceed SB 1383 organic waste diversion requirements through composting and edible food recovery.

Measure SW-1 aims for Pinole to meet SB 1383 requirements to recover 20 percent of disposed edible food for human consumption and reduce landfilled organic waste—and its associated GHG emissions—75 percent by 2025. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action SW-1a which commits the City to establish requirements for waste haulers to complete annual performance assessments to analyze compliance with SB 1383 requirements; ▪ Action SW-1b which directs the City to work with partner organizations to complete a community-based social marketing (CBSM) outreach and education campaign for high organic generation commercial accounts on best practices in food waste reduction and surplus food donation;
▪ Action SW-1e which commits the City to establish and maintain an ongoing education program informing the community about compostable materials through workshops and regularlyupdated guidelines; ▪ Action SW-1g which commits the City to work with local grocery stores and retail food markets along with community partners to establish a robust food rescue and distribution program; ▪ Action SW-1j which directs the City to continue partnering with waste hauler to include quarterly multi-lingual inserts in residential and commercial billing to highlight the no-cost organics pails and the composting programs;
▪ Action SW-1k which directs the City to develop a comprehensive outreach program to educate Homeowner Associations, neighborhood associations, and communities on social media platforms such as NextDoor and Pinole Community Television on the City’s organic waste diversion requirements along with available programs and resources; and, ▪ Action SW-1l which commits the City to implement a comprehensive organics collection and edible food recovery program for low-income and fixed-income people to ensure access to edible surplus food recipients.

These Actions encompass the activities the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) requires jurisdictions to conduct to comply with SB 1383.51 Continuing and completing these activities is thus expected to provide the levels of diversion, composting, and food donations needed to reduce Pinole’s landfilled organic waste 75 percent by 2025. This level of landfilled organic waste reduction is expected to directly reduce solid waste disposal GHG emissions 75 percent because nearly all GHG emissions from the natural decay of solid waste in landfills come from organic waste.52
Table 40 shows the parameters and data sources that support the landfilled organic waste reduction GHG emission reductions and Table 41 shows the calculations as outlined in Equation 17. 51 CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities. Accessed at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/Docs/Web/119160#:~:text=Beginning%20in%202022%2C%20SB%201383,is%20automatically%20provide d%20the%20service.
52 According to the Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Appendix E – Solid Waste Emission Activities and Sources, GHG emissions are generated by non-biologic wastes only if they are combusted.

Page 610 of 945 ends

Strategy SW: Solid Waste
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 55 Landfilled Organic Waste Reduction Equations
Equation 17 CO2e ReductionLOW,y= CO2e EmissionsLOW,y*LOW Reductiony Table 40 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 17
CO2e ReductionLOW Landfilled organic waste
GHG emission reductions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
CO2e EmissionsLOW Landfilled organic waste
GHG emissions
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Forecast
LOW Reduction Landfilled organic waste
reduction percent
75 percentage Estimated based on
compliance with CalRecycle’s
required activities for SB 1383
compliance and GHG emission
factors for solid waste.1, 2
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
1 CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities.
2 According to the ICLEI U.S. Community Protocol, Appendix E, GHG emissions are generated by non-biologic wastes only if they are combusted.

Table 41 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 17
CO2e EmissionsLOW Landfilled organic waste GHG emissions MT CO2e 3,912 4,761 CO2e ReductionLOW Landfilled organic waste GHG emission reductions MT CO2e 2,934 3,570 SW-2: Reduce landfilled inorganic waste 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045.

Measure SW-2 aims to reduce inorganic landfilled waste 35 percent by 2030 and 90 percent by 2045. Inorganic waste is not a significant source of GHG emissions in landfills and is thus not quantified in this CAAP. However, reducing landfilled inorganic waste provides opportunities to reduce indirect GHG emissions associated with inorganic waste including the transportation of that waste to the landfill. It also provides an opportunity for community members to reduce their personal carbon footprints by decreasing upstream consumption emissions by repairing and reusing materials. These GHG emission reductions, however, are not under the jurisdictional control of the City cannot be counted towards Pinole’s 2030 and 2045 targets.

SW-3: Meet CalGreen’s current 65% construction and demolition (C&D) materials diversion requirements on all covered projects.

Measure SW-3 aims to meet CalGreen’s requirements to divert 65 percent of C&D materials from the landfill on all covered projects. CalGreen mandates that locally permitted building construction, demolition, and certain additions and alteration projects recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum 65 percent of the nonhazardous C&D debris CalGreen sections 4.408, 5.408, 301.1.1 and 301.3).53 Like inorganic waste, C&D waste is not a significant source of GHG emissions in landfills and is thus not quantified in this CAAP. However, reducing landfilled C&D waste provides 53 CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Diversion Informational Guide Introduction. Accessed at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/library/canddmodel/.

Page 611 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
56 opportunities to reduce the upstream consumption emissions of projects by employing more sustainable materials that were repaired or reused. These GHG emission reductions, however, are not under the jurisdictional control of the City cannot be counted towards Pinole’s 2030 and 2045 targets.

SW-4: Analyze opportunities to enhance the City’s Wastewater Treatment Plant to divert organic waste from the landfill and increase organics recovery.

Measure SW-4 aims to enhance the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant (WTP) to divert organic waste from the landfill. Currently, the WTP removes biosolids and sanitizes the wastewater, then discharges the clean wastewater into the San Pablo Bay and pumps the biosolid materials into anaerobic digesters. The digesters in turn generate methane gas which is used to power on-site cogeneration to provide electricity to the WTP and to heat the digesters. This Measure intends to analyze and establish ways for the City to divert these biosolids to reduce the methane emissions associated with its anaerobic decomposition at the WTP. While this Measure will produce GHG emission reductions once implemented, it is not quantified in this CAAP due to the high potential to double count GHG emission reductions with Measure SW-1. This Measure does however directly support Measure SW-1’s goal to reduce landfilled organic waste 75 percent as biosolids which are anaerobically digested or composted and applied to lands constitute a reduction in landfill disposal per the California Code of Regulations Section 18983.1(b)(6)(B). 54 SW-5: Establish a new program to meet the City’s SB 1383 annual procurement target (i.e., 1,073 tons of compost) by 2030.

Measure SW-5 puts Pinole on a path to meet the City’s SB 1383 procurement target by 2030 and maintain it thereafter. SB 1383 requires each jurisdiction in California to procure recovered organics waste products to meet annual procurement targets developed by CalRecycle.55 Recovered organic waste products include compost, mulch, renewable energy generated from anaerobic digestion (e.g., transportation fuel, electricity, and gas for heating), and electricity generated from biomass conversion. While a jurisdiction has the option to procure any combination of recovered organic waste products to fulfill 100 percent of its procurement target, Pinole aims to meet their procurement target primarily through the procurement of compost to leverage the carbon sequestration benefits it provides when applied to community lands. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action SW-5a which commits the City to establish a program to procure and provide compost for City parks, City recreation areas, schools, and community gardens as well as residential and commercial landscapers;
▪ Action SW-5b and Action SW-5f which directs the City to amend the franchise agreements with the City’s waste hauler(s) to provide recovered organic waste products back to the City and community at reduced costs; and,
54 California Code Regulations. Title 14 § 18983.1. Accessed at: https://casetext.com/regulation/california-code-of-regulations/title-14- natural-resources/division-7-department-of-resources-recycling-and-recovery/chapter-12-short-lived-climate-pollutants/article-2-landfilldisposal-and-reductions-in-landfill-disposal/section-189831-landfill-disposal-and-recovery. 55 CalRecycle. Procurement Targets and Recovered Organic Waste Products. Accessed at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/procurement/recoveredorganicwasteproducts/.

Page 612 of 945 ends

Strategy SW: Solid Waste
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 57 ▪ Action SW-5c which commits the City to establish a program to deliver compost to local schools and community organizations and expand free compost giveaways to residents, local urban farmers, and other organizations.

These Actions will allow the City to establish the supply and procurement of compost to meet their annual procurement targets. Table 42 shows the parameters and data sources that support the annual procurement targets and landfilled organic waste reduction GHG emission reductions associated with this Action. Table 43 shows the calculations as outlined in Equation 18 through 18.1.

Compost Procurement Equations
Equation 18 CO2e Sequestrationy = (Compost Requiredy /CFOW to Compost *CSFOW) * Compliance Targety
Equation 18.1 Compost Requiredy = Populationy * (Procurement Required/Capita) * CFOW to Compost
Table 42 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 18
CO2e Sequestrationy Carbon sequestered from
compost procurement and
application
See calculation
table
MT CO2e Calculated
Compost Requiredy Compost procurement
required to meet organic
waste procurement target
See calculation
table
compost tons Calculated
CFOW to Compost Conversion factor for
organic waste feedstock to
compost

0.58 compost
tons/feedstock
tons
CalRecycle’s Procurement
Calculator Tool1
CSFOW Carbon sequestration factor
for mixed organic waste
feedstock application

0.23 MT
CO2e/feedstoc
k ton
CARB’s Method for Estimating
Greenhouse Gas Emission
Reductions from Diversion Of
Organic Waste from Landfills
to Compost Facilities2
Compliance Targety Compliance target with
procurement requirement
See calculation
table
percentage Estimated based on
compliance with CalRecycle’s
required activities for SB 1383
compliance.3
y Year 2030 or 2045 N/A N/A
Equation 18.1
Populationy Forecasted population See calculation
table
persons Forecast
Procurement
Required/Capita
Organic waste procurement
required per capita

0.08 feedstock
tons/person
CalRecycle’s Procurement
Calculator Tool1
1 CalRecycle. Procurement Calculator Tool. Accessed at: https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/reporting/. 2 CARB. Method for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions from Diversion Of Organic Waste from Landfills to Compost Facilities (2017). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/waste/cerffinal.pdf. 3 CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities.

Page 613 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
58 Table 43 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 18.1
Populationy Forecasted population persons 23,110 27,845 Compost Requiredy Compost procurement required to meet
organic waste procurement target
tons 1,073 1,292
Equation 18
Compliance Targety Compliance target with procurement
requirement
percentage 100% 100%
CO2e Sequestrationy Carbon sequestered from compost
procurement and application
MT CO2e 425 513

Page 614 of 945 ends

Strategy W: Water
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 59 6 Strategy W: Water
The City of Pinole’s Water Strategy aims to reduce the community’s water consumption and increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water. Water use generates GHG emissions through the consumption of energy to transport, treat, and distribute water. The interconnection between energy and water is considered the water-energy nexus. Reducing potable water consumption would, therefore, also reduce energy use and the associated GHG emissions of that energy. Additionally, increasing recycled water use can reduce the GHG emission impact of upstream water processes. When compared to the processes used for “new” water—such as the extraction of water pumped and delivered long distances with energy—the processes used to recycle water can utilize less energy and less GHG emissions. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Water Strategy consists of the following Measures presented in Table 44. Each Measure is supportive (i.e., no GHG emission reductions have been attributed) due to the potential for indirect GHG emission reductions and the potential to double count GHG emissions with Measure BE-4. The following subsections detail the role of these supportive Measures.

Table 44 Strategy W: Water GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure
ID Measure
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy W: Water
W-1 Reduce per capita potable water consumption 10% by 2030 and 25% by 2045, from 2017 levels.

Supportive Supportive
W-2 Increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water. Supportive Supportive Total 0 0
W-1: Reduce per capita potable water consumption 10% by 2030 and 25% by 2045, from 2017 levels.

Measure W-1 aims to reduce per capital potable water consumption by 10 percent by 2030 and 25 percent by 2045 from 2017 levels. The Center for Water-Energy Efficiency has begun demonstrating the quantifiable value of water conservation for GHG emission reductions. Specifically, the Center found that during the Governor’s Mandate (i.e., between June 2015 and May 2016), California saved 524,000 million gallons of water which translated to 1,830 gigawatt hours of electricity savings and 521,000 MT CO2e of GHG emission reductions.56 While this demonstrates how reducing water consumption can reduce the electricity used to distribute and treat water in Pinole, these GHG emission reductions are not quantified under this Measure due to the high potential to double count with Measure BE-4’s GHG emission reductions for renewable and carbon-free electricity. This Measure does still, however, directly support Measure BE-4 by reducing the amount of energy used to distribute water and treat wastewater.
56 Center for Water-Energy Efficiency, University of California, Davis. Impact of Water Conservation on Electricity Consumption and GHG Emissions. Accessed at:
https://cwee.ucdavis.edu/research/waterconservation_energyghg/#:~:text=The%20study%20showed%20the%20state,tons%20of%20car bon%20dioxide%20equivalents.

Page 615 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
60 W-2: Increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water.

Measure W-2 aims to increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water. A study by the University of California, Los Angeles Field of Public Health found that increasing the use of recycled water in California would have the greatest potential to reduce energy use and GHG emissions when compared to other water resilience options such as banning landscape irrigation.57 While this demonstrates how increasing recycled water use in Pinole can reduce the electricity used to extract and transport water to Pinole, these GHG emission reductions are not quantified due to the potential to double count with the State’s transition to renewable and carbon-free electricity that is already captured in Pinole’s adjusted forecast. 57 Sokolow, Sharona et al. Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health. Accessed at: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303053.

Page 616 of 945 ends

Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 61 7 Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration
The City of Pinole’s Carbon Sequestration Strategy aims to increase both nature-based and technological carbon sequestration within the community. While most of Pinole’s mitigation strategies focus on reducing GHG emissions, the Carbon Sequestration Strategy focuses on the physical removal of carbon from the atmosphere to store it in long-term forms. This Strategy plays an important role in achieving Pinole’s 2045 target for carbon neutrality. While Pinole will reduce GHG emissions across all sectors to achieve as close to zero GHG emissions as possible, some GHG emissions are expected to remain under the City’s jurisdiction in 2045. These GHG emissions are expected to be from hard-to-decarbonize sectors, such as long-haul transportation, that have technological limitations or are costly to decarbonize. They can also be expected from sectors that require significant behavior change to decarbonize, such as VMT reduction, because it takes time to normalize new behaviors. Carbon sequestration will offset these remaining GHG emissions to help Pinole achieve carbon neutrality. While these strategies are not quantified in this CAAP, they are important to implement now to begin setting the foundation and building the capacity for Pinole to sequester carbon for long-term carbon neutrality. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Carbon Sequestration Strategy consists of the Measures presented in Table 45. Each Measure is supportive due to data limitations. The following subsections detail the role of these supportive Measures.

Table 45 Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure
ID Measure
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration
CS-1 Increase carbon sequestration and prepare the urban forest for climate change, extreme heat, drought, and wildfire by adopting policies developed through the Tree Master Plan.

Supportive Supportive
CS-2 Increase nature-based and technological carbon sequestration opportunities in Pinole.

Supportive Supportive
Total 0 0
CS-1: Increase carbon sequestration and prepare the urban forest for climate change, extreme heat, drought, and wildfire by adopting policies developed through the Tree Master Plan.

Measure CS-1 aims for Pinole to increase their carbon sequestration capacity through urban forest management. Although this Measure is not counted towards Pinole’s 2030 and 2045 targets due to data limitations, it is an important Measure to build future carbon sequestration capacity and provide co-benefits to the community. By conducting a tree inventory and establishing forest management plans now, Pinole will begin to establish the data needed to quantify carbon sequestration from tree management as trees mature and establish policies to be finetuned later.

Page 617 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
62 CS-2: Increase nature-based and technological carbon sequestration and capture opportunities in Pinole.

Measure CS-2 aims to increase Pinole’s capacity for nature-based and technological carbon sequestration. Although this Measure is not counted towards Pinole’s 2030 and 2045 targets due to the potential for indirect carbon sequestration, it is an important Measure to build future carbon sequestration capacity. Establishing large-scale nature-based carbon sequestration opportunities will require upfront inventories, plans, and partnerships to identify environments for projects and design projects. Likewise, establishing large-scale technological carbon sequestration will require a significant amount of research and development to identify and pilot technologies in Pinole as well as a significant amount of investment to bring in such technologies and partners. Establishing these plans now will pave the way for future carbon sequestration and quantification.

Page 618 of 945 ends

Municipal Mitigation Strategies
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report 63 8 Municipal Mitigation Strategies
The City of Pinole’s Municipal Mitigation Strategies focus on decarbonizing the City’s municipal operations and building the City’s internal capacity to implement and monitor implementation of the CAAP throughout the community. While the strategies to decarbonize municipal operations— including municipal building energy, transportation, waste, and wastewater operations—will reduce GHG emissions, these emissions are already included as a subset within Pinole’s Community GHG Inventory. This means the associated GHG emission reductions are included within the community mitigation Measures (i.e., BE-1 through CS-2). Thus, to avoid double counting, these municipal mitigation strategies are not counted towards Pinole’s 2030 and 2045 targets. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s municipal mitigation strategies consist of the following Strategies and Measures presented in Table 46. The table indicates that all Measures are supportive.

Table 46 Municipal Strategies GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure
ID Measure Text
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy CIO: City Infrastructure and Operations
Measure
CIO-1
Upgrade all City accounts to MCE’s Deep Green option by 2025 and electrify or otherwise decarbonize all municipal buildings and facilities by 2035.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CIO-2
Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of the municipal vehicle fleet by 2026 and 100% by 2040.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CIO-3
Electrify or otherwise decarbonize all municipal off-road equipment by 2035, where feasible.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CIO-4
Reduce employee VMT 20% by 2035, from 2019 levels by developing and implementing a municipal Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan by 2028.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CIO-5
Reduce municipal water consumption 15% by 2030, from 2019 levels. Supportive Supportive Measure
CIO-6
Reduce organic waste by 10% by 2025, from 2019 levels and landfill zero waste by 2035.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CIO-7
Retrofit existing infrastructure owned and operated by the City, such as the Pinole-Hercules Water Pollution Control Plant, located in the areas at risk of sea level rise.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy CG: City Governance
Measure
CG-1
Build staffing capacity to effectively implement the CAAP Mitigation Measures and update the CAAP triennially.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CG-2
Establish reporting procedures to implement the CAAP measures and transparently communicate progress to the community.

Supportive Supportive
Total 0 0

Page 619 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
64 9 Adaptation Strategies
The City of Pinole’s Adaptation Strategies focus on adjusting the community to climate impacts and increasing the community’s ability to anticipate, prepare for, and recover from hazardous events strengthened and made more frequent by climate change. While these strategies will not result in direct GHG emission reductions, they will support the mitigation strategies by building a strong, connected community that can implement them. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Strategies to adapt to climate change consist of the following Strategies and Measures presented in Table 47. The table indicates that all Measures are supportive.

Table 47 Adaptation Strategies GHG Emission Reduction Summary Measure
ID Measure Text
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Strategy CAR: Community Adaptation and Resilience
Measure
CAR-1
Establish a reliable and dependable resilience center in the City to provide relief from extreme weather events, including extreme heat, flooding, and smoke from wildfires.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CAR-2
Provide streamlined communication to the public on climate adaptation preparedness, resilience, and evacuation.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
CAR-3
Create an innovative Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) to improve Citywide disaster preparedness, plan collaboratively, increase resilience, protect infrastructure and assets, and access available funding.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy FL: Flood Control
Measure
FL-1
Improve the quality of and reduce the quantity of stormwater runoff through a variety of natural and built infrastructure projects.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy SLR: Sea Level Rise
Measure
SLR-1
Create, restore, and protect natural shoreline ecosystems. Supportive Supportive Strategy EH: Extreme Heat
Measure
EH-1
Reduce the impacts of extreme heat in Pinole by installing green/cool roofs and cool pavement, as well as planting vegetation and trees to reduce urban temperatures and the urban heat island effect.

Supportive Supportive
Measure
EH-2
Map out and create a mural or set of murals using reflective paint to reduce interior heat in areas of Pinole that are most impacted by the urban heat island effect by 2026.

Supportive Supportive
Strategy WF: Wildfire
Measure
WF-1
Enforce defensible space and home hardening standards to mitigate structure ignitions from wind blow embers
Supportive Supportive
Total 0 0

Page 620 of 945 ends

Appendix D
CEQA Documentation

Page 621 of 945 ends

City of Pinole Climate Action and Adaptation
Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds
Final Initial Study – Negative Declaration
prepared for
City of Pinole
Community Development Department
2131 Pear Street
Pinole, California 94564
prepared by
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15th Street, Suite 303
Oakland, California 94612
July 31, 2024

Page 622 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration i
Table of Contents
Initial Study.............................................................................................................................................1 Proposed Plan Title.........................................................................................................................1 Lead Agency/Plan Sponsor and Contact.........................................................................................1 Plan Location and Physical Setting .................................................................................................1 Existing Sustainability Setting .........................................................................................................4 General Plan Designation and Zoning...........................................................................................14 Description of Plan........................................................................................................................14 Cumulative Projects Scenario .......................................................................................................56 Required Approvals ......................................................................................................................56 Environmental Factors Potentially Affected.........................................................................................58 Determination ......................................................................................................................................58 Environmental Checklist.......................................................................................................................60 1 Aesthetics..........................................................................................................................60 2 Agriculture and Forestry Resources..................................................................................66 3 Air Quality .........................................................................................................................69 4 Biological Resources..........................................................................................................74 5 Cultural Resources............................................................................................................79 6 Energy ...............................................................................................................................81 7 Geology and Soils..............................................................................................................84 8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions...............................................................................................88 9 Hazards and Hazardous Materials ....................................................................................92 10 Hydrology and Water Quality ...........................................................................................97 11 Land Use and Planning....................................................................................................101 12 Mineral Resources ..........................................................................................................103 13 Noise ...............................................................................................................................104 14 Population and Housing..................................................................................................108 15 Public Services.................................................................................................................110 16 Recreation.......................................................................................................................112 17 Transportation ................................................................................................................114 18 Tribal Cultural Resources................................................................................................117 19 Utilities and Service Systems ..........................................................................................120 20 Wildfire............................................................................................................................125 21 Mandatory Findings of Significance................................................................................127 References..........................................................................................................................................129

1. List of Preparers..............................................................................................................132

Page 623 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds ii
Tables
Table 1 Pinole 2017 Communitywide GHG Emissions Levels........................................................16 Table 2 Pinole CAAP GHG Emissions Reduction and Climate Adaptation Strategies, Measures, and Actions...................................................................................................................................17 Table 3 Pinole 2030 GHG Emissions Forecasts (MT of CO2e) ........................................................52 Table 4 Targets Versus GHG Reductions .......................................................................................53 Table 5 Cumulative Projects Scenario ...........................................................................................56 Figures
Figure 1 Regional Location................................................................................................................2 Figure 2 Plan Location.......................................................................................................................3 Figure 3 Pinole Transit Routes..........................................................................................................4 Figure 4 Pinole GHG Emissions Projections and Targets ................................................................52 Figure 5 Determining CEQA GHG Emissions Analysis Methodology ..............................................55 Appendices
Appendix A Sources, Health Effects, and Typical Controls Associated with Criteria Pollutants Appendix B Description of Greenhouse Gases of California Concern

Page 624 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 1
Initial Study
Proposed Plan Title
City of Pinole Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) and California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Thresholds
Lead Agency/Plan Sponsor and Contact
Lead Agency/Plan Sponsor
City of Pinole
Community Development Department
2131 Pear Street
Pinole, California 94564
Contact Person
Lilly Whalen
Community Development Director
(510) 724-9832
[email protected]
Plan Location and Physical Setting
The Pinole CAAP and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds would apply to all areas and plans and projects within the City of Pinole limits. Figure 1 shows the regional location, and Figure 2 shows the plan location.

Page 625 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 2 Figure 1 Regional Location

Page 626 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 3
Figure 2 Plan Location
Regional Location and Setting
The City of Pinole is approximately 12 square miles and located in Contra Costa County, within the east San Francisco Bay area. Pinole is bordered by Richmond and San Pablo to the southwest, Hercules to the northeast, the unincorporated area of El Sobrante to the south, and the San Pablo Bay to the west. The City is connected to the rest of the County and the Bay Area by State Route 4 (SR 4) and Interstates 80 (I 80), which traverse the City. These freeways provide regional access to Pinole, which is also served by public transit facilities, including the Western Contra Costa Transit Authority (WestCAT) bus lines. Transit routes in Pinole are shown in Figure 3. In addition, nearby airports include the Buchanan Field Airport, which is located over 12 miles to the east.

Local Setting
Pinole had a population of 18,244 in 2023 according to the California Department of Finance (DOF).1 According to the General Plan,2 the City’s existing land use pattern is generally a mix of residential neighborhoods and commercial and business centers combined with parks and open spaces.

Although the City of Pinole is largely built out, it includes opportunities for infill mixed-use 1 California Department of Finance (DOF). 2023. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates. https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-counties-and-the-state-2020- 2023/ (accessed January 2024).
2 Pinole, City of. 2010. General Plan Update. October 20, 2010. https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_10946972/File/City%20Government/Planning/General%20Plan/2010%20General%20Plan %20with%202023-2031%20Housing%20Element%20Update.pdf (accessed January 2024).

Page 627 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 4 development in a strategically located area near the Berkeley/Oakland and San Francisco employment centers. The City also has several distinct areas that characterize the City and surrounding area, including the Historic Old Town area north of I 80 that contains historic residences built for individuals who worked in Pinole or at the Hercules Powder Plant during the City’s formative years as well as a commercial and business core that contains important civic and recreational facilities; Pinole Vista and Pinole Ridge Shopping Center, a regionally serving shopping district along Fitzgerald Avenue between the Richmond Parkway and Appian Way exits of Interstate 80; and Pinole Valley, an area that includes community serving retail, Pinole Valley High School, and residential areas with access provided primarily by Pinole Valley Road.3 Figure 3 Pinole Transit Routes
Existing Sustainability Setting
Pinole Sustainability and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Efforts The City has actively implemented a variety of environmental programs contributing to GHG emissions reductions. The following is a list of Pinole’s primary sustainability and climate protection programs and policies:
▪ Pinole Creek Watershed Vision Plan (2004)
3 Pinole, City of. 2010. General Plan, Introduction. https://cdnsm5- hosted.civiclive.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_10946972/File/City%20Government/Planning/General%20Plan/City_of_Pinole_General_Pl an_12.2010-Chapter1.pdf (accessed January 2024)

Page 628 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 5
▪ General Plan – Sustainability Element (2010)
▪ Three Corridors Specific Plan (2010)
▪ Pinole Green Infrastructure Plan (2019)
▪ Climate Resolution (2021)
▪ Pinole Economic Development Strategy (2022)
▪ Updated Community Inventory and Prepared Municipal Inventory, as well as community forecast and targets (2022)
▪ Capital Improvement Plan (2024)
The City has also taken several additional sustainability actions, such as initiating a municipal energy audit that will evaluate all City facilities and identify solutions for upgrades, retrofits, and replacements of existing energy systems to enhance efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and optimize resource utilization, aligning with the City's commitment to fostering sustainable practices and minimizing its carbon footprint. A Local Road Safety Plan is also being prepared to identify and improve corridors to make it safer and more convenient to actively commute. Pinole is also working towards banning single-use plastics for packaging consumer goods and takeout food (e.g., plastic bags and plastic foodware such as plates, cups, accessories, and cutlery) and expanding its Procurement Policy to capture more green goods and services. Additionally, The City is preparing a Draft Parks Master Plan which will include development of sustainable recreation and park development.

Regional Sustainability and GHG Reduction Efforts
In coordination with Contra Costa County, the State of California, and the federal government, the City of Pinole has committed to implementing regional and State policies related to GHG emissions reductions. As follows is a summary of the existing regional GHG emissions reduction efforts, which the Pinole CAAP is intended to be consistent with or exceed.

Plan Bay Area: Strategy for a Sustainable Region
In October 2021, the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) jointly adopted Plan Bay Area 2050, which serves as the Bay Area regional longrange plan and identifies how the Bay Area would meet its GHG emission reduction goals. Plan Bay Area is also considered the ABAG/MTC Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS). In accordance with Senate Bill (SB) 743, Plan Bay Area includes elements designed to encourage the type of land-use development to preserve affordable housing, improve economic mobility, enhance the transit network to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita, and reduce hazard risks including through adaptation to sea level rise and reducing GHG emissions.4 Bay Area Air Quality Management District CEQA Guidelines In 2022, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) adopted the CEQA Thresholds for Evaluating the Significance of Climate Impacts from Land Use Projects and Plans and is in the process of updating their 2017 CEQA Guidelines.5 The CEQA Thresholds for Evaluating the 4 ABAG-MTC. 2021. Plan Bay Area 2050. https://www.planbayarea.org/finalplan2050 (accessed November 2023). 5 BAAQMD. 2022. CEQA Thresholds for Evaluating the Significance of Climate Impacts from Land Use Projects and Plans. https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/planning-and-research/ceqa/ceqa-guidelines-2022/appendix-b-thresholds-for-evaluatingsignificance-of-climate-impacts_final-pdf.pdf?la=en (accessed November 2023).

Page 629 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 6 Significance of Climate Impacts from Land Use Projects and Plans include requirements for projects and plans in jurisdictions that do not have an adopted local GHG reduction strategy that meets the criteria of CEQA Guidelines Section 15183(b). In addition, according to the BAAQMD, if a project is consistent with a local GHG reduction strategy, then it can be presumed that the project will not have significant GHG impacts.6 This approach is consistent with CEQA Guidelines, Section 15183.5:

Lead agencies may analyze and mitigate the significant impacts of GHG emissions at a programmatic level, such as…a plan to reduce GHG emissions. Later project-specific environmental documents may tier from and/or incorporate by reference that existing programmatic review. Project-specific environmental documents may rely on an [Environmental Impact Report] containing a programmatic analysis of GHG emissions.

Contra Costa Countywide Comprehensive Transportation Plan In 2017, the Contra Costa Transportation Authority adopted the Countywide Transportation Plan (CTP), which serves as the blueprint for Contra Costa’s transportation system through 2040. Five key goals have been adopted by the Contra Costa Transportation Authority for the 2017 CTP, which include: supporting the efficient, safe, and reliable movement of people and goods using all available travel modes; managing growth to sustain Contra Costa’s economy, preserving its environment and supporting its communities; expanding safe, convenient, and affordable alternatives to the single-occupant vehicle; maintaining the transportation system; and continuing to invest wisely to maximize the benefits of available funding.7 In support of the Countywide CTP, the Contra Costa Transportation Authority has also prepared separate draft action plans for each subregion in Contra Costa County. Pinole is in the West County subregion,8 which encompasses the incorporated jurisdictions of El Cerrito, Richmond, San Pablo, Pinole, and Hercules, as well as unincorporated portions of western Contra Costa County. This update of the West County Action Plan has been prepared concurrently with, and in conjunction with, updates to the other four subregional action plans which will be used to determine the policies and actions that the Authority can adopt in the 2024 CTP Update which is currently being drafted and is intended to serve as the 25- year blueprint for improving transportation, reducing congestion, improving mobility, supporting a robust economy, and improving quality of life throughout Contra Costa. It is anticipated that the Draft CTP will be published in late 2024 and the Final CTP will go to the Authority Board for adoption in Spring 2025.9
Contra Costa County Climate Action Plan
In 2008, the County adopted its first Municipal Climate Action Plan10 identifying strategies to make government operations more sustainable. The Municipal Climate Action Plan identified thirteen existing and planned GHG reduction measures including employee carpool and vanpool programs; direct digital control for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in County buildings; and 6 Ibid
7 Contra Costa Transportation Authority. 2017 Countywide Comprehensive Transportation Plan, Volume 1. September 10, 2017. https://ccta.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2017-CTP-Vol-1.2017.10.05.pdf (accessed January 2024) 8 Contra Costa Transportation Authority. West County Action Plan. March 2023. https://ccta.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/DraftWest-County-Action-Plan_03-13-23.pdf (accessed January 2024) 9 Contra Costa Transportation Authority. Countywide Transportation Plan and Action Plans. 2024. https://ccta.net/planning/countywidetransportation-plan/ (accessed January 2024) 10 Contra Costa County, California. Municipal Climate Action Plan. December 2008. https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2905/Municipal-Climate-Action-Plan-1208-Attachment-A?bidId= (accessed January 2024)

Page 630 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 7
flexible employee work schedules. The CAP was updated in 201511 to reflect legislation at that time and is currently being updated in parallel with the County’s General Plan.12 Marin Clean Energy
Marin Clean Energy (MCE) formed in 2010 as California’s first community choice energy program and currently provides electricity to more than 1.5 million residents and businesses in 37 member communities across Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, and Solano Counties. As demonstrated in MCE’s 2019 Integrated Resource Plan,13 MCE’s base energy product (Light Green) was 60 percent renewable starting in 2019 and is expected to rise to 70 percent by 2030. This would put MCE 11 years ahead of schedule in meeting Senate Bill 100’s 2030 RPS targets. Additionally, MCE’s GHG-free content was 100 percent in 2022, 23 years earlier than the State mandate.

State Sustainability and GHG Reduction Efforts
As follows is a summary of existing State GHG emissions reduction efforts, which the CAAP is intended to be consistent with or exceed.

GHG Reduction Policies
CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE ORDER S-3-05
In 2005, the California governor issued Executive Order (EO) S-3-05, which identifies statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows:
▪ Reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020
▪ Reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 In response to EO S-3-05, California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) created the Climate Action Team (CAT), which in March 2006 published the Climate Action Team Report (the “2006 CAT Report”). The 2006 CAT Report identified a recommended list of strategies that the State could pursue to reduce GHG emissions. These are strategies that could be implemented by various State agencies to meet the emission reduction targets in EO S-3-05 with existing authority of the State agencies. The strategies include the reduction of passenger and light duty truck emissions, the reduction of idling times for diesel trucks, an overhaul of shipping technology/infrastructure, increased use of alternative fuels, increased recycling, and landfill methane capture, among others.

CALIFORNIA ASSEMBLY BILL 32, CALIFORNIA GLOBAL WARMING POLLUTION SOLUTIONS ACT In 2006, the California legislature signed Assembly Bill (AB) 32 – the Global Warming Solutions Act – into law, requiring a reduction in Statewide GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and California Air Resources Board (CARB) preparation of a Scoping Plan that outlines the main State strategies for reducing GHGs to meet the 2020 deadline. In addition, AB 32 required CARB to adopt regulations to 11 Contra Costa County. Conta Costa County Climate Action Plan. December 15, 2015. https://www.contracosta.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/39791/Contra-Costa-County-Climate-Action-Plan?bidId= (accessed January 2024)
12 Contra Costa County. Envision Contra Costa 2040. https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/overview/#cap (accessed January 2024) 13 Marin Clean Energy (MCE). 2018. 2019 Integrated Resource Plan. https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/01/MCE-Integrated-Resource-Plan_2019.pdf (accessed January 2024)

Page 631 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 8 require reporting and verification of Statewide GHG emissions. Based on this guidance, CARB approved a 1990 Statewide GHG level and 2020 limit of 427 MT of CO2e.

CALIFORNIA SENATE BILL 375, SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES AND CLIMATE PROTECTION ACT In 2008, Senate Bill (SB) 375 enhanced the State’s ability to reach AB 32 targets by developing regional GHG emissions reduction goals to be achieved from passenger vehicles for 2020 and 2035.

In addition, SB 375 directs each of the State’s 18 major Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) to prepare a sustainable community’s strategy (SCS) that contains a growth strategy to meet such regional GHG emissions reduction targets for inclusion in the respective regional transportation plan (RTP).

On March 22, 2018, CARB adopted updated regional targets for reducing GHG emissions from 2005 levels by 2020 and 2035. The Association of Bay Area Governments was assigned targets of a ten percent reduction in per capita GHG emissions from passenger vehicles by 2020 and a nineteen percent reduction in per capita GHG emissions from passenger vehicles by 2035.14

CALIFORNIA CLIMATE CHANGE SCOPING PLAN
In 2008, CARB approved the original California Climate Change Scoping Plan, which included measures to address GHG emission reduction strategies related to energy efficiency, water use, and recycling and solid waste, among other measures. Many of the GHG reduction measures included in the Scoping Plan (e.g., Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Advanced Clean Car standards, and Cap-andTrade) have been adopted and implemented since approval of the Scoping Plan.

CALIFORNIA CLIMATE CHANGE SCOPING PLAN UPDATE (2013)
In 2013, CARB approved the first update to the California Climate Change Scoping Plan. The 2013 Scoping Plan Update defined CARB climate change priorities for the next five years and set the groundwork to reach post-2020 Statewide GHG emissions reduction goals. The 2013 Scoping Plan Update highlighted California’s progress toward meeting the “near-term” 2020 GHG emission reduction goals defined in the original Scoping Plan. It also evaluated how to align the State’s longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other State policy priorities, including those for water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use.

CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE ORDER B-30-15
In 2015, the California governor issued Executive Order B-30-15, which established a statewide midterm GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The EO also calls for another update to the CARB Scoping Plan.

CALIFORNIA SENATE BILL 32, CALIFORNIA GLOBAL WARMING POLLUTION SOLUTIONS ACT UPDATE In 2016, SB 32 was passed, extending AB 32 by requiring further reduction in statewide GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (the other provisions of AB 32 remain unchanged). On December 14, 2017, CARB adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan, which provides a framework for achieving the 2030 target. The 2017 Scoping Plan relies on the continuation and expansion of existing policies and regulations, such as the Cap-and-Trade Program, as well as implementation of recently adopted policies and policies, such as SB 350 and SB 1383 (see below). 14 CARB. 2023. SB 375 Regional Plan Climate Targets. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/sustainable-communitiesprogram/regional-plan-targets (accessed November 2023).

Page 632 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 9
2016 Senate Bill 1383
Adopted in September 2016, SB 1383 requires CARB to approve and begin implementing a comprehensive strategy to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants. The bill requires the strategy to achieve the following reduction targets by 2030:
▪ Methane – 40 percent below 2013 levels
▪ Hydrofluorocarbons – 40 percent below 2013 levels
▪ Anthropogenic black carbon – 50 percent below 2013 levels SB 1383 also requires CalRecycle, in consultation with CARB, to adopt regulations that achieve specified targets for reducing organic waste in landfills. The bill further requires 20 percent of edible food disposed of at the time to be recovered by 2025.

CALIFORNIA CLIMATE CHANGE SCOPING PLAN UPDATE (2017)
On December 14, 2017, CARB adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan, which provides a framework for achieving the 2030 goal set by SB 32. The 2017 Scoping Plan relies on the continuation and expansion of existing policies and regulations, such as the Cap-and-Trade Program, as well as implementation of recently adopted policies, such as SB 350 and SB 1383.

The 2017 Scoping Plan also puts an increased emphasis on innovation, adoption of existing technology, and strategic investment to support its strategies. As with the 2014 Scoping Plan Update, the 2017 Scoping Plan does not provide project-level thresholds for land use development.

Instead, it recommends that local governments adopt policies and locally appropriate quantitative thresholds consistent with statewide per capita goals of six metric tons (MT) CO2e by 2030 and two MT CO2e by 2050. As stated in the 2017 Scoping Plan, these goals may be appropriate for plan-level analyses (city, county, subregional, or regional level), but not for specific individual projects because they include all emissions sectors in the State.
15 CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE ORDER B-55-18
In 2018, the California governor issued Executive Order B-55-18, which established a new Statewide goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and maintaining net negative emissions thereafter. This goal is in addition to the existing Statewide GHG reduction targets established by SB 32.

ASSEMBLY BILL 1279
In September 2022, AB 1279 was approved, which established a legally binding requirement for California to achieve and maintain carbon neutrality no later than 2045. Assembly Bill 1279 also established the requirement to achieve a Statewide reduction in GHG emissions of 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045. This indicates that the remaining 15 percent to achieve carbon neutrality can be achieved via carbon sequestration and other non-direct-GHG-emissions-reductions techniques.

CALIFORNIA CLIMATE CHANGE SCOPING PLAN UPDATE (2022)
In response to the passage of AB 1279 and the identification of the 2045 GHG reduction target, CARB adopted the Final 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan in November 2022. The 2022 Update builds upon the framework established by the 2008 Climate Change Scoping Plan and previous 15 CARB. 2017. California 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf (accessed November 2023).

Page 633 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 10 updates while identifying a new, technologically feasible, cost-effective, and equity-focused path to achieve California’s climate target. The 2022 Update includes policies to achieve a significant reduction in fossil fuel combustion, further reductions in short-lived climate pollutants, support for sustainable development, increased action in natural working lands to reduce emissions and sequester carbon, and the capture and storage of carbon. The 2022 Update assesses the progress California is making toward reducing its GHG emissions by at least 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, as called for in SB 32 and laid out in the 2017 Scoping Plan, addresses recent legislation and direction from the governor, extends and expands upon these earlier plans, and implements a target of reducing anthropogenic emissions to 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045, as well as taking an additional step of adding carbon neutrality as a science-based guide for California’s climate work.16
For more information on the Senate and Assembly Bills, Executive Orders, and Scoping Plans discussed above, and to view reports and research referenced above, please refer to the following websites: www.climatechange.ca.gov and www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cc.htm.

Energy- and Vehicle-Related Policies
ASSEMBLY BILL 1493, PAVLEY BILL VEHICLE EFFICIENCY STANDARDS In 2002, the California State Legislature enacted Assembly Bill 1493 (aka “the Pavley Bill”), which directs the CARB to adopt standards that will achieve "the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of GHG emissions from motor vehicles," taking into account environmental, social, technological, and economic factors. In September 2009, CARB adopted amendments to the “Pavley” regulations to reduce GHG emissions in new passenger vehicles from 2009 through 2016.

The Pavley Bill is considered to be the national model for vehicle emissions standards. In January of 2012, CARB approved a new emissions control program for vehicle model years 2017 through 2025.

The program combines the control of smog, soot, and GHGs and the requirement for greater numbers of zero emission vehicles into a single package of standards called Advanced Clean Cars.

CALIFORNIA ENERGY EFFICIENCY STRATEGIC PLAN OF 2008
In 2008, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) adopted California’s first Long Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan, presenting a single roadmap to achieve maximum energy savings across all major groups and sectors in California. The Strategic Plan was subsequently updated in January 2011 to include a lighting chapter. The Strategic Plan sets goals of all new residential construction and all new commercial construction in California to be zero net energy (ZNE) by 2020 and 2030, respectively. In 2018, the California Energy Commission voted to adopt a policy requiring all new homes in California to incorporate rooftop solar. This change went into effect in January 2020 with the adoption of the 2019 California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 24 Code and is a step towards the State achieving its goal of all residential new construction being zero-net energy (ZNE) by 2020. Additionally, the Strategic Plan sets goals of 50 percent of existing commercial buildings to be retrofitted to ZNE by 2030, and all new State buildings and major renovations to be constructed to ZNE by 2025.
16 CARB. 2022. 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/2022-sp.pdf (accessed November 2023)

Page 634 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 11
CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS TITLE 24 (CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE) Updated every three years through a rigorous stakeholder process, Title 24 of the CCR requires California homes and businesses to meet strong energy efficiency measures, thereby lowering their energy use. Title 24 contains numerous subparts, including Part 1 (Administrative Code), Part 2 (Building Code), Part 3 (Electrical Code), Part 4 (Mechanical Code), Part 5 (Plumbing Code), Part 6 (Energy Code), Part 8 (Historical Building Code), Part 9 (Fire Code), Part 10 (Existing Building Code), Part 11 (Green Building Standards Code), Part 12 (Referenced Standards Code). The California Building Code is applicable to all development in California. (Health and Safety Code § 17950 and 18938(b).)
The regulations receive input from members of industry, as well as the public, with the goal of "[r]educing of wasteful, uneconomic, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy." (Pub. Res.

Code § 25402.) These regulations are carefully scrutinized and analyzed for technological and economic feasibility (Pub. Res. Code § 25402(d)) and cost effectiveness (Pub. Res. Code § 25402(b)(2) and (b)(3)). The 2022 Title 24 standards went into effect on January 1, 2023.

Part 6 – Building Energy Efficiency Standards
CCR Title 24 Part 6 is the Building Energy Efficiency Standards. This code, originally enacted in 1978, establishes energy-efficiency standards for residential and non-residential buildings in order to reduce California’s energy demand. The Building Energy Efficiency Standards is updated periodically to incorporate and consider new energy-efficiency technologies and methodologies as they become available. New construction and major renovations must demonstrate their compliance with the current Building Energy Efficiency Standards through submission and approval of a Title 24 Compliance Report to the local building permit review authority and the California Energy Commission.

Part 11 – California Green Building Standards
The California Green Building Standards Code, referred to as CALGreen, was added to Title 24 as Part 11, first in 2009 as a voluntary code, which then became mandatory effective on January 1, 2011 (as part of the 2010 California Building Standards Code). The 2022 CALGreen includes mandatory minimum environmental performance standards for all ground-up new construction of residential and non-residential structures. It also includes voluntary tiers with stricter environmental performance standards for these same categories of residential and non-residential buildings. Local jurisdictions must enforce the minimum mandatory CALGreen standards and may adopt additional amendments for stricter requirements.

The mandatory standards applicable to air quality require:
▪ Minimum 20 percent reduction in indoor water use relative to specified baseline levels;17 ▪ Waste Reduction:
 Minimum 65 percent non-hazardous construction/demolition waste diverted from landfills;  Non-residential and multi-family dwellings with five or more units: Provide readily accessible areas identified for the depositing, storage and collection of nonhazardous 17 Similar to the compliance reporting procedure for demonstrating Energy Code compliance in new buildings and major renovations, compliance with the CALGreen water reduction requirements must be demonstrated through completion of water use reporting forms.

Buildings must demonstrate a 20 percent reduction in indoor water use by either showing a 20 percent reduction in the overall baseline water use as identified in CALGreen or a reduced per-plumbing-fixture water use rate.

Page 635 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 12 materials for recycling, including (at a minimum) paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastic, organic waste, and metals; and/or
 Non-residential: Reuse and/or recycling of 100 percent of trees, stumps, rocks, and associated vegetation soils resulting from primary land clearing; ▪ Inspections of energy systems to ensure optimal working efficiency; ▪ Low-pollutant emitting exterior and interior finish materials such as paints, carpets, vinyl flooring, and particleboards; and
▪ EV Charging for New Construction:18
 One- and two-family dwellings and town houses with attached private garages: Dedicated circuitry to facilitate installation of electric vehicle (EV) charging;  Multi-family dwellings and hotels/motels with less than 20 units/rooms: Designation of at least 10 percent of the total number of parking spaces shall be EV capable and at least 25 percent of the total number of parking spaces shall be EV-ready;  Multi-family dwellings and hotels/motels with greater than 20 units/rooms: Designation of at least 10 percent of the total number of parking spaces shall be EV capable, at least 25 percent of the total number of parking spaces shall be EV-ready, and at least 5 percent of the total number of parking spaces shall be equipped with a Level 2 charging station;  Non-residential land uses shall comply with the following EV charging requirements based on the number of passenger vehicle parking spaces:
0-9: no EV capable spaces or charging stations required; 10-25: 4 EV capable spaces but no charging stations required; 26-50: 8 EV capable spaces of which 2 must be equipped with charging stations; 51-75: 13 EV capable spaces of which 3 must be equipped with charging stations; 76-100: 17 EV capable spaces of which 4 must be equipped with charging stations; 101-150: 25 EV capable spaces of which 6 must be equipped with charging stations; 151-200: 35 EV capable spaces of which 9 must be equipped with charging stations; and More than 200: 20 percent of the total available parking spaces of which 25 percent must be equipped with charging stations;
□ Non-residential land uses shall comply with the following EV charging requirements for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles: warehouses, grocery stores, and retail stores with planned off-street loading spaces shall install EV supply and distribution equipment, spare raceway(s) or busway(s) and adequate capacity for transformer(s), service panel(s), or subpanel(s) at the time of construction based on the number of off-street loading spaces as indicated in Table 5.106.5.4.1 of the California Green Building Standards; ▪ Bicycle Parking:
 Non-residential short-term bicycle parking for projects anticipated to generate visitor traffic:
permanently anchored bicycle racks within 200 feet of visitor entrance for 5 percent of new visitor motorized vehicle parking spaces with a minimum of one 2-bike capacity rack; and/or 18 EV Capable = a vehicle space with electrical panel space and load capacity to support a branch circuit and necessary raceways to support EV charging; EV-ready = a vehicle space which is provided with a branch circuit and any necessary raceways to accommodate EV charging stations, including a receptacle for future installation of a charger (see 2022 California Green Building Standard Code, Title 24 Part 11 for full explanation of mandatory measures, including exceptions).

Page 636 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 13
 Non-residential buildings with tenant spaces of 10 or more employees/tenant-occupants:
secure bicycle parking for 5 percent of the employee/tenant-occupant vehicle parking spaces with a minimum of one bicycle parking facility.
▪ Shade Trees (Non-Residential):
 Surface parking: minimum No. 10 container size or equal shall be installed to provide shade over 50 percent of the parking within 15 years (unless parking area covered by appropriate shade structures and/or solar);
 Landscape areas: minimum No. 10 container size or equal shall be installed to provide shade of 20 percent of the landscape area within 15 years; and/or  Hardscape areas: minimum No. 10 container size or equal shall be installed to provide shade of 20 percent of the landscape area within 15 years (unless covered by applicable shade structures and/or solar or the marked area is for organized sports activities).

ASSEMBLY BILL 117, COMMUNITY CHOICE AGGREGATION
AB 117 allows the creation of Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) that fosters clean and renewable energy markets. CCA allows cities and counties to aggregate the buying power of individual jurisdictions. The California CCA markets were created as an answer to the brownouts and energy shortages of the early 2000’s. AB 117 was passed in 2002 as an answer to California’s increased energy independency by incorporating more alternative and renewable energy sources into its energy portfolio. With AB 117, municipalities can provide alternative energy choices to their local carrier (e.g., Pacific Gas and Electric). MCE was the first CCA in the State of California to go online with a 50 percent to 100 percent clean energy portfolio in 2010. In 2017, SVCE began supplying south bay area communities, including Pinole, with options for 100 percent renewable energy-sourced electricity or electricity from a mix of renewable and non-renewable sources. CCAs are governed by the CPUC. SB 790 further ensures fair and transparent competition by creating a code of conduct and guiding principles for entrants into the CCA field.

SENATE BILL 1275, CHARGE AHEAD INITIATIVE
In 2014, SB 1275 established a State goal of one million zero-emissions and near-zero-emissions vehicles in service by 2020 and directed CARB to develop a long-term funding plan to meet this goal.

SB 1275 also established the Charge Ahead California Initiative requiring planning and reporting on vehicle incentive programs and increasing access to and benefits from zero-emissions vehicles for disadvantaged, low- and moderate-income communities and consumers.

SENATE BILL 350, CLEAN ENERGY AND POLLUTION REDUCTION ACT OF 2015 In 2015, SB 350 established new clean energy, clean air, and GHG reduction goals for 2030 and beyond. SB 350 codified Governor Brown’s aggressive clean energy goals and established the State 2030 GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels. To achieve this goal, SB 350 increases California’s renewable electricity procurement goal from 33 percent by 2020 (legislation originally enacted in 2002) to 50 percent by 2030. Renewable resources include wind, solar, geothermal, wave, and small hydroelectric power. In addition, SB 350 requires the State to double statewide energy efficiency savings in electricity and natural gas end uses by 2030 from a base year of 2015.

Page 637 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 14 SENATE BILL 1020, CLEAN ENERGY, JOBS, AND AFFORDABILITY ACT OF 2022 Established in 2002 under SB 1078, and accelerated by SB 107 (2006), SB X 1-2 (2011), SB 100 (2018), and SB 1020, California’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) obligates investor-owned utilities, energy service providers, and community choice aggregators to transition the electricity supply to renewable resources. The RPS requires energy service providers to supply renewable energy as follows: 90 percent of retail sale electricity and 100 percent of electricity procured to serve state agencies by 2035, 95 percent by 2040, and 100 percent by 2045. The CPUC and the CEC are jointly responsible for implementing the program.

Other GHG Emissions-Related Policies
ASSEMBLY BILL 197, STATE AIR RESOURCES BOARD GHGS REGULATIONS In 2016, the California legislature approved AB 197, a bill linked to SB 32, which increases legislature oversight over CARB and directs CARB to prioritize disadvantaged communities in its climate change regulations, and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of measures it considers. AB 197 requires CARB to protect the State’s most impacted and disadvantaged communities [and] consider the social costs of the emissions of GHGs when developing climate change programs. The bill also adds two new legislatively appointed non-voting members to CARB, increasing the Legislature’s role in CARB’s decisions.

SENATE BILL 97, CEQA GUIDELINES FOR ADDRESSING GHG EMISSIONS CEQA requires public agencies to review the environmental impacts of proposed projects, including General Plans, Specific Plans, and specific kinds of development projects. In February 2010, the California Office of Administrative Law approved the recommended amendments to the State CEQA Guidelines for addressing GHG emissions. The amendments were developed to provide guidance to public agencies regarding the analysis, mitigation, and effects of GHG emissions in draft CEQA documents.

General Plan Designation and Zoning
The Pinole CAAP and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds would be implemented throughout the City and would occur in all General Plan designations and in all zoning designations.

Description of Plan
Pinole CAAP
The City of Pinole CAAP was developed to achieve a resilient and climate-ready community and support regional, State, and global climate goals through achieving the City’s 2030 and 2045 climate action targets. The City’s GHG targets were developed relative to the 2017 Community GHG emissions by back-casting to 1990. This back-cast utilized the change in statewide GHG emissions between 2017 and 1990 as a proxy for change in Pinole during the same period.19 The estimated 1990 GHG emissions were then reduced by 40 percent to establish a 2030 target for the City and 19 The City of Pinole’s 1990 GHG emissions were estimated to be 78,982 MT CO2e based on a nine percent increase in state GHG emissions seen between 2017 and 1990.

Page 638 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 15
reduced to zero to establish a 2045 target for the City. The targets, established as follows, remain consistent with the State’s 2030 and 2045 goals:
▪ Reduce GHG emissions to 47,389 MT CO2e by 2030 (the SB 32 target year) ▪ Reduce GHG emissions to 0 MT CO2e by 2045 (the AB 1249 target year) The CAAP provides a foundation for future sustainable development efforts in Pinole, and it is anticipated that environmental review documents for future development projects would identify and incorporate applicable GHG reduction measures and actions from the CAAP. The CAAP addresses communitywide GHG emissions and includes a discrete target for Pinole to reach maximum emissions of 47,389 CO2e by 2030. The CAAP includes a summary of the emissions inventory and forecast, measures and actions to achieve the City’s climate mitigation and resilience goals and focuses on actions through 2030 for purposes of meeting the City’s 2030 GHG emission target.

The 2017 GHG emissions inventory provides the basis for emissions forecasts for the years 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045. The GHG emissions inventory was completed in compliance with all relevant protocols and guidance documents, including U.S. Community Protocol, Local Government Operations Protocol, the Global Protocol for Community Scale GHG Emissions, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. In 2017, Pinole’s total GHG emissions were estimated to be 73,513 MT of CO2e. GHG emissions in the inventory are categorized based on sectors. These sectors include off-road vehicles and equipment, solid waste, water and wastewater, on-road transportation, residential energy use, and nonresidential energy use. Table 1 provides the summary of Pinole’s 2017 GHG emissions by sector, as well as each sector’s percentage of communitywide emissions.20 As shown therein, the largest GHG emissions are related to transportation and building energy use. 20 Rincon Consultants, Inc. City of Pinole 2017 Community Inventory. Updated January 2024.

Page 639 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 16 Table 1 Pinole 2017 Communitywide GHG Emissions Levels GHG Emissions Sector/Source CO2e (MT) Percent of Total Emissions Residential Energy 21,878 30
Electricity 3,738 5
Natural Gas 18,140 25
Nonresidential Energy 11,210 16
Electricity 5,918 8
Natural Gas 5,291 7
On-road Transportation 30,483 42
Off-Road Equipment 5,236 7
Water and Wastewater 166 <1
Solid Waste 3,300 5
Total 72,273 100
CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent; MT = Metric Tons
Source: Rincon Consultants, Inc. City of Pinole 2017 Community Inventory. Updated January 2024.

Note: Values may not add up due to rounding.

The Pinole CAAP establishes a target to reduce communitywide GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (47,389 MT of CO2e), which aligns with the SB 32 State GHG emissions target, consistent with CEQA for a qualified GHG emissions reduction strategy and to be achievable by Citysupported measures and actions identified in the Pinole CAAP. The CAAP includes a business-asusual (BAU) forecast and an adjusted BAU (ABAU) forecast of GHG emissions, based on the 2017 inventory, which enables Pinole to estimate the emissions reductions required to meet its communitywide reduction targets.

The Pinole CAAP is organized into 13 strategies for GHG emissions reduction and climate adaptation, each of which includes measures and actions. These strategies focus on clean electricity, building decarbonization, transportation decarbonization and sustainable land use planning, solid waste and water use reductions, community engagement, and climate adaptation. Table 2 includes a complete list of the strategies, measures, and actions established by the City for inclusion in the CAAP, as well as anticipated annual GHG reductions attributable to mitigation-related measures in 2030.

Measures that focus on adaptation will note “Not Applicable” or “N/A” in the emissions reduction quantification column below.

Page 640 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 17
Table 2 Pinole CAAP GHG Emissions Reduction and Climate Adaptation Strategies, Measures, and Actions
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
Strategy CR: Cornerstone to Climate Action and Adaptation Planning Measure CR-1. Leverage the CAAP’s work around electrification, transportation infrastructure buildout, organic waste diversion, and carbon sequestration to establish Pinole as a center for green economic development and high-road jobs.

CR-1a Coordinate with the City’s Economic Development staff to review and update the Pinole Economic Development Strategy every three years (2026/28, 2029/31, 2032/34, etc.) and adjust fees to specifically attract green and clean energy businesses to Pinole by reflecting changing economic trends, evolving community needs, and emerging opportunities. Include an annual review of the fee schedules (including a survey of competitor’s fees) to assess their impact on green businesses.
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
CR-1b Work with the City’s Economic Development staff to perform direct outreach to existing Pinole businesses to identify climate change impacts (e.g., climate hazards, increasing water and natural gas costs, etc.) that may affect the longterm viability and growth of existing core industries and small business. Include regional green and clean energy businesses in a “short list” of industries to focus these initial outreach and business retention efforts during Phase 1.

CR-1c In partnership with organizations such as the Workforce Development Board of Contra Costa County or Contra Costa College, create a green workforce development program to connect Pinole residents to workforce development training courses for climate industries with high-road jobs. Additionally, use the program to develop a network of local professional associations active in Pinole and to incorporate green workforce development training courses into the periodic “Pinole Workforce Development Consortium” meetings identified in the Economic Development Strategy. Focus this program on members of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable communities in the City and track enrollment and success rate by zip code to monitor the reach and distribution of the initiative.

CR-1d Partner with the Contra Costa County Green Business Program to help small- and medium-sized businesses in Pinole minimize their impact on the environment and increase the number of certified Green Businesses in Pinole.

CR-1e Create a Green Technology Incubator in partnership with the Workforce Development Board of Contra Costa County, Contra Costa College, the Renaissance Entrepreneurship Center, the East Bay Economic Development Alliance, or similar partners, to help startups and companies working on innovative solutions for climate-related challenges to succeed in the market. The Green Technology Incubator would provide access to funding through identification and partnership opportunities for grants, technical assistance, networking support, and community exposure.

CR-1f Incentivize optimal use of properties with a water view by adoption of Municipal Code Amendments allowing for height exceptions for mixed use developments that include top-floor restaurants that are dense, transit rich and connected to Pinole's growing active transportation network.

Page 641 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 18 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
CR-1g Based on the findings and recommendation of the broadband feasibility study, a subsidy or grant program may be developed to improve existing infrastructure of multi-family units (i.e., upgrade internal wiring etc.) to update policies to increase Pinole residents' work-from-home rate, including incorporating work-from-home strategies into the Transportation Demand Management standards of Action TR3a.

CR-1h Explore locations within the City to create a plan to develop a climate resilience district. The district would receive focused City resources, support, partnerships with local businesses, and engagement to develop resilient communities.

Examples could include the Pinole Valley area to focus on funding projects related to wildfire risk, for example.

Strategy BE: Building Energy
Measure BE-1. Electrify 100% of new construction in the City by 2024.

BE-1a Adopt a single margin source energy score or more stringent ordinance in 2024 to avoid new natural gas construction.
2030: 1,509
2045: 5,962
BE-1b Partner with organizations such as MCE, Bay Area Regional Energy Network (BayREN), the Building Decarbonization Coalition and the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) to compile a suite of case studies (e.g., document/guide on allelectric best practices and examples applicable to Pinole or the Bay Area) and cost-effective strategies (e.g., energy efficiency improvements) for electric buildings by prototype. Provide digital copies on the City’s website and hard copies at City Hall for residents and business owners to review and utilize.

BE-1c Partner with organizations such as MCE, BayREN, the Building Decarbonization Coalition, and USGBC to educate building owners, developers, and contractors on the cost savings, environmental benefits, and versatility associated with allelectric construction, as well as the advantages all-electric construction provide for United States Green Building Council LEED certification. Utilize the case studies and cost-effective strategies as well as existing resources such as those provided by MCE as educational materials and share the information on the City’s website, at City events (such as Dumpster Day and Earth Walk), and at the City’s permit counter.

BE-1d Partner with PG&E to conduct an electrification infrastructure and capacity feasibility study to identify expected increases in electricity demand due to building and vehicle electrification and identify infrastructure improvements (including local renewable energy and storage projects) to increase capacity to meet demand. During this process, work with MCE to provide projections on load changes due to electrification.

BE-1e Partner with MCE, the WFDBCCC and/or other organizations to host regular workforce development trainings for installers, local contractors, and building owners/operators. Trainings would provide financial resources and technical requirements, including information on new electric appliances and approaches to electrification. Partner with community-based organizations to connect members of vulnerable communities to these training programs in plain language and in a culturally appropriate manner.

BE-1f Advocate for regional policy and programs that allow for utility rates that are supportive of electrification (i.e., electricity rates lower than natural gas rates).

Page 642 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 19
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
Measure BE-2. Electrify existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 26% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

BE-2a Adopt a reach code in 2024 requiring all central air conditioning unit installations and replacements be two-way, providing both heating and cooling with a single unit for residential buildings.

The ordinance would apply to projects after calendar year 2024. The ordinance would be implemented through the building permit process. 2030: 4,778
2045: 19,273
BE-2b After calendar year 2024, include major renovations (i.e., projects that affect over 50% of the building, add an additional 50% of gross floor space to the building, or value more than 50% of the assessed value of the property at time of application submittal) in the all-electric new building requirements.

BE-2c Complete a residential existing building electrification feasibility analysis by 2024 to determine the upfront and on-bill costs associated with building electrification strategies and draw on existing ordinances from similar jurisdictions to identify barriers to replacement and permit compliance (including equity barriers). This information will be used to inform and support future updates to the existing building electrification ordinances as well as the building electrification resource center (Action BE-2e).

BE-2d Partner with Contra Costa County to create a virtual all-electric building resource center to provide residents information on available electrification assessments, turn-key installations by BayREN/state vetted contractors, low up-front costs and on-bill financing, and equipment and labor warranties.

BE-2e As part of the building electrification resource center, provide free assessments to rental and multi-family properties, as well as seniors and residents living on low incomes.

BE-2f Partner with MCE and PG&E to review incentives, rebates, and on-bill financing options for procedural equity and then update the incentives to remove the identified barriers.

BE-2g Partner with properties in Pinole that provide deed-restricted affordable housing, MCE, PG&E, and BayREN to initiate and complete an affordable housing electrification pilot project. Project will implement energy efficiency strategies to mitigate increased energy bills for occupants. Promote the pilot project as a case study for future projects in the City.

BE-2h Work with MCE and PG&E to conduct a cost-effectiveness study and design electricity and natural gas billing rates that make electrification the most costeffective option to reduce energy bill burdens for residents living on low and medium incomes.

BE-2i Provide education around cooking with electric appliances and partner with local chefs and/or restaurants to host cooking demonstrations at community events such as the Farmers’ Market. Integrate locally sourced food into the demonstrations to also educate community members on the GHG emission reduction and resilience benefits of local food.

Page 643 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 20 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
BE-2j Enforce ordinance compliance through a comprehensive permitting compliance program which may include, but is not limited to:
▪ Providing dedicated time for routine staff training to incorporate into existing building inspections.
▪ Imposing fees for noncompliance to offset staff costs and encouraging voluntary compliance.
▪ Establishing easy-to-understand web-based compliance checklists and permit applications.
▪ Facilitating online permitting.
▪ Providing zero-cost permit fees for heat pump installations.

BE-2k Develop and implement a water heater loan program where residents who are replacing their natural gas-powered water heaters with electric-powered water heaters at the end of their useful lives can borrow or rent at no cost a working natural gas water heater from the City for a limited period of time (e.g., three weeks) to use during any electrical panel upgrade requirements to install an electric water heater. Participation in this program could serve as a mechanism to support thoughtful residential transition. Consider expanding the loan program to induction stoves as well.

BE-2l Partner with Rising Sun, or similar entity, to continue providing “Green House Calls” to residents to recommend energy-saving appliances and programs to help offset the costs of electrification.

BE-2m Work with PG&E to identify opportunities for natural gas infrastructure pruning to reduce the chance of stranded assets, provide potential funding, and establish an efficient transition to carbon-neutral buildings. Engage local developers, MCE, and vulnerable populations to assess the feasibility of adopting an end-of-flow ordinance that would require natural gas lines be capped and decommissioned in existing buildings by 2045.

BE-2n Adopt an end-of-flow ordinance that would require natural gas lines by capped and decommissioned in existing buildings by 2045.

BE-2o Explore the development of a revolving fund to integrate wall batteries for energy storage with Pinole’s Energy Enhancement Rebate Program, aiming to enhance energy efficiency, sustainability, and financial viability for a more resilient energy future.

Measure BE-3. Electrify existing commercial and mixed-use (i.e., combined commercial and residential) buildings to reduce natural gas consumption 26% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

BE-3a Complete an existing commercial building electrification feasibility analysis by 2024 to determine the upfront and on-bill costs associated with building electrification strategies and draw on existing ordinances from similar jurisdictions to identify barriers to replacement and permit compliance (including equity barriers).
2030: 997
2045: 5,868
BE-3b Adopt a reach code in 2024 requiring all central air conditioning unit installations and replacements be two-way, providing both heating and cooling with a single unit for commercial and mixed-use buildings. The ordinance will be implemented through the building permit process. Track annual progress on commercial and mixed-use building electrification through the same permit tracking program developed for residential building electrification.

Page 644 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 21
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
BE-3c Evaluate the success of the Pinole Energy Enhance Rebate Program which offers additional rebates to Pinole residents for energy efficiency improvements stacked on top of federal, state, or regional rebates or discounts. Work with Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development to restructure the pilot program as needed. Seek annual grant funding sources to sustain and support the program through.

BE-3d Develop a building performance standard program to meet a specific level of energy use per square foot for all commercial and industrial buildings over 20,000 square feet.

Implementation and compliance support, including resources and tools which will be implemented through four stages:

1. Pre-development phase – Stage 1 – Staff to receive technical assistance from the Building Technologies Office in the Federal Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Per the EERE, technical assistance may take the form of:
a. Building stock analyses, including analysis of energy and emission impacts associated with building performance
standard adoption
b. Performance target-setting and trajectories
c. Measure and technology prioritization and packaging
d. Cost-effectiveness analyses

2. Data collection phase – Stage 2 – All commercial and industrial building owners with floor area over 20,000 square feet report electricity and natural gas data through energy star portfolio manager.

3. Retro commissioning phase – Stage 3 – All covered building owners complete a retro commissioning process to identify and correct system inefficiencies while identifying opportunities for electrification and downsizing of oversized equipment.

4. GHG Performance Standard – Stage 4 – Implement a building performance standard that requires buildings to meet a specific GHG performance level.

BE-3e Conduct targeted outreach and complete tailored campaigns during development of the building performance program (Action BE-3d) and electrification ordinance (Action BE-3b) to identify potential barriers to commercial and mixed-use electrification (including equity barriers) and educate commercial and mixed-use property owners on the potential cost savings and other benefits of electrification. Include targeted outreach to building owners that rent or lease space to small businesses and minority-owned businesses as well as the business owners and conduct a survey to such businesses to identify specific resources needed to support an equitable building electrification.

BE-3f Partner with Contra Costa Health Services to provide small and minority-owned businesses/commercial property owners or property owners that rent or lease space to small or minority-owned business, electrification assessments, turn-key installations by BayREN/state vetted contractors, low up-front costs, and equipment and labor warranties through the building electrification resource center (Action BE-2e). Additionally, partner with MCE or PG&E to provide on-bill financing.

BE-3g Partner with the Bay Area Council, Bay Front Chamber of Commerce, and Contra Cost County Green Business Program to inform, encourage, and facilitate electrification for commercial business owners.

Page 645 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 22 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
BE-3h Review incentives and rebates (from Action BE-3g) for procedural equity and develop a process so that existing and updated incentive programs continue to be equitably distributed to the community. Hurdles to equitable implementation could include credit checks, excessive procedural roadblocks, and lack of targeted outreach.

BE-3i Work with MCE, PG&E, and BayREN to incentivize all-electric retrofits by combining rebate programs and financing mechanisms to create cost-effective electrification packages and develop bulk-purchasing opportunities for multi-unit development owners. Additionally, work with BayREN to educate the business community about the available incentives and include direct outreach to small, and frontline community-owned businesses and property owners who rent and lease space to frontline community-owned businesses.

BE-3j Work with BayREN to identify highly efficient net zero energy building owners that meet the CPUC’s hard-to-reach criteria and publicize commercial tax breaks to these building owners as well as commercial developers in Pinole.

BE-3k Re-evaluate the building performance program (Action BE-3d) every three years to gauge implementation progress and phase expansion of program to smaller buildings.

BE-3l Review and update Section 15.46.020 of the Municipal Code to require upon a transfer of ownership the disclosure of additional relevant weatherization information (e.g., ventilation standards, wall insulation, and installation of programmable thermostats) for residences and commercial buildings over 5,000 square feet. As part of this, work with Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development to promote the Weatherization Program for qualifying residents. Additionally, develop a City-specific disclosure checklist and coordinate with realtors/brokers to engrain the City’s resale requirements into their work with buyers and sellers.

Measure BE.4 Work with MCE to provide carbon-free and renewable energy to at least 95% of the community by 2030.

BE-4a Support MCE in building capacity and funding to provide all Pinole customers 100% carbon-free and renewable energy and adopt a City resolution to enroll all Pinole residents and businesses in carbon-free and renewable from MCE (e.g., MCE’s Deep Green option) by 2030. The resolution shall include identification of a funding or subsidy plan/program to avoid cost increases to customers enrolled in the California Alternate Rates for Energy (CARE) or Family Electric Rate Assistance (FERA) programs (Action BE-4b).
2030: 3,200
2045: 0
BE-4b In support of Action BE-4a, work with MCE to create a funding and subsidy plan/program for customers enrolled in the CARE or FERA programs to opt-up to MCE’s Deep Green option. This may include subsidizing costs to customers who participate in CARE/FERA programs through non-discounted customer rate increase or obtainment of funding for vulnerable communities.

BE-4c Continue to work with MCE to conduct an annual analysis of opt-out rates in the City and expand the research to understand why residents and businesses opt out of MCE. Include targeted outreach to residents living on low and fixed incomes and vulnerable communities to identify barriers to remaining with MCE.

Page 646 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 23
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
BE-4d Continue to partner with MCE to conduct educational campaigns, including tabling at community events, establishing informational resources on the City's website, regularly posting on social media, and developing energy bill inserts, to highlight the benefits of 100% renewable energy and promote the available incentives.

BE-4e Conduct targeted outreach campaigns to convert PG&E direct access customers to MCE by promoting available incentives and promoting the economic and business benefits of 100% renewable energy.

Measure BE-5. Increase generation and storage of local community-scale renewable energy.

BE-5a Adopt a PV (Solar) Ordinance requiring newly constructed and majorly renovated multi-family and commercial buildings to install PV systems and storage that meet minimum requirements of Tier 2 Voluntary Standards under CalGreen. 2030: N/A
2045: N/A
BE-5b Continue to establish and streamline standards and permit requirements for electrification-related installations and battery storage systems to allow for easier implementation of these technologies in the City.

BE-5c Install a co-located community solar and storage facility to benefit affordable housing sites using Equity Resilience Incentives under the Self-Generation Incentive Program available through the California Public Utilities Commission.

BE-5d Collaborate with PG&E, MCE, and/or other community partners to support and incentivize local on-site energy generation and storage resources. This could include:
▪ Connecting home and business owners, particularly those in vulnerable communities, to incentives for renewable energy and storage including Net Metering Programs through PG&E for bill credits, the Disadvantaged Communities-single-family Solar Homes (DAC_SASH) program, SelfGeneration Incentive Program (SGIP), and Equity Resilience rebates that provide an upfront rebate for battery storage, as well as the federal investment tax credit.
▪ Promoting installation of storage technology in concert with renewable energy infrastructure through multilingual education programs, outreach, and information provided via City platforms.
▪ Providing workshops to large commercial developers and large business property owners on the benefits of microgrids and energy resilience. ▪ Creating a strike team to conduct engagement efforts for the commercial sector to identify ways the City can support commercial energy storage installations and neighborhood scale microgrid opportunities.

BE-5e Expand the partnership with GRID Alternatives through increased funding/support and promote the benefits of renewable energy through multilingual educational programs to facilitate an equitable transition to renewable energy.

BE-5f Partner with CBOs and homeowner’s associations (HOAs) through the City’s professional grant writing consultant, who will support the identification, conceptualization, preparation, and submittal of grant applications to secure funding for community-scale renewable energy projects. Utilize any grant funded projects as City pilot projects to demonstrate the success of the program and opportunities available.

Page 647 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 24 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
Strategy TR: Transportation
Measure TR-1. Create a safe and connected active transportation network linked to Pinole Creek to increase active transportation mode share to 5.5% by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.

TR-1a Conduct an analysis of existing bicycle and pedestrian conditions during the development of the Active Transportation Plan with a focus on identifying residential communities, commercial uses, schools, and open spaces currently disconnected from the Creek, due to freeways and lack of connections on busy roads. Build on the interactive map created to solicit community input regarding the Active Transportation Plan on “Pinole Speaks,” the City’s public input website to display the active transportation conditions identified and allow community feedback through the webpage.
2030: 107
2045: 256
TR-1b Complete the Active Transportation Plan with a focus on creating safe and connected active transportation networks that link residential neighborhoods, schools, and commercial centers to Pinole Creek and thereby to each other. The plan will include:
▪ A prioritized list of pathways to be installed or upgraded to include shared-use paths, buffered bike lanes, bike boulevards, and separated bikeways.
▪ A prioritized list of bicycle parking or storage and equipment repair infrastructure.
▪ Information on additional infrastructure installed as part of the plan, such as trash and recycling receptacles to prevent waste from entering the creek due to increased usage.
▪ A schedule for reducing vehicle speed limits at prioritized locations. ▪ Available funding sources for infrastructure buildout. ▪ Use of sustainable materials, when feasible
Prioritization shall focus on achieving an equitable active transportation system where all Pinole residents have access to critical connections and mobility options.

TR-1c Partner with Contra Costa Transportation Authority to pursue funding from Caltrans’ Active Transportation Program or similar funding opportunities to implement improvements from the City’s Active Transportation Plan.

TR-1d Partner with entities such as the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, 511 Contra Costa, or the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to expand existing rebate programs to help families living on low- and fixed-incomes purchase alternative modes of transportation (e.g., bicycles, scooters, rollerblades, skates, skateboards) and appropriate safety gear.

TR-1e Partner with Bike East Bay and/or other non-profit groups to periodically close streets with connections and vistas of the Creek to cars to host walk/bike/roll (car-free) community events that demonstrate the benefits of a safe and connected active transportation network. Coincide these community events with regular active transportation events to encourage and reward residents for participation.

TR-1f Partner with schools, youth sports leagues, the Pinole Police Department, and community groups such as Friends of Pinole Creek Watershed, 511 Contra Costa, Pinole Valley Earth Team, Pinole Rotary, Pinole Community Services Commission and local Tribes to teach students and families bicycle and pedestrian safety and educate them on the safe route availability and the health and environmental benefits of walking and bicycling, as well as the history of the Pinole Creek ecosystem and surrounding natural lands.

Page 648 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 25
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
TR-1g Partner with an electric bike provider or rental company to pilot an electric-bike rental program at the Pinole Library. Track use of the program, including equity indicators, to monitor its success and evaluate continuation of the program.

TR-1h Install bike repair stations along the Pinole Creek and consider partnering with a local bike shop to provide quarterly bicycle repair support for residents traveling along the bike path or at a designated, central location.

TR-1i Implement 100% of the Active Transportation Plan by 2030 to achieve a 5.5% active transportation mode share by 2030 and 11.5% by 2045.

Measure TR-2. Implement public and shared transit improvements and programs to achieve a 14% public transit mode share by 2030 and 18% by 2045.

TR-2a Partner with Western Contra Costa Transit (WestCAT) to conduct a prioritization study to determine transit priority corridors and best potential locations for WestCAT expansions (including the Hercules Intermodal Transit Center and Richmond BART Station) to reduce transit travel times from/to Pinole. The study shall include an analysis of existing stops and schedules, a survey of existing commuter patterns, analysis of potential latent demand, and targeted outreach to residents living on low- and moderate-incomes and members of vulnerable communities to understand the concerns around or equity barriers to using public and/or shared transit.
2030: 256
2045: 559
TR-2b Conduct a feasibility study to assess the potential impacts and costs of a parkand-ride facility in Pinole and identify potential locations.

TR-2c Work with WestCAT to complete an analysis of potential design improvements, such as seating and shading bus stops and along active transportation routes to increase use.

TR-2d Work with WestCAT to improve transit accessibility for people with disabilities by ensuring physical accessibility (i.e., ramps, lifts, and tactile paving), providing both audio and visual information; training staff on how to assist people with disabilities and handle equipment; and actively engage people with disabilities in the decision-making process.

TR-2e Partner with WestCAT and the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to implement a free public transit pilot program for students, foster youth, and unhoused youth in Pinole that makes it free for participants to travel via WestCAT.

TR-2f Based on the prioritization studies (TR-2a - TR-2c), develop a plan to prioritize infrastructure improvements in existing neighborhoods that increase access to and use of public transit. The plan shall include projects and timelines to:
▪ Expand WestCAT routes and schedules
▪ Cohesively label all existing and new stops
▪ Provide safe and convenient shelters with benches, shade. hand sanitizing stations, area maps, and native plants
▪ Establish a schedule to annually monitor routes and schedules to confirm they meet the needs of the community
TR-2g Engage with Caltrans to design and install a park and ride facility, which may include implementing efficient traffic flow systems.

Page 649 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 26 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
TR-2h Partner with 511 Contra Costa to educate Pinole residents, commuters, and students on available transit opportunities through free commute consultations, and provide qualifying commuters with financial incentives to take transit, such as pre-loaded Clipper cards and a Guaranteed Ride Home program.

TR-2i Partner with WestCAT and the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to pursue funding for the prioritization study and plan (TR-2a - c and TR-2f) through MTC’s One Bay Area Grant funding, or similar funding opportunities.

TR-2j Partner with the West Contra Costa Unified School District and/or private schools to evaluate mobility needs and expand bus routes where necessary to increase access to and use of school bus transportation to schools, including services for after-school hours for student and their guardians.

Measure TR-3. Develop programs and policies to discourage driving single passenger vehicles and to support the active transportation and public transit mode share goals of Measures TR-1 and TR-2.

TR-3a Adopt an ordinance requiring all employers to develop a Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan and require large employers (i.e., more than 25 employees) to include money-based incentives for employees to bike, walk, carpool, or take public transit to work. Additionally, complete a comprehensive study to establish an Average Vehicle Ridership (AVR) that accurately reflects Measure TR-1 and TR-2's goals.
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
TR-3b Create a Pinole Parklets Program to install parklets in the downtown and other commercial areas of the City and engage with businesses to gain sponsorship for the parklets.

TR-3c Require informative signage be included at the parklets designed through the Pinole Parklet Program (Action TR-3b) that provide information on the benefits of ecosystem services at all scales, and the health impacts associated with reducing single occupancy vehicle trips.

TR-3d Partner with local jurisdictions, public transit providers, and CBOs to identify gaps in the transportation network that can be prioritized for cross-jurisdictional collaboration to connect the region and reduce the need for single occupancy vehicles.

TR-3e Conduct an analysis of the potential community impacts and feasibility and benefits of implementing disincentive-based policies for driving single-passenger vehicles, including a congestion charge program, limiting parking options, increased local taxes (income tax, gasoline tax, or car registration tax), and Transportation Network Companies (TNC) user taxes. Include analysis of potential equity impacts of the policies and identification of potential equity metrics to address equity concerns when developing policies.

TR-3f Consider opportunities to fund transportation system improvements through disincentive-based program revenues and/or a tiered TDM fee for employers who do not achieve the established AVR by 2030 to establish an equitable transition to more sustainable modes of transportation.

TR-3g Conduct AVR surveys of Pinole businesses every three years to determine weekday AVR and mode share split as well as perceived barriers to telecommuting and alternative modes of transportation (i.e., modes other than single occupancy vehicles), and interest in sustainable transportation amenities, infrastructure, and events/resources.

Page 650 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 27
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
TR-3h Consider development applications that will improve the community by increasing density in transit-rich areas and connecting residents of multi-family, and/or affordable housing sites to public and shared transit options.

Measure TR-4. Increase passenger zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 33% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-4a Adopt an EV reach code by 2025 requiring new commercial and multifamily construction to install the minimum number of EV chargers based on Tier 2 CalGreen requirements (20% of total parking spaces).
2030: 3,832
2045: 13,839
TR-4b Adopt an EV reach code by 2026 requiring major multifamily building retrofits to install the minimum number of EV chargers based on Tier 2 CalGreen requirements (20% of total parking spaces) and major commercial retrofits (with a square footage larger than 10,000 square feet or modifications for electric service panels) to meet CalGreen requirements for “EV Ready” charging spaces and infrastructure.

TR-4c Adopt an ordinance that bans the development of any new, or expansion, renovation or replacement of any existing, fossil fuel stations in the City prior to the expiration of the Urgency Ordinance. The process should include:

1. Determine and define an outreach process.

2. Prepare a General Plan, Specific Plan, and Zoning Ordinance text amendment, which would establish Service Station land use as Not Permitted by Table 17.20.030-1 in the PMC, making all existing service stations legal non-conforming and subject to Section 17.14.080 of the Municipal Code.

3. Determine if any streamlining enhancements to existing provisions in the PMC that incentivize the expansion, modification, or retrofit of an existing service station to incorporate biodiesel or other alternative fuels or charging stations for electric vehicles should be considered.

4. Take the Amendments through the required public review process, including Planning Commission recommendation and City Council adoption.

5. Continue to direct staff to explore options for additional charging at City-owned/maintained properties and private facilities for public benefit.

TR-4d Update Pinole’s permit process for EV chargers to create a streamlined process for residents and businesses that is consistent with the State’s Electric Vehicle Charging Station Permitting Guidebook (as well as AB 970, AB 1236).

TR-4e Prepare a feasibility study to evaluate opportunities for installation of EV charging stations at City owned facilities. The feasibility study will assess electrical capacity, electrical demand, financial constraints, and parking utilization to provide a prioritized list of locations to install new publicly accessible EV charging stations.

TR-4f In the feasibility study, include evaluation of opportunities and prioritization of locations to increase the equitable distribution of publicly available EV chargers to residents of multi-family homes and residents living on low- and moderateincomes, as well as consideration for optimizing daytime charging.

TR-4g Work with MCE and PG&E to incentivize residential electric vehicle charger installations and panel upgrades through on-bill financing. Promote the incentives through multi-lingual outreach material on the City’s website and at community events.

Page 651 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 28 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
TR-4h Work with MCE to promote and provide technical assistance for their Residential EV Rate Plan and MCE Sync charging app to help community members charge during off-peak hours and save money on home charging.

TR-4i Coordinate with community-based organizations, local agencies, and non-profits such as Charge Up Contra Costa,511 Contra Cost, and Cool the Earth to conduct zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) education events for residents and targeted events for residents living on low- and moderate- incomes as well as residents living in multi-family buildings that would engage the community to evaluate the barriers to ZEV adoption, promote information on the costs and benefits of owning ZEVs, and detail the steps on how to receive incentives for ZEVs.

TR-4j Work with Contra Costa County to create an EV charging etiquette policy that encourages a seamless charging experience, fosters community collaboration, and promotes sustainable practices for the benefit of all electric vehicle users and the environment.

TR-4k Develop an equitable charging fee structure that provides accessibility for all users, regardless of socio-economic background, fostering inclusivity and promoting widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

TR-4l Develop outreach and education materials and distribute them to local businesses, property owners, and developers on the financial (e.g., new funding streams), environmental, and health, and safety benefits of ZEVs. Provide information on available funding opportunities and the City’s streamlined permitting process. Additionally, as part of this process, include information on EV battery recycling to dispel myths, ease disposal concerns, and promote sustainable practices grounded in science.

TR-4m Collaborate with neighboring jurisdictions and the Contra Costa Transportation Authority to develop a zero-emission vehicle car share network.

TR-4n Coordinate with car share companies and community-groups to develop an affordable, zero-emission vehicle car share program to serve affordable housing and/or multifamily developments with a priority to target residents living on lowand moderate-incomes.

TR-4o Based on the prioritized list of locations developed through actions TR-4d and TR4e, install at least 270 new publicly accessible Level II and DC Fast chargers by 2030 and 935 by 2045, through public-private partnerships and on City-owned properties.

Measure TR-5. Increase commercial zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-5a Work with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Pacific Gas & Electric, and or similar entities to identify and provide funding for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure for disadvantaged or vulnerable business owners. 2030: 2,303
2045: 8,186
TR-5b Create a summary of commercial vehicle fleets in Pinole and identify employers to work with to accelerate ZEV adoption through targeted education.

TR-5c Encourage commercial vehicle fleet operators to accelerate electrification by providing them educational material on the benefits of zero emission vehicles (e.g., fuel cost savings through networked charging and current availability of zero emission vehicles ahead of State mandates), educating them on the City’s streamlined permitting process, and compiling and distributing information on potential funding opportunities.

TR-5d Implement local tax breaks to incentivize commercial fleet electrification.

Page 652 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 29
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
TR-5e Investigate opportunities to help fund additional EV charging infrastructure by leveraging public/private partnerships and ensuring the City is charging for EV infrastructure use at City-owned facilities.

Measure TR-6. Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 8% of off-road equipment operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-6a Create a phased ordinance by 2026 to ban the local operation of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road equipment by type (e.g., lawn and garden, construction), including banning local operation of gasoline and diesel-powered small off-road equipment (SORE) by 2028. Update the ordinance based on a regular review of relevant state regulations, regional rules, and available technology. 2030: 1,245
2045: 10,721
TR-6b Establish a communication and outreach program to raise awareness of the ordinance, educate community members on the benefits of and funding opportunities for offroad decarbonization, and collect data on offroad fleet and decarbonization trends in the community (e.g., through outreach sampling and surveying).

TR-6c As part of Action TR-6b’s program, investigate off-road equipment fleets in the City to identify fleets with the highest decarbonization potential, fleets owned by small and minority businesses that will need targeted support and incentives to decarbonize or electrify, and fleets that do not currently have zero-emission alternatives. Utilize these findings to develop the phased off-road ordinances.

TR-6d As part of Action TR-6b’s program, develop a multi-lingual Off-road Equipment Replacement Outreach Campaign that provides information to contractors, residents, and fleet operators in the City, with a target towards those identified in Action TR-6c. Information should include equivalent alternatives to fossil-fueled off-road equipment, public health, and safety benefits of alternative equipment technology, and funding opportunities available (i.e., Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Program [CORE]).

TR-6e Partner with surrounding jurisdictions and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) to develop a rebate and incentive program for upgrading offroad equipment and switching to electric or biofuels. Develop the program with a focus on procedural equity and prioritize funding distribution to disadvantaged and vulnerable communities.

Strategy SW: Solid Waste
Measure SW.1. By 2025, reduce organics to landfill by 75% to meet or exceed SB 1383 organic waste diversion requirements through composting and edible food recovery.

SW-1a Through MOUs with the City's waste haulers, establish requirements by 2024 for waste haulers to perform annual performance assessments to determine compliance with SB 1383 requirements. If the performance assessments show the hauler is not on target, meet with the hauler and RecycleMore staff to establish prioritized actions for the hauler and/or RecycleMore to complete.

Additionally, utilize the assessments to identify trends in contamination and integrate lessons learned into the educational program as part of Action SW-1e. 2030: 2,934
2045: 3,570

Page 653 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 30 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
SW-1b Partner with RecycleMore, Sustainable Contra Costa, or similar entities to complete community based social marketing (CBSM) targeted outreach and education campaign by 2025 to high organic generation commercial accounts to educate and train commercial generators’ management and staff about best practices in food waste reduction and surplus food donation. As part of this effort, develop successful case studies for Pinole food facilities to provide best practices, cost savings and other methods to energize food facility managers and staff to fully participate in the organics diversion and edible food recovery programs.

SW-1c In concert with Economic Development programs, establish a downtown Pinole outreach campaign and recognition program by 2025 to celebrate restaurants/food facilities with the highest diversion and edible food recovery success. Create a space on the City’s CAAP website to highlight the campaign and leaders in the community, as well as provide a plaque or alternative community recognition that emphasizes the successful initiatives.

SW-1d Establish a program by 2024 to distribute kitchen food pails at community events (e.g., Farmers Markets, California Coastal Cleanup Day, Pinole's Dumpster Day, Earth Walk), distribute food pails at grocery stores in lower-resourced areas, and directly connect with property owners of low/moderate income rental housing to distribute food pails directly to housing units. Through the program, track how many pails are distributed quarterly.

SW-1e Establish and maintain an ongoing education program informing the community about compostable materials and upcoming at-home composting workshops, including regularly updated guidelines on composting, especially paper, distributed bi-annually and made available at the City permit counter, grocery stores, as well as at farmers' markets, California Coastal Cleanup Day, Pinole's Dumpster Day, Earth Walk and other community events.

SW-1f Transform Pinole’s “Dumpster Day” into “Resource Recovery Day,” in both name and concept, by introducing a community swap meet where residents exchange/recycle household goods in preference to conventional commerce and waste. At the event, the City will provide education about organics diversion (including the concept of closing the loop for organics material and edible food recovery) and the “Buy Nothing” movement, and feature special compost giveaway events (e.g., free kitchen food pails).

SW-1g Work with local grocery stores and retail food markets, the Contra Costa and Solano Food Bank Rescue Program, RecycleMore, and community groups to understand the criteria for acceptable food for recovery and establish a more robust food rescue and distribution program to divert additional edible food to food insecure residents.

SW-1h Identify and support school organizations in the City (e.g., leadership, sustainability, and environmental groups or clubs) start “Go Organics” programs to initiate, educate, and implement robust organics collection programs on campus in collaboration with the City’s waste hauler and RecycleMore.

Page 654 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 31
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
SW-1i Develop presentations for all schools in Pinole to:
▪ Educate students, staff, and teachers on how to implement an efficient, yet robust organics collection program
▪ Educate students, staff, and teachers on the benefits of diverting organics and reducing GHG emissions
▪ Engage school leadership on the benefits of establishing a ‘closed loop partnership’ regarding organics. This could include adding organics end products such as mulch and compost delivered from the City’s waste hauler nearby composting facility to school gardens and landscaping, thereby eliminating need for pesticides and herbicides, and increasing water retention in school landscaping.

SW-1j Continue to partner with the City’s waste hauler to include quarterly multi-lingual inserts in residential and commercial billing to highlight important programs and initiatives, including the single-use plastic ban and the no-cost organics pails available to residents and the composting programs in Action ID SW-1h, as well as new programs as they are created.

SW-1k Develop a comprehensive outreach program to educate Homeowner Associations, neighborhood associations, and communities on social media platforms such as NextDoor on the City’s organic waste diversion requirements and available programs and resources to increase diversion.

SW-1l Implement a comprehensive organics collection and edible food recovery program for low income and fixed income people to ensure access to edible surplus food recipients such as food banks and other food recovery organizations.

SW-1m Fund the comprehensive organics collection and edible food recovery program using CalRecycle’s SB 1383 grant funding cycle.

SW-1n Partner with local waste management providers, food recovery organizations, and West Contra Costa Unified School District, private schools in Pinole, or similar entities, to analyze existing food waste generation, disposal practices, and potential sources of edible surplus food.

SW-1o Install compost bins throughout the City where there are landfill and recycling bins to collect organics generated. Incorporate the hauling requirements into the waste hauler’s contract to confirm proper management and disposal.

Measure SW-2. Reduce landfilled inorganic waste 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045.

SW-2a Adopt a Zero Waste Policy and Zero Waste Strategic Plan to guide and detail methods to meet the reduction target of 35% by 2030 and 90% by 2045. As a part of the Zero Waste Strategic Plan, adopt a Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag Reduction Ordinance to phase in the reduction, and subsequent elimination of, single-use plastic foodware by food facilities.
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
SW-2b Partner with an entity such as Terracycle to create a recycling program at Cityowned and operated buildings and other community-based locations to collect hard to recycle products, such as snack pouches.

Page 655 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 32 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
SW-2c Partner with local businesses, nonprofits, and community groups or organizations to establish pop-up repair cafes for commonly broken and easily repaired items.

Additionally, engage local home improvement businesses and partner with the Pinole Library to promote reuse by increasing accessibility to shared tools through a tool lending program. In addition to providing available resources, work with experts in various fields to provide quick reference guidance documents or record short videos that residents can refer to when borrowing specific equipment to learn the most effective ways of using the tools available.

SW-2d Continue the City’s single-use plastic education efforts and integrate the efforts into a citywide education program, ‘Pinole’s Path to Zero Waste,’ to expand outreach and resources about zero waste goals and focus education on specific benefits to the City (e.g., reduction of single-use plastic pollution flowing into Pinole Creek and San Pablo Bay, community savings from reduce and reuse efforts).

SW-2e Partner with community-based organizations such as ReThink Disposables and RecycleMore to engage Bayfront Chamber of Commerce members and other Pinole businesses to educate the business community about the benefits of reusables and inform them about the new Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag Reduction Ordinance.

SW-2f Work with compostable distributors to achieve competitive pricing for compostable foodware to increase compliance with the Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag Reduction Ordinance.

SW-2g Sponsor businesses to host refill pop-ups at community events (e.g., Farmers Market) where community members can purchase common household products and food in bulk using their own containers and create a network of local businesses that can provide the pop-up local, bulk products with zero-waste packaging.

SW-2h Secure financial grants and assistance from Rethink Disposables, CalRecycle’s City/County Payment Program (CCPP), and others, to support businesses in developing pilot programs for reusable and returnable foodware and drop-off stations, purchasing and installing dishwashers, and overall gaining compliance with the Single-use Plastic Foodware and Bag Reduction Ordinance. Highlight and support use of new grant funds available for small and minority-owned businesses to participate. Additionally, Seek grant funding to support pop-up repair cafes and a tool lending program.

SW-2i Create a Hazardous Waste Material Reuse Program that offers usable household hazardous waste collected at the West Contra Costa County Drive-Through to the community free of charge through a Material ReUse Store. Establish a schedule and location(s) to operate the Material ReUse Store alongside the household hazardous waste collection schedule and promote the store on the City’s website and on the City’s social media platforms.

SW-2j Partner with public schools to reduce single-use foodware, convert necessary single-use plastic foodware to compostable/reusable foodware, and educate students on closing the loop (i.e., Loop organics).

Measure SW-3. Meet CalGreen’s current 65% construction and demolition (C&D) materials diversion requirements on all covered projects.

SW-3a Include in, or amend, the franchise agreement with the City’s waste hauler to require C&D diversion requirements with performance disincentives for noncompliance. 2030: N/A
2045: N/A

Page 656 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 33
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
SW-3b Partner with RecycleMore and the City’s waste hauler to complete an assessment of projects that were not compliant with the 65% diversion requirement.

Determine an Action Plan to ensure similar future projects meet the 65% requirement. Complete ongoing review of projects collaboratively with RecycleMore to assess projects that are non-compliant and methods to ensure 65% diversion requirements are met.

SW-3c Fully engage and inform permit applicants of the 65% requirements at the very beginning of the planning, building, and inspection process and collaborate with Recycle More to integrate C&D diversion practices into the City’s permit process.

SW-3d Create and distribute a Contractors Guide to educate contractors on the requirements to meet the program conditions that include pre-permit documentation weight tags, post-permit documentation, and consequences for not meeting minimum diversion requirements.

SW-3e Update C&D information on the City’s website to include a more complete comprehensive list of documents, such as:
▪ Pre-permit requirements
▪ Green Halo system requirements
▪ Locations for C&D materials processing/diversion
▪ Weight tag requirements
▪ Post project requirements and signature
▪ Details regarding consequences for not meeting requirements.

SW-3f Partner with the City’s waste hauler, RecycleMore and other C&D organizations to educate on best practices for meeting CalGreen 65% requirements as part of Program 9 in the Housing Element.

SW-3g Use financial grants and assistance from CalRecycle to fund and provide tools for low- and fixed-income projects to meet requirements.

SW-3h Continue to offer online-waste tracking options for the community through the Green Halo compliance system, or a similar system, which allows for receipts to be verified online, streamlining the processes substantially.

SW-4. Analyze opportunities to enhance the City’s Wastewater Treatment Plant to divert organic waste from the landfill and increase organics recovery.

SW-4a Complete a feasibility study to identify local partners, analyze the potential waste volume, and assess facility upgrades needed to complete a pilot Organics to Energy Project at the WWTP and the potential cost and GHG emission reduction impacts of such a project.
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
SW-4b Conduct case study assessments of other organics to energy projects at WWTPs to educate City decision makers, the public, and other interested parties on the feasibility of the pilot project and opportunities to enhance the WWTP for organic waste diversion.

SW-4c Partner with an organics-to-energy company to help assess the feasibility of a pilot project for the City and impacted communities.

SW-4d Pursue funding opportunities (e.g., CalRecyle) and financing alternatives to address capital costs for the pilot project.

Page 657 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 34 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
SW-5. Establish new programs to meet the City’s SB 1383 annual procurement target (i.e., 1,073 tons of compost in 2030 and 1,292 tons of compost in 2045) by 2030.

SW-5a Establish a program to procure and provide compost for:
▪ The City’s parks, recreation areas, schools’ landscaping, and school gardens
▪ Garden community organizations such as the Pinole Garden Club ▪ Residential and commercial landscapers
2030: 425
2045: 513
SW-5b Amend or otherwise ensure that the Franchise Agreement for the City’s waste hauler will provide organic waste products at reduced cost.

SW-5c Establish a new program to deliver compost to local schools and community organizations. Expand free compost giveaways to residents, local urban farmers, and other organizations. Track the success of the program based on tons of compost given away and promote the program on the City’s CAAP website and through the City’s social media channels.

SW-5d Complete a feasibility study in collaboration with RecycleMore to identify costeffective end uses for organic waste products and methods to distribute the products.

SW-5e Using established education materials from RecycleMore and other organizations, provide outreach and education to the City’s garden community organizations such as the Pinole Garden Club, resident groups, and commercial landscapers in Pinole on the benefits of using organic end products such as compost and mulch.

SW-5f Partner with Republic Services, or others who own large composting operations in close proximity to the City to provide organic end product to the community at a cost-effective rate.

SW-5g Use the SB 1383 fee to pay for a portion of organic end use products. Use financial grants and assistance from CalRecycle to fund the purchase of organic end product. Focus effort on lower income projects to participate in program.

SW-5h Establish an online mapping location hosted on a City website to identify existing community gardens and make a list of potential underused park space for expansion, setting internal key performance indicators for number of new garden spaces.

Strategy W: Water
Measure W-1. Reduce per capita potable water consumption 10% by 2030 and 25% by 2045, from 2017 levels.

W-1a Continue to implement and enforce Pinole Municipal Code Chapter 15.54 (Water Efficient Landscaping) to encourage use of efficient irrigation systems, greywater usage, onsite storm water capture, and limit the portion of landscapes that can be covered in turf.
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
W-1b Adopt a Water Conservation and Water Shortage Contingency Program Ordinance to establish drought thresholds that trigger varying water use reduction strategies. The Ordinance will focus primarily on domestic water use, health and sanitation, and fire protection.

W-1c Perform a study to understand the feasibility and potential potable water savings of adopting a Dual Drainage Plumbing Ordinance. The feasibility study will help the City determine the size threshold for future development projects subject to the Ordinance.

Page 658 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 35
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
W-1d Upon completion of the Feasibility Study in Action W-1c, adopt an appropriate Dual Drainage Plumbing Ordinance.

W-1e Continue to comply with SB 1087 and Municipal Code Chapter 17.32 (Affordable Housing Requirements) requirements to provide priority water and sewer service allocations to affordable housing developments.

W-1f Continue to partner with East Bay Municipal Utility District’s to provide water conserving fixtures/fittings and rebates for appliances to residents throughout Pinole, with a focus on disadvantaged and vulnerable communities to reduce utility bill burdens. Provide specific updates to the community as new programs are released, such as featuring a new indoor plumbing program to help Customer Assistance Program participants find and fix indoor leaks.

W-1g Implement a comprehensive, coordinated educational initiative focused on property owners, landlords, property management firms, homeowners’ associations, and occupants to reduce water usage in homes and businesses. This campaign will incorporate the water conservation messaging of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), utilizing various communication channels such as publications, websites, community events, workshops, and bill inserts. It will also provide details on available incentives for water-saving appliances, fittings, fixtures, and efficient landscaping irrigation systems, including those offered by EBMUD. Additionally, the campaign will focus on reaching disadvantaged and vulnerable communities to alleviate the burden of utility bills.

W-1h Partner with EBMUD, the Contra Costa Master Gardeners and/or Pinole Garden Club to develop community programs to encourage water-wise landscaping and watering practices and to provide a hands-on learning experience such as sheet mulching lawn conversions for members of the community. Include promotion of EBMUD Lawn Conversion rebates.

W-1i Continue to partner with Rising Sun to provide Green House Calls to residents to provide high-efficiency fixtures/fittings and leak detection tests.

W-1j Work with EBMUD to provide existing commercial entities that have decorative or non-functional turf onsite with the education and resources necessary to transition to regenerative landscapes with a goal of replacing all existing commercial decorative or non-functional turf by 2030.

Measure W-2. Increase the community’s use, supply, and access to recycled water.

W-2a Continue to work with EBMUD to complete a feasibility study to identify opportunities to increase supply of recycled water to the City. The feasibility study will:
▪ Analyze opportunities to expand purple piping infrastructure ▪ Identify opportunities and technologies to increase recycled water supply ▪ Evaluate potential impacts to cost of service
▪ Investigate ways to maintain or decrease costs of service through the projects
▪ Identify customers that would benefit from receiving recycled water within City of Pinole and adjacent to the City, in Hercules or other surrounding jurisdictions, as applicable
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
W-2b Pursue funding opportunities at the state and federal level, such as the Clean Water State Revolving Fund and the US Bureau of Reclamation's WaterSMART grants, to fund recycled water infrastructure and to increase the equitable distribution of recycled water in the City.

Page 659 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 36 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
W-2c Investigate working with EBMUD to promote the installation of greywater equipment in homes and businesses through a multi-lingual Laundry-toLandscape outreach campaign. The campaign shall include:
▪ Educational information on the environmental and financial benefits of greywater systems
▪ Information on how to install and use the systems, including information on EMBUD greywater rebates
▪ Distribution of educational materials at the City’s permitting counter ▪ Supplemental event(s) hosted with EBMUD or industry expert to educate community members on the installation and use of the systems, including an existing residential greywater system demonstration. ▪ Direct outreach to multi-family property owners.

W-2d Create and implement a phased outreach campaign to educate the community on the benefits of recycled water as well as dispelling misconceptions to and increase community use.

W-2e Upon completion of the feasibility study to identify opportunities to increase supply of recycled water to the City, work with EBMUD to develop a Recycled Water Infrastructure Enhancement Plan that outlines the potential for system expansion, identifies opportunities, as applicable, to integrate recycled water sources into non-potable water networks for irrigation, and the promotion of educational campaigns that raise awareness on what recycled water is and how it is used.

Strategy CS: Carbon Sequestration
Measure CS-1. Increase carbon sequestration and prepare the urban forest for climate change, extreme heat, drought, and wildfire by adopting policies developed through the Community Urban Forest Plan.

CS-1a Develop and adopt a Community Urban Forest Plan by 2026 to identify and prioritize tree planting areas in the City. The Plan will:
▪ Inventory the existing urban forest as a baseline and identify areas in Pinole that have below average canopy coverage (such as census block groups 60133640021, 60133640023, and 60133922004) and high urban heat island effects.
▪ Design a tree planting program focused on eliminating significant difference in canopy coverage between census blocks by 2040. ▪ Identify a phased timeframe for program implementation. ▪ Establish a management plan for existing trees that will focus on promoting street tree health, enhancing resilience, increasing the environmental benefits and co-benefits from trees, and engaging the community in urban forest management.
▪ Establish a tracking system to assess progress towards annual goals and annual benchmarks.
2030: N/A
2045: N/A
CS-1b Collaborate with community-based organizations with connections to disadvantaged and vulnerable communities in the development of the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan and share the plan on the City’s website.

CS-1c Continue protecting existing trees on private property through the provisions of PMC Chapter 17.96 (Tree Removal) and amend the Municipal Code to require as a condition of approval when a Tree Removal Permit is issued either planting onsite replacement trees or paying an in-lieu fee equal to at the value of the protected tree.

Page 660 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 37
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
CS-1d Prioritize tree implementation in areas with populations most at risk to extreme heat impacts (older adults, children, outdoor workers, individuals with disabilities, transit dependent individuals, and individuals with chronic health conditions) pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan.

CS-1e Review, enhance, update, and regularly maintain the City’s existing “Tree” webpage with relevant information, such as best practices for watering and fertilizing trees, guidelines for pruning and maintenance, information on local tree species, and resources for reporting tree damage or disease. Additionally, provide information on the benefits of a healthy tree canopy, including improved air and water quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and increased property values.

CS-1f Amend the Municipal Code to include street tree requirements for all zoning districts, increase shade tree requirements for new developments, and include increased permeable surface requirements for new development or substantial redevelopment.

CS-1g Continue to pursue and obtain grant funding for tree planting and urban forest management. Identify and apply for applicable federal (e.g., USDA) and state (e.g., California ReLeaf, Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program (AHSC), Cal Fire’s Urban and Community Forestry Program, and the California Natural Resources Agency’s Urban Greening Program) available grants for tree planting and urban greening projects.

CS-1h Develop a City incentive program for new tree plantings on private properties with a focus on members of disadvantaged and vulnerable communities and in areas where there is below average tree equity or canopy coverage, pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan.

CS-1i Partner with a local nursery to host regular tree planting events and volunteer opportunities to engage community members in the effort to maintain and expand the local tree canopy.

CS-1j Work with a community non-profit organization to develop an adopt a tree program increase the urban tree canopy in marginalized communities CS-1k Establish a Tree Trust or Tree Endowment where the interest on the principal can be used for purchasing and planting trees in prioritized areas pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan, paying for tree maintenance in disadvantaged and vulnerable communities in the City, or supporting staff resources for the Urban Forest Management Program.

Measure CS-2. Increase nature-based and technological carbon sequestration and capture opportunities in Pinole.

CS-2a Seek funding to conduct a study to quantify the carbon stock in existing Pinole blue carbon ecosystems (e.g., eelgrass in San Pablo Bay) and quantify the carbon sequestration potential of blue carbon restoration and expansion. 2030: N/A
2045: N/A
CS-2b Partner with concrete producers to research opportunities for technological carbon sequestration in Pinole including potential funding mechanisms (e.g., Verra’s Methodology for CO2 Utilization in Concrete Production).

CS-2c Based on the studies, develop a plan to increase carbon sequestration in Pinole.

The plan shall include a quantitative carbon sequestration target to achieve by 2045 and a process for regular monitoring of carbon stocks.

Page 661 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 38 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
CS-2d Create an educational campaign that informs members of the community about the benefits and methods associated with carbon sequestration and capture that avoids jargon and clearly explains the opportunities and benefits in the City.

Confirm that the educational materials are provided in a multi-lingual, culturally considerate manner and distributed specifically to disadvantaged community members.

Adaptation
Strategy CAR: Community Adaptation and Resilience
Measure CAR-1. Establish a reliable resilience center in the City to provide relief from extreme weather events, including extreme heat, flooding, and smoke from wildfires.

CAR-1a Conduct an assessment on the effectiveness of current City resilience center operations. Conduct a study regarding the feasibility of additional community locations (e.g., Pinole Youth Center and Pinole Library) that could serve as resilience centers by evaluating current amenities and resources available. As part of the studies, verify that the needs of vulnerable populations are met during climate hazard events and host focus groups with selected community-based organizations and other interested parties to identify needs for their service population.

N/A
CAR-1b Identify and apply for funding opportunities that support development of a resilience center, and/or staff positions to maintain the center, such as the Office of Planning and Research Regional Resilience Grant Program.

CAR-1c Utilizing the City’s “Energy Conservation, Generation, and Storage Assessment” conducted in 2024, establish an upgrade and maintenance cycle, including replacement of filters with at least a MERV 11 rating on a quarterly basis for all existing HVAC systems in City owned buildings.

CAR-1d Work with WestCAT to establish a list of vulnerable community members (e.g., older adults, who may not be able to access a vehicle or public transportation during a heat wave), as well as a program to transport them to established resilience centers.

CAR-1e Provide essential resources such as health programs, food, refrigeration, charging stations, basic medical supplies, and other emergency supplies at all City resilience centers, as well as educational materials on resources and climate adaptation and preparedness. Audit and refresh supplies on a biannual basis, including information on any new or updated programs or resilience center locations.

CAR-1f Partner with local public or private entities to establish resilience centers at privately owned facilities in the City.

Measure CAR-2. Provide streamlined communication to the public on climate adaptation preparedness, resilience, and evacuation.

CAR-2a Review and update the City’s Emergency Information webpage21 to reflect ways to prepare for events that may be likely to increase due to climate change, including wildfires, floods, extreme precipitation, extreme heat, poor air quality, and drought, as well as heat-related illness, exacerbate mental stress, and respiratory diseases
N/A
21 https://www.ci.pinole.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=10947056&pageId=14640371#emergency

Page 662 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 39
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
CAR-2b Assess current City capacity to shelter displaced residents including facilities, infrastructure, services, and community programs during an extreme weather event.

CAR-2c Partner with community-based organizations to establish a working group to develop designated temporary housing options for wildfire displaced residents to live in for up to two years after their home is destroyed or severely damaged.

CAR-2d Require that all emergency preparedness and evacuation communications are provided in plain language and translated into Spanish, Tagalog, and Cantonese to support non or limited English speakers. Increase participation in emergency notification systems including the Community Warning System and PG&E Community Wildfire Safety Program through social media campaigns and physical flyer distribution.

CAR-2e Provide administrative support and dedicate staff time for grant writing and funding tracking for climate adaptation and resilience projects, including opportunities to increase and enhance communication such as preparation of interactive websites and information sharing resources.

CAR-2f Identify critical facilities in need of reliable sources of sustained electrical power during events of extreme climate. Assess power loads at each critical facility, determine costs and technology options for battery storage, and make any additional recommendations to the City Council prior to advancing construction.

CAR-2g Utilize Pinole Community Television (PCTV) to provide consistent information to community members about adaptation preparedness by providing multi-lingual information that is accessible for people including seniors, individuals with disabilities, children, and caregivers.

CAR-2h Create evacuation procedures for vulnerable populations in partnership with community-based organizations and facilities that serve identified populations.

Host and/or participate in in-person engagement and incorporate games/activities to educate the community on preparedness.

CAR-2i Require that the City’s resilience centers have adequate backup power sources and battery storage to mitigate service disruptions and provide redundancy in the event of a power outage.

Strategy FL: Flood Control
Measure FL-1. Improve the quality of and reduce the quantity of stormwater runoff through Implementation of the Pinole Green Infrastructure Plan.

FL-1a Prepare a feasibility study to investigate potential infrastructure improvements to relocate critical City infrastructure, such as the Senior Center, Pinole Police Department, and Tiny Tots, from the 100-year flood zone. The feasibility study would include:

1. Identifying potential alternative locations for the City’s critical infrastructure that’s located in the 100-year flood zone.

2. Preliminary design and construction of new buildings or facilities.

3. Analysis of costs associated with relocating facilities as well as the potential costs of doing nothing.

4. Outreach to community members and other interested parties to confirm that the relocation aligns with the community’s needs.

N/A
FL-1b Continue participation in the Contra Costa County Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan update; identify flood mitigation actions eligible for grant funding through FEMA hazard mitigation assistance programs.

Page 663 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 40 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
FL-1c Encourage landlords to consider how to prepare their properties for flooding by providing retrofit informational resources and educate them on prioritizing lowimpact stormwater best practices.

FL-1d Create educational campaigns that connect with vulnerable populations to increase awareness and knowledge of how to mitigate and weather flooding.

FL-1e Identify and apply for grant opportunities to fund stormwater related projects from sources such as the State Water Resources Control Board, California Natural Resources Agency, the Coastal Conservancy, California Water Foundation, as well as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Department of Agriculture.

FL-1f Review existing best practice and conduct studies of combined riverine/ shoreline flooding and increased severity of rainfall events on watershed flooding.

FL-1g Complete the Storm Drainage Master Plan as identified in the Capital Improvement Plan to thoroughly investigate deficiencies in the existing storm drain system and prioritize infrastructure improvements.

FL-1h Implement stormwater and drainage projects identified in the City Capital Improvement Plan, to mitigate localized flooding incidents.

FL-1i Conduct post-flood inspections for residents and business owners upon request and provide post-disaster home repair and technical assistance for vulnerable communities.

Strategy SLR: Sea Level Rise
Measure SLR-1 Create, restore, and protect natural coastal ecosystems.

SLR-1a Conduct a shoreline stabilization study to determine the most effective methods for protecting Pinole’s coastal communities and infrastructure from erosion and sea level rise, and to identify opportunities for restoring natural shoreline habitats that can serve as a buffer against storm surges and other impacts of climate change. The study would involve the following:

1. Assessing the physical characteristics of the shoreline

2. Evaluating the potential risks and benefits of different stabilization techniques

3. Engaging with local community members and other interested parties to ensure that the chosen strategies align with community needs and values

4. Prioritizing options that enhance and maximize shoreline resources and access including considering innovative nature-based solution approaches
N/A
SLR-1b In collaboration with Contra Costa County and state agencies, develop a sea level rise resilience and adaptation strategy with shoreline restoration projects using innovative nature-based solutions and green engineering that would enhance public access, shoreline habitat (e.g., re-establishing native dune habitats, wetlands, and lagoons) and increase shoreline recreational opportunities.

SLR-1c Partner with the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), and/or similar entities, regarding regional approaches, strategies, and mitigation actions to address sea level rise. Implement a Shoreline Management Plan, and/or a Shoreline Monitoring Program that would identify erosional hotspots and timely response.

Page 664 of 945 ends

Initial Study
Final Initial Study– Negative Declaration 41
Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
SLR-1d Establish annual budgets for projects within and benefiting vulnerable populations (2016, Assembly Bill 1550), including seniors, individuals with disabilities, children, low-income communities, and communities in low-lying areas.

SLR-1e Research external funding opportunities, including grants to support shoreline resilience, shoreline restoration projects, or beach nourishment (e.g., Living Shoreline and Nature-based solution projects). Examples of grantee agencies are California Coastal Conservancy, California Coastal Commission, California Ocean Protection Council, NOAA, California Division of Boating and Waterways.

SLR-1f Identify replacement opportunities or otherwise plan for how to replace recreational areas and accessways that will be lost due to inundation or damage associated with sea level rise. It might be done through the designation and zonation of lands into a Local Coastal Program or providing additional incentives to encourage creation of new recreation areas or opportunities. Additionally, plan for future shoreline recreational space and parkland by protecting open space adjacent to shoreline habitats, allowing the beach and habitats to migrate into these spaces.

SLR-1g Partner with West Contra Costa Unified School District, private schools in Pinole, East Bay Parks, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Friends of Pinole Creek Watershed, 350 Contra Costa, or similar entities to create educational opportunities for the community around the Pinole Creek Watershed. These programs would focus on educating youth in Pinole on the importance of natural shoreline ecosystems, their role in climate resilience, biodiversity, and local, native species. The programs would also include information on how people can actively get involved in adapting to climate change in their homes and neighborhoods and provide hands-on volunteer opportunities for the community to participate.

SLR-1h Increase the City’s near and long-term capacity building to be able to develop and implement thoughtful shoreline resilience projects by creating a position for and hiring a shoreline resilience expert. The specific title may vary depending on the individual's background and the focus of their work within the broader context of climate change and sea level rise.

Strategy EH: Extreme Heat
Measure EH-1. Reduce the impacts of extreme heat in Pinole by installing green/cool roofs and cool pavement, as well as planting vegetation and trees to reduce urban temperatures and the urban heat island effect.

EH-1a Partner with West Contra Costa School District and the private schools in the City to map out each campus in Pinole to understand the current infrastructure and then develop a plan to reduce the heat islands in Pinole’s schools and adjacent areas, including on walking routes by plant trees or increasing shade structures as appropriate.

N/A
EH-1b Establish a tree removal replacement policy where trees that are removed are replaced with shade trees that are adapted to the area.

EH-1c In collaboration with Contra Costa Health Services, establish local early heat warning system that provides public health alerts in Spanish, Tagalog, and Cantonese.

EH-1d Complete an assessment that evaluates new cool pavement technology, cost/benefits, and challenges and opportunities. Upon completion of the study, conduct a pilot of cool pavement application at a centralized area in Pinole that is most impacted by extreme heat to demonstrate success of the program.

Page 665 of 945 ends

City of Pinole
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and CEQA GHG Emissions Thresholds 42 Move
ID # Strategies and Respective Supporting Measures and Actions Anticipated GHG
Emissions
Reduction by 2030
(MT of CO2e)1
EH-1e Partner with WestCAT to audit existing bus stops in the City of Pinole with information detailing the current structures around the transit stops. Create a prioritization list of stops with low shading scores. Identify opportunities to add, replace, or upgrade existing transit stop shelters to provide increased shade for the transit riders and work with WestCAT to implement the identified opportunities.

EH-1f Identify trees, grasses, and shrubs with greatest cooling benefits and maximum biodiversity potential and plant them in prioritized open spaces.

EH-1g Identify grant funding opportunities and engage with local nurseries (e.g., Oaktown, Watershed Nursery, and Native Here) and tree planting programs to identify appropriate and cost-effective California native plants/trees that can be both planted in the ground or remain potted by residents living in rental/multifamily homes.

EH-1h Amend the Building Code to require cool roofs for all new construction.

EH-1i Partner with MCE and emergency management services to establish backup power and energy grid shutdown protocols that protect the most vulnerable populations (e.g., seniors, individuals with chronic health conditions, children, individuals with disabilities).

EH-1j Identify opportunities to apply compost as mulch at City open spaces to improve water-holding capacity and filtration to combat extreme heat.

EH-1k Identify a location in the City to establish a “Community Corner” redevelopment project as a model design project to reduce urban temperatures. Incorporate trees, grasses, and shrubs with the greatest cooling benefits into the project, utilize compost in the project’s landscaping, and incorporate cool pavement technology, cool roofs, and shade structures where applicable. Further consider incorporating a rain garden and resilience center resources into the redevelopment project and publicize all resilient design elements through signage on the property and community tours.

EH-1l Support development of community-serving microgrids and prioritize areas with high social vulnerability.

Measure EH-2. Map out and create a mural or set of murals using reflective paint to reduce interior heat in areas of Pinole that are most impacted by the urban heat island effect by 2026.

EH-2a Partner with NASA, or a similar organization to create a digital map of the City showing neighborhoods where it is the hottest and identify a location or locations to pilot an urban heat mural project.

N/A
EH-2b Post the map on the City’s website and host community feedback sessions to update the analysis included in the map based on real lived experiences.

Additionally, post mural design concepts that are created as part of Action EH-2c to foster a sense of ownership over the project.

EH-2c Create a partnership with Contra Costa College, Pinole Artisans, West Contra Costa Unified School District, private schools, and/or similar interested parties and community-based organizations to design and paint mural(s) that inspire the community while reducing indoor heat using reflective paint.

EH-2d Install indoor and outdoor temperature sensors in the identified locations prior to completing the mural and continue to track data after the murals are installed to measure indoor changes in temperature to quantify the benefits of the project.

Page 666 of 945 ends

Pinole City CouncilAugust 20, 2024

Pinole City Council
August 20, 2024