Rancho Cordova City Council
September 18, 2023

Executive Summary
Rancho Cordova
Page ES -4 Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan

PLAN AT A GLANCE
Emission Reduction Measures
To achieve the 2030 target and to make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal, the Plan proposes a Strategy Framework consisting of 14 GHG reduction strategies, 34 GHG emission reduction measures, and supporting actions briefly summarized in Table ES 1 below. The strategy framework contains additional information like annual emissions reduced, percent of the City’s total reductions, performance targets, and supporting actions identified by the City to assist in achieving each strategy’s performance target. For measures labeled as “quantified” the CAP provides estimates of the measure’s annual GHG reduction potential; measures labeled as “qualitative” would also reduce GHG emissions but their annual GHG reduction potential is not estimated in the CAP. The additional details are presented in Chapter 3, section 1.3.2, and GHG reduction calculation details are included in Appendix E.

Table ES 1 Summary of Emissions Reduction Strategy Framework identified in the Plan Getting To, From, and Around the City
(On-road Transportation Sector)
Strategy Transportation-1
Support development of walkable, interconnected
neighborhoods, villages, and districts
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
6,700 17,100
Transportation-1.1: Enforce the City’s Transportation Impact Guidelines, which require developers to include features in their projects that decrease the amount of driving alone and encourage people to make trips by walking, biking, or using public transit (Quantified)
Transportation-1.2: Reduce or eliminate requirements to provide a minimum number of off-street parking spaces in new development projects (Qualitative)
Transportation-1.3: Improve street connectivity, for example by providing walkways at the ends of existing cul-de-sacs, or requiring walkable street systems in new developments (Qualitative) Transportation-1.4: Limit the number of drive-through businesses (Qualitative) Strategy Transportation-2
Make walking and biking safe and attractive for people of all ages and abilities
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
11,500 12,800
Transportation-2.1: Update Bike and Pedestrian Master Plans to increase the number of low-stress bikeways and walkways that connect homes to destinations (Quantified) Transportation-2.2: Install roundabouts to control traffic at intersections, instead of stop signs or traffic signals (Qualitative)
Transportation-2.3: Provide temporary or permanent car-free zones or “slow streets” in specified areas, for example, individual blocks or residential streets (Qualitative)
Transportation-2.4: Install measures to reduce vehicle speeds and calm traffic on city streets (Qualitative) ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Executive Summary
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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page ES -5
Strategy Transportation-3
Provide transit options that are accessible, reliable, and convenient
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
5,800 10,200
Transportation-3.1: Increase the frequency of SacRT bus, CordoVan service, and/or light rail service, or extend service to cover new areas or times of day (Quantified)
Transportation-3.2: Implement Transit-Supportive Roadway Treatments (for example, transit signal priority, bus-only signal phases, queue jumps, curb extensions to speed passenger loading, and dedicated bus lanes) (Quantified) Transportation-3.3: Provide discounted or fare-free transit service (could be universal or targeted to specific areas and/or populations, for example, youth under 18) (Quantified) Transportation-3.4: Expand the SmaRT Ride area and convert the shuttles to electric shuttles (Quantified) Strategy Transportation-4
Reduce drive alone vehicle trips
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
3,800 6,800
Transportation-4.1: Implement a Commuter Trip Reduction Program (CTR) in which companies provide employees with services, infrastructure, and incentives for not driving alone to work and instead ridesharing, taking transit, biking, walking, or teleworking (Quantified)
Transportation-4.2: Implement an Electric Vehicle Carshare Program in which vehicles are available for users on-demand for short-term rentals (Qualitative)
Transportation-4.3: Implement a bikeshare/scooter share program in which conventional or electric powered bikes or scooters are available to users on-demand for short-term rentals (Qualitative) Transportation-4.4: Provide Community-Based Travel Planning (CBTP) to households in the city in which trained travel advisors visit households to provide them with customized information, incentives, and support to encourage use of transportation options other than driving alone (Qualitative) Strategy Transportation-5
Transition to electric and zero emission vehicles
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
27,000 171,300
Transportation-5.1: Install EV chargers in new residential, commercial, and industrial projects (Quantified) Transportation-5.2: Install publicly accessible EV chargers on existing private property (Quantified) Transportation-5.3: Install EV chargers on public property (Quantified) Transportation-5.4: Electrify loading docks and/or require idling-reduction systems (Qualitative) Transportation-5.5: Limit new gasoline/diesel fueling stations (Qualitative) Using Energy in Homes and Businesses
(Building Energy Sector)
Strategy Energy-1a
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in existing residential buildings
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
9,700 29,000
Energy-1.1: Retrofit existing residential buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce natural gas consumption for end uses like space and water heating, clothes drying, cooking (Quantified) Strategy Energy-1b
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in existing nonresidential buildings
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
2,100 10,000
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Energy-1.2: Retrofit existing nonresidential buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce natural gas consumption for end uses like space and water heating, clothes drying, cooking (Quantified) Strategy Energy-2a
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in new residential buildings
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
1,400 5,100
Energy-2.1: Require new residential development to be all-electric, zero net energy (ZNE) buildings (where the amount of energy used in a year equals the amount of energy generated on the site) (Quantified) Strategy Energy-2b
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in new
nonresidential buildings
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
430 1500
Energy-2.2: Require new nonresidential development to achieve energy efficiency above minimum State building code requirements (CAL Green Tier 2) (Quantified)
Using Equipment for Landscaping and Construction
(Off-Road Vehicle and Equipment Sector)
Strategy Offroad-1
Transition to electric and zero emissions technologies for landscaping equipment
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
130 260
Offroad-1.1: Replace existing gasoline and diesel-powered landscaping equipment with electric or zero emission alternatives (Quantified)
Offroad-1.2: Convert new landscaping equipment to electric or zero-emission alternatives (Quantified) Strategy Offroad-2
Transition to electric and zero emissions technologies for construction equipment
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
1,700 9,200
Offroad-2.1: Increase electrification and use of alternative fuels in construction projects (Quantified) Offroad-2.2: Reduce construction vehicle idling (Quantified) Using Water and Disposing of Waste at Homes and Businesses (Water and Solid Waste Sectors)
Strategy Water-1
Conserve water
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
0* 0*
Water-1.1: Reduce indoor water use in existing and new buildings (Qualitative)^ Water-1.2: Reduce outdoor water use for landscaping and irrigation in existing and new developments (Qualitative)^ *Emissions reduced from water measures estimated to be zero in 2030 because water-related energy needs assumed to be met by 100% renewable or zero emission electricity by 2030.

Strategy Solid Waste-1
Avoid disposal of organic waste in landfills
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
8,800 32,600
Solid Waste-1.1: Increase recovery of edible food waste (Quantified) Solid Waste-1.2: Eliminate disposal of organic waste in landfills (food waste, yard waste) (Quantified) ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page ES -7
Planting and Managing Trees
(Carbon Sequestration Sector)
Strategy Carbon Sequestration-1
Increase the number of trees in the city, through new
plantings and management of existing trees
Annual GHG Reduction
Potential (MTCO2e)*
2030 2045
440 1,100
Carbon Storage-1.1: Increase the number of trees in the city, through new plantings and management of existing trees (Quantified)
* The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.
^Emissions reduced from water measures estimated to be zero in 2030 because water-related energy needs assumed to be met by 100% renewable or zero emission electricity.

Adaptation Strategies
In addition to strategies and measures to reduce GHG emissions, the Plan also includes a set of five adaptation strategies to help the City prepare for and become more resilient to the impacts of climate change. Each adaptation strategy includes two to three tailored objectives, which are accompanied by an array of actions that can be implemented to help achieve those objectives. The adaptation strategies and objectives are summarized in Table ES 2 below. Further details, such as the associated actions for each strategy and set of objectives, are presented in Chapter 4. The city’s Vulnerability Assessment Technical Memo, which was used to inform the adaptation strategies, is included in Appendix F.

Table ES 2 Summary of Adaptation Strategies identified in the Plan Strategy Adaptation-1.

Improve resilience to increased temperatures and extreme heat.

Objectives:
 Reduce the urban heat island effect.
 Protect populations from extreme heat.

Strategy Adaptation-2.

Improve resilience to extreme precipitation and flooding.

Objectives:
 Promote climate-smart flood management.
 Add redundancy to the City’s flood management system.

Strategy Adaptation-3.

Improve resilience to drought.

Objectives:
 Reduce water consumption.
 Ensure long-term sustainability and reliability of the City’s water supplies.

Strategy Adaptation-4.

Improve resilience to wildfires.

Objectives:
 Protect populations from wildfire smoke and poor air quality.  Mitigate the impacts from potential Public Safety Power Shutoff events during high wildfire risk conditions.

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Strategy Adaptation-5.

Promote holistic community resilience in the context of climate change.

Objectives:
 Coordinate equitable education, outreach, and engagement.  Promote robust emergency services and other planning activities.  Protect the built environment from climate hazards.
2022 RANCHO CORDOVA CLIMATE

ACTION PLAN PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY
In addition to the online survey conducted after the fourth workshop, the City commissioned a public opinion survey to measure residents’ attitudes about climate change and their opinions about the City government taking steps to reduce climate change and its impacts. The City conducted a telephone survey with 300 randomly selected participants to provide another form of outreach for resident input. The purpose was to better understand residents’ perceptions of climate change and what steps the City should take to address issues associated with climate change. The survey results indicated that climate change is a very important issue for the majority of residents and a majority also responded that climate change will be very harmful or somewhat harmful to them or loved ones. A majority of the residents think it is very important for the City to take steps to reduce the impacts of climate change. A majority of residents also strongly or somewhat support specific City actions related to encouraging people to travel without using their private vehicles such as walking, biking, sharing rides, and using public transportation; increasing the use of electric vehicles, and encouraging energy efficiency and reduced natural gas consumption in existing buildings and new construction. Encouraging the use of electric-powered instead of gas-powered landscape and construction equipment was the only City-specific action that was not strongly or somewhat supported by a majority of residents. A plurality of residents somewhat support this action (41.5 percent), while approximately one-third (31.6 percent) strongly oppose this action, and 9.8 percent indicated they somewhat oppose it. No residents (0 percent) indicated strong support for this action.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
After the adoption of this Plan, the City will develop an implementation strategy for the Plan measures. It will be based on several factors such as budget capacity and availability of funding opportunities and will involve collaboration with the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (“SMUD”), other public and private agencies, and neighboring cities. The success of Plan implementation will also depend on the participation of residents, businesses, and other stakeholders in the city and region.

The City will implement the measures of the CAAP through several types of programs and activities that may include changes in municipal operations; new ordinances or code updates; development conditions of approval; advanced planning efforts; provision of incentives or financing; public agency or private partnerships; and education and outreach. The Plan’s effective implementation will require a process to prioritize its strategies and measures periodically. Potential funding sources to support Plan implementation are listed in Appendix G.

Strategy highlights
i. Maximum emissions reduction:

Strategy Transportation-5.

Transition to electric and zero
emission vehicles.
ii. Addresses safety and mobility
challenges for people with different
abilities: Strategy Transportation-2.

Make walking and biking safe and
attractive for people of all ages and
abilities.
iii. Improves aesthetics and provides
cleaner air: Strategy Carbon
Sequestration-1. Remove emissions
from the atmosphere.

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Executive Summary
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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page ES -9

MONITORING STRATEGY
The Plan will be monitored over time to assess the progress by tracking key indicators for each measure. Changing circumstances, such as State and federal laws and programs, updates to climate science, changes in technology, or evolving local, State, federal, or even global economic and social conditions, may necessitate changes to the Plan. If the Plan is not achieving the desired outcomes, the measures or actions will need to be altered or amended.

City staff will evaluate the performance of each GHG reduction action that has been implemented. Evaluating the performance requires monitoring the level of community participation, costs, and potential barriers to implementation, as well as activities that result in GHG emissions reductions like actual reductions in fuel consumption, vehicle miles traveled, energy usage, water usage, landfilled waste, and so on. In addition to considering these factors, assessing the performance of Plan adaptation actions will be informed by resilience-related improvements in the community. The City staff will regularly monitor and report on adaptation and climate hazards and will update the strategies and actions when needed. By evaluating whether the implementation of an action is on track to achieve its objective, the City can identify successful actions and reevaluate or replace underperforming measures.

To provide updates on Plan implementation progress, City staff will prepare a monitoring report every two years. Finally, the City will prepare a GHG emissions inventory and an update to the plan every five years, with the first update due in 2028. Updates would reflect the findings of the monitoring reports and inventory updates. Table ES 3 shows the City’s implementation and monitoring timeframe.

Table ES 3 City’s Implementation and Monitoring Timeframe Year Milestone Description
2023 Plan adopted City Council adopts the Plan.
2023 Develop Implementation
Strategy City staff begins to develop the implementation strategy. 2023 Plan Implementation City staff begins to implement Plan measures. 2025 Monitoring Report
City staff will prepare a monitoring report every two years and present the report to City Council and Planning Commission. The first monitoring report will be completed two years from Plan adoption. Each monitoring report will evaluate implementation status of the Plan’s GHG reduction measures. The monitoring report will identify whether any of the measures require amendment to maintain progress toward achieving the emissions reductions identified in the Plan. 2028 GHG Emissions
Inventory Update
An updated GHG inventory will be prepared to track the Plan implementation progress by assessing the City’s progress towards achieving the emissions reductions identified in the Plan.
2028 Plan Update
Based on the results of the monitoring report and updated GHG emissions inventory, the City will update the Plan to include new or amended measures, remove, or update any ineffective measures, and incorporate new technologies and methodologies as necessary to ensure the Plan is on track to achieve the City’s target and goal.

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Executive Summary
Rancho Cordova
Page ES -10 Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan

CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT AND THE PLAN
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) is a statute that requires local agencies to identify significant environmental impacts of their actions and avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible. The 2022 Scoping Plan emphasizes the use of CEQA as a tool by local jurisdictions for supporting the State’s climate priorities. When a local Plan complies with CEQA requirements, individual projects that comply with the Plan are allowed to streamline the project-specific GHG analysis. The City plans to utilize this tool for ensuring that new development is constructed with more sustainable and low-carbon features than existing development. By following this approach, the Plan has been prepared consistent with the provisions of CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 (“Qualified Plan”). As a result, it provides new development project applicants in the city the opportunity to use CEQA streamlining tools for projects that are consistent with this Plan. Demonstrating consistency with the Plan establishes that a project will not result in an “additional environmental effect” related to GHG emissions. A project’s consistency with this Plan will be determined through a Consistency Checklist (“Checklist”). The Checklist will include the GHG reduction measures applicable to development projects that are required to be implemented on a project-by-project basis to achieve the City’s 2030 reduction target and make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal. Projects that do not demonstrate consistency may, at the City’s discretion, prepare a more comprehensive project-specific analysis of GHG emissions consistent with CEQA requirements.

PLAN ORGANIZATION
This Plan is divided into five main chapters. Chapter 1, introduces the City’s Plan, outlines the goal of the Plan, and the development process in detail. Chapter 2 describes the community’s 2019 baseline GHG emissions inventory, presents 2030 and 2045 emissions forecasts, and identifies community emissions reduction targets.

GHG emissions reduction strategies and measures are included in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents an overview of the climate adaptation planning process, a summary of the city’s climate change vulnerability assessment, and adaptation strategies, objectives, and actions that can be implemented to strengthen community resilience to climate change. Lastly, Chapter 5 provides a framework for implementing and monitoring the Plan and includes a timeline for future updates.

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CHAPTER 1: Introduction
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapt ation Plan Page 1-1
CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CLIMATE ACTION AND

ADAPTATION PLAN
The City of Rancho Cordova (hereafter referred to as “City”) has prepared its first Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) (hereafter referred to as “Plan”) to serve as a comprehensive roadmap to community sustainability and resilience in the city. It lays out a set of strategies to reduce Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) emissions and the potential impacts of climate change in Rancho Cordova. At a local level, annual temperatures and intensity of precipitation events are projected to increase over time. These changes could result in increased heat waves, wildfire risk, and flooding, resulting in adverse effects on residents’ health and safety, economic prosperity, infrastructure, and the provision of public services. The Plan identifies strategies and measures the City can take to address climate change by reducing GHG emissions to levels that align with Statewide GHG reduction targets and strategies and actions for the City to adapt and promote resilience to the impacts of climate change in Rancho Cordova.

In developing the Plan, the City evaluated the volume of emissions generated in a baseline year (2019 for this Plan) and identified City-specific targets and goals that determine the amount of community-wide emissions that need to be reduced in Rancho Cordova to align with statewide GHG reduction targets for 2030 and 2045. The City then developed GHG reduction measures to achieve the City’s 2030 target and make substantial progress towards the City’s 2045 goal. Additionally, in preparation of the Plan, the City conducted a climate change vulnerability assessment to better understand its vulnerability to climate hazards. This was then used to inform and develop a set of adaptation strategies, objectives, and actions to improve community resilience in context of climate change.

The successful implementation and administration of the Plan would reduce emissions and reduce climate related risks in the city, as well as provide other co-benefits like strengthening the City’s economy, improving risk management, cleaning the environment, and improving the health and wellness of residents. At a local scale, communities can work towards reducing their carbon footprint by changing habits to consume less energy, generate less waste, conserve water, use sustainable transportation modes, and promote carbon sequestration.

1.1.1 Why is the Plan Important?
Through the Plan, community members can take climate action specific to the city’s requirements. By beginning to plan now and engaging in more sustainable practices, communities will be better suited to adapt to climate change and increase resiliency for the future. The Plan lays out prospects to shape the future development of the city in the way that the homes, businesses, and communities become more sustainable and less vulnerable to ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 1 | Introduction
Rancho Cordova

climate risks. While saving money and promoting a healthier environment, the implementation of the Plan will improve livability and quality of life for the residents of Rancho Cordova.

1.1.2 Plan Goals
The 2019 communitywide emissions is 679,700 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (“MTCO2e”). In order to
reduce emissions and meet statewide targets, the Plan has established local reduction targets consistent with statewide emissions reduction targets for 2030 and 2045. To support the achievement of statewide GHG reduction targets and
reduce emissions locally, the Plan sets the following emission reductions targets using 2019 levels as a reference point:
 2030 target: 36 percent below 2019 levels (438,300
MTCO2e annually); and
 2045 goal: 81 percent reduction from 2019 levels (129,300 MTCO2e annually).

This Plan provides a summary of baseline GHG emissions and the potential growth in these emissions over time. A summary of the City’s emissions inventory, emissions projections, and methodology for setting GHG reduction targets is discussed further in Chapter 2. The strategies and measures that the City will implement to achieve the 2030 emissions reduction target and make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal are discussed in Chapter

3. The Plan also illustrates strategies and measures that the City will implement to adapt to climate change risks and vulnerabilities in Chapter 4. As part of Plan implementation, each strategy and measure should be continually assessed and monitored. More information on administering, implementing, and monitoring the Plan is included in Chapter 5.

1.2 SUMMARY OF THE PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
This section gives an overview of the internal and external processes in developing this Plan. It briefly describes the City’s process for Plan development and external engagement with residents and other stakeholders. Figure

1.1 presents the components of the CAAP development process.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

Figure 1.1 Components of the CAAP development process
Why
did the City prepare a Plan?
• to align with State climate goals
• establish city specific climate action and guide
future development
• to maintain consistency in GHG reduction
• to support infill housing production
• to leverage other regional sustainability programs
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1.2.1 Plan Development
The City kicked off the project in 2021 after which the City prepared GHG emissions inventories and forecasts, set GHG reduction targets, and conducted a climate change vulnerability assessment. These tasks were completed by the first quarter of 2022 and then the City developed GHG emissions reduction strategies, measures, and actions, along with adaptation strategies, objectives, and actions to be included in the Plan. These efforts created the foundation for developing this Plan, which occurred in the first quarter of 2023.

Engagement with City staff, members of the public, government officials, and other stakeholders was conducted throughout the entirety of the project. Outreach and engagement efforts are described in the following section.

1.2.2 Community Engagement
The Plan serves as a resource and starting point to support the City’s long-term sustainability efforts. Effective and long-term climate action and resiliency in the City can only be achieved through active and ongoing partnerships between residents, businesses, the City, and other agencies and organizations in the city.

The City hosted four public workshops and performed outreach efforts to engage residents, stakeholders, and other interested organizations and individuals. The purpose was to provide an opportunity for the community to participate in the Plan development process and ensure that the Plan equitably captured the ideas and concerns of residents and businesses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first three public workshops were held virtually, while the fourth workshop was an in-person event. The attendees included a diverse mix of participants including Rancho Cordova residents, business owners, members of local climate groups, neighborhood associations, community council members, people who had property in the city, and so on. The workshops served to inform attendees about the project scope and goals and solicited input to gain a better understanding of the community’s climate change concerns and priorities.

The first workshop held on October 21, 2021 was attended by 26 people. It provided an overview of the purpose and objectives of the Plan, and discussed the Plan process and project timeline. It also provided information on how the community can get involved in the development process.

The second workshop held on January 13, 2022, summarized the city’s primary vulnerabilities to climate change and when these climate change impacts are likely to occur. 31 people including residents and business owners attended the workshop that briefed on activities that are contributing to the city's greenhouse gas emissions and emission categories contributing to these emissions.

On April 14, 2022, the City held the third workshop which was attended by 17 people. It discussed updates in the Plan development process. The topics included the primary emissions sources and activities in Rancho Cordova, the role that federal, State, regional, and local actions play in reducing emissions in the city, and how much lower the future emissions need to be to meet California's climate goals. Attendees had the opportunity to share thoughts on potential mitigation measures the City could take to reduce emissions to levels that meet the climate targets.

Residents can support climate action by:
• consuming less energy
• producing less waste
• conserving water
• composting
• avoiding drive alone trips
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On November 16, 2022, the City hosted the fourth and final workshop and first in-person event. It was attended by 12 people. The purpose of the workshop was to gain feedback on actions the City can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The workshop
included a short presentation, followed by an
interactive activity and discussion about ideas and
priorities. A handout illustrating the City’s measures
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was distributed
among participants to serve as a reference for
sharing the feedback. It offered an opportunity for
participants to comment on proposed GHG
reduction strategies and measures and to identify
barriers to personal climate action choices. To
increase opportunities for all residents to provide
feedback, an online survey was also conducted after
the fourth workshop to include feedback from
residents and stakeholders who could not attend
the workshop. 48 people responded to this survey.

Public input gathered from the workshops and the survey played a key role in determining the City’s approach to climate change mitigation and adaptation through ground-truthing the technical analyses conducted for the Plan development. The multiple sets of public events and additional methods for providing input on the Plan provided residents and stakeholder groups the opportunity to contribute to Plan development.

1.3 2022 RANCHO CORDOVA CLIMATE ACTION PLAN PUBLIC

OPINION SURVEY
The City asked residents for their comments and suggestions concerning the Plan, emissions reduction measures, and
adaptation strategies through community workshops and an online survey. In addition to this, the City commissioned a public opinion survey to measure residents’ attitudes about climate change and their opinions about the City government taking steps to reduce climate change and its impacts. The City conducted a telephone survey with 300 randomly
selected participants concerning issues related to its Plan. The purpose of the survey was to better understand resident perceptions of climate change and the City taking steps to address climate change. Specific issues examined in this survey included the community’s views on:
 How important climate change is to them personally.
 How harmful climate change will be to them and to future generations.  How important it is for the City to take steps to reduce climate change and its impacts.  How supportive the community is of specific steps the City could take to reduce the impact of climate change.

Why
is the community engagement process
important?
• to provide the community an
opportunity to participate in the City's
climate action
• to advance equality and reduce
disparities
• to ensure that the benefits are shared
among all city residents
Why
did the City conduct a Public Opinion
Survey?
• to ask residents for their comments
and suggestions concerning the Plan.
• to provide another form of outreach
for resident input.
• to collect inputs on a randomly
selected basis
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The survey results indicated that climate change is a very important issue for the majority of residents and a majority also responded that climate change will be very harmful or somewhat harmful to them or loved ones.

A majority of the residents think it is very important for the City to take steps to reduce the impacts of climate change. A majority of residents also strongly or somewhat support specific City actions related to encouraging people to travel without using their private vehicles such as walking, biking, sharing rides, and using public transportation; increasing the use of electric vehicles, and encouraging energy efficiency and reduced natural gas consumption in existing buildings and new construction. Encouraging the use of electric-powered instead of gaspowered landscape and construction equipment was the only City-specific action that was not strongly or somewhat supported by a majority of residents. A plurality of residents somewhat support this action (41.5 percent), while approximately one-third (31.6 percent) strongly oppose this action, and 9.8 percent indicated they somewhat oppose it. No residents (0 percent) indicated strong support for this actions.

1.4 PROJECT WEBSITE
To provide project information and resources to the community and stakeholders, the City developed a webpage dedicated to the City’s Plan (located at https://www.cityofranchocordova.org/residents/communitytopics/climate-action-plan). It includes an overview of the project, updates on the workshops and the online survey held, GHG emissions and adaptation related information and technical documents, and other supporting documents and materials. This webpage supported public participation from the initiation of the project to the development of this Plan. After adoption of the Plan, the webpage will be updated to include updates on Plan implementation and monitoring.

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1.5 REGIONAL CLIMATE PLANNING EFFORTS
The Plan is developed in the context of existing plans and policies occurring within the region that support the reduction of GHG emissions and prepare the community for the anticipated effects of climate change. These include, but are not limited to:
 Sacramento County led an update to the countywide 2016 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (Sacramento County, 2021) in 2021, in coordination with incorporated cities, reclamation districts, and other special districts. This will complement the Plan’s adaptation framework and further assist in alleviating vulnerability to climate change impacts in the city.
 The Sacramento Area Council of Governments (SACOG) adopted its most recent Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) in 2020 (SACOG, 2023), which provides policies and implementation actions for GHG reductions in the on-road transportation sector, consistent with statewide targets set by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The Plan’s transportation sector measures can be aligned with the SCS for more effective emission reduction in the city.
 The Capitol Region Urban Heat Island Mitigation Project, led by Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) and the Local Government Commission, built detailed models of the Urban Heat Island effect in the Sacramento region and used them to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of heat mitigation measures (SMAQMD, 2020). This will complement the Plan’s adaptation framework and further assist in alleviating vulnerability to climate change impacts in the city.  The Sacramento Municipal Utility Department (SMUD)’s Home Performance Program (HPP) is a whole-house approach that bundles energy-efficiency upgrades to deliver more savings, comfort, and rebate options. This program can be effective in supporting strategies identified in this Plan for reducing emissions from the building energy sector.
 SMUD collaborated with Five Star Bank and LoanGlide to offer Sustainable Home Improvement Loans to help residential customers finance energy efficiency upgrades. This includes converting from gas-to-electric appliances and equipment and improvements like windows and weatherization. These initiatives align with the supporting actions identified in this Plan for reducing emissions from the building energy sector.  SacRT initiatives which include providing County residents access to micro-transit, electric busses, and expanded light rail service, for example, the Fare-Free Transit for Students and Youth Initiative and the SacRT SmaRT Ride where customers can request a ride that will pick up and drop off passengers within the service boundaries.

These initiatives align with the supporting actions identified in this Plan for reducing emissions from the transportation sector.

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3.6 HOW TO READ THIS PLAN

3.6.1 Organization
This Plan is divided into five main chapters. This chapter, Chapter 1, introduces the City’s Plan, outlines the goal of the Plan, and the development process in detail. Chapter 2 describes the community’s 2019 baseline GHG emissions inventory, presents 2030 and 2045 emissions forecasts of the city, and identifies community emissions reduction targets. GHG emissions reduction strategies and measures are included in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents an overview of the climate adaptation planning process, a summary of the city’s climate change vulnerability assessment, and adaptation strategies, objectives, and actions that can be implemented to strengthen community resilience to climate change. Lastly, Chapter 5 provides a framework for implementing and monitoring the Plan and includes a timeline for future updates. It also includes a list of potential funding sources the City can consider for the administration, implementation, and monitoring of measures included in this Plan.

3.6.2 Emissions Reduction and Adaptation Framework
The GHG emissions reduction strategies and measures in Chapter 3 and the adaptation strategies and objectives in Chapter 4 are presented under a similar framework. Each chapter presents strategies that serve as the foundation for addressing the ways in which GHG emissions can be reduced and resilience can be improved in the community. Within each GHG emissions reduction strategy are one or more measures that represent activities that the City would consider in order to achieve the target. Similarly, each of the adaptation strategies includes two to three tailored objectives. Both the GHG emissions reduction measures and adaptation objectives include a set of detailed actions that define the specific actions, projects, programs, or policies the City can implement or support to reduce GHG emissions and strengthen community resilience.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

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CHAPTER 2:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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CHAPTER 2:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

2.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter summarizes the first three components of the Plan development process - identifying and estimating primary sources and annual levels of GHG emissions for a baseline year (also called a baseline inventory); estimating emissions trends and projections in the absence of local reduction measures (also called forecasts); and setting local emissions reduction goals over time to reduce contributions to climate change effects (also called targets) (refer to section 1.2 for components of the Plan).

2.2 BASELINE INVENTORY
Conducting a baseline inventory for a jurisdiction is the process of quantifying emissions from the potential sources during a single calendar year. It informs about the emissions sources and activities and reports about the relative contribution of each. This process supports the forecasting of future emissions, the setting of targets and goals to reduce emissions, and the development of reduction measures. This section describes sources and levels of
communitywide emissions in Rancho Cordova.

The City’s emissions inventory is based on the 2019 baseline year – the most recent year for which reliable data were available at the time this plan was developed. Rancho Cordova’s inventory is based on the most recent guidance for community-scale emissions inventories developed by ICLEI’s Community Protocol, Version 1.2, published in July 2019 (ICLEI 2019). Appendix A and B present detailed methods and assumptions used for developing the communitywide emissions inventory. Consistent with the protocol’s requirements, the inventory is prepared for a baseline year that reflects the current communitywide emissions conditions and establishes a foundation to compare how emissions are estimated to grow in the future. Emissions generating activities are divided into categories called emissions sectors.

The inventory includes the following emissions sectors:

Why
a baseline inventory?
• identifies emissions sources and
their relative contribution
• provides a baseline for emissions
forecasts
• supports the establishment of
reduction targets and goals
• informs the development of
reduction measures
• provides a framework to track the
changes in emissions in the city
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Chapter 2 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventor y
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• On-Road Transportation
o this sector includes emissions from passenger and commercial vehicles that operate within the city, and to and from the city.
• Building Energy
o Residential Building Energy – this sector includes emissions generated from the use of electricity and natural gas in residential buildings in the city. o Non-residential Building Energy – this sector includes emissions generated from the use of electricity and natural gas in non-residential buildings in the city. • Solid Waste
o this sector includes emissions associated with waste generated by residents and businesses in the city.
• Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment
o this sector includes emissions from off-road vehicles and equipment that operate in the city. • Water Supply
o this sector includes emissions associated with residential and commercial water consumption • Wastewater Treatment
o this sector includes emissions associated with residential and commercial wastewater treatment

2.2.1 Rancho Cordova’s Emissions Inventory
The 2019 communitywide emissions is 679,700 MTCO2e. Out of the seven emissions sectors included in the Plan, on-road transportation and building energy are responsible for 94 percent of emissions in the city. Table

2.1 shows the results of the inventory and Figure 2.1 shows the share of emissions generated by each sector.

Appendix A presents the inventory technical memorandum and Appendix B details the methodology for preparing the communitywide emissions inventory.

Table 2.1 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Sectors MTCO2e/year Percent of Total
On-Road Transportation 417,100 61%
Nonresidential Building Energy 118,800 17%
Residential Building Energy 95,600 14%
Solid Waste 22,400 3%
Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment 11,000 2%
Water Supply 9,100 1%
Wastewater Treatment 5,700 1%
Total 679,700 100%
Notes: MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year Source: Ascent Environmental 2022.

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Chapter 2 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 2-3
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator, 2023.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2022.

Figure 2.1 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Communitywide Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

2.3 EMISSIONS FORECASTS
The next phase in the Plan process is to estimate communitywide emissions over time. Comparing the forecasts with targets will provide an emissions gap that the city needs to address to achieve the target. This information is critical to evaluating the City’s performance in mitigating emissions and understanding where the City should focus its efforts in the future. The 2019 baseline inventory is used to scale emissions to 2030 and 2045. Emissions forecasts are based on the following two factors:

On-Road Transportation,
61%
Nonresidential Building
Energy, 17%
Residential Building
Energy, 14%
Solid Waste, 3%
Off-Road Vehicles and
Equipment, 2%
Wastewater Treatment,
1% Water Supply, 1%
Why
an emissions forecast?
• identifies emissions gap
• provides a framework for
comparing changes in
emissions in the future
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Chapter 2 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventor y
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(i) Community Activities: change in community activities like population, number of employees, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) results in a change in communitywide emissions. (ii) Legislative Reductions Federal, State, and regional actions that reduce GHG emissions from communitywide activities and sources. Examples of these initiatives include a law, regulation, standard, or program.

2.3.1 Future Emissions without Legislative Reductions (Business-As-Usual Forecast)
The emissions forecast without legislative reductions (also known as Business-As-Usual or BAU Forecast) is an assessment of the City’s emissions solely based on how the community activities will change over time without further local, regional, State, or federal action. It assumes that no further government action is taken to reduce GHG emissions and reflects only the change emissions that results from change in community activities. Table

2.2 shows activity projections in the city from 2019 to 2045 that are used to inform the BAU Forecast of GHG emissions, and also inform the Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast, which is described in the next section.

Table 2.2 Rancho Cordova Demographic and Vehicle Miles Traveled Projections Forecast Factor 2019 2030 2045
Population 77,579 102,122 125,427
Employment 61,991 73,604 84,213
Annual VMT 919,218,798 1,071,357,646 1,307,495,381
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled.

Source: SACOG Growth Forecast for the 2020 MTP/SCS; Fehr & Peers; adapted by Ascent Environmental in 2022.

2.3.2 Future Emissions with Legislative Reductions (Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast)
Emissions forecast with legislative reductions (also known as Legislative-Adjusted Business-As-Usual or Legislative-Adjusted BAU forecast) is an assessment of the City’s emissions based on the changes in community activities including adopted legislative and regulatory actions at the regional, State, or federal levels. The legislative reductions applied to estimate emissions under this forecast are listed in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Summary of Legislative Reductions Applied in the Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast Source Legislative Reduction Description Sectors Applied Regional 2030 Zero Carbon
Plan
Establishes a target for SMUD to supply 100 percent
renewable electricity by 2030.

Residential and
Nonresidential
Building Energy,
Water Supply
State
California’s Building
Energy Efficiency
Standards (2019 Title
24, Part 6)
Requires all new buildings in California to comply with energy efficiency standards established by CEC. Accounts for the energy efficiency gains associated with lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, and water heating
Residential and
Nonresidential
Building Energy
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Source Legislative Reduction Description Sectors Applied improvements, as well as onsite solar photovoltaic
requirements for low-rise residential.

State Advanced Clean Cars I
Standards
Establishes GHG emission reduction standards for model
years 2017 through 2025 that are more stringent than
federal CAFE standards.

On-Road
Transportation
State Truck and Bus
Regulation
Requires diesel trucks and buses that operate in California to be upgraded to reduce GHG emissions.

On-Road
Transportation
Federal
Fuel Efficiency
Standards for Mediumand Heavy-Duty
Vehicles
Establishes fuel efficiency standards for medium- and heavyduty engines and vehicles.On-Road Transportation
Federal
EPA Off-Road
Compression-Ignition
Engine Standards
Establishes standards for phasing of EPA diesel engine tiers for off-road compression-ignition equipment.

Off-Road Vehicles
and Equipment
Notes: CAFE = Corporate Average Fuel Economy; CEC = California Energy Commission; EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; GHG = greenhouse gas, SMUD = The Sacramento Municipal Utility District.

Figure 2.2 and Table 2.4 present the City’s 2019 inventory with BAU forecast and Legislative-Adjusted BAU forecast for 2030 and 2045. With the legislative actions, the City’s emissions would decrease by approximately 22 percent between 2019 and 2045 and by approximately 24 percent between 2019 and 2030. In 2030, the legislative-adjusted BAU Forecast is 37 percent lower than the BAU forecast, while in 2045, legislative-adjusted BAU Forecast is 46 percent lower than the BAU forecast.

Table 2.4 Rancho Cordova 2019 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, BAU Forecast, and LegislativeAdjusted BAU Forecast for 2030 and 2045 (MTCO2e/year) Sector 2019 2030 2045
Baseline
Emissions BAU Forecast
LegislativeAdjusted
BAU Forecast
BAU Forecast
LegislativeAdjusted
BAU Forecast
On-Road Transportation 417,100 486,200 387,800 593,300 384,700 Nonresidential Building Energy 118,800 141,100 23,600 161,400 25,300 Residential Building Energy 95,600 125,800 52,200 154,500 55,900 Solid Waste 22,400 29,500 29,500 36,200 36,200
Off-Road Vehicles and
Equipment
11,000 14,800 14,800 18,500 18,500
Water Supply 9,100 12,000 0 14,700 0
Wastewater Treatment 5,700 7,500 7,500 9,200 9,200
Total 679,700 816,700 515,400 987,800 529,800
Notes: Total may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

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Chapter 2 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventor y
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Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

Figure 2.2 Rancho Cordova 2019 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, BAU Forecast, and Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast for 2030 and 2045

2.4 EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS
Rancho Cordova’s 2030 emissions reduction target and 2045 goal have been developed to align with the statewide emissions reduction targets for 2030 and 2045. As directed in Senate Bill (SB) 32 and Assembly Bill (AB) 1279, the State aims to reduce Statewide annual GHG emissions to:
 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; and
 net zero emissions as soon as possible and no later than 2045, with at least an 85 percent reduction from 1990 levels for anthropogenic sources.
1 Consistent with State targets and considering relevant emissions sectors, this Plan establishes the following communitywide GHG reduction target for 2030 and GHG reduction goal for 2045:
 2030 target: 36 percent below 2019 levels (438,300 MTCO2e annually); and  2045 goal: 81 percent below 2019 levels (129,300 MTCO2e annually). 1 Anthropogenic sources are human activities that generate emissions. 2030 2045 2019
0 200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000 Annual GHG Emissions (MTCO2e per year)
On-Road Transportation Nonresidential Building Energy Residential Building Energy Solid Waste Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment Wastewater Treatment Water Supply BAU Forecast Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 2 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 2-7

2.5 LOCAL EMISSIONS GAP
Figure 2.3 below depicts the 2019 baseline and legislative-adjusted BAU forecast by sector. The black line indicates the City’s GHG reduction target for 2030 and the 2045 goal relative to the City’s 2019 baseline emissions level. The space between the trajectory of the black line and the top of the colored wedges represents the “gap” in emissions that will need to be addressed through local actions for the City to meet its GHG reduction target and goal. To address the gap, the City has identified a strategy framework including emissions reduction strategies, measures, and supporting actions. The strategy framework is presented in Chapter 3. Appendix A presents the inventory technical memorandum, Appendix B details the methodology for preparing the communitywide emissions inventory and projections, Appendix C presents the forecast and target technical memorandum, and Appendix D details the methodology for preparing the emissions reduction targets and goals.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2022.

Figure 2.3 Rancho Cordova’s Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecast by Sector, 2030 Emission Reduction Target:
36% below 2019 levels, and 2045 Emission Reduction Goal: 81% below 2019 levels

0 100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
2019 2030 2045
Annual GHG Emissions (MTCO2e per year)
On-Road Transportation Nonresidential Building Energy Residential Building Energy Solid Waste Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment Wastewater Treatment Water Supply Reduction Target and Goal
Chapter 3 of the Plan identifies
emissions reduction measures to
that seek to close the following
emissions gaps:
77,100 MTCO2e/year by 2030
400,500 MTCO2e/year by 2045
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CHAPTER 3:

Emissions Reduction Strategies & Measures
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Climate Action & Adapt ation Plan Page 3-1

CHAPTER 3:

Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures

3.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter summarizes the fourth component of the Plan development process – the development of emissions reduction strategies and measures (refer to section 1.2 for components of a Plan). It outlines strategies and measures the City can take to achieve the emissions reduction target for 2030 (reducing emissions to 36 percent below 2019 levels) and make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal (reducing emissions to 81 percent below 2019 levels).

3.2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGIES AND MEASURES
This Plan includes strategies, measures, and supporting actions that address the following major climate changerelated activities that can be influenced by the City’s actions:
 Getting To, From, and Around the City (On-road Transportation Sector)  Using Energy in Homes and Businesses (Building Energy Sector)  Using Equipment for Landscaping and Construction (Off-Road Vehicle and Equipment Sector)  Using Water and Disposing of Waste at Homes and Businesses (Water Supply, Wastewater, and Solid Waste Sectors)
 Planting and Managing Trees (Carbon Sequestration Sector) The strategies and measures focus on reducing GHG emissions that are generated from activities occurring in Rancho Cordova. The City will implement these measures in the coming years through planned programs, policies, and projects. Additional to reducing emissions, which is the primary purpose of these strategies and measures, these will also result in added co-benefits that would occur through implementation, such as improved environmental quality, improved health outcomes, enhanced community character, address historic underinvestment, create job opportunities, and improve resilience to climate change impacts.

Implementation of the strategies and measures in this chapter would be adequate to meet the City’s 2030 emissions reduction target (36 percent below 2019 levels) and make sufficient progress towards the 2045 goal (81 percent below 2019 levels). However, because the city is already experiencing the effects of climate change, this Plan includes multiple measures to adapt to climate change impacts, discussed in Chapter 4.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

3.3 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
The implementation of GHG reduction strategies and measures over the years will affect the entire community and these effects will persist for a long time. Hence, it is necessary that the strategies take into consideration the present and future circumstances of the community. This includes taking into consideration the requirements and aspirations of the people as well as the pressure that will be placed on the community resources. To develop strategies that best support community activities and make the best use of community resources, it is important that the whole community works as a unit and contributes to the strategy development process.

Hence, the process of developing GHG reduction strategies is critical.

In developing the strategies and measures in this Plan, City staff identified the potential for future projects in the City and gathered input from residents, business owners, and community organizations, through a series of workshops and surveys. The City hosted these public events for residents, business owners, and community leaders where they were able to provide input and feedback on proposed measures. Input from these workshops was used to further define measures and identify measure goals. These outreach efforts are described in Chapter 1, section 1.2.2.

3.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Summary
If communitywide emissions in the city were to continue to grow unimpeded, the city is anticipated to generate 816,800 MTCO2e in 2030 and 987,800 MTCO2e in 2045. While legislative reductions would further reduce 301,400 MTCO2e per year, the City would still need to reduce annual emissions by 77,100 MTCO2e by 2030 and 400,500 MTCO2e by 2045 to achieve the proposed emissions reduction targets. Table 3.1 presents the summary of communitywide emissions growth with and without emissions reduction strategies and measures identified in this Plan and Figure 3.1 shows the share of emissions reductions from strategies identified in the Plan for 2030.

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Table 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Summary
Emissions Sectors 2030 Emissions
(MTCO2e)
2045 Emissions
(MTCO2e)
BAU Forecast 816,700 987,800
Legislative Reductions 301,400 458,000
Legislative-Adjusted BAU forecast 515,400 529,800
Target Emissions 438,300 129,300
Total Reductions from Strategies and Measures 79,700 307,800 Reductions from On-Road Transportation Measures 54,800 218,200 Reductions from Building Energy Measures 13,600 45,600
Reductions from Off-Road Vehicle and Equipment Measures 1,800 9,500 Reductions from Solid Waste Measures 8,800 32,600
Reductions from Carbon Sequestration Sector Measures 440 1,000 Communitywide Emissions with Strategies and Measures 435,700 222,200 Notes: Numbers are rounded to the nearest thousand; values and totals may not equal the values summed in other tables or figures; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

Figure 3.1 GHG Emissions Reductions from Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures in 2030 On-road Transportation
Sector
69%
Building Energy Sector
17%
Off-Road Vehicle and
Equipment Sector
Water and Solid Waste
Sectors
11%
Carbon Sequestration Sector
On-road Transportation
Sector
Building Energy Sector
Off-Road Vehicle and
Equipment Sector
Water and Solid Waste
Sectors
Carbon Sequestration
Sector
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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

3.3.2 Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures
To close the gap between the legislative-adjusted BAU forecast and the 2030 emission reduction target, the Plan proposes a Strategy Framework consisting of 14 GHG reduction strategies and 34 GHG emission reduction measures, developed based on a combination of factors, including:
 the feasibility of the measure to be implemented by the City;  existing policies, actions, or programs that can be expanded;  proposed policies and plans yet to be adopted;
 feedback from the community workshops
The Strategy Framework is developed to achieve the 2030 reduction target and make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal. The City has also identified supporting actions that will assist in achieving each strategy’s performance target but were not directly quantified toward meeting the City’s reduction targets. For each strategy, the reduction strategy framework is shown in the form of tables in the sections below. The tables consist of strategies, measures, annual emissions reduced, percent of the City’s total reductions, performance targets, and supporting actions. Each term used in the tables is defined here and emissions reduction strategies and measures details are included in Appendix E.
 Strategy: City’s overall approach for reducing GHG emissions from an activity or in a sector.  Measure: Activities the City could perform to implement a strategy; one or more measures are identified for each strategy.
 Supporting Actions: Specific actions that the City could take to successfully implement the strategy and the measures under that strategy.
 Estimated Outcomes: City-prepared estimates of how the implementation of the proposed measures is anticipated to affect GHG emissions levels and the performance of certain activities. The following outcomes are reported for each measure:
 Performance Metric: Change in the activity that proposed measures have the potential to achieve.  GHG Reduction Potential: Estimated decrease per year from the associated measures in the target year.

Emissions are measured in units of metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) per year.  Percent of the City’s Total Reductions: Share of the City’s total annual emissions reduction in the target year.

Figure 3.2 summarizes the outcomes of emissions reduction strategies and measures identified in this Plan. It shows the contribution of each emissions reduction sector in the City’s future emissions in 2030 and 2045 and denotes how much reduction each sector represents in terms of fewer gasoline-powered passenger vehicles driven for one year. Figure 3.3 shows the table template used for presenting the strategy framework under each sector.

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 3-5

Note: Emissions reduction numbers are rounded to the nearest thousand.

Source: Appendix E, US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator, 2023. Ascent Environmental, 2022, Figure 3.2 Summary of Potential GHG Emissions Reductions from Measures Identified In This Plan 2030 2045
Getting To, From,
and Around the City
Using Energy in
Homes and Businesses
Using Equipment for
Landscaping and
Construction
Using Water and
Disposing of Waste at
Homes and Businesses
Planting and
Managing Trees
54,800 MTCO2e
68 %
218,200 MTCO2e
13,630 MTCO2e
17 % 15 %
45,600 MTCO2
e
1,830 MTCO2e
2% 3%
9,460 MTCO2e
8,800 MTCO2e
11 % 11 %
32,600 MTCO2e
440 MTCO2
e
1% <1 %
1,100 MTCO2e
71 %
11,782 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
2,930 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
393 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
1,892 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
95 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
46,913 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
9,804 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
2,034 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
7,009 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
237 fewer
gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles
driven for one year
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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

Figure 3.3 How to Read Strategies and Measures

GETTING TO, FROM, AND AROUND THE CITY
(ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION SECTOR)
The majority of communitywide emissions are from the on-road transportation sector. These emissions are generated by the combustion of fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel) in motor vehicles, and in 2019, this sector accounted for 61 percent of total community GHG emissions. The amount of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in the city, or the distance of travel by residents and visitors, is the primary factor that determines on-road transportation emissions. VMT in the city is impacted by factors such as accessibility of alternative transportation options (for example, transit) and land use planning. Vehicle fuel efficiency and fuel carbon intensity standards also affect GHG emissions generated by on-road transportation. Legislative reductions from improvements in federal and State vehicle fuel efficiency standards will contribute to reducing transportation emissions by requiring the development of cleaner vehicle fleets. However, the City will have to rely on local actions to reduce the frequency or distance of vehicle travel or reduce the use of internal combustion vehicles by shifting to alternative modes of transportation (for example, bicycling, transit) or alternative fuel types (for example, electric vehicles).

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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Strategies and Measures
Because the transportation sector represents the
largest source of community GHG emissions, it
presents the most significant opportunities to achieve
emissions reductions. This section outlines
transportation and land use-related strategies and
measures the City will implement to help meet its
emissions reduction targets. Transportation and land
use measures are organized under five strategies that
will be implemented at the local level in the city with the goal of increasing zero-emission or alternative fuel vehicle use, increasing transportation system efficiency for existing and future travel patterns, and increasing the use of alternative travel modes.

Strategy Transportation-1. Support development of
walkable, interconnected neighborhoods, villages,
and districts
Emissions reductions can be achieved by reducing the number of trips by car and encouraging active transportation. Under this strategy, the City plans to increase pedestrian connectivity between neighborhoods, villages, and districts in the city and develop infrastructure that encourages walking, riding an electric-powered bike, scooter, or skateboard, or any other way of getting to daily destinations like work, school, recreation, or appointments without using a fossil-fuel motorized vehicle. The four measures provided under this strategy require the community’s support for the successful implementation of this strategy. It would reduce emissions by 6,700 MTCO2e in 2030 and 17,100 MTCO2e in 2045. This is equivalent to removing 1,441 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in 2030 and 3,677 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in 2045 (calculated using USEPA GHG Equivalencies Calculator, 2022).Table 3.2 provides the details of the measures, performance metrics, and supporting actions under this strategy to encourage the use of active modes of transportation.

Table 3.2 Strategy Transportation-1
Strategy Transportation-1
Support development of walkable, interconnected neighborhoods, villages, and districts Transportation-1.1: Enforce the City’s Transportation Impact Guidelines, which require developers to include features in their projects that decrease the amount of driving alone and encourage people to make trips by walking, biking, or using public transit (Quantified)
Transportation-1.2: Reduce or eliminate requirements to provide a minimum number of off-street parking spaces in new development projects (Qualitative)
Transportation-1.3: Improve street connectivity, for example, by providing walkways at the ends of existing cul-de-sacs, or requiring walkable street systems in new developments (Qualitative) Transportation-1.4: Limit the number of drive-through businesses (Qualitative) ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
Total miles driven in a year from new development would decrease by 10% in 2030 (relative to 2030 scenario
without the proposed measures)
6,700 8%
2045
Total miles driven in a year from new development would decrease by 15% in 2045 (relative to 2045 scenario
without the proposed measures)
17,100 6%
Supporting Actions:
a. Increase the density and intensity of residential, commercial, and mixed-use development near public transit. b. To prevent parking spillover, implement permit parking in nearby residential areas and market-rate pricing of public on-street parking.
c. Review City codes/regulations and update as needed to ensure businesses/groups have flexibility to use offstreet parking spaces for outdoor activities like outdoor dining and retail. d. Update policies on roadway spacing/street networks in new development. e. Convert existing cul-de-sacs or dead ends to grid streets. f. Develop and implement the recommendations of the City's upcoming Roundabout Feasibility Study. g. Unbundle residential parking costs.
h. Use improved materials and engineering designs to make walking and transit easier. i. Provide educational programs and campaigns to encourage people to walk, bike, and take transit. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

Strategy Transportation-2. Make walking and biking safe and attractive for people of all ages and abilities Making active transportation safe and attractive would increase motivation to choose ways of getting around that do not include using a fossil-fuel motorized vehicle. Emissions reductions can be achieved by refining existing laws, enhancing traffic safety laws, set up car-free zones and time slots in the city. The four measures provided under this strategy require collaboration from local and regional agencies and support from residents. The implementation of this strategy would reduce emissions by 11,500 MTCO2e in 2030 and 12,800 MTCO2e in 2045. This is equivalent to removing 2,437 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in 2030 and 2,752 gasolinepowered passenger vehicles in 2045 (calculated using USEPA GHG Equivalencies Calculator, 2022). Table 3.3 provides the details of the measures, performance metrics, and supporting actions under this strategy to encourage the use of active modes of transportation.

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova
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Table 3.3 Strategy Transportation-2
Strategy Transportation-2
Make walking and biking safe and attractive for people of all ages and abilities Transportation-2.1: Update Bike and Pedestrian Master Plans to increase the number of low-stress bikeways and walkways that connect homes to destinations (Quantified) Transportation-2.2: Install roundabouts to control traffic at intersections, instead of stop signs or traffic signals (Qualitative)
Transportation-2.3: Provide temporary or permanent car-free zones or “slow streets” in specified areas, for example, individual blocks or residential streets (Qualitative)
Transportation-2.4: Install measures to reduce vehicle speeds and calm traffic on city streets (Qualitative) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Total miles driven in a year from existing (2019)
development would decrease by 6% in 2030 11,500 14%
2045 Total miles driven in a year from existing (2019)
development would decrease by 7.5% in 2045 12,800 4%
Supporting Actions:
a. Increase density and intensity of residential, commercial, and mixed-use development in areas (for example, business park / downtown) with infrastructure for walking and biking and getting to daily destinations without a private vehicle.
b. Combine sidewalk coverage and biking infrastructure with best practices such as high-visibility crosswalks, pedestrian signals, mid-block crossings, refuge islands, speed tables, bulb-outs (curb extensions), curb ramps, signage, pavement markings, landscaping, and other improvements to pedestrian safety. c. Require new development to provide and/or pay fair-share contributions toward new and/or improved sidewalks.
d. Continue to fund and/or construct sidewalk improvements through the Capital Improvement Program e. Implement new sidewalk Program in older parts of the city without sidewalks and bikeways currently. f. Develop Green Streets design criteria that incorporate Green infrastructure. g. Update the Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plans to create an all ages and abilities network including more separated bikeways and shared-use paths.
h. Prepare a city-wide plan identifying locations/streets suitable for conversion to temporary or permanent carfree zones. i. Update City codes/regulations to provide businesses/groups with flexibility to use streets for events. j. Review/update roadway standards and complete streets policy to incorporate traffic calming measures. k. Encourage the use of cool pavement materials, colors, and/or treatments on roads, sidewalks, and parking lots to encourage the use of alternative modes of transportation l. Implement transit-supportive roadway treatments (for example, signal communication, roadway shelters, curb extensions, rotaries) to optimize traffic flow for transit and personal vehicles m. Improve incident management to quickly detect, respond to, and remove traffic incidents and crashes. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Strategy Transportation-3. Provide transit options that are accessible, reliable, and convenient Increasing the use of transit options will further
reduce GHG emissions and will provide significant
benefits to quality of life and public health. This
strategy would achieve emissions reductions by
increasing the use of transit. Under this strategy, the City plans to increase transit options and frequency,
enhance transit infrastructure, and provide costefficient and more convenient options for people of all ages. This strategy consists of four measures and
would reduce emissions by 5,800 MTCO2e in 2030
and 10,200 MTCO2e in 2045. This is equivalent to
removing 1,247 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles
in 2030 and 2,193 gasoline-powered passenger
vehicles in 2045 (calculated using USEPA GHG
Equivalencies Calculator, 2022). Table 3.4 provides the details of the measures, performance metrics, and
supporting actions under this strategy to encourage
the use of transit options.

Table 3.4 Strategy Transportation-3
Strategy Transportation-3
Provide transit options that are accessible, reliable, and convenient Transportation-3.1: Increase the frequency of SacRT bus, CordoVan service, and/or light rail service, or extend service to cover new areas or times of day (Quantified)
Transportation-3.2: Implement Transit-Supportive Roadway Treatments (for example, transit signal priority, bus-only signal phases, queue jumps, curb extensions to speed passenger loading, and dedicated bus lanes) (Quantified) Transportation-3.3: Provide discounted or fare-free transit service (could be universal or targeted to specific areas and/or populations, for example, youth under 18) (Quantified) Transportation-3.4: Expand the SmaRT Ride area and convert the shuttles to electric shuttles (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Total miles driven in a year from existing (2019)
development would decrease by 3% in 2030 5,800 7%
2045 Total miles driven in a year from existing (2019)
development would decrease by 6% in 2045 10,200 3%
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Supporting Actions:
a. Collaborate with Sacramento Regional Transit District (SacRT) to provide new or improved transit amenities like seating, sun/rain shelter, route information, and lighting. b. Require new residential development in proximity to transit to provide owners/tenants with free or discounted transit passes.
c. Expand the offerings of SmaRT Ride, Sacramento Regional Transit’s microtransit program, and collaborate with SacRT to convert fossil-fuel powered shuttles to electric shuttles.. d. Evaluate locations of transit stops to improve linkages with the pedestrian and bicycle network. e. Identify barriers and dissuasions to transit use and work with the community and transit district to find solutions.
f. Develop and implement a ridesharing subsidy program for trips to/from transit centers. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

Strategy Transportation-4. Reduce drive alone vehicle trips Reducing the number of single-occupancy vehicle
trips and VMT is the most significant way to reduce
on-road emissions. This strategy would achieve GHG
emission reductions by reducing the number of
vehicle trips and VMT. Under this strategy, the City
aims to reduce VMT by implementing various
programs and plans to provide services,
infrastructure, and incentives for not driving alone
and instead sharing the ride, taking transit, opting for active modes of transportation, or teleworking. For
achieving the target under this strategy, the City
would also provide relevant information and
incentives to the community. The four measures
provided under this strategy require collaboration
from local and regional agencies, employers,
businesses, and residents. The implementation of this
strategy would reduce emissions by 3,800 MTCO2e
in 2030 and 6,800 MTCO2e. in 2045. This is
equivalent to removing 817 gasoline-powered
passenger vehicles in 2030 and 1,462 gasolinepowered passenger vehicles in 2045 (calculated using USEPA GHG Equivalencies Calculator, 2022). Table 3.5 provides the details of the measures, performance metrics, and supporting actions under this strategy to reduce drive-alone vehicle trips.

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Table 3.5 Strategy Transportation-4
Strategy Transportation-4
Reduce drive alone vehicle trips
Transportation-4.1: Implement a Commuter Trip Reduction Program (CTR) in which companies provide employees with services, infrastructure, and incentives for not driving alone to work and instead ridesharing, taking transit, biking, walking, or teleworking (Quantified)
Transportation-4.2: Implement an Electric Vehicle Carshare Program in which vehicles are available for users on-demand for short-term rentals (Qualitative)
Transportation-4.3: Implement a bikeshare/scooter share program in which conventional or electric powered bikes or scooters are available to users on-demand for short-term rentals (Qualitative) Transportation-4.4: Provide Community-Based Travel Planning (CBTP) to households in the city in which trained travel advisors visit households to provide them with customized information, incentives, and support to encourage use of transportation options other than driving alone (Qualitative) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Total miles driven in a year from existing (2019)
development would decrease by 2% in 2030 3,800 5%
2045 Total miles driven in a year from existing (2019)
development would decrease by 4% in 2045 6,800 2%
Supporting Actions:
a. Collaborate and coordinate with the 50 Corridor Transportation Management Association (TMA) for the implementation of CTR program and CBTP.
b. Implement, or partner with private company to implement CBTP program. c. Prepare or enhance CTR program for City employees and require (or encourage voluntary) implementation by other employers.
d. Implement, or partner with private sector to implement, a car sharing program. e. Provide facilities like on-street chargers and priority parking for carshare and bikeshare vehicles. Provide discounted membership to employees.
f. Provide EV carsharing and bike/scooter sharing at all new affordable housing developments. g. Conduct outreach to increase participation in vanpool, carpool, transit programs. h. Encourage the construction of roadway treatments to support electric vehicle car-sharing, for example, dedicated parking
i. Develop infrastructure to expand teleworking options, for example, ensuring sufficient private network bandwidth to accommodate the increase in users’ needing remote access, updated security system in computers, advanced password security, and a virtual help desk to support Information Technology issues) j. Develop a school pool program to match parents for carpooling k. Operate bike kitchens for free bike repairs, bikes, and helmets l. Price workplace parking for City employees
m. Provide tax-free transportation benefits to City employees for using ridesharing, carpool, vanpool, and taking transit
n. Expand part-time or full-time teleworking options for "telework eligible" City employees * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

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Strategy Transportation-5. Transition to electric and zero emission vehicles The consumption of gasoline and diesel in internal
combustion engine vehicles produces nearly half of
all GHG emissions in the city. This strategy would
achieve GHG emissions reductions by reducing the
use of gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles and
equipment and transitioning to electric or zeroemissions vehicles for residents, and workers.

Increasing EV charging infrastructure to facilitate EV
adoption and supporting other low-emission
alternative fuels will significantly reduce GHG
emissions and improve local air quality and public
health. Reductions from this strategy would occur
through City projects and development
requirements, and partnerships with local
businesses, developers, and homeowners. This
strategy includes four measures that would reduce
the communitywide emissions by 27,000 MTCO2e
in 2030 and 171,300 MTCO2e in 2045. This is equivalent to removing 5,805 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in 2030 and 36,830 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in 2045 (calculated using USEPA GHG Equivalencies Calculator, 2022). Table 3.6 outlines the framework for this strategy. Additional activities that would support this strategy would occur through partnerships with local and regional agencies.

Table 3.6 Strategy Transportation-5
Strategy Transportation-5
Transition to electric and zero emission vehicles
Transportation-5.1: Install EV chargers in new residential, commercial, and industrial projects (Quantified) Transportation-5.2: Install publicly accessible EV chargers on existing private property (Quantified) Transportation-5.3: Install EV chargers on public property (Quantified) Transportation-5.4: Electrify loading docks and/or require idling-reduction systems (Qualitative) Transportation-5.5: Limit new gasoline/diesel fueling stations (Qualitative) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
18% of all vehicle miles traveled would be from electric or other zero emissions vehicles in 2030; 1,500 new public and private EV chargers installed by 2030
27,000 34%
2045 85% of all vehicle miles traveled would be from electric or other zero emissions vehicles in 2045 171,300 56%
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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Supporting Actions:
a. Amend City code to require installation of chargers and EV charging ready parking spaces beyond minimum CALGreen requirements.
b. Provide grants to property owners/businesses to install EV chargers. c. Require new or updated Specific Plans, Master Plans, and other City plans to incorporate publicly-accessible EV chargers.
d. Coordinate with the Sacramento Area Plug-in Electric Vehicle Collaborative's Electric Vehicle Readiness and Infrastructure Plan to increase the number of publicly-accessible EV chargers throughout the city. e. Pursue available funding opportunities for EV charger installation. f. Install publicly-available EV chargers at City facilities, for example, recreation centers and offices, rights-of-way, and SacRT park-and-rides.
g. Amend City code to require electrification of loading docks and idling-reduction (including monitoring) in new development.
h. Adopt an ordinance that bans, avoids, or limits the development of new fast-food drive-throughs and gasoline and diesel fuel stations in certain areas of the city.
i. Ensure EV charging stations are encouraged and allowed through land use designations that currently permit gas fueling stations.
j. Develop an incentive program for the purchase of electric bicycles and scooters. k. Encourage school bus electrification.
l. Encourage use of public and multimodal transportation for City employees. m. Encourage City employees to use alternatively fueled vehicles. n. Develop a program to replace the City's gasoline- and diesel-powered fleet vehicles with zero-emission vehicles.
* The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

USING ENERGY IN HOMES AND BUSINESSES
(BUILDING ENERGY SECTOR)
Emissions in the energy category are generated through
residential and non-residential electricity and natural gas use.

These sectors accounted for 14 percent and 17 percent of the 2019 communitywide emissions, respectively. With a combined emissions contribution of 31 percent, building energy is the second largest contributor to overall communitywide
emissions. Transitioning away from natural gas-powered
heating and appliances and electrifying the building stock will reduce emissions in the city. Legislative reductions from State energy efficiency and renewable energy programs will
contribute to reducing emissions by increasing the amount of utility supplied renewable energy and improving the energy efficiency of new buildings.

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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At the local level, GHG emissions reductions would be achieved by decarbonizing buildings and increasing energy efficiency. GHG reductions would also occur by increasing the amount of renewable energy generated locally while reducing the amount of non-renewable energy consumed. Initiatives directed under the energy category rely on efforts by local utilities, organizations, and agencies, with participation from the community.

Strategies and Measures
Being the second largest source of GHG emissions, the building energy sector has significant potential to achieve emissions reductions in the city. This section outlines measures the City will implement in this sector to help meet its 2030 emissions reduction targets. The measures are organized under four strategies that will be implemented at the local level in the City with the goal of increasing energy efficiency and electrification of residential and non-residential buildings.

Strategy Energy-1a. Increase energy efficiency and
electrification in existing residential buildings
While State legislative actions provide reductions
related to building energy efficiency, additional
reductions are achievable by adopting local measures.

This strategy aims to reduce emissions by reducing
energy consumed by residential consumers through
increased energy efficiency and electrification of
existing residential buildings. The measure under this
strategy would reduce the communitywide emissions
by approximately 9,700 MTCO2e in 2030. Table 3.7
outlines the framework to increase building energy
efficiency and electrification under this strategy and
the supporting actions that provide additional
potential reductions.

Table 3.7 Strategy Energy-1a
Strategy Energy-1a
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in existing residential buildings Energy-1.1: Retrofit existing residential buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce natural gas consumption for end uses like space and water heating, clothes drying, cooking (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Existing residential natural gas use is 20% lower in 2030; approximately 4,000 existing homes retrofitted by 2030 9,700 12% 2045 Existing residential natural gas use is 60% lower in 2045; approximately 12,000 existing homes retrofitted by 2045 29,000 9% ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Supporting Actions:
a. Adopt single-family and multifamily residential retrofit requirements to replace fossil fuel-powered space and water heating systems and appliances with electric alternatives, and upgrade other outdated appliances with ENERGY STAR-certified appliances. Upgrade requirements could apply at the point-of-replacement (end of lifecycle or otherwise) or during additions and alterations. b. Implement a Utility User Tax increase of 3% on natural gas to incentivize electrification and generate funding for retrofit projects.
c. Provide subsidies for renter-occupied housing owners to limit impacts to renters. d. Collaborate with Sacramento County, PG&E, and SMUD to develop and implement a comprehensive building energy audit and retrofit program to facilitate voluntary residential energy efficiency improvements and electrification. The program should include outreach and education, incentives, and technical assistance. e. Partner with energy agencies to support contractor training and resident education on electric appliances and their installation and maintenance. Create protections for renters and vulnerable community members. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

Strategy Energy-1b. Increase energy efficiency and electrification in existing nonresidential buildings This strategy aims to reduce emissions by reducing energy consumed by nonresidential consumers through increased energy efficiency and electrification of existing nonresidential buildings. The measure under this strategy would reduce communitywide emissions by approximately 2,100 MTCO2e in 2030. Table 3.8 outlines the framework to increase building energy efficiency and electrification under this strategy and the supporting actions that provide additional potential reductions.

Table 3.8 Strategy Energy-1b
Strategy Energy-1b
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in existing nonresidential buildings Energy-1.2: Retrofit existing nonresidential buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce natural gas consumption for end uses like space and water heating, clothes drying, cooking (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
Existing nonresidential natural gas use is 10% lower in 2030; 10% of existing nonresidential building area
retrofitted by 2030
2,100 3%
2045
Existing nonresidential natural gas use is 48% lower in 2045; 48% of existing nonresidential building area
retrofitted by 2045
10,000 3%
Supporting Actions:
a. Adopt nonresidential retrofit requirements to require California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) Tier 1 energy efficiency compliance and electric space and water heating appliances for large retrofits. Work with SMUD and other regional energy partners to develop rebates or other incentives for electrification retrofits, for example, panel upgrades, heat pumps.

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b. Implement a Utility User Tax increase of 3% on natural gas to incentivize electrification and generate funding for retrofit projects.
c. Collaborate with Sacramento County, PG&E, and SMUD to develop and implement a comprehensive building energy audit and retrofit program to enable energy conservation and gas-to-electric conversions in nonresidential buildings for space and water heating.
d. Provide education and technical and financial assistance. e. Enforce California's Building Energy Benchmarking Program, which requires commercial and multi-family buildings over 50,000 sq ft gross floor area to benchmark and disclose energy usage data to the California Energy Commission each year.
f. Partner with regional energy organizations to support the use of clean hydrogen, renewable natural gas, and other clean alternative fuels for existing industrial uses where electrification is infeasible. g. Provide training on the EPA's free online tool, ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. h. Transition to cleaner energy choice for government owned buildings i. Ensure the purchase of energy efficient electric appliances * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

Strategy Energy-2a. Increase energy efficiency and electrification in new residential buildings While most of the city’s building energy-related GHG emissions in the future will be generated by existing buildings (buildings that are already built today), the new development will contribute to GHG emissions. Improving the energy efficiency of new buildings, increasing renewable energy installations, and maximizing all-electric development will reduce emissions associated with new development. This strategy aims to reduce emissions by reducing energy consumed by new residential buildings. The measure under this strategy would reduce the communitywide emissions by approximately 1,400 MTCO2e in 2030. Table 3.9 outlines the framework to increase building energy efficiency and electrification under this strategy and the supporting actions that provide additional potential reductions.

Table 3.9 Strategy Energy-2a
Strategy Energy-2a
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in new residential buildings Energy-2.1: Require new residential development to be all-electric, zero net energy (ZNE) buildings (where the amount of energy used in a year equals the amount of energy generated on the site) (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Beginning in 2026, all new housing is all-electric 1,400 2%
2045 5,100 2%
Supporting Actions:
a. Adopt a reach code requiring all new single-family and low-rise and mid-rise multi-family development to be all-electric, Zero Net Energy buildings (buildings where grid electricity consumption is less than or equal to onsite renewable energy generation).

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

b. Partner with regional green building associations and contractors to strengthen education and awareness to assist developers in building all-electric development. c. Work with partners to develop a regional program that encourages the use of building materials that store carbon, such as wood or lower carbon alternatives such as use of wood siding instead of vinyl. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

Strategy Energy-2b. Increase energy efficiency and electrification in new nonresidential buildings This strategy aims to reduce emissions by reducing energy consumed through increased energy efficiency and electrification of new nonresidential buildings. The measure under this strategy would reduce the communitywide emissions by approximately 430 MTCO2e in 2030. Table 3.10 outlines the framework to increase building energy efficiency and electrification under this strategy and the supporting actions that provide additional potential reductions.

Table 3.10 Strategy Energy-2b
Energy-2b
Increase energy efficiency and electrification in new nonresidential buildings Energy-2.2: Require new nonresidential development to achieve energy efficiency above minimum State building code requirements (CAL Green Tier 2) (Quantified)
Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Beginning in 2026, all new nonresidential development is 30% more energy efficient than the minimum efficiency
required by the State building code
430 <1%
2045 1500 1%
Supporting Actions:
a. Adopt a reach code requiring all new residential and nonresidential buildings to be more energy efficient than minimum requirements under the State's Title 24 Standards. b. Facilitate guidance and training for developers to promote all-electric construction. c. Work with partners to develop a regional program that encourages the use of building materials that store carbon, such as wood and carbon-intensive concrete.
d. Ensure that new government owned buildings are all electric. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 3-19

USING EQUIPMENT FOR LANDSCAPING AND CONSTRUCTION
(OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT SECTOR)
The operation of off-road vehicles and equipment,
such as construction vehicles and landscaping
equipment, generates GHG emissions through the
combustion of fossil fuels, primarily diesel. These
sources accounted for approximately 2 percent of
emissions in the city in 2019. Without local efforts
to reduce GHG emissions from this sector,
emissions are expected to rise nearly 34 percent
by 2030. Historically, reducing GHG emissions
from the off-road vehicles and equipment sector
has been challenging. However, with technological improvements and new State objectives in recent years, emissions reductions from this sector have become more feasible. The City can implement actions that will effectively reduce emissions from off-road vehicles and equipment to help meet its GHG reduction targets.

Strategies and Measures
As other sectors in the city are decarbonized in the future, the off-road vehicles and equipment sector will become an increasingly important focus for local emissions reductions. Off-road vehicles and equipment measures are organized under two strategies that
focus on transitioning fossil fuel-powered
construction and landscaping equipment to electric
and other low-carbon alternatives for reducing GHG
emissions.

Strategy Offroad-1. Transition to electric and zero
emissions technologies for landscaping equipment
Reducing GHG emissions from landscaping equipment
is challenging. To meet the 2030 target, the City
would need to go beyond State laws. Under this
strategy, the City would target the electrification of
existing and new landscaping equipment or the use of
other zero-emission alternatives. The measure under
this strategy would reduce communitywide emissions
by approximately 130 MTCO2e in 2030. Table 3.11
outlines the framework to decrease GHG emissions
under this strategy.

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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Table 3.11 Strategy Offroad-1
Strategy Offroad-1
Transition to electric and zero emissions technologies for landscaping equipment Offroad-1.1: Replace existing gasoline and diesel-powered landscaping equipment with electric or zero emission alternatives (Quantified)
Offroad-1.2: Convert new landscaping equipment to electric or zero-emission alternatives (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
30% of existing landscaping equipment is converted to
electric, renewable diesel, or other zero-emission
alternatives by 2030; 100% of new landscaping equipment sales are electric, renewable diesel, or other zero-emission alternatives starting in 2024 (consistent with Statewide regulation)
130 <1%
2045
100% of new landscaping equipment sales are electric,
renewable diesel, or other zero-emission alternatives
starting in 2024 (consistent with Statewide regulation) 260 <1%
Supporting Actions:
a. Collaborate with Sacramento County and SMUD in the creation and promotion of an incentive-based trade in program to encourage residents and business owners to convert or replace their fossil fuel-powered gardening equipment, such as lawn mowers, leaf blowers, and edge trimmers, with electric alternatives. b. Consistent with CARB regulations for small off-road engines, adopt an ordinance that reduces the sale of fossil fuel-powered landscaping equipment by 2024 to transition to zero-emission landscaping equipment. c. Require all new development to install sufficient exterior electrical outlets for electric-powered landscaping equipment.
d. Work with SMAQMD to develop an outreach program for residents and local landscaping businesses to increase awareness of currently available zero-emission landscaping equipment. e. Develop a program to use alternative fuel and/or zero-emission landscaping equipment in government owned buildings.
* The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

Strategy Offroad-2. Transition to electric and zero emissions technologies for construction equipment Diesel burned to operate off-road vehicles and equipment generates GHG emissions and degrades local air quality. Reducing the use of and electrifying vehicles and equipment will result in significant emissions reductions in this sector while improving public health and natural resources. The measure under this strategy would reduce communitywide emissions by approximately 1,700 MTCO2e in 2030. Table 3.12 outlines the framework to decrease GHG emissions under this strategy.

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Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 3-21
Table 3.12 Strategy Offroad-2
Strategy Offroad-2
Transition to electric and zero emissions technologies for construction equipment Offroad-2.1: Increase electrification and use of alternative fuels in construction projects (Quantified) Offroad-2.2: Reduce construction vehicle idling (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
10% of construction equipment is electric, renewable
diesel, or other zero-emission alternatives by 2030;
10% of generators are electric, renewable diesel, or
other zero emission alternatives by 2030
1,700 2%
2045
50% of construction equipment is electric, and 40% of
construction equipment uses renewable diesel, or other
zero-emission alternatives by 2045; 60% of generators are electric, renewable diesel, or other zero emission
alternatives by 2045
9,200 3%
Supporting Actions:
a. Require all construction projects to use zero- or low-emission equipment options, including electric, renewable diesel, or other alternative fuels, where equipment is commercially available in the region. b. Where zero- or low-emission equipment are infeasible or unavailable, require EPA-rated Tier 4 Final diesel engines or cleaner in new construction projects.
c. Limit the use of diesel-powered generators at construction sites in all new discretionary projects by transitioning to renewable diesel and other zero-emission alternatives, as feasible. d. Promote incentives and outreach materials on City websites for battery storage or other clean back-up power technologies.
e. Enforce the Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Limit Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling, which prohibits diesel-fueled construction vehicles from idling for more than 5 minutes. f. Adopt an ordinance that limits vehicle idling to less than 5 minutes. g. Discourage idling of construction vehicles and equipment through education and outreach campaigns and enforcement of existing regulations.
h. Promote partnership with fleet operating companies that monitor their emission generation. i. Encourage fleet operators to reduce construction emissions. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

USING WATER AND DISPOSING OF WASTE AT HOMES AND BUSINESSES (WATER AND SOLID WASTE SECTORS)
GHG emissions in the water category are generated by the energy consumed to pump, transport, and treat water and wastewater. It is the city’s smallest emissions-generating sector. Emissions from this category accounted for only one percent of the total communitywide emissions in 2019, but reduction measures that reduce water consumption also play an important role in the City to adapt to climate change impacts and develop sustainable practices to conserve water communitywide. State legislative actions will eliminate water supply-related emissions in 2030, but wastewater treatment emissions will continue to grow over time.

Emissions in the solid waste sector are associated with the decomposition of community-generated organic waste in landfills. In 2019, this sector contributed a total of 3 percent of communitywide emissions. The State has adopted a variety of legislative actions aimed at reducing GHG emissions from organic waste, but the City will need to take steps at the local level to effectively reduce waste emissions and achieve its emissions reduction targets. Significant reductions could be made by changing individual behavior through partnerships with local waste haulers and outreach to residents and businesses.

Implementing local actions focused on these sectors will increase the pace of GHG emissions reductions while improving community resilience and energy reliability.

Strategies and Measures
Strategy Water-1. Conserve water
Implementing water conservation measures will contribute to improving the resilience of the city to climate change while providing additional benefits to residents, businesses, and the natural environment. The Plan does not assign any reductions to this strategy, because water-related energy needs are assumed to be met by 100% renewable or zero-emission electricity by 2030. It is still helpful to have these measures as reduced consumption of water will result in reduced energy usage for purposes like conveying and treating water. Table 3.13 outlines the framework to decrease GHG emissions under this strategy.

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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Table 3.13 Strategy Water-1
Strategy Water-1
Conserve water
Water-1.1: Reduce indoor water use in existing and new buildings (Qualitative)^ Water-1.2: Reduce outdoor water use for landscaping and irrigation in existing and new developments (Qualitative)^ Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
Existing building water use: indoor 25%
lower, outdoor 40% lower; new building
water use: indoor 40% lower; outdoor 50%
lower
0^ 0%
2045
Existing building water use: indoor 40% lower,
outdoor 50% lower; new building water use:
indoor 60% lower; outdoor 80% lower
0^ 0%
Supporting Actions:
a. Establish requirements for existing buildings to upgrade to high-efficiency water fixtures and appliances and install smart water meters at the time of point-of-sale or during major additions/alterations. b. Partner with water suppliers to provide incentives and education for voluntary water fixture and appliance upgrades and smart water meter installations in existing buildings. Promote the use of water-efficient fixture and appliance rebates from water suppliers as funding is available. c. Require high-efficiency water fixtures and appliances and smart water meters in new development. d. Review the City's Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) ordinance and update as needed to require drought-tolerant, water-conserving, and native landscaping in redevelopment and new development projects.
e. When updating water conservation measures, incorporate measures recommended by the California Department of Water Resources, the California Urban Water Conservation Council, and the Sacramento County Water Agency.
f. Partner with water suppliers to increase the use of existing incentives (for example, "cash for grass") and develop new incentives for conversion to low-use landscaping. g. Require low-use outdoor water systems for irrigation and landscaping in new development, consistent with the City's MWELO guidelines.
h. Reduce indoor and outdoor water consumption in government owned buildings. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.
^ Emissions reduced from water measures estimated to be zero in 2030 because water-related energy needs assumed to be met by 100% renewable or zero emission electricity
Strategy Solid Waste-1. Avoid disposal of organic waste in landfills Communitywide emissions would be reduced by diverting waste away from landfills and into other waste streams such as recycling or composting. Implementing strategies and measures to improve waste diversion programs will serve to protect natural resources while minimizing contributions to climate change.

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

This section outlines the strategies and measures the City will implement to support this objective. The measure under this strategy would reduce communitywide emissions by approximately 8,800 MTCO2e in 2030. Table

3.14 outlines the framework to decrease GHG emissions under this strategy.

Table 3.14 Solid Waste-1
Strategy Solid Waste-1
Avoid disposal of organic waste in landfills
Solid Waste-1.1: Increase recovery of edible food waste (Quantified) Solid Waste-1.2: Eliminate disposal of organic waste in landfills (food waste, yard waste) (Quantified) Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030 Amount of landfilled waste is 30% lower in
2030 (relative to 2019) 8,800 11%
2045 Amount of landfilled waste is 90% lower in
2045 (relative to 2019) 32,600 11%
Supporting Actions:
a. Require edible food recovery program partnerships with food generators. Develop a program to connect grocery stores and restaurants with food banks and shelters. b. Require local restaurants to compost organic food waste, consistent with SB 1383. c. Continue to fund and operate the green waste and food waste pick-up services. d. Continue to operate the City's "pay-as-you-throw" and recycling services for residential and commercial waste. e. Adopt an ordinance to limit landfill-disposal of organic waste generated by large organizations and events.

Require organizations over 50 employees to implement organization‐wide waste reduction initiatives, and mandate composting, the use of only compostable or recyclable materials by vendors, and adequate staff to ensure proper disposal at events that require a City-issued permit. f. Partner with other local jurisdictions and waste management companies (haulers and landfills) to create a divertible material (for example, recyclables) ban at landfills. g. Develop a reuse facility that makes building materials available to customers, and acts as an outlet for reusable items otherwise destined for landfill.
h. Expand organic waste outreach and education initiatives to improve awareness of benefits and importance of diversion.
i. Increase waste diversion at government owned buildings. j. Increase construction and demolition diversion rates at City construction sites. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 3-25

PLANTING AND MANAGING TREES (CARBON SEQUESTRATION SECTOR) The process of removing atmospheric CO2 through natural processes is referred to as carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration is expected to play an important role in
addressing the challenge of climate change. California
legislation has explicitly mentioned the use of carbon
sequestration to achieve the State GHG reduction targets and goals. Trees and other vegetation are a key part of the natural carbon cycle. Through photosynthesis, plants
convert carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere into
oxygen and carbon-based matter. Communities can
increase the amount of carbon sequestered locally to
reduce community-wide GHG emissions by expanding the
urban forest canopy and protecting natural systems.

Strategies and Measures
Strategy Carbon Sequestration-1. Remove emissions from the atmosphere The presence of trees is a significant source of carbon sequestration and storage in urban areas. This strategy focuses on increasing the number of new trees planted in the city to increase the amount of carbon sequestered. In addition to offsetting CO2 emissions, increased tree plantings result in co-benefits including improved air quality through the capture of air pollutants and community and public health benefits through the provision of shade and positive impacts on mental health. Implementation of the measure through this strategy would reduce communitywide emissions by approximately 440 MTCO2e by 2030. Table 3.15 outlines the framework for this strategy. Additional activities that would support the implementation of this strategy would occur through partnerships with other local or regional agencies, updated City ordinances and policies, and community education and outreach activities.

Table 3.15 Strategy Carbon Sequestration-1
Strategy Carbon Sequestration-1
Remove emissions from the atmosphere
Carbon Storage-1.1: Increase the number of trees in the city, through new plantings and management of existing trees (Quantified)
Target
Year Performance Metric* Annual GHG Reduction Potential (MTCO2e)* Percent of the City’s
Total Reductions
2030
750 new residential and 750 new Citymanaged trees planted per year for a total of 16,500 new trees by 2030
440 1%
2045
750 new residential and 750 new City-managed
trees planted per year for a total of 39,000 new
trees by 2045
1,100 <1%
Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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Chapter 3 | Emissions Reduction Strategies and Measures Rancho Cordova

Supporting Actions:
a. Implement the City's 2022 Urban Forest Master Plan (UFMP). b. Achieve a minimum of 20% canopy cover in the developed footprint of the City by 2050. Consistent with the City’s Urban Forest Master Plan, plant 750 trees per year on residential properties through the Sacramento Shade Program, and plant 750 City-managed trees per year on public property. c. Amend the City's Zoning Code to require new development to plant trees above and beyond existing requirements.
d. Continue hosting community tree-planting events, and collaborating with other government agencies, such as the Cordova Recreation and Park District, to co-sponsor such events on properties owned by those other agencies, and offering free trees for residents, businesses, and community-based organizations through the City’s Urban Forest program. Develop a tree planting program for increasing tree planting at City-owned sites. e. Evaluate City regulations and policies, such as building setbacks and roadway cross-sections and design standards, for adequacy to accommodate large shade trees. * The calculations, assumptions, research, and other evidence used to identify measure performance metrics and estimate annual GHG reduction potential are provided in CAAP Appendix E.

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CHAPTER 4:

Climate Adaptation and Resilience
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Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
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CHAPTER 4:

Climate Adaptation and Resilience

OVERVIEW
This chapter describes the context of climate change adaptation and resilience for the city. It outlines the climate change adaptation planning process; summarizes the city’s exposure to existing hazards, sensitivity to these hazards, potential climate-related impacts, and existing adaptive capacity to address these impacts; and introduces adaptation strategies to strengthen local resilience to climate change. Much of the content in this chapter serves as a summary of the City’s Vulnerability Assessment (VA), which was developed in preparation of the Plan. The VA, which includes additional information, data, and methodologies, is provided in Appendix F.

CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND VULNERABILITY
The effects of climate change are already occurring at global, regional, and local scales and will continue to worsen existing hazards in and around the city, including extreme heat, extreme precipitation and flooding, drought, and wildfires. While these hazards have existed historically in the city and surrounding regions, the frequency, intensity, and duration of these hazards are projected to increase or change as a result of climate change. The level of impact from these climate hazards will vary across the city and the region due to variations in physical, social, and economic characteristics. Of the four climate hazards assessed for the city, the city, inclusive of its populations and assets, is most vulnerable to the potential impacts of increased temperatures and extreme heat. However, the city is still vulnerable to the other three climate hazards that were assessed – extreme precipitation and flooding, drought, and wildfires – though to a lesser degree.

In addition to reducing its emissions that contribute to climate change, the City is also improving community resilience to climate change impacts, known as climate change adaptation. Community resilience refers to the capacity of a community to prepare for disruptions, to recover from shocks and stresses, and to adapt and grow from disruptive experiences, especially in the context of climate change. Though climate change is a global issue, its impacts are felt locally. Because of this, local adaptation planning efforts are critical in building community resilience and can lead to a greater understanding of climate risks and strategies to minimize their impacts.

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Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
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ADAPTATION PLANNING PROCESS
The goal of the adaptation planning process is to improve community resilience in the context of climate change.

A resilient community is one that is prepared for current and future hazards and experiences minimal harm when they occur. Resilient communities can recover from hazards more quickly and rebuild in a manner that accounts for continued capacity for adapting to climate change.

To assist local governments, the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (CalOES) prepared the California Adaptation Planning Guide (APG), which provides communities with vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning guidance (CalOES 2020). Most recently updated in June 2020, the APG includes a step-by-step process that communities may use to help plan for the impacts of climate change. The APG provides a framework for communities to identify potential climate change effects and important physical, social, and natural assets; create adaptation strategies to address climate change impacts; and develop a monitoring and implementation framework for climate change adaptation. The APG was followed to prepare the adaptation components of this Plan.

This guide includes a four-phase process, illustrated in Figure 4.1, which allows communities to assess their specific climate vulnerabilities and provides a menu of strategies for communities to reduce climate-related risks and prepare for current and future impacts of climate change.
 Phase 1, “Explore, Define, and Initiate,” includes scoping and defining the adaptation planning effort. This involves identifying key stakeholders, potential climate change effects, and important populations and assets in the community.
 Phase 2, “Assess Vulnerability,” includes an analysis of the potential impacts and adaptive capacity associated with climate change hazards to determine the vulnerability of populations and community assets. The vulnerability assessment is composed of four steps: exposure, sensitivity and potential impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability scoring.
 Phase 3, “Define Adaptation Framework and Strategies,” focuses on developing adaptation strategies to address the risks posed by climate change hazards based on the results of the vulnerability assessment.  In Phase 4, “Implement, Monitor, Evaluate, and Adjust,” the adaptation framework is implemented, consistently monitored and evaluated, and adjusted based on continual learning, feedback, or triggers.

Source: CalOES 2020.

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Source: CalOES 2020; adapted by Ascent Environmental in 2022.

Figure 4.1 Adaptation Planning Process

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
The City’s VA provides a comprehensive analysis of community vulnerabilities to climate change. It identifies and characterizes climate hazards that are anticipated to impact the community. The VA follows the steps in Phase 2 of the APG and aims to answer the following questions:
 Exposure: what climate hazards does the city currently face? How are these climate hazards projected to change in the future?
 Sensitivity and Potential Impacts: what aspects of the community (for example, population, built environment,
community functions) will be affected by climate hazards, and to what degree?
 Adaptive Capacity: what is currently being done to address climate hazards and their associated impacts? What ability does the City have to address impacts in the future?
 Vulnerability Scoring: how vulnerable is the city to climate hazards?
The VA was conducted consistent with APG guidance using the steps described above. To summarize historic data and determine future projections for climate hazards in and around the city, Cal-Adapt – a tool developed by the California Energy Commission and the University of California, Berkeley that uses downscaled global climate model data – was used. The severity of future potential impacts from climate hazards on the city’s populations, built environment, and community functions will largely depend on the level of current and future global GHG emissions. Two future GHG emissions scenarios, known as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), were used in the VA: the RCP 8.5 scenario, which represents a higher GHG emissions scenario, and the RCP 4.5 scenario, which represents a medium GHG emissions scenario. Climate hazards were evaluated for changes to occur by near-term (2021-2050), midterm (2040-2070), and long-term (2070-2099) timescales.

Why
a Vulnerability Assessment?
To effectively adapt to climate change and
improve community resilience, the City first
needs to understand its vulnerability to
climate hazards. This is determined through
the Vulnerability Assessment.

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Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
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In addition to Cal-Adapt, several existing resources were reviewed to obtain information about climate-related hazard risks that may threaten the city. Information from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment:

Sacramento Valley Region Report (OPR, CEC, and CNRA 2018), along with a variety of additional resources (see Appendix F), were reviewed to further assess climate hazards in the city.

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
The VA was prepared to help the City understand its vulnerability to climate hazards, which includes increased temperatures and extreme heat, extreme precipitation and flooding, drought, and wildfires. Additionally, the results of the VA were used to inform adaptation strategies intended to improve the City’s resilience to each identified climate hazard. The full VA, including detailed data, additional information, and references, is provided in Appendix F to this Plan.

Climate Hazards Facing the City
The following sections provide a snapshot of the city’s projected exposure to climate hazards and potential impacts to the city’s populations, built environment, and community functions. Populations include residents, visitors, and segments of the population that are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, such as children, pregnant people, the elderly, communities of color, low-income individuals, individuals with access or functional needs, individuals with preexisting health issues, individuals experiencing homelessness, and outdoor workers, among others. The built environment consists of a set of assets that are essential to the health and welfare of residents and visitors and are especially important during and proceeding climate hazard events. This includes residential and commercial buildings; critical facilities; transportation infrastructure; and utility infrastructure. Community functions are the resources, assets, operations, economic sectors, and services that are created or influenced by the interaction between populations and the built environment, are essential to public health and welfare, and allow day-to-day activities to continue in the city and the region.

INCREASED TEMPERATURES AND EXTREME HEAT
The city has experienced, and is projected to continue experiencing, increases in average annual temperature and extreme heat, which could lead to an array of potential impacts, including negative public health outcomes, worsened air quality, increased demand for air conditioning, and deterioration of critical infrastructure. According to Cal-Adapt, the average annual maximum and minimum temperature in the city are both projected to rise between 5 and 9 °F by the end of the century as a result of climate change (CEC 2021a). Increased temperatures in the city will also lead to a significant increase in extreme heat events. For the city, an extreme heat day is defined as a day when the maximum temperature is above the extreme heat threshold of 103.6 °F, which is notably high compared to other regions of the State. Heat waves refer to a period of four or more consecutive extreme heat days (CEC 2021b). The average annual number of extreme heat days, heat waves, and the number of days in the longest stretch of consecutive extreme heat days are all projected to rise through the end of the century.

Extreme heat thresholds are
unique to every location. Rancho
Cordova's threshold is 103.6 °F,
which means that 98% of daily
maximum temperatures in the city
between the months of April and
October from 1961 to 1990 were
below this temperature.

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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Tables 4.1 and 4.2 display historic data and future projections for increased temperatures and extreme heat in the city across each timescale through 2099.

Table 4.1 Changes in Average Annual Temperature in the City of Rancho Cordova Average Annual
Temperature
Historic
(1961-1990)
Near-Term
(2021-2050)
Midterm
(2040-2070)
Long-Term (2070-2099)
Medium Emissions High Emissions
Maximum Temperature (°F) 74.2 78.3 79.8 80.2 83.1
Minimum Temperature (°F) 49.3 52.9 54.1 54.3 57.7
Note: °F = degrees Fahrenheit.

Source: CEC 2021a.

Table 4.2 Changes in Extreme Heat in the City of Rancho Cordova Annual Averages Historic
(1961-1990)
Near-Term
(2021-2050)
Midterm
(2040-2070)
Long-Term (2070-2099)
Medium
Emissions
High
Emissions
Number of Extreme Heat Days 4 19 32 29 48
Number of Heat Waves 0.2 1.4 4.8 4.0 7.8
Number of Days in Longest Stretch
of Consecutive Extreme Heat Days 2.5 6.3 7.2 8.5 14.2
Source: CEC 2021b.

Regarding potential impacts, the city’s populations are at significant risk of being harmed by increased temperatures and extreme heat. Extreme heat can be harmful to public health, especially for vulnerable populations, such as persons over the age of 65, infants and children, individuals with chronic health conditions, low-income individuals, people experiencing homelessness, and outdoor workers, among others. Notably, extreme heat can worsen local air quality and may cause heat-related illnesses, such as heat cramps or heat stroke. Additionally, increased temperatures and extreme heat may lead to a large increase in air conditioning demand across the city, placing more stress on the electricity grid, leading to higher-cost electricity bills for residents who have air conditioning access, and causing disproportionate impacts on individuals or families residing in units that do not have air conditioning. Further, the city’s transportation systems are at risk of being adversely affected by increased temperatures and extreme heat. During prolonged periods of increased temperatures or extreme heat, pavement may deteriorate, rail lines may buckle, the structural integrity of bridges may be compromised, air conditioning in buses could fail, and overall transportation maintenance costs may increase. Further details on the potential impacts of increased temperatures and extreme heat can be found in the VA, located in Appendix F.

EXTREME PRECIPITATION AND FLOODING
Sacramento County, inclusive of the city, is projected to experience an increase in average annual precipitation through the end of the century, and much of the precipitation is likely to occur during extreme precipitation events, which can lead to flood impacts throughout the city. According to Cal-Adapt, the historic average annual precipitation in Sacramento County is 18.3 inches. As shown in Table 4.3, the average annual precipitation in the county is projected to increase between roughly 2 and 4 inches by the end of the century (CEC 2021a).

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Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
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In general, California’s climate oscillates between extremely dry and extremely wet periods with annual precipitation varying widely from year to year. Like other California regions, the high year-to-year variability of precipitation in the city is severely affected by the meteorological phenomenon known as an atmospheric river, which accumulates moisture from tropical regions in the Pacific and moves water vapor towards California. In California, atmospheric rivers vary in intensity; some are beneficial for water supply and replenish snowpack that naturally melts during the summer, serving as water supply for people and agriculture, while others are responsible for widespread adverse impacts (NOAA 2021). Extreme precipitation from these atmospheric rivers in the future may prove to be more variable, volatile, and potentially more severe. Noting this, the city may experience changes in the frequency and/or intensity of flood events, though the exact frequency, intensity, and duration of these events will vary annually.

Table 4.3 Changes in Average Annual Precipitation in Sacramento County Annual Averages Historic
(1961-1990)
Near Term
(2021–2050)
Midterm
(2040–2070)
Long-Term (2070-2099)
Medium
Emissions
High
Emissions
Average Annual Precipitation 18.3 20.1 20.2 20.3 22.1
Percent Change from Historic Period NA +10% +10% +11% +21% Source: CEC 2021a.

Regarding potential impacts of extreme precipitation and flooding, there is an array of facilities and properties in the city that are at direct risk from flooding, as they lie within the city’s 100- and 500-year floodplains. Most notably, this includes over 1,000 residential properties, but also multiple other facility types in or near the city’s floodplains, including retail and utilities. Figure 4.2 displays critical facilities within the city and their proximity to the 100- and 500-year floodplains. Additionally, there are currently two levees in the city which protect residential neighborhoods: Cordova Meadows Levee and Sunriver Levee. These levee systems will be at increased risk of failure due to the potential for more intense and frequent extreme precipitation events in the future. A more comprehensive analysis of precipitation and flooding can found in the VA, located in Appendix F.

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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DROUGHT AND WATER SUPPLY
The city and State have a highly variable climate that is susceptible to prolonged periods of drought, and recent research suggests that extended drought occurrences (or “mega-droughts”) could become more pervasive in future
decades, which may result in major impacts on the city’s water supplies and other secondary impacts (CEC 2021c).

While this may seem contradictory to the projections that the city is expected to see more average annual
precipitation in future years as a result of climate change, overall precipitation patterns are projected to change, with precipitation variability expected to increase substantially. In other words, some years, compared to average, may be
abnormally wet, while other years may be extremely dry. With the oscillation between wet and dry years and the potential for precipitation to occur over shorter, more intense time periods, there will be reduced opportunities for groundwater recharge, as these are not favorable conditions for soil infiltration and deep percolation. The City’s water supplies are currently dependent upon a combination of ground- and surfacewater resources and are provided by three primary water purveyors providing services within the City’s planning area: Sacramento County Water Agency; Golden State Water Company; and California-American Water Company (City of Rancho Cordova 2006). It should be noted that actual occurrence and duration of droughts are difficult to predict, but the city and surrounding regions are expected to experience extended drought periods as a result of climate change, and without effective adaptation actions or initiatives, future droughts may challenge the management of the region’s water supplies, inclusive of the city.

Regarding potential impacts of drought, in the event of a severe and sustained drought lasting multiple years, water supplies provided to the city could be severely affected and result in the need for increased water conservation efforts to be implemented by the city and other surrounding jurisdictions. In addition to adverse impacts on water supplies, droughts may create cascading effects on community functions. For example, extended drought periods in the future may result in decreases in tourism and recreation opportunities in nearby water bodies, such as the American River and Folsom Lake. Decreased tourism and recreation opportunities could result in less pass-through visitors, leading to impacts on local businesses and the economy.

Additionally, potential drought-induced water shortages can endanger ecological systems, as well as residents through related mental health issues, increased dust particle concentration, and favorable conditions for valley fever. Further details related to the potential impacts of drought on the city can be found in the VA (see Appendix F).

WILDFIRE
The Sacramento Valley Region, inclusive of the city, is projected to continue experiencing increases in average annual area burned by wildfire, which can result in an array of cascading impacts on the city. Climate change is exacerbating many of the factors that contribute to wildfire risk. Increased variability in precipitation may lead to wetter winters and increased vegetative growth in the spring, and potentially longer and hotter summer periods will lead to the drying of vegetative growth, which may ultimately result in a greater amount of fuel for wildfire ignition and spread. This has already been seen across the State in recent years, with the area burned by wildfires increasing in parallel with rising air temperatures (OEHHA 2018).

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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Source: Sacramento County 2021; critical facilities data provided by City of Rancho Cordova staff.

Figure 4.2 Floodplains and Critical Facilities in the City of Rancho Cordova ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

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These factors, combined with intense wind conditions, cause wildfires to spread rapidly and irregularly, making it difficult to predict wildfires’ paths and effectively deploy fire suppression forces. Relative humidity is also an important wildfire-related weather factor; as humidity levels drop, dry air causes vegetation moisture levels to decrease, which consequently increases the likelihood that plant material will ignite and burn. With an increase in hotter and drier landscapes, humidity levels may continue to drop and result in higher fuel levels, increasing the risk of wildfire (Schwartz et al., 2015).

Though there does exist “Moderate” Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZs) in the city, the likelihood of wildfires burning within city limits is relatively low. However, it has been shown in the past that the city can be impacted by regional wildfire impacts, such as wildfire smoke, and this trend is projected to continue into the future.

According to Cal-Adapt, and as shown in Table 4.4, the total area burned annually by wildfire within the Sacramento Valley region is expected increase from the historic (1961-1990) annual average of 20,956 hectares to 23,942 hectares in the near-term and 28,759 hectares in the midterm. In the long-term, average annual area burned in the region is projected to increase to 31,670 hectares under the medium emissions scenario, and to 41,784 hectares under the high emissions scenarios (CEC 2021d).

Table 4.4 Changes in Annual Average Area Burned in the Sacramento Valley Region Annual Averages Historic
(1961-1990)
Near-Term
(2021-2050)
Midterm
(2035-2064)
Long-Term (2070-2099)
Medium Emissions High Emissions
Average Annual Area
Burned (hectares) 20,956 23,942 28,759 31,670 41,784
Note: Observed historical average annual area burned data was not available from Cal-Adapt; the modeled historical average annual area burned data under the medium emissions scenario (RCP 4.5) was available and used as proxy data.

Source: CEC 2021d.

The potential impacts on the city related to wildfire in the context of climate change are primarily indirect impacts but can still have severe outcomes. These potential impacts can range from wildfire smoke-related human health impacts to disruptions to transportation behavior and the increased prevalence of Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events. Exposure to wildfire smoke, particularly by vulnerable populations, can result in worsening respiratory symptoms, increased rates of emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and even death (Rappold et al. 2017). If wildfire evacuations were to ever occur in the city or surrounding regions, vulnerable populations, such as linguistically isolated households, senior citizens, and individuals experiencing homelessness, would be adversely affected due to: inability to access, receive, or understand warning messages and evacuation notices; limited ability to evacuate due to lack of mobility; limited situational understanding from cognitive conditions; and reliance on medication or treatment devices. Additionally, there may be increases in traffic congestion due to wildfire-related road closures. PSPS events, which are enacted during high wildfire risk conditions, can result in communities experiencing no electricity for several days at a time, which can adversely affect certain populations within the city, especially when coupled with extreme heat. Further details on potential wildfire impacts to the city can be found in the VA (see Appendix F).

Source: City of Rancho Cordova
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City’s Adaptive Capacity
The third step in the vulnerability assessment process is to evaluate the city’s adaptive capacity, which refers to a community’s current and future ability to cope with potential impacts from climate hazards. Within the VA, a review of existing local policies, plans, programs, and resources, as well as those from relevant regional and State agencies and organizations, was conducted to evaluate the city’s adaptive capacity to each climate hazard. Table

4.5 below displays a snapshot of existing plans and reports that contribute to the City’s adaptive capacity to address the anticipated impacts of climate hazards.

Table 4.5 Summary of Existing Plans that Contribute to the City’s Adaptative Capacity Plan or Report
Climate Hazard
Increased
Temperatures and
Extreme Heat
Extreme
Precipitation
and Flooding
Drought and
Water Supply Wildfire
Sacramento County LHMP Annex    
City’s General Plan   
California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment
Sacramento Valley Regional Report
   
Caltrans Climate Change Vulnerability
Assessment District 3
  
City Water Purveyor’s Urban Water
Management Plans

City’s Emergency Operations Plan   
Source: Ascent Environmental 2021.

Vulnerability Scoring
The final step in the vulnerability assessment process is to characterize the city’s vulnerability to each climate hazard, which is assessed based on the magnitude of risk to and potential impacts on populations, the built environment, and community functions while considering the current adaptive capacity in place to mitigate these impacts. An overall vulnerability score was assigned for each climate hazard based on their associated scores for potential impacts and adaptive capacity. The scoring rubrics for potential impacts and adaptive capacity, along with justifications for the scores, can be found in the VA (see Appendix F). Vulnerability scoring can help the City understand which climate hazards should be prioritized in future planning efforts. Table 4.6 presents the rubric used to determine overall vulnerability scores based on the ratings for potential impacts and adaptive capacity.

Table 4.6 Vulnerability Scoring Rubric
Vulnerability Score
Adaptive Capacity
Low 3 4 5
Medium 2 3 4
High 1 2 3
Low Medium High
Potential Impacts
Source: CalOES 2020; adapted by Ascent Environmental in 2023.

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Vulnerability scoring for each identified climate hazard – increased temperatures and extreme heat, extreme precipitation and flooding, drought and water supply, and wildfire – is included in Table 4.7 below. The table shows that increased temperatures and extreme heat is assigned a vulnerability score of 5 and therefore should be a high priority for the City. Extreme precipitation and flooding was assigned a vulnerability score of 4, and drought and water supply was assigned a vulnerability score of 3. These climate hazards are likely to have significant impacts on the City’s populations, built environment, and community functions in the near-term, and although a variety of adaptive efforts related to both climate hazards are in place and underway, the magnitude of the risks posed by these hazards contributes to increased vulnerability for the City. Increased wildfire risk is characterized as having a vulnerability score of 2. This climate hazard will likely have lower priority impacts on the City and is currently being addressed adequately based on existing conditions, but additional adaptation and resilience planning will be required in the future to mitigate impacts and protect the city.

Table 4.7 Vulnerability Scoring Summary for the City of Rancho Cordova Climate Hazard
Vulnerability Score
Adaptive Capacity Potential Impacts Vulnerability
Increased Temperatures and Extreme Heat Low High 5
Extreme Precipitation and Flooding Medium High 4
Drought and Water Supply Medium Medium 3
Wildfire High Medium 2
Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
This section includes a set of adaptation strategies that are intended to help the City prepare for and become more resilient to the impacts of climate change. The strategies have been developed based on the findings of the vulnerability assessment, discussed above, and are designed to complement the existing set of local and regional plans that address natural hazards in the city. There are five separate overarching adaptation strategies:
 Strategy Adaptation-1: Improve resilience to increased temperatures and extreme heat.  Strategy Adaptation-2: Improve resilience to extreme precipitation and flooding.  Strategy Adaptation-3: Improve resilience to drought.  Strategy Adaptation-4: Improve resilience to wildfires.  Strategy Adaptation-5: Promote holistic community resilience in the context of climate change.

Similar to the GHG reduction strategies presented in Chapter 3, the adaptation strategies are further broken down by objectives, and then actions. In some instances, specific actions mirror some of the actions already underscored in other local plans, such as the City’s Annex to the Sacramento County Multi-Jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). These actions are also included in this Plan to emphasize the climate resilience benefit of implementing the action. Each of the strategies, measures, and actions are presented in Table 4.8 below.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
Rancho Cordova

Table 4.8 Adaptation Strategies
Strategy Adaptation-1.

Improve resilience to increased temperatures and extreme heat.

Objectives:
 Reduce the urban heat island effect.
 Protect populations from extreme heat.

Actions:
1a. Promote the use of “cool” roofs on both new and existing residential and nonresidential buildings. 1b. Pilot and monitor benefits of “cool” pavement in residential neighborhoods. 1c. Conduct a mapping exercise to determine locations around the city that experience the greatest impact from the urban heat island effect and utilize this information to prioritize locations for increased tree planting and sustained tree management.
1d. Continue hosting community tree-planting events, and collaborating with other government agencies, such as the Cordova Recreation and Park District, to co-sponsor such events on properties owned by those other agencies, and offering free trees for residents, businesses, and community-based organizations through the City’s Urban Forest program. Develop a tree planting program for increasing tree planting at City-owned sites. 1e. Explore opportunities to further increase shading of buildings and parking lots using trees and/or solar canopies.
1f. Preserve, enhance, increase, and establish community green areas, such as parks, recreational facilities, and open space.
1g. Expand cooling center access during extreme heat events through extended hours, more locations, and less stringent criteria for opening.
1h. Partner with community-based organizations, faith-based organizations, businesses, and other public agencies to develop a “Community Cool Zone Network” comprised of air-conditioned spaces that are made available to vulnerable populations during extreme heat events to prevent heat-related illnesses. 1i. Support employers to protect worker health from extreme heat, especially those working in vulnerable occupations, through targeted outreach and information-sharing about extreme heat risks, applicable regulations, and strategies to reduce risk.
1j. Develop a “Cool Buddy” program where local volunteers are trained to build neighborhood networks, identify heat-vulnerable neighbors, and set up systems to check in on each other during extreme heat events. 1k. Develop public awareness campaigns that bolster extreme heat event preparedness actions and adaptation strategies.
1l. Support a comprehensive outreach campaign to prevent heat-related illnesses among vulnerable populations, including, but not limited to, children, seniors, people experiencing homelessness, people with disabilities in the care of licensed facilities, and workers in vulnerable occupations.

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Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapt ation Plan Page 4-13
Strategy Adaptation-2.

Improve resilience to extreme precipitation and flooding.

Objectives:
 Promote climate-smart flood management.
 Add redundancy to the City’s flood management system.

Actions:
2a. Prioritize the implementation and use of green infrastructure to manage future flood risk. 2b. Coordinate with landowners to manage stormwater runoff through sustainable land conservation practices. 2c. Utilize vacant lots to build flood control detention basins and replace undersized culverts to better address flooding from future extreme precipitation events.
2d. Encourage the use of porous pavement and vegetative buffers in large parking areas. 2e. Seek funding to purchase and install battery-powered generators for each of the City's six pump stations, which serve to convey stormwater during precipitation events. 2f. Implement flood control projects identified in the Stormwater Capital Improvement Program Master Plan to help resolve existing flooding issues and prevent future impacts from extreme precipitation events. 2g. Encourage residents located within the 100- and 500-year floodplain to obtain flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program.
2h. Continue to enforce the requirements of the Parkway Corridor overlay zoning district (Municipal Code Section 23.325.070) to regulate property along the American River in the city.

Strategy Adaptation-3.

Improve resilience to drought.

Objectives:
 Reduce water consumption.
 Ensure long-term sustainability and reliability of the City’s water supplies.

Actions:
3a. Continue promoting water conservation tips and measures across the City's websites and social media platforms. 3b. Continue offering assistance to residents for drought-tolerant landscapes through the City's beautification program, and seek to expand assistance through other actions, such as developing a "Cash for Grass" lawn replacement program.
3c. Update MWELO to go beyond State requirement to plan drought-tolerant and water-conserving landscaping in new development projects.
3d. Coordinate with local water suppliers to establish and monitor progress on a citywide per capita water use reduction target.
3e. Educate the public about the benefits and water conservation potential of rainwater catchment and greywater systems.
3f. Promote the installation of water-efficient fixtures, appliances, and equipment in new development and as part of retrofits for existing development.
3g. Support the development of extended drought scenario analyses as part of future updates to Urban Water Management Plans and Water Shortage Contingency Plans of local water suppliers. 3h. Coordinate with local water suppliers to support the development of recycled water systems.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
Rancho Cordova

Strategy Adaptation-4.

Improve resilience to wildfires.

Objectives:
 Protect populations from wildfire smoke and poor air quality.  Mitigate the impacts from potential Public Safety Power Shutoff events during high wildfire risk conditions.

Actions:
4a. Develop and implement a wildfire smoke protection outreach strategy. 4b. Monitor employers to ensure compliance with California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5141.1, which requires employers to protect workers who may be exposed to wildfire smoke. 4c. Take steps to ensure that the City’s building stock is outfitted with indoor air purification systems capable of enhancing and protecting public health from wildfire smoke and poor air quality. 4d. Support the installation of battery storage systems in existing residential and nonresidential development. 4e. Coordinate with and promote SMUD's battery storage incentives for residents and businesses.

Strategy Adaptation-5.

Promote holistic community resilience in the context of climate change.

Objectives:
 Coordinate equitable education, outreach, and engagement.  Promote robust emergency services and other planning activities.  Protect the built environment from climate hazards.

Actions:
5a. Through a multi-pronged approach, enhance public education and awareness of climate hazards and public understanding of disaster preparedness, prioritizing engagement with vulnerable populations (for example, workshops, displays, websites, public-private partnerships). 5b. Provide tailored, preparedness-oriented outreach to vulnerable populations across the city regarding climate hazards that are most applicable and specific to them (for example, flood preparedness outreach for residents residing within the city’s 100- and 500-year floodplains). 5c. Embed climate resiliency and adaptation across City plans, programs, and activities to account for changing hazard profiles and their associated impacts.
5d. Prioritize making emergency services more accessible, especially for vulnerable populations. 5e. Encourage residents to enroll in the Sacramento Region Emergency Notification System. 5f. Maintain up-to-date emergency preparedness and evacuation plans and procedures in coordination with appropriate State, regional, county, and local agencies and departments. 5g. Encourage roundabouts in place of traffic signals where appropriate for increased ability to evacuate and traffic flow.
5h. Ensure interconnectivity and road standards are maintained for evacuation routes and disaster preparedness purposes.
5i. Develop a clean energy microgrid for essential City facilities to support resilient emergency operations. 5j. Integrate climate-smart natural resource management into City operations, incorporating climate projection data, risk modeling, and adaptive management, as appropriate, to account for future changes in climate hazards in natural resource projects.

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Chapter 4 | Climate Adaptation & Resilience
Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapt ation Plan Page 4-15
5k. Evaluate and update the City's building and engineering standards to account for climate hazards that are likely to affect critical infrastructure, such as extreme heat and extreme precipitation and flooding. 5l. Identify and upgrade vulnerable critical infrastructure (for example, utility, transportation, and so on) through the City's Capital Improvement Projects planning process. 5m. Promote building retrofits to include climate resilience features (for example, home hardening improvements, weatherization improvements, adequate climate control equipment with air filtration systems).

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

CHAPTER 5:

Implementation and Monitoring
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 5-1

CHAPTER 5:

Implementation and Monitoring

5.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter summarizes the last component of the Plan development process – implementation and monitoring. To achieve the GHG emissions reductions described in Chapter 3, measures should be regularly assessed and monitored to determine if:
(1) they are effective;
(2) the Plan is on track to achieve the GHG reduction targets; and (3) desired outcomes are achieved.

This chapter describes how the City will implement the strategies and measures identified in this Plan, and how the City will assess and monitor the progress. Along with sharing the City’s implementation and monitoring strategy, this chapter also states the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) streamlining requirement of this Plan. Figure 5.1 highlights the key components of implementing and monitoring the plan.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2023.

Figure 5.1 Key Components of Implementing and Monitoring the Plan ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 5 | Implementation and Monitoring
Rancho Cordova

5.2 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
After the adoption of this Plan, the City will develop an implementation strategy for the Plan measures. The implementation plan will be based on several factors such as budget capacity and availability of funding opportunities. Potential funding opportunities to support Plan implementation are summarized below.

Implementing this Plan will involve the City Council, Planning Commission, and coordination with other boards, commissions, and City departments. Implementation will involve collaboration with the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (“SMUD”), the County of Sacramento, other public and private agencies, and neighboring cities to implement strategies and measures requiring regional collaboration. The success of Plan implementation will also depend on the participation of residents, businesses, and other stakeholders in the city and region.

The City will implement the measures of the Plan through several types of programs and activities that may include changes in municipal operations; new ordinances or code updates; development conditions of approval; advanced planning efforts; provision of incentives or financing; public agency or private partnerships; and education and outreach. While each measure identified in the Plan would fall into these categories, some measures overlap and belong to more than one category. Descriptions of each implementation category are provided below.
 Municipal Operations: City specific actions to update and make municipal operations more efficient. These measures would be implemented by the City and would reduce emissions specifically related to municipal operations.
 New Ordinances and Code Updates: Implementation of several measures in the Plan would occur through new ordinances adopted by the City or through amendments to the Municipal Code.  Planning: The Plan identifies measures that are more programmatic in nature and require visioning and longterm planning efforts to allow for GHG reductions.  Financing and Incentives: Successful implementation of Plan measures requires identifying mechanisms for funding and allocating resources. Further, several measures identified in the Plan would be implemented by community residents, business owners, other local agencies, and developers.  Partnerships: Interagency coordination and collaboration with other organizations are critical to ensuring the implementation of certain measures.
 Education and Outreach: Education and outreach efforts about the goals of the Plan will help create support for the Plan and involve the community in its implementation. These efforts would be intended to increase participation and awareness and could include informing residents about potential GHG reductions and cobenefits of various measures.

The Plan’s effective implementation will require a process to prioritize its strategies and measures periodically.

Implementation priority is determined by a variety of factors, including the timeframe of implementation, the effectiveness of measures in reducing GHG emissions, the impact on neighborhoods, staff resources needed, and the required level of department/agency collaboration.

5.3 MONITORING AND UPDATES
The City will begin implementing Plan measures and actions after Plan adoption. The Plan will be monitored over time to assess the progress by tracking performance metrics for each strategy. Changing circumstances, such as State and federal laws and programs, updates to climate science, changes in technology, or evolving local, State, federal, or even global economic and social conditions, may necessitate changes to the Plan.

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Chapter 5 | Implementation and Monitoring
Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 5-3
If the Plan is not achieving the desired outcomes, the measures or actions will need to be altered or amended. This will require periodic updates to the GHG emissions inventories and vulnerability assessment, as well as analyzing individual action performance.

City staff will evaluate the performance of the GHG reduction strategies and measures over time. Evaluating the performance requires monitoring the level of community participation, costs, and potential barriers to implementation, as well as activities that result in GHG emissions reductions like actual reductions in fuel consumption, vehicle miles traveled, energy usage, water usage, landfilled waste, and so on. In addition to considering these factors, assessing the performance of Plan adaptation actions will be informed by resiliencerelated improvements in the community. The City staff will regularly monitor and report on adaptation and climate hazards and will update the strategies and actions when needed. By evaluating whether the implementation of an action is on track to achieve its objective, the City can identify successful actions and reevaluate or replace underperforming measures.

Continued implementation of the City’s GHG reduction
efforts would support overall GHG reductions and Plan
implementation. Periodically, City staff will present a summary of Plan implementation progress to date to the Planning Commission and City Council.

To provide updates on Plan implementation progress, City staff will prepare a monitoring report every two years.

This process will provide updates on the Plan implementation progress, including the status of actions implemented to achieve GHG reductions and improve resilience as well as other important milestones in the implementation process. As technologies and markets change and the City implements the actions identified in the Plan, the monitoring report will be used to track progress and identify actions that need to be improved, adjusted, or removed. The report will also be used for periodic presentations to the City Council about implementation progress on actions and overall progress towards Plan objectives. It would also serve to provide transparency and promote engagement with the public for Plan implementation. At a minimum, the report prepared every two years will include:
 Metrics illustrating Plan measure performance, individually and in aggregate (for example, GHG emissions reductions, participation rates, activity data, percent work completed);  Implementation costs and funding needs;
 Community benefits realized;
 Any barriers to implementation;
 Recommendations, if any, for removal or changes to individual measures or identification of new measures; and
 Recommendations, if any, for changes to this Plan and/or preparation of a new Plan.

Finally, the City will prepare a GHG emissions inventory and an update to the plan every five years, with the first update due in 2028. The Plan Update would reflect the findings and recommendations of the monitoring reports and inventory updates. Table 5.1 shows the City’s implementation and monitoring timeframe.

Why
a monitoring strategy?
• to evaluate the performance of CAP
• to understand which measures or
actions need to be amended
• to understand and mitigate any barriers
to implementation
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Chapter 5 | Implementation and Monitoring
Rancho Cordova

Table 5.1 City’s Implementation and Monitoring Timeframe Year Milestone Description
2023 Plan adopted City Council adopts the Plan.
2023 Develop Implementation
Strategy City staff begins to develop the implementation strategy. 2023 Plan Implementation City staff begins to implement Plan measures. 2025 Monitoring Report
City staff will prepare a monitoring report every two years and present the report to City Council and Planning Commission. The first monitoring report will be completed two years from Plan adoption. Each monitoring report will evaluate implementation status of the Plan’s GHG reduction measures. The monitoring report will identify whether any of the measures require amendment to maintain progress toward achieving the emissions reductions identified in the Plan. 2028 GHG Emissions Inventory
Update
An updated GHG inventory will be prepared to track the Plan implementation progress by assessing the City’s progress towards achieving the emissions reductions identified in the Plan.
2028 Plan Update
Based on the results of the monitoring report and updated GHG emissions inventory, the City will update the Plan to include new or amended measures, remove, or update any ineffective measures, and incorporate new technologies and methodologies as necessary to ensure the Plan is on track to achieve the City’s target and goal.

5.4 CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT AND THE PLAN
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) is a statute that requires local agencies to identify significant environmental impacts of their actions and avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible. The 2022 Scoping Plan emphasizes the use of CEQA as a tool by local jurisdictions for supporting the State’s climate priorities. When a local Plan complies with CEQA requirements, individual projects that comply with the Plan are allowed to streamline the project-specific GHG analysis. With a CEQA Qualified Plan, local governments enable project developers to use this streamlined approach and save time and resources, while ensuring more consistency in applying GHG reduction measures across projects. The City plans to utilize this tool for ensuring that new development is constructed with more sustainable and low-carbon features than existing development. By following this approach, the Plan has been prepared consistent with the provisions of CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 (“Qualified Plan”). Table 5.2 summarizes how the Plan meets the requirements of a CEQA Qualified Plan.

As a result, the Plan provides new development project applicants in the city the opportunity to use CEQA streamlining tools for projects that are consistent with this Plan. Demonstrating consistency with the Plan establishes that a project will not result in an “additional environmental effect” related to GHG emissions. A project’s consistency with the Plan will be determined through a Consistency Checklist (“Checklist”). The Checklist will contain GHG reduction measures applicable to development projects that are required to be implemented on a project-by-project basis to achieve the City’s 2030 reduction target and make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal. New development projects will need to incorporate all potentially applicable Plan measures to demonstrate consistency with the Plan. By incorporating applicable GHG reduction measures in the Checklist into project designs or conditions of approval, the City will ensure that new development is consistent with applicable GHG reduction measures in the Plan and will contribute its “fair share” in achieving the identified GHG reduction targets. Projects that do not demonstrate consistency may, at the City’s discretion, prepare a more comprehensive project-specific analysis of GHG emissions consistent with CEQA requirements.

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Chapter 5 | Implementation and Monitoring
Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adapta tion Plan Page 5-5
Table 5.2 Summary of Compliance with CEQA Requirements for a Qualified Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan
CEQA Required Elements for a “Qualified”
Climate Action Plan
(CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5[b][1])
Summary of CAAP Compliance
(a) Quantify greenhouse gas emissions,
both existing and projected over a
specified time period
The City conducted a 2019 baseline communitywide emissions inventory and developed emissions forecasts for 2030 and 2045 (Sections 2.2 and 2.3). Appendix A and B present details of the City’s 2019 inventory and Appendix B and C present forecast details.
(b) Establish a level below which the
contribution to greenhouse gas emissions
from activities covered by the plan would
not be cumulatively considerable
The City has set an emissions reduction target for 2030 and a 2045 goal to align with the statewide emissions reduction targets for 2030 and 2045 (Section 2.4). Appendix C presents details of the GHG targets technical memorandum and
Appendix D presents the target worksheet.
(c) Identify and analyze the greenhouse gas
emissions resulting from specific actions or
categories of actions anticipated within the
geographic area
The 2019 baseline communitywide emissions inventory and 2030 and 2045 forecasts include the following emissions sectors representing emissions-generating activities and sources throughout the city (Sections 2.2 and 2.3):
 On-Road Transportation
 Building Energy
 Solid Waste
 Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment
 Water Supply
 Wastewater Treatment
Appendices A, B, and C present details of the City’s inventory and forecasts by sector.
(d) Specify measures or a group of
measures, including performance
standards, that substantial evidence
demonstrates, if implemented on a
project-by-project basis, would collectively
achieve the specified emissions level
To achieve the 2030 target and to make substantial progress toward the 2045 goal, the Plan proposes a Strategy Framework consisting of 14 GHG reduction strategies, 34 GHG emission reduction measures, and supporting actions (Chapter 3).

Appendix E presents details on strategies and measures. (e) Establish a mechanism to monitor the
plan’s progress toward achieving the level
and to require amendment if the plan is
not achieving specified level
The City is committed to monitoring the performance of GHG reduction strategies and measures over time to assess the progress by tracking performance metrics for each strategy and identifying actions that need to be improved, adjusted, or removed. Chapter 3 provides details on City’s emissions reduction strategy framework and performance metrics and Chapter 4 details the strategies, objectives, and actions. Sections

5.2 and 5.3 present City’s implementation strategy and
monitoring strategy respectively.

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Chapter 5 | Implementation and Monitoring
Rancho Cordova

CEQA Required Elements for a “Qualified”
Climate Action Plan
(CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5[b][1])
Summary of CAAP Compliance
(f) Be adopted in a public process
following environmental review
The City, as lead agency for this Plan under CEQA, has prepared an Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration (IS/MND) to evaluate the potential environment impacts of implementing the Plan, which the City Council will consider adopting before it considers adoption of this Plan.

5.5 FUNDING SOURCES
The increased energy efficiency and reduced use of non-renewable resources resulting from Plan implementation will result in substantial cost-savings for the City and its residents in the long term. However, the initial set-up, administration work, staffing, and enforcement will require funding and investments. After the Plan is adopted, the City will be proactive in seeking cost-effective implementation and strategic funding opportunities and developing partnerships to share costs. This section presents the spectrum of financial mechanisms that are available for the City to explore for implementing the Plan. This list is ordered by the increasing amount of debt load that would be incurred by the City: starting with free capital from grants and partnerships, continuing to the capital borrowed from loans and bonds, and concluding with City funding from budget, taxes, and fees. Additionally, a detailed list of potential funding and financing options to help implement the Plan is provided in Appendix G. As the Plan is updated and monitored, the City will need to reevaluate its overall costs and funding sources available. Leveraging funding opportunities would facilitate the successful implementation of the GHG reduction measures.  Grants can provide a substantial source of repayment-free capital. To take advantage of a grant, the City staff will need to track grant opportunities, craft meaningful proposals that link to the goals and mission of the funding agency or entity, submit applications, and track results required for ongoing reporting.  Partnerships tap resources, and secure capital, from non-governmental and private sector actors.

Partnerships will allow the City to share ownership of the Plan implementation, while also sharing possible cost savings and revenue generation with a third party. Partnerships also spread financial risk across multiple public, private, and/or nonprofit entities.
 Loans can give the City access to upfront capital, whose principal and interest must be repaid over the duration of the loan. While the City will first consider grants and private partners when possible, to access repayment-free capital, when those pathways are unavailable loans can be a dependable alternative.  Bonds can provide dependable, predictable financing for capitalizing large infrastructure projects. The City can issue a bond directly or apply for funds from a state bonding program. These bonds can be backed either by general City funds, or specific revenue sources. There are multiple types of bond structures including general obligation, revenue, and conduit bonds, as well as certifications like “green” bonds for climate and sustainability that communicate what types of projects bond proceeds are being used for.  Budget refers to using money in the City’s general fund to capitalize projects. Every year the City collects tax revenue and other fees to populate its general fund, portions of which are appropriated to new capital projects and infrastructure investments. Plan implementation can be incorporated into the City’s budgeting processes and City budgets can be used to fund Plan implementation expenditures.  New taxes and fees, as well as cost savings and other revenues, can create new flows of capital to fund Plan implementation.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

References
Rancho Cordova
Climate Action & Adaptation Plan References-1
References
Cal OES. See California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.

California Energy Commission. 2021a. Cal-Adapt Annual Averages Tool. Available: https://caladapt.org/tools/annual-averages/ Accessed December 28, 2020. ———. 2021b. Cal-Adapt Extreme Heat Tool. Available: https://cal-adapt.org/tools/extreme-heat/ Accessed December 28, 2020.
———. 2021c. Cal-Adapt Extended Drought Scenario Tool. Available: https://caladapt.org/tools/extended-drought/ Accessed December 28, 2020. ———. 2021d. Cal-Adapt Wildfire Tool. Availablehttps://cal-adapt.org/tools/wildfire/ Accessed December 28, 2020.

California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. 2020. California Adaptation Planning Guide. Available:
https://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardMitigationSite/Documents/APG2-FINAL-PRDRAFTAccessible.pdf. Accessed February 12, 2021.

California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Energy Commission, and California Natural Resources Agency. 2018. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment Report: Sacramento Valley Region Report. Available: https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Reg_ReportSUM-CCCA4-2018-002_SacramentoValley_ADA.pdf. Accessed January 29, 2021.

California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. 2018. Indicators of Climate Change in California. Available: https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/climatechange/report/2018caindicatorsreportmay2018.pdf. Accessed January 29, 2021.

CEC. See California Energy Commission.

City of Rancho Cordova. 2006. City of Rancho Cordova General Plan. Available:
https://www.cityofranchocordova.org/home/showpublisheddocument/14279/636820350426270 000. Accessed January 29, 2021.

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability. 2019. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Version 1.2.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2021. What is the Pineapple Express? Ocean Facts. Available: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pineapple-express.html. Accessed May 10, 2022.

NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

OEHHA. See California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.

OPR, CEC, and CNRA. See California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Energy Commission, and California Natural Resources Agency.

Rappold, A. G., J. Reyes, G. Pouliot, W. E. Cascio, and D. Diaz-Sanchez. 2017. Community Vulnerability to Health Impacts of Wildland Fire Smoke Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology 51(12):6674-6682.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

References
Rancho Cordova
References-2 Climate Action & Adaptation Plan
SACOG, 2023. 2020MTP/SCS. Available at: https://www.sacog.org/2020-metropolitan-transportationplansustainable-communities-strategy Sacramento County, 2021. Water Resources. Storm Ready. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan - 2021 Update Available at https://waterresources.saccounty.gov/stormready/Pages/Local-Hazard-Mitigation-Plan2017-Update.aspx Schwartz, M. W., N. Butt, C. R. Dolanc, A. Holguin, M. A. Moritz, M. P. North, H. D. Safford, N. L.

Stephenson, J. H. Thorne, and P. J. van Mantgem. 2015. Increasing elevation of fire in the Sierra Nevada and implications for forest change. Available:
https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/ES15-00003.1. Accessed February 5, 2021.

SMAQMD, 2020. Keeping Cool in the Capital Region. Capital Region Urban Heat Island Mitigation Project.

Available at: https://urbanheat-smaqmd.hub.arcgis.com/
USEPA, 2022. Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator. Available at https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhousegas-equivalencies-calculator#results. Assessed on March 15, 2023.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 4

Appendix A
Greenhouse Gas Inventory
(Technical Memorandum)
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Memo
455 Capitol Mall, Unit 300
Sacramento, CA 95814
916.444.7301
Date: March 29, 2022
To: Stefan Heisler and Darcy Goulart (City of Rancho Cordova) From: Alyssa Way, Andrew Martin, and Honey Walters (Ascent Environmental) Subject: City of Rancho Cordova Climate Action Plan, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Technical Memorandum

INTRODUCTION
In 2009, the County of Sacramento prepared a baseline inventory for the unincorporated county and the incorporated cities, including specifically a 2005 baseline year inventory for the City of Rancho Cordova (City). The Sacramento Area Council of Governments (SACOG) 2020 Metropolitan Transportation Plan / Sustainable Communities Strategy (MTP/SCS) Draft Environmental Impact Report included a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and forecast for 2016, 2030, 2040, and 2050 that included the City. Though the City was considered in both efforts, an updated communitywide GHG emissions inventory using the latest methodologies with a more recent 2019 baseline year has been prepared for the City’s Climate Action Plan (CAP).

The CAP is intended to reduce GHG emissions for the 2030 target year and 2045 goal. This initial preparation of a GHG emissions inventory provides a foundation for the forthcoming phases of the CAP process, which includes forecasting future emissions, developing GHG emissions reduction targets, defining GHG emissions reduction measures, and preparing a CAP to reduce GHG emissions from activities occurring in the city. This technical memorandum provides the results of the 2019 GHG emissions inventory, as well as associated methods, assumptions, emissions factors, and data sources.

ORGANIZATION OF THIS MEMORANDUM
This memorandum consists of two main parts:
 Section 1: Summary of Inventory Results presents an overview of the 2019 community inventories for each sector.  Section 2: Data, Methods, and Assumptions summarizes data, methods, and assumptions used in the 2019 inventory and provides activity data and GHG emissions estimates by sector.

ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

City of Rancho Cordova Climate Action Plan - GHG Emissions Inventory March 29, 2022

1 SUMMARY OF INVENTORY RESULTS

1.1 COMMUNITY INVENTORY
The city’s GHG emissions inventory for 2019 was estimated based on methodologies and guidance provided by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) (discussed further in Section 2.2.1). Based on the modeling conducted, community activities in 2019 generated approximately 679,706 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e).

Major emissions sectors included on-road transportation, residential and nonresidential building energy use, solid waste, water use, and wastewater generation. The 2019 inventory will serve as the City’s GHG emissions baseline, which will be used to set future emissions reductions targets. A description of each emissions sector, including key sources, is provided in further detail in Section 2, “Data, Methods, and Assumptions”. Table 1 and Figure 1 present the overall 2019 community inventory and the contributions from each key sector.

Table 1 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Sectors MTCO2e/year Percent of Total
On-Road Transportation 417,145 61%
Nonresidential Building Energy 118,801 17%
Residential Building Energy 95,575 14%
Solid Waste 22,397 3%
Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment 11,027 2%
Water Supply 9,071 1%
Wastewater Treatment 5,690 1%
Total 679,706 100%
Notes: MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year Source: Ascent Environmental 2021
Figure 1 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory On-Road
Transportation, 61%
Nonresidential
Building Energy, 17%
Residential
Building Energy,
14%
Solid Waste, 3%
Off-Road Vehicles
and Equipment, 2%
Wastewater
Treatment, 1%
Water Supply, 1%
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

City of Rancho Cordova Climate Action Plan - GHG Emissions Inventory March 29, 2022

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021
2 DATA, METHODS, AND ASSUMPTIONS

2.1 OVERALL ASSUMPTIONS AND DATA

2.1.1 Utility Emissions Factors
Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) per unit of electricity and natural gas can vary by location and from year to year depending on numerous factors. Utility-specific factors for GHG emissions were obtained and used in the 2019 inventory to estimate GHG emissions from electricity and natural gas consumption. Sources for electricity and natural gas emissions factors are shown below.  Electricity: Utility electricity emissions factors for CO2, CH4, and N2O were obtained from the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). For 2019, SMUD’s CO2 emissions factor was interpolated using the 2018 emissions factor provided by SMUD and the requirements of the Renewables Portfolio Standard included in Senate Bill (SB) 100. The same approach was taken for CH4 and N2O emissions factors from eGRID’s 2018 Annual Output Emissions Rates (EPA 2020).
 Natural Gas: Utility natural gas emissions factors for CO2, CH4, and N2O were obtained from The Climate Registry’s (TCR’s) 2020 Default Emission Factors (TCR 2020).

Specific utility emissions factors used in the inventory calculations are shown below in Table 3.

Table 3 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Utility Emissions Factors Source and Unit 2019 Emissions Factor
SMUD – Electricity
g CO2/kWh 232.10
g CH4/kWh 0.015
g N2O/kWh 0.002
g CO2e/MWh 233.01
PG&E – Natural Gas
g CO2/therm 5306
g CH4/therm 0.47
g N2O/therm 0.01
g CO2e/therm 5322
Notes: CH4 = methane; CO2 = carbon dioxide; g= grams, MWh = megawatt-hours; N2O = nitrous oxide; SMUD = Sacramento Municipal Utility District; PG&E = Pacific Gas and Electric Company.

Source: Utility emissions factors provided by SMUD, EPA, The Climate Registry (TCR). Ascent Environmental 2021

2.1.2 Global Warming Potentials
GHG emissions other than CO2 generally have a stronger insulating effect and thus, a greater ability to warm the earth’s atmosphere through the greenhouse effect. This effect is measured in terms of a pollutant’s Global Warming ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

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Potential (GWP). CO2 has a GWP factor of one while all other GHGs have GWP factors measured in multiples of one relative to the GWP of CO2. This conversion of non-CO2 gases to one unit enables the reporting of all emissions in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), which allows consideration of all GHGs in comparable terms and makes it easier to communicate how various sources and types of emissions contribute to climate change. MTCO2e is the standard unit for reporting emissions.

Consistent with the best available science, these inventories use GWP factors published in the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), where CH4 and N2O have GWP factors of

27.9 and 273, respectively (IPCC 2021). This means that CH4 and N2O are approximately 28 and 273 times stronger than CO2 in their potential to warm Earth’s atmosphere, respectively. It should be noted that the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB) Statewide GHG Inventory which is associated with the 2017 Scoping Plan uses the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Under AR4 CH4 is approximately 24 times stronger than CO2 and N2O is 298 times stronger than CO2. The GWP can be toggled in the GHG Inventory and Forecast Workbook to compare the change in emissions between the Assessment Reports.

2.1.3 Population and Employment
Population and employment data were used to scale activity levels for certain emissions sources and sectors.

Population and employment data were obtained from the California Department of Finance and the Employment Development Department 2019.

2.2 COMMUNITY INVENTORIES DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS

2.2.1 Sector-Specific Assumptions and Methods for Community Inventories
Several inventory protocols have been developed to provide guidance for communities and local governments to account for emissions accurately and consistently. In coordination with other partners, ICLEI has developed guidance for local-scale accounting of emissions that many local governments use to develop their GHG inventories. The most recent guidance for community-scale emissions inventories is ICLEI’s Community Protocol, Version 1.2, published in July 2019 (ICLEI 2019). GHG emissions from livestock were not included in the inventory due to a lack of available information about the number of cattle grazing within City limits.

The following summarizes data sources and methods used in estimating community GHG emissions in 2019:
 Building Energy: Annual electricity and natural gas usage data for the city were provided by SMUD and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) (see Table 3 above). Emissions factors were obtained from SMUD, eGRID, and TCR.

Annual nonresidential backup generator usage was provided by Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD). Emissions factors for backup generator fuels was obtained from TCR.  Transportation: For the on-road transportation sector, daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT) were obtained from Fehr & Peers for the city, using the SB 375 Regional Technical Advisory Committee’s (RTAC’s) origin-destination method. Vehicle emissions factors were derived from CARB’s 2021 Emissions FACtor (EMFAC2021) model. Offroad vehicle emissions were estimated from CARB’s OFFROAD2007 and OFFROAD2021 models and scaled by population, employment, or share of road miles.
 Solid Waste: Emissions associated with waste generated by residents and businesses in the city were estimated using disposal data available from the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) for landfills receiving waste from the city. Landfill gas (LFG) collection information was available from EPA.

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 Water Supply: Using guidance provided by ICLEI, water supply emissions were estimated using approximate water consumption volumes obtained from the Sacramento County Water Agency, Golden State Water Company, and California American Water in combination with region-specific energy intensity factors obtained from the California Public Utilities Commissions (CPUC).  Wastewater: Emissions from wastewater treatment depend on the types of treatment processes and equipment that centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) use. Emissions in this sector are also generated from onsite wastewater treatment systems. Data regarding treatment processes, population served, digester gas combustion, and daily nitrogen load were obtained from Sacramento Area Sewer District and Regional San to estimate emissions from centralized WWTPs.

2.2.2 Building Energy
Residential and nonresidential building energy use in 2019 resulted in approximately 214,376 MTCO2e. This sector generated approximately 32 percent of the City’s emissions in 2019 and represents the second largest emissions sector in the inventory. Most of these emissions were a result of electricity and natural gas use in homes and businesses, primarily for lighting and heating, ventilation, air condition, and cooling (HVAC), as well as to power appliances. A small proportion of nonresidential building energy emissions are associated with diesel consumption in backup generators. In 2019, electricity from both residential and nonresidential buildings accounted for approximately 67 percent of emissions from the building energy sector. Natural gas use accounted for approximately 32 percent, and backup generators accounted for less than 1 percent, of emissions from the building sector in 2019. Annual electricity, natural gas, and backup generator usage and GHG emissions are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Building Energy Use Greenhouse Gas Emissions Source Quantity GHG Emissions Percentage
Electricity MWh/year MTCO2e/year % of Energy Total
Residential 202,727 47,238 22
Nonresidential 416,664 97,089 45
Electricity Total 619,391 144,327 67
Natural Gas therms/year MTCO2e/year % of Energy Total
Residential 9,082,624 48,336 23
Nonresidential 3,902,601 20,769 10
Natural Gas Total 12,985,225 69,105 32
Backup Generators gallons MTCO2e/year % of Energy Total Nonresidential 92,209 943 <1
Energy Combined MTCO2e/year % of Energy Total
Residential NA 95,575 45
Nonresidential NA 118,801 55
Grand Total NA 214,376 100
Notes: Totals in columns may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year; MWh = megawatt-hours; NA = not applicable.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021
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RESIDENTIAL ENERGY
Residential energy emissions result indirectly from electricity consumption and directly from onsite combustion of natural gas. SMUD and PG&E are the providers of residential energy in the city. Annual residential electricity usage data for 2019 in the city were obtained from SMUD, expressed as MWh per year (MWh/year). To calculate the MTCO2e of residential electricity consumption, emissions factors (shown in Table 3) for CO2, CH4, and N2O were applied to electricity consumption data.

Annual residential natural gas consumption for 2019 in the city was obtained from PG&E, expressed as therms per year (therms/year). CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions factors for natural gas were applied to consumption data to estimate MTCO2e from residential natural gas usage.

NONRESIDENTIAL ENERGY
Nonresidential energy emissions, which are generated by commercial and industrial uses, result indirectly from electricity consumption and directly from onsite combustion of natural gas. SMUD provided nonresidential electricity in the city. Nonresidential natural gas in the city was provided by PG&E in 2019.

Annual nonresidential electricity usage data for 2019 were obtained from SMUD, expressed as MWh/year, and annual nonresidential natural gas consumption in the city was obtained from PG&E, expressed as therms/year. PG&E natural gas usage data for industrial customers could not be provided to the City because of the 15/15 Rule, which is statewide requirement protecting the privacy of utility customer data1. Emissions associated with nonresidential energy consumption were quantified using the same methods as described above for residential energy calculations.

Data for annual nonresidential backup generators were obtained from SMAQMD, expressed as gallons per year (gallons/year) for diesel fuel. Emissions factors obtained from TCR were applied to fuel consumption data to estimate GHG emissions associated with nonresidential backup generator usage.

2.2.3 On-Road Transportation
The on-road transportation sector represents the largest emissions-generator sector in the city. Based on modeling conducted, on-road transportation in the city resulted in approximately 417,145 MTCO2e, or 61 percent of the City’s 2019 inventory. The on-road transportation sector represents the largest emissions sector in the city. Annual VMT and GHG emissions from on-road transportation are shown in Table 5 broken down by EMFAC vehicle category.

Table 5 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community On-Road Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions EMFAC
Vehicle Category
EMFAC Vehicle Category Description VMT/yeara GHG Emissions (MTCO2e/year) LDA Passenger Cars 465,261,020 148,453
LDT2 Light-Duty Trucks (GVWR <6000 lb) 191,143,033 78,535 MDV Medium-Duty Trucks (GVWR 5751-8500 lb) 130,832,664 65,206 LDT1 Light-Duty Trucks (GVWR <6000 lb) 45,762,151 17,554 LHD1 Light-Heavy-Duty Trucks (GVWR 8501- 10000 lbs) 33,974,541 29,056 1 The 15/15 Rule originates from a California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) ruling in 1997 that enacted privacy standards for utilities to help ensure customer anonymity when energy data is released to third parties without customer consent. The 15/15 Rule requires that aggregated data include a minimum of 15 customers with no one customer’s load exceeding 15 percent of the group’s energy consumption.

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EMFAC
Vehicle Category
EMFAC Vehicle Category Description VMT/yeara GHG Emissions (MTCO2e/year) T7 Trucks Heavy-Heavy Duty Trucks 19,391,641 38,318
T6 Trucks Medium-Heavy Duty Trucks 16,550,426 23,818
LHD2 Light-Heavy-Duty Trucks (GVWR 10001- 14000 lb) 7,751,499 7,083 MCY Motorcycles 3,695,927 891
MH Motor Homes 1,034,081 1,826
UBUS Urban Buses 960,288 1,597
OBUS Other Buses 803,554 1,515
SBUS School Buses 728,388 897
All Other Buses All Other Buses 563,571 749
PTO Power Take Off 500,107 1,138
Motor Coach Motor Coach 265,909 511
Total N/A 919,218,798 417,145
Notes: GHG = greenhouse gas; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; lb= pounds; MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year; N/A = not applicable; VMT/year = vehicle miles traveled per year. a VMT by vehicle category based on the modeled vehicle fleet mix in EMFAC2021 for Sacramento County in 2019 using EMFAC2011 vehicle categories applied to the city’s total annual VMT.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021
On-road transportation emissions are primarily the result of the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuels in passenger vehicles (i.e., cars, light-duty trucks, and motorcycles), medium- and heavy-duty trucks, and other types of vehicles permitted to operate “on-road.” To a smaller degree, emissions from on-road electric vehicles also result from upstream electricity generation; these emissions are represented in annual electricity emissions in the city. Due to lack of available data, emissions from the combustion of natural gas and other non-electric alternative fuels in on-road vehicles were not included in the community inventory and are assumed to have minimal contribution to total emissions.

Fehr & Peers conducted a study that provides daily VMT by city for the years 2016, 2027, 2035, and 2040. These VMT estimates are associated with trips that begin or end in the city. VMT estimates included 100 percent of vehicle trips that both originate from and end in the city (i.e., fully internal trips), 50 percent of trips that either end in or depart from the city (i.e., internal-external or external-internal trips), and zero percent of vehicle trips that are simply passing through the city boundaries (i.e., external-external, or “pass-through,” trips). This vehicle trip accounting method is consistent with the RTAC origin-destination method established through SB 375 and CARB recommendations.

An overall emissions rate for countywide VMT was derived from EMFAC2021, CARB’s statewide mobile source emissions inventory model. EMFAC2021 was used to generate emission rates for the county for the calendar year 2019 with all vehicle classes, model years, speeds, and fuel types. The countywide MTCO2e per mile emissions factor was calculated based on the distribution of VMT for each vehicle class and its emissions factor.

OFF-ROAD VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT
Based on modeling conducted, off-road vehicles and equipment operating in the city emitted approximately 11,027 MTCO2e, or 2 percent of the 2019 inventory. The largest emissions-generating off-road transportation categories include construction and mining equipment, portable equipment, and industrial equipment. The estimated annual emissions and scaling factors used are presented in Table 6 below by equipment type.

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Table 6 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Off-Road Vehicles-Equipment Greenhouse Gas Emissions Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment Type GHG Emissions (MTCO2e) Scaling Method Construction and Mining Equipment 5,350 service population Entertainment Equipment 54 employment
Industrial Equipment 1,426 employment
Lawn and Garden Equipment 138 population
Light Commercial Equipment 839 employment
Portable Equipment 2,478 employment
Recreational Equipment 81 population
Transportation Refrigeration Units 661 service population Total 11,027 N/A
Notes: GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year; N/A = not applicable.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021; based on modeling from OFFROAD2007 and OFFROAD2021.

Emissions from the off-road vehicles and equipment sector result from fuel combustion in off-road vehicles and equipment. Data associated with this sector were available from CARB’s OFFROAD2007 and OFFROAD2021 models.

These models provide emissions details at the State, air basin, or county level. Sacramento County emissions data from OFFROAD2007 and OFFROAD2021 were apportioned to the city using custom scaling factors depending on the off-road fleet type. For example, due to the likely correlation between commercial activity and employment, the city’s portion of emissions from light commercial equipment in the county is assumed to be proportional to the number of jobs in the city as compared to the county as a whole.

OFFROAD2007 provides emissions details for all off-road vehicle and equipment types, but OFFROAD2017 only provides details for certain types of off-road vehicles and equipment that are relevant to the city (i.e., construction and mining equipment, industrial equipment, and transport refrigeration units). CARB recommends using OFFROAD2007 where desired information is unavailable from the OFFROAD2021 model, so data from both models were used (CARB 2020). Additionally, while OFFROAD2021 provides estimates of CO2 emissions, it does not provide estimates for CH4 and N2O emissions. To estimate CH4 and N2O emissions from the vehicle and equipment types included in OFFROAD2017, ratios of CH4 to CO2 and N2O to CO2 were obtained from OFFROAD2007 and applied to CO2 data from OFFROAD2021 to calculate CH4 and N2O emissions.

2.2.4 Solid Waste
Based on modeling conducted, the solid waste sector was responsible for approximately 22,397 MTCO2e in 2019, or 3 percent of the 2019 community GHG inventory. Community-generated solid waste emissions are result primarily from decomposition of solid waste generated by the city in landfills, while a smaller proportion of emissions are produced by the decomposition of alternative daily cover (ADC) generated by the county. Table 7 summarizes emissions from the solid waste sector. Additional details regarding calculation methods and assumptions are discussed below.

Table 7 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Solid Waste Greenhouse Gas Emissions Source Quantity (tons/year) GHG Emissions (MTCO2e/year) Community-Generated Solid Waste 59,464 22,397
Notes: Totals may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021
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COMMUNITY-GENERATED SOLID WASTE
CH4 emissions generated by community-generated solid waste occur from decay of landfill disposed waste generated annually by residences and businesses in the city. A total of 56,877 tons of landfilled waste was reported for the city in 2019. In addition to landfilled waste, communities send ADC to landfills. ADC is non-earthen material used to cover an active landfill surface at the end of each operating day to control for vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. This material can include compost, construction and demolition waste, sludge, green material, shredded tires, spray-on cement, and fabric. Given that ADC can also include organic material, CH4 emissions from landfills result from organic decomposition in both waste disposal and ADC. ADC from the city was 2,587 tons in 2019. Data for landfilled waste and ADC were obtained from CalRecycle (CalRecycle 2021).

The amount of CH4 released from community-generated waste depends on the LFG management systems of the landfills at which the waste is disposed. Information regarding the use of an LFG capture system was available from EPA’s Landfill Methane Outreach Program. All facilities included an LFG capture system; therefore, the default LFG collection efficiency of 0.75 was applied to adjust emissions estimates, as recommended by the Community Protocol.

Default waste characterization emissions factors obtained from EPA were used in calculations.

2.2.5 Water Supply
Based on modeling conducted, water supply emissions accounted for approximately 9,071 MTCO2e in 2019. GHG emissions associated with water supply occur from the indirect use of energy associated with water extraction, conveyance, treatment, and distribution to the point of use (e.g., residences, businesses). Energy consumption for supplying water was estimated by applying energy intensity factors (i.e., the total amount of energy required to produce a unit of water for a particular use) to water supply consumption values. Water supply emissions are estimated by applying electricity emissions factors to water consumption values. Table 8 presents water supply volume and energy consumption, as well as associated GHG emissions for the county in 2019. The methods used are explained in more detail below.

Table 8 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Community Water Supply Greenhouse Gas Emissions Quantity (AF) GHG Emissions (MTCO2e/year)
Water Supply 65,645 9,071
Notes: AF = acre feet; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year..

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021

ENERGY INTENSITY FACTOR
An energy intensity factor, regarding water supply emissions, is defined by the amount of energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas) required to produce a unit of water for a particular use. Electricity is the primary source of energy used for water extraction, conveyance, treatment, and distribution in the Sacramento River hydrologic region. Other energy sources may include fossil fuel-powered pumps and backup generators at treatment plants, but these sources that may be used were considered negligible. Thus, for purposes of this analysis, energy intensity is based on electricity use only and is expressed as kilowatt-hours per acre-foot (kWh/AF).

In 2015, the CPUC commissioned a study of hydrologic zones in California and their relative energy intensities for water extraction, conveyance, treatment, and distribution. The city is within the Sacramento River hydrologic zone, which has specific energy intensities by supply type (e.g., local surface water, imported deliveries). According to the City’s Water Supply Evaluation water in the city is either sourced from surface water, groundwater, recycled water, or wholesale purchases.

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION
To estimate water supply emissions, the energy intensity factors discussed above were applied to total water consumption volumes reported by each water supplier. GHG emissions were estimated using electricity emissions factors in 2019 as described in the building energy sector.

2.2.6 Wastewater Treatment
Based on modeling conducted, wastewater generation in 2019 resulted in emissions of approximately 5,690 MTCO2e, one percent of total emissions, primarily from fugitive CH4. Wastewater emissions were estimated in two components:
(1) pumping-related energy for wastewater conveyance from the source to the treatment facility, and (2) wastewater treatment process emissions. Each is discussed separately below. GHG emissions associated with the treatment of wastewater from the city is shown in Table 9.

Table 9 2019 City of Rancho Cordova Wastewater Treatment Greenhouse Gas Emissions Wastewater Emission Type GHG Emissions (MTCO2e/year)
Treatment Plants 5,690
Notes: Totals may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.

Source: Ascent Environmental 2021
Wastewater Conveyance
SASD and Regional San are the primary agencies responsible for sewer conveyance and wastewater treatment for the city. Emissions associated with wastewater conveyance are directly related to the energy required to convey the wastewater and the volume of water conveyed/pumped. To estimate GHG emissions, a regional wastewater conveyance energy intensity factor was calculated from total pumping energy data within SASD and Regional service area from 2015 and total wastewater treated in 2019. SASD pumping data were provided directly by SASD. Regional San pumping energy and treatment effluent volumes were provided directly by Regional San (pers. Comm. Steve Nebozuk, Regional San. 2016). Effluent volume was apportioned to the City of Rancho Cordova’s population and the calculated energy intensity factor was applied to obtain total wastewater conveyance-related energy. GHG emissions were estimated using the same emissions factors described for the building sector.

According to the ICLEI Community Protocol, wastewater discharge and treatment energy intensities associated with septic tanks and other on-site systems are assumed negligible. Hauling emissions associated with maintenance of septic tanks are captured in the on-road vehicle sector and not included in this sector.

Wastewater Treatment Process Emissions
Wastewater generated by the city is treated at the Regional San WWTP. Treatment process emissions at the WWTP include electricity consumption for treatment, process N20, wastewater effluent containing N2O, and emissions from biogas combustion. The analysis assumes the entire city population is served by the Regional San WWTP. As such, process wastewater emissions may be slightly overestimated as some portion of the city use onsite septic tanks for wastewater treatment.

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REFERENCES
California Air Resources Board. 2020. Mobile Source Emissions Inventory – Off-Road Documentation. Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory/msei-road-documentation0. Accessed December 6, 2021.

California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery. 2020. Disposal and Diversion Rates for Business Groups.

Available: https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/BusinessGroupRates. Accessed December 6, 2021.

CalRecycle. See California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery.

CARB. See California Air Resources Board.

EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

ICLEI. See ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability.

IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability. 2019. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Version 1.2.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021 (August). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Chapter 7: The Earth’s energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity - Supplementary Material. Available:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf. Accessed December 6, 2021.

Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District. 2016. Wastewater pumping data for Regional San. Personal communication between Steve Nebozuk (Regional San) and Dimitri Antoniou (Ascent Environmental). Phone conversation September 14, 2016.

TCR. See The Climate Registry.

The Climate Registry. 2020. 2020 Default Emission Factor Document. Available:
https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Climate-Registry-2020-DefaultEmission-Factor-Document.pdf. Accessed December 6, 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2020. Emissions & Generation Integrated Database (eGRID), Annual Output Emissions Rates. Available: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/download-data. Accessed December 6, 2021.

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Appendix B
Greenhouse Gas Inventory
and Forecast Worksheet
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Table of Contents
Summary
Building Energy Inventory and Forecast
On Road Transportation Inventory and Forecast
On Road Vehicle Category
Off Road Inventory and Forecast
Water Inventory and Forecast
Wastewater Inventory and Forecast
Solid Waste Inventory and Forecast
Assumptions
Demographics
Energy Emission Factors
Water Factors
Wastewater Equations
Offroad 2007
Offraod 2021
Offroad category Lookup
EMFAC Category Lookup
EMFAC 2021
2019 Offroad 2007
2030 Offroad 2007
Natural Gas Activity Data
Electricity Activity Data
Generator Activity Data
VMT Activity Data
Water Activity Data
Wastewater Summary
Wastewater Conveyance Calculations
Electricity CO2e
Process N2O
Biogas CO2e
N2O Effluent CO2e
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Summary
Column Labels
2019 2030 2045
(blank) BAU Leg-Adjusted BAU Leg-Adjusted
Row Labels Sum of MT CO2e Percentage Sum of MT CO2e Percentage Sum of MT CO2e Percentage Sum of MT CO2e Percentage Sum of MT CO2e Percentage OnRoad 417,145 61.4% 486,187 59.53% 387,784 75.25% 593,347 60.07% 384,651 72.60% Building Energy 214,376 31.5% 266,866 32.67% 75,823 14.71% 315,909 31.98% 81,238 15.33% Non-Residential 118,801 17.5% 141,055 17.27% 23,605 4.58% 161,388 16.34% 25,335 4.78% Residential 95,575 14.1% 125,811 15.40% 52,217 10.13% 154,521 15.64% 55,903 10.55% Solid Waste 22,397 3.3% 29,483 3.61% 29,483 5.72% 36,211 3.67% 36,211 6.83% OffRoad 11,027 1.6% 14,772 1.81% 14,772 2.87% 18,488 1.87% 18,488 3.49% Construction and Mining 5,350 0.79% 7,500 0.92% 7,500 1.46% 9,675 0.98% 9,675 1.83% Entertainment Equipment 54 0.01% 67 0.01% 67 0.01% 80 0.01% 80 0.02% Industrial 1,426 0.21% 1,787 0.22% 1,787 0.35% 2,129 0.22% 2,129 0.40% Lawn and Garden Equipment 138 0.02% 211 0.03% 211 0.04% 287 0.03% 287 0.05% Light Commercial Equipment 839 0.12% 1,052 0.13% 1,052 0.20% 1,253 0.13% 1,253 0.24% Recreational Equipment 81 0.01% 123 0.02% 123 0.02% 168 0.02% 168 0.03% Transport Refrigeration Units 661 0.10% 927 0.11% 927 0.18% 1,196 0.12% 1,196 0.23% Portable Equipment 2,478 0.36% 3,105 0.38% 3,105 0.60% 3,699 0.37% 3,699 0.70% Water 9,071 1.3% 11,940 1.46% - 0.00% 14,665 1.48% - 0.00% Wastewater 5,690 0.8% 7,490 0.92% 7,490 1.45% 9,200 0.93% 9,200 1.74% Grand Total 679,706 100.00% 816,738 100.00% 515,352 100.00% 987,820 100.00% 529,788 100.00% ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Building Energy
Year Emissions Sector Calculation Sector Fuel Type Utility (if applicable) Sub-Sector Activity Activity Unit Notes Energy Use (kBTU) MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e Activity Data Source 2019 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Residential 202,726,752 kWh Source: SMUD 691,732,360 47,053 3 0 47,238 SMUD 2019 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Non-Residential 416,664,459 kWh Source: SMUD 1,421,718,084 96,709 6 1 97,089 SMUD 2019 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Residential 9,082,624 therm Source: PG&E 908,045,548 48,192 4 0 48,336 PG&E 2019 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Non-Residential 3,902,601 therm Source: PG&E, CEC Industrial natural g 390,166,923 20,707 2 0 20,769 PG&E 2019 Building Energy Building Energy Diesel NA Non-Residential 92,209 gal Source: SMAQMD 12,733,622 941 0 0 943 SMAQMD Enter Forecast Data Here:

Year Emissions Sector Calculation Sector Fuel Type Utility (if applicable) Sub-Sector BAU or LegAdjusted?Activity Growth
Method Activity Growth Factor
Legislative
Adjustment Activity Activity Unit Notes Energy Use (kBTU) MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e Activity Data
Source
2030 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Residential BAU Population 1.316362515 1 266,861,897 kWh 910,570,549 61,939 4 0 62,183 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Non-Residential BAU Employment 1.187324608 1 494,715,965 kWh 1,688,040,866 114,824 7 1 115,276 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Residential BAU Population 1.316362515 1 11,956,026 therm 1,195,317,121 63,439 6 0 63,628 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Non-Residential BAU Employment 1.187324608 1 4,633,654 therm 463,254,789 24,586 2 0 24,660 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Diesel NA Non-Residential BAU Employment 1.187324608 1 109,482 gal 15,118,943 1,118 0 0 1,120 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Residential BAU Population 1.616762442 1 327,760,999 kWh 1,118,366,899 76,074 5 1 76,373 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Non-Residential BAU Employment 1.358471102 1 566,026,627 kWh 1,931,362,931 131,376 8 1 131,892 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Residential BAU Population 1.616762442 1 14,684,445 therm 1,468,093,937 77,916 7 0 78,148 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Non-Residential BAU Employment 1.358471102 1 5,301,571 therm 530,030,490 28,130 2 0 28,214 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Diesel NA Non-Residential BAU Employment 1.358471102 1 125,263 gal 17,298,258 1,279 0 0 1,281 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Residential Leg-Adjusted Population 1.316362515 0.2538 219,004,252 kWh 747,273,492 - - - - 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Non-Residential Leg-Adjusted Employment 1.187324608 0.4655 452,997,435 kWh 1,545,691,339 - - - - 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Residential Leg-Adjusted Population 1.316362515 0.2538 9,811,893 therm 980,955,073 52,062 5 0 52,217 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Non-Residential Leg-Adjusted Employment 1.187324608 0.4655 4,242,906 therm 424,189,325 22,513 2 0 22,580 2030 Building Energy Building Energy Diesel NA Non-Residential Leg-Adjusted Employment 1.187324608 0.4655 100,250 gal 13,843,989 1,024 0 0 1,025 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Residential Leg-Adjusted Population 1.616762442 0.2538 234,460,444 kWh 800,012,206 - - - - 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Electricity SMUD Non-Residential Leg-Adjusted Employment 1.358471102 0.4655 486,192,548 kWh 1,658,957,760 - - - - 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Residential Leg-Adjusted Population 1.616762442 0.2538 10,504,366 therm 1,050,185,829 55,736 5 0 55,903 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Natural Gas PG&E Non-Residential Leg-Adjusted Employment 1.358471102 0.4655 4,553,821 therm 455,273,414 24,163 2 0 24,235 2045 Building Energy Building Energy Diesel NA Non-Residential Leg-Adjusted Employment 1.358471102 0.4655 107,596 gal 14,858,460 1,099 0 0 1,101 Enter Inventory Data into the yellow table. Enter Forecast Data into the green table:
• Insert rows within the table as needed.
• Only input data in the colored cells.
• See comments in headers for specific input instructions. • For the forecast data, copy the entries from the inventory and paste one set for each forecast year and BAU/Leg-Adjusted combination. (E.g., if you have 2 entries in the inventory and 3 forecast years, you should have 2*3*2=12 row entries in the forecast table.)
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

On-Road Transportation
Year Emissions Sector Calculation Sector Sub-Sector EMFAC Categories Activity Activity Unit Notes g CO2 per mi g CH4 per mi g N2O per mi MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2019 OnRoad OnRoad All Other Buses All Other Buses 563,571 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,269.96 0.13 0.20 715.71 0.07 0.12 749.18 2019 OnRoad OnRoad LDA LDA 465,261,020 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 315.30 0.02 0.01 146,697.14 8.06 5.61 148,452.56 2019 OnRoad OnRoad LDT1 LDT1 45,762,151 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 376.90 0.03 0.02 17,247.93 1.53 0.96 17,553.89 2019 OnRoad OnRoad LDT2 LDT2 191,143,033 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 406.09 0.02 0.02 77,620.79 3.75 2.96 78,534.80 2019 OnRoad OnRoad LHD1 LHD1 33,974,541 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 837.15 0.03 0.06 28,441.89 0.87 2.16 29,056.45 2019 OnRoad OnRoad LHD2 LHD2 7,751,499 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 888.58 0.02 0.09 6,887.84 0.14 0.70 7,082.70 2019 OnRoad OnRoad MCY MCY 3,695,927 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 218.68 0.31 0.05 808.21 1.13 0.19 890.59 2019 OnRoad OnRoad MDV MDV 130,832,664 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 491.58 0.03 0.02 64,314.27 3.85 2.87 65,206.26 2019 OnRoad OnRoad MH MH 1,034,081 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,747.51 0.02 0.07 1,807.06 0.02 0.07 1,826.09 2019 OnRoad OnRoad Motor Coach Motor Coach 265,909 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,841.22 0.01 0.29 489.60 0.00 0.08 510.71 2019 OnRoad OnRoad OBUS OBUS 803,554 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,870.91 0.04 0.05 1,503.38 0.03 0.04 1,514.68 2019 OnRoad OnRoad PTO PTO 500,107 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 2,181.06 0.02 0.34 1,090.76 0.01 0.17 1,137.87 2019 OnRoad OnRoad SBUS SBUS 728,388 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,181.28 0.09 0.17 860.43 0.07 0.13 896.76 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP heavy T6 CAIRP heavy 347,437 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,058.54 0.00 0.17 367.78 0.00 0.06 383.62 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP small T6 CAIRP small 92,040 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 104.65 0.00 0.02 109.15 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate heavy T6 instate heavy 1,885,072 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,192.82 0.02 0.19 2,248.55 0.03 0.35 2,346.18 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate small T6 instate small 6,793,663 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,248.13 0.01 0.20 8,479.37 0.09 1.33 8,846.16 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS heavy T6 OOS heavy 203,526 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,057.42 0.00 0.17 215.21 0.00 0.03 224.49 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS small T6 OOS small 46,511 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 52.88 0.00 0.01 55.16 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Public T6 Public 4,167,560 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,373.70 0.05 0.22 5,724.99 0.19 0.91 5,978.15 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Utility T6 Utility 52,319 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,188.75 0.01 0.19 62.19 0.00 0.01 64.88 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T6TS T6TS 2,962,296 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,944.20 0.07 0.06 5,759.28 0.22 0.16 5,810.16 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 CAIRP T7 CAIRP 3,869,997 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,719.11 0.03 0.27 6,652.95 0.10 1.05 6,942.51 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NNOOS T7 NNOOS 4,458,408 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,719.53 0.01 0.27 7,666.38 0.04 1.21 7,996.95 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NOOS T7 NOOS 1,621,110 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,732.19 0.01 0.27 2,808.07 0.01 0.44 2,929.06 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Other Port T7 Other Port 37,384 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,783.29 0.01 0.28 66.67 0.00 0.01 69.54 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 POAK T7 POAK 73,221 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,826.99 0.01 0.29 133.77 0.00 0.02 139.54 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Public T7 Public 3,927,667 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 2,047.21 0.04 0.32 8,040.78 0.14 1.27 8,391.21 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Single T7 Single 2,518,637 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,759.53 0.04 0.28 4,431.63 0.10 0.70 4,625.86 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 SWCV T7 SWCV 1,270,032 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 3,200.41 2.78 0.54 4,064.62 3.52 0.69 4,351.77 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Tractor T7 Tractor 1,567,486 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,684.27 0.03 0.27 2,640.08 0.04 0.42 2,755.00 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Utility T7 Utility 28,454 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,810.33 0.00 0.28 51.51 0.00 0.01 53.73 2019 OnRoad OnRoad T7IS T7IS 19,245 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 3,079.83 1.10 0.50 59.27 0.02 0.01 62.50 2019 OnRoad OnRoad UBUS UBUS 960,288 Annual VMT Source: Fehr & Peer 1,577.52 0.89 0.22 1,514.87 0.85 0.21 1,597.11 Year Emissions Sector Calculation Sector Sub-Sector EMFAC Categories BAU or Leg-Adjusted? Activity Growth Method Activity Growth FaActivity Activity Unit Notes g CO2 per mi g CH4 per mi g N2O per mi MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2030 OnRoad OnRoad All Other Buses All Other Buses BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 656,847 Annual VMT 1,269.96 0.13 0.20 834.17 0.08 0.13 873.18 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LDA LDA BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 542,265,838 Annual VMT 315.30 0.02 0.01 170,976.82 9.40 6.53 173,022.77 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LDT1 LDT1 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 53,336,192 Annual VMT 376.90 0.03 0.02 20,102.62 1.78 1.12 20,459.21 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LDT2 LDT2 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 222,778,897 Annual VMT 406.09 0.02 0.02 90,467.72 4.37 3.46 91,533.00 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LHD1 LHD1 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 39,597,628 Annual VMT 837.15 0.03 0.06 33,149.27 1.02 2.52 33,865.55 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LHD2 LHD2 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 9,034,440 Annual VMT 888.58 0.02 0.09 8,027.84 0.16 0.82 8,254.95 2030 OnRoad OnRoad MCY MCY BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,307,636 Annual VMT 218.68 0.31 0.05 941.98 1.32 0.22 1,037.99 2030 OnRoad OnRoad MDV MDV BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 152,486,628 Annual VMT 491.58 0.03 0.02 74,958.85 4.48 3.35 75,998.48 2030 OnRoad OnRoad MH MH BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,205,231 Annual VMT 1,747.51 0.02 0.07 2,106.15 0.03 0.08 2,128.33 2030 OnRoad OnRoad Motor Coach Motor Coach BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 309,919 Annual VMT 1,841.22 0.01 0.29 570.63 0.00 0.09 595.24 2030 OnRoad OnRoad OBUS OBUS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 936,550 Annual VMT 1,870.91 0.04 0.05 1,752.20 0.04 0.04 1,765.37 2030 OnRoad OnRoad PTO PTO BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 582,879 Annual VMT 2,181.06 0.02 0.34 1,271.29 0.01 0.20 1,326.20 2030 OnRoad OnRoad SBUS SBUS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 848,943 Annual VMT 1,181.28 0.09 0.17 1,002.83 0.08 0.15 1,045.18 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP heavy T6 CAIRP heavy BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 404,940 Annual VMT 1,058.54 0.00 0.17 428.65 0.00 0.07 447.11 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP small T6 CAIRP small BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 107,274 Annual VMT 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 121.97 0.00 0.02 127.22 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate heavy T6 instate heavy BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 2,197,069 Annual VMT 1,192.82 0.02 0.19 2,620.70 0.03 0.41 2,734.50 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate small T6 instate small BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 7,918,075 Annual VMT 1,248.13 0.01 0.20 9,882.79 0.10 1.56 10,310.28 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS heavy T6 OOS heavy BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 237,212 Annual VMT 1,057.42 0.00 0.17 250.83 0.00 0.04 261.64 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS small T6 OOS small BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 54,209 Annual VMT 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 61.63 0.00 0.01 64.29 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Public T6 Public BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,857,328 Annual VMT 1,373.70 0.05 0.22 6,672.52 0.22 1.06 6,967.58 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Utility T6 Utility BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 60,979 Annual VMT 1,188.75 0.01 0.19 72.49 0.00 0.01 75.62 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6TS T6TS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 3,452,582 Annual VMT 1,944.20 0.07 0.06 6,712.49 0.25 0.19 6,771.79 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 CAIRP T7 CAIRP BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,510,516 Annual VMT 1,719.11 0.03 0.27 7,754.07 0.12 1.22 8,091.56 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NNOOS T7 NNOOS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 5,196,314 Annual VMT 1,719.53 0.01 0.27 8,935.23 0.05 1.41 9,320.51 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NOOS T7 NOOS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,889,418 Annual VMT 1,732.19 0.01 0.27 3,272.83 0.01 0.52 3,413.85 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Other Port T7 Other Port BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 43,572 Annual VMT 1,783.29 0.01 0.28 77.70 0.00 0.01 81.05 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 POAK T7 POAK BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 85,339 Annual VMT 1,826.99 0.01 0.29 155.91 0.00 0.02 162.63 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Public T7 Public BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,577,731 Annual VMT 2,047.21 0.04 0.32 9,371.60 0.16 1.48 9,780.02 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Single T7 Single BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 2,935,494 Annual VMT 1,759.53 0.04 0.28 5,165.10 0.12 0.82 5,391.48 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 SWCV T7 SWCV BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,480,233 Annual VMT 3,200.41 2.78 0.54 4,737.35 4.11 0.81 5,072.03 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Tractor T7 Tractor BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,826,919 Annual VMT 1,684.27 0.03 0.27 3,077.03 0.05 0.49 3,210.98 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Utility T7 Utility BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 33,163 Annual VMT 1,810.33 0.00 0.28 60.04 0.00 0.01 62.62 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7IS T7IS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 22,431 Annual VMT 3,079.83 1.10 0.50 69.08 0.02 0.01 72.85 2030 OnRoad OnRoad UBUS UBUS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,119,224 Annual VMT 1,577.52 0.89 0.22 1,765.59 0.99 0.25 1,861.45 2045 OnRoad OnRoad All Other Buses All Other Buses BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 801,622 Annual VMT 1,269.96 0.13 0.20 1,018.02 0.10 0.16 1,065.64 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LDA LDA BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 661,786,548 Annual VMT 315.30 0.02 0.01 208,661.79 11.47 7.97 211,158.69 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LDT1 LDT1 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 65,092,012 Annual VMT 376.90 0.03 0.02 24,533.43 2.18 1.37 24,968.62 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LDT2 LDT2 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 271,881,551 Annual VMT 406.09 0.02 0.02 110,407.69 5.34 4.22 111,707.78 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LHD1 LHD1 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 48,325,334 Annual VMT 837.15 0.03 0.06 40,455.70 1.24 3.07 41,329.85 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LHD2 LHD2 BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 11,025,720 Annual VMT 888.58 0.02 0.09 9,797.25 0.19 1.00 10,074.42 2045 OnRoad OnRoad MCY MCY BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,257,081 Annual VMT 218.68 0.31 0.05 1,149.60 1.61 0.26 1,266.78 2045 OnRoad OnRoad MDV MDV BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 186,096,176 Annual VMT 491.58 0.03 0.02 91,480.51 5.47 4.09 92,749.29 ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

2045 OnRoad OnRoad MH MH BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,470,875 Annual VMT 1,747.51 0.02 0.07 2,570.36 0.03 0.10 2,597.43 2045 OnRoad OnRoad Motor Coach Motor Coach BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 378,228 Annual VMT 1,841.22 0.01 0.29 696.40 0.00 0.11 726.44 2045 OnRoad OnRoad OBUS OBUS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,142,974 Annual VMT 1,870.91 0.04 0.05 2,138.40 0.05 0.05 2,154.48 2045 OnRoad OnRoad PTO PTO BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 711,351 Annual VMT 2,181.06 0.02 0.34 1,551.50 0.01 0.24 1,618.51 2045 OnRoad OnRoad SBUS SBUS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,036,058 Annual VMT 1,181.28 0.09 0.17 1,223.87 0.10 0.18 1,275.54 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP heavy T6 CAIRP heavy BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 494,193 Annual VMT 1,058.54 0.00 0.17 523.12 0.00 0.08 545.66 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP small T6 CAIRP small BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 130,918 Annual VMT 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 148.85 0.00 0.02 155.26 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate heavy T6 instate heavy BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 2,681,324 Annual VMT 1,192.82 0.02 0.19 3,198.33 0.04 0.50 3,337.20 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate small T6 instate small BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 9,663,296 Annual VMT 1,248.13 0.01 0.20 12,061.05 0.12 1.90 12,582.76 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS heavy T6 OOS heavy BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 289,495 Annual VMT 1,057.42 0.00 0.17 306.12 0.00 0.05 319.31 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS small T6 OOS small BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 66,157 Annual VMT 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 75.22 0.00 0.01 78.46 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Public T6 Public BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,927,931 Annual VMT 1,373.70 0.05 0.22 8,143.21 0.27 1.29 8,503.31 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Utility T6 Utility BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 74,419 Annual VMT 1,188.75 0.01 0.19 88.47 0.00 0.01 92.28 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6TS T6TS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 4,213,565 Annual VMT 1,944.20 0.07 0.06 8,191.99 0.31 0.23 8,264.36 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 CAIRP T7 CAIRP BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,504,678 Annual VMT 1,719.11 0.03 0.27 9,463.14 0.14 1.49 9,875.02 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NNOOS T7 NNOOS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 6,341,633 Annual VMT 1,719.53 0.01 0.27 10,904.65 0.06 1.72 11,374.85 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NOOS T7 NOOS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 2,305,864 Annual VMT 1,732.19 0.01 0.27 3,994.19 0.02 0.63 4,166.30 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Other Port T7 Other Port BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 53,175 Annual VMT 1,783.29 0.01 0.28 94.83 0.00 0.01 98.91 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 POAK T7 POAK BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 104,149 Annual VMT 1,826.99 0.01 0.29 190.28 0.00 0.03 198.48 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Public T7 Public BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,586,707 Annual VMT 2,047.21 0.04 0.32 11,437.19 0.20 1.81 11,935.64 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Single T7 Single BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 3,582,506 Annual VMT 1,759.53 0.04 0.28 6,303.54 0.15 1.00 6,579.81 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 SWCV T7 SWCV BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,806,491 Annual VMT 3,200.41 2.78 0.54 5,781.50 5.01 0.98 6,189.96 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Tractor T7 Tractor BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 2,229,590 Annual VMT 1,684.27 0.03 0.27 3,755.24 0.06 0.59 3,918.71 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Utility T7 Utility BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 40,472 Annual VMT 1,810.33 0.00 0.28 73.27 0.00 0.01 76.42 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7IS T7IS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 27,374 Annual VMT 3,079.83 1.10 0.50 84.31 0.03 0.01 88.90 2045 OnRoad OnRoad UBUS UBUS BAU FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,365,912 Annual VMT 1,577.52 0.89 0.22 2,154.75 1.21 0.30 2,271.73 2030 OnRoad OnRoad All Other Buses All Other Buses Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 656,847 Annual VMT 1,079.67 0.12 0.18 709.18 0.08 0.12 742.83 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LDA LDA Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 542,265,838 Annual VMT 241.88 0.01 0.01 131,162.67 4.16 3.63 132,269.21 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LDT1 LDT1 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 53,336,192 Annual VMT 322.04 0.01 0.01 17,176.58 0.78 0.58 17,355.68 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LDT2 LDT2 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 222,778,897 Annual VMT 327.27 0.01 0.01 72,909.63 2.15 1.88 73,483.03 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LHD1 LHD1 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 39,597,628 Annual VMT 705.67 0.01 0.05 27,943.01 0.58 2.06 28,521.54 2030 OnRoad OnRoad LHD2 LHD2 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 9,034,440 Annual VMT 756.59 0.01 0.08 6,835.39 0.09 0.74 7,040.73 2030 OnRoad OnRoad MCY MCY Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,307,636Annual VMT 210.75 0.24 0.04 907.82 1.04 0.18 987.10 2030 OnRoad OnRoad MDV MDV Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 152,486,628 Annual VMT 395.07 0.01 0.01 60,243.51 1.83 1.58 60,724.52 2030 OnRoad OnRoad MH MH Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,205,231 Annual VMT 1,667.75 0.01 0.07 2,010.03 0.01 0.08 2,032.67 2030 OnRoad OnRoad Motor Coach Motor Coach Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 309,919 Annual VMT 1,736.15 0.00 0.27 538.07 0.00 0.08 561.23 2030 OnRoad OnRoad OBUS OBUS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 936,550 Annual VMT 1,608.57 0.03 0.03 1,506.50 0.03 0.03 1,516.04 2030 OnRoad OnRoad PTO PTO Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 582,879 Annual VMT 1,729.53 0.00 0.27 1,008.11 0.00 0.16 1,051.48 2030 OnRoad OnRoad SBUS SBUS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 848,943 Annual VMT 1,060.36 0.07 0.14 900.19 0.06 0.12 934.72 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP heavy T6 CAIRP heavy Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 404,940 Annual VMT 890.40 0.00 0.14 360.56 0.00 0.06 376.07 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP small T6 CAIRP small Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 107,274 Annual VMT 927.73 0.00 0.15 99.52 0.00 0.02 103.80 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate heavy T6 instate heavy Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 2,197,069 Annual VMT 1,047.02 0.01 0.17 2,300.36 0.03 0.36 2,400.35 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate small T6 instate small Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 7,918,075 Annual VMT 1,042.48 0.00 0.16 8,254.44 0.01 1.30 8,609.62 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS heavy T6 OOS heavy Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 237,212 Annual VMT 942.00 0.00 0.15 223.45 0.00 0.04 233.07 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS small T6 OOS small Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 54,209 Annual VMT 1,025.54 0.00 0.16 55.59 0.00 0.01 57.99 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Public T6 Public Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,857,328 Annual VMT 1,117.92 0.11 0.18 5,430.12 0.54 0.88 5,684.48 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Utility T6 Utility Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 60,979 Annual VMT 942.23 0.00 0.15 57.46 0.00 0.01 59.93 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T6TS T6TS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 3,452,582 Annual VMT 1,613.64 0.03 0.02 5,571.22 0.10 0.09 5,597.47 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 CAIRP T7 CAIRPLeg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,510,516 Annual VMT 1,376.20 0.02 0.22 6,207.37 0.10 0.98 6,478.10 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NNOOS T7 NNOOS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 5,196,314 Annual VMT 1,414.86 0.00 0.22 7,352.08 0.01 1.16 7,668.69 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NOOS T7 NOOS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,889,418 Annual VMT 1,461.93 0.00 0.23 2,762.20 0.01 0.44 2,881.17 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Other Port T7 Other Port Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 43,572 Annual VMT 1,465.50 0.00 0.23 63.85 0.00 0.01 66.60 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 POAK T7 POAK Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 85,339 Annual VMT 1,550.84 0.00 0.24 132.35 0.00 0.02 138.04 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Public T7 Public Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 4,577,731 Annual VMT 1,689.69 0.05 0.27 7,734.95 0.21 1.23 8,075.38 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Single T7 Single Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 2,935,494 Annual VMT 1,504.62 0.04 0.24 4,416.81 0.13 0.70 4,611.68 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 SWCV T7 SWCV Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,480,233 Annual VMT 1,998.96 1.62 0.37 2,958.93 2.40 0.55 3,175.10 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Tractor T7 Tractor Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,826,919 Annual VMT 1,503.74 0.02 0.24 2,747.20 0.04 0.43 2,866.68 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Utility T7 Utility Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 33,163 Annual VMT 1,554.79 0.00 0.24 51.56 0.00 0.01 53.78 2030 OnRoad OnRoad T7IS T7IS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 22,431 Annual VMT 1,804.61 0.11 0.17 40.48 0.00 0.00 41.56 2030 OnRoad OnRoad UBUS UBUS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.166 1,119,224 Annual VMT 1,140.81 2.08 0.14 1,276.82 2.32 0.15 1,383.67 2045 OnRoad OnRoad All Other Buses All Other Buses Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 801,622 Annual VMT 1,011.36 0.12 0.16 810.73 0.09 0.13 849.47 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LDA LDA Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 661,786,548 Annual VMT 213.59 0.00 0.01 141,351.70 3.02 3.67 142,438.82 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LDT1 LDT1 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 65,092,012 Annual VMT 275.82 0.01 0.01 17,953.75 0.37 0.44 18,083.13 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LDT2 LDT2 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 271,881,551 Annual VMT 292.90 0.01 0.01 79,632.89 1.79 1.97 80,219.73 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LHD1 LHD1 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 48,325,334 Annual VMT 403.53 0.01 0.03 19,500.72 0.28 1.39 19,886.63 2045 OnRoad OnRoad LHD2 LHD2 Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 11,025,720 Annual VMT 444.34 0.00 0.05 4,899.17 0.05 0.56 5,053.13 2045 OnRoad OnRoad MCY MCY Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,257,081 Annual VMT 204.81 0.20 0.04 1,076.73 1.04 0.20 1,160.66 2045 OnRoad OnRoad MDV MDV Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 186,096,176 Annual VMT 348.23 0.01 0.01 64,804.22 1.32 1.47 65,243.63 2045 OnRoad OnRoad MH MH Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,470,875 Annual VMT 1,638.61 0.00 0.07 2,410.19 0.01 0.11 2,439.91 2045 OnRoad OnRoad Motor Coach Motor Coach Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 378,228 Annual VMT 1,597.21 0.00 0.25 604.11 0.00 0.10 630.12 2045 OnRoad OnRoad OBUS OBUS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,142,974 Annual VMT 795.15 0.02 0.02 908.84 0.02 0.02 914.88 2045 OnRoad OnRoad PTO PTO Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 711,351 Annual VMT 887.43 0.00 0.14 631.27 0.00 0.10 658.43 2045 OnRoad OnRoad SBUS SBUS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,036,058 Annual VMT 620.28 0.06 0.08 642.65 0.06 0.08 666.58 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP heavy T6 CAIRP heavy Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 494,193 Annual VMT 678.95 0.00 0.11 335.53 0.00 0.05 349.97 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 CAIRP small T6 CAIRP small Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 130,918 Annual VMT 418.96 0.00 0.07 54.85 0.00 0.01 57.21 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate heavy T6 instate heavy Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 2,681,324 Annual VMT 672.26 0.01 0.11 1,802.54 0.02 0.28 1,880.83 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 instate small T6 instate small Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 9,663,296 Annual VMT 489.52 0.00 0.08 4,730.42 0.00 0.75 4,933.94 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS heavy T6 OOS heavy Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 289,495 Annual VMT 858.20 0.00 0.14 248.45 0.00 0.04 259.13 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 OOS small T6 OOS small Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 66,157 Annual VMT 959.33 0.00 0.15 63.47 0.00 0.01 66.20 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Public T6 Public Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,927,931 Annual VMT 660.01 0.08 0.11 3,912.49 0.50 0.64 4,100.17 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6 Utility T6 Utility Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 74,419 Annual VMT 433.19 0.00 0.07 32.24 0.00 0.01 33.63 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T6TS T6TS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 4,213,565 Annual VMT 753.24 0.01 0.01 3,173.82 0.05 0.04 3,186.64 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 CAIRP T7 CAIRP Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,504,678 Annual VMT 1,062.10 0.01 0.17 5,846.51 0.08 0.92 6,100.95 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NNOOS T7 NNOOS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 6,341,633 Annual VMT 1,305.36 0.00 0.21 8,278.12 0.02 1.30 8,634.63 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 NOOS T7 NOOS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 2,305,864 Annual VMT 1,319.63 0.00 0.21 3,042.88 0.01 0.48 3,173.95 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Other Port T7 Other Port Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 53,175 Annual VMT 1,116.21 0.00 0.18 59.35 0.00 0.01 61.91 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 POAK T7 POAK Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 104,149 Annual VMT 1,158.25 0.00 0.18 120.63 0.00 0.02 125.82 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Public T7 Public Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 5,586,707 Annual VMT 1,016.24 0.04 0.16 5,677.42 0.20 0.90 5,928.85 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Single T7 Single Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 3,582,506 Annual VMT 789.25 0.03 0.13 2,827.50 0.09 0.45 2,952.58 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 SWCV T7 SWCV Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,806,491 Annual VMT 947.41 0.43 0.19 1,711.49 0.78 0.34 1,825.60 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Tractor T7 Tractor Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 2,229,590 Annual VMT 1,145.40 0.02 0.18 2,553.77 0.03 0.40 2,664.86 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7 Utility T7 Utility Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 40,472 Annual VMT 897.91 0.00 0.14 36.34 0.00 0.01 37.90 2045 OnRoad OnRoad T7IS T7IS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 27,374 Annual VMT 879.91 0.05 0.05 24.09 0.00 0.00 24.51 2045 OnRoad OnRoad UBUS UBUS Leg-Adjusted FehrPeers VMT 1.422 1,365,912 Annual VMT 4.81 0.00 0.00 6.57 0.00 0.00 6.94 ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

EMFAC Categories Annual VMT Notes g CO2 per mi g CH4 per mi g N2O per mi MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e All Other Buses 563,571 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,269.96 0.13 0.20 715.71 0.07 0.12 749.18 LDA 465,261,020 Source: Fehr & Peers 315.30 0.02 0.01 146,697.14 8.06 5.61 148,452.56 LDT1 45,762,151 Source: Fehr & Peers 376.90 0.03 0.02 17,247.93 1.53 0.96 17,553.89 LDT2 191,143,033 Source: Fehr & Peers 406.09 0.02 0.02 77,620.79 3.75 2.96 78,534.80 LHD1 33,974,541 Source: Fehr & Peers 837.15 0.03 0.06 28,441.89 0.87 2.16 29,056.45 LHD2 7,751,499 Source: Fehr & Peers 888.58 0.02 0.09 6,887.84 0.14 0.70 7,082.70 MCY 3,695,927 Source: Fehr & Peers 218.68 0.31 0.05 808.21 1.13 0.19 890.59 MDV 130,832,664 Source: Fehr & Peers 491.58 0.03 0.02 64,314.27 3.85 2.87 65,206.26 MH 1,034,081 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,747.51 0.02 0.07 1,807.06 0.02 0.07 1,826.09 Motor Coach 265,909 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,841.22 0.01 0.29 489.60 0.00 0.08 510.71 OBUS 803,554 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,870.91 0.04 0.05 1,503.38 0.03 0.04 1,514.68 PTO 500,107 Source: Fehr & Peers 2,181.06 0.02 0.34 1,090.76 0.01 0.17 1,137.87 SBUS 728,388 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,181.28 0.09 0.17 860.43 0.07 0.13 896.76 T6 CAIRP heavy 347,437 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,058.54 0.00 0.17 367.78 0.00 0.06 383.62 T6 CAIRP small 92,040 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 104.65 0.00 0.02 109.15 T6 instate heavy 1,885,072 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,192.82 0.02 0.19 2,248.55 0.03 0.35 2,346.18 T6 instate small 6,793,663 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,248.13 0.01 0.20 8,479.37 0.09 1.33 8,846.16 T6 OOS heavy 203,526 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,057.42 0.00 0.17 215.21 0.00 0.03 224.49 T6 OOS small 46,511 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,136.97 0.00 0.18 52.88 0.00 0.01 55.16 T6 Public 4,167,560 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,373.70 0.05 0.22 5,724.99 0.19 0.91 5,978.15 T6 Utility 52,319 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,188.75 0.01 0.19 62.19 0.00 0.01 64.88 T6TS 2,962,296 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,944.20 0.07 0.06 5,759.28 0.22 0.16 5,810.16 T7 CAIRP 3,869,997 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,719.11 0.03 0.27 6,652.95 0.10 1.05 6,942.51 T7 NNOOS 4,458,408 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,719.53 0.01 0.27 7,666.38 0.04 1.21 7,996.95 T7 NOOS 1,621,110 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,732.19 0.01 0.27 2,808.07 0.01 0.44 2,929.06 T7 Other Port 37,384 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,783.29 0.01 0.28 66.67 0.00 0.01 69.54 T7 POAK 73,221 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,826.99 0.01 0.29 133.77 0.00 0.02 139.54 T7 Public 3,927,667 Source: Fehr & Peers 2,047.21 0.04 0.32 8,040.78 0.14 1.27 8,391.21 T7 Single 2,518,637 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,759.53 0.04 0.28 4,431.63 0.10 0.70 4,625.86 T7 SWCV 1,270,032 Source: Fehr & Peers 3,200.41 2.78 0.54 4,064.62 3.52 0.69 4,351.77 T7 Tractor 1,567,486 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,684.27 0.03 0.27 2,640.08 0.04 0.42 2,755.00 T7 Utility 28,454 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,810.33 0.00 0.28 51.51 0.00 0.01 53.73 T7IS 19,245 Source: Fehr & Peers 3,079.83 1.10 0.50 59.27 0.02 0.01 62.50 UBUS 960,288 Source: Fehr & Peers 1,577.52 0.89 0.22 1,514.87 0.85 0.21 1,597.11 TOTAL 919,218,798 - 48903.93116 5.854847144 6.73948816 409630.496 24.89998124 24.98193776 417145.2745 ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment
Year Emissions Sector Calculation Sector Sub-Sector Jurisdiction Scaling Method Jurisdiction Scaling Factor Notes CO2 (tons/day) CH4 (tons/day) N2O (tons/day) MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e Activity Activity Unit 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Construction and Mining Service Population 0.062645243 16.14414104 7.50E-05 4.22E-06 14.64572259 6.81E-05 3.83E-06 5,350 5,350 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Entertainment Equipment Employment 0.087580708 0.162351987 5.32E-07 0.00E+00 0.147283288 4.83E-07 0.00E+00 54 54 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Industrial Employment 0.087580708 4.293360574 1.29E-04 2.17E-05 3.894872312 1.17E-04 1.97E-05 1,426 1,426 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment Population 0.051034532 0.411382392 3.09E-05 1.35E-05 0.373199935 2.80E-05 1.22E-05 138 138 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Light Commercial Equipment Employment 0.087580708 2.520745477 5.81E-05 3.60E-05 2.286782485 5.27E-05 3.27E-05 839 839 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Portable Equipment Employment 0.087580708 New from OFFROAD2021 7.475228813 1.62E-05 5.14E-06 6.781415451 1.47E-05 4.67E-06 2,478 2,478 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Recreational Equipment Population 0.051034532 0.235511218 9.30E-05 1.97E-05 0.213652245 8.43E-05 1.79E-05 81 81 MT CO2e 2019 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Transport Refrigeration Units Service Population 0.062645243 1.995956464 9.10E-06 5.95E-07 1.810701765 8.26E-06 5.39E-07 661 661 MT CO2e Year Emissions Sector Calculation Sector Sub-Sector BAU or Leg-Adjusted? Jurisdiction Scaling Method Activity Growth Method Jurisdiction Scaling Factor Activity Growth Factor Legislative
Adjustment Notes CO2 (tons/day) CH4 (tons/day) N2O (tons/day) MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e Activity Activity Unit 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Construction and Mining BAU Service Population Service Population 0.0697454 1.259049328 1 22.63003146 1.05E-04 5.92E-06 20.5296251 9.54E-05 5.37E-06 7,500 7,500 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Entertainment Equipment BAU Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 0.203486521 6.67E-07 0.00E+00 0.18459992 6.05E-07 0.00E+00 67 67 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Industrial BAU Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 5.38115376 1.61E-04 2.72E-05 4.88170197 1.46E-04 2.47E-05 1,787 1,787 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment BAU Population Population 0.059256014 1.316362515 1 0.628766661 4.72E-05 2.06E-05 0.57040768 4.28E-05 1.87E-05 211 211 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Light Commercial Equipment BAU Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 3.159417609 7.28E-05 4.51E-05 2.86617626 6.61E-05 4.09E-05 1,052 1,052 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Portable Equipment BAU Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 9.369200407 2.03E-05 6.45E-06 8.49959807 1.84E-05 5.85E-06 3,105 3,105 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Recreational Equipment BAU Population Population 0.059256014 1.316362515 1 0.359960964 1.42E-04 3.01E-05 0.32655119 1.29E-04 2.73E-05 123 123 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Transport Refrigeration Units BAU Service Population Service Population 0.0697454 1.259049328 1 2.797829718 1.28E-05 8.34E-07 2.53814915 1.16E-05 7.56E-07 927 927 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Construction and Mining BAU Service Population Service Population 0.07541485 1.502040341 1 29.19209819 1.36E-04 7.63E-06 26.4826336 1.23E-04 6.92E-06 9,675 9,675 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Entertainment Equipment BAU Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 0.242419853 7.94E-07 0.00E+00 0.21991965 7.21E-07 0.00E+00 80 80 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Industrial BAU Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 6.41073667 1.92E-04 3.24E-05 5.81572415 1.74E-04 2.94E-05 2,129 2,129 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment BAU Population Population 0.065840207 1.616762442 1 0.858062584 6.44E-05 2.81E-05 0.77842151 5.84E-05 2.55E-05 287 287 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Light Commercial Equipment BAU Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 3.76391295 8.68E-05 5.37E-05 3.41456537 7.87E-05 4.88E-05 1,253 1,253 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Portable Equipment BAU Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 11.16182129 2.41E-05 7.68E-06 10.1258368 2.19E-05 6.97E-06 3,699 3,699 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Recreational Equipment BAU Population Population 0.065840207 1.616762442 1 0.491229982 1.94E-04 4.11E-05 0.44563647 1.76E-04 3.73E-05 168 168 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Transport Refrigeration Units BAU Service Population Service Population 0.07541485 1.502040341 1 3.609120915 1.65E-05 1.08E-06 3.27414036 1.49E-05 9.75E-07 1,196 1,196 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Construction and Mining Leg-Adjusted Service Population Service Population 0.0697454 1.259049328 1 22.63003146 1.05E-04 5.92E-06 20.5296251 9.54E-05 5.37E-06 7,500 7,500 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Entertainment Equipment Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 0.203486521 6.67E-07 0.00E+00 0.18459992 6.05E-07 0.00E+00 67 67 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Industrial Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 5.38115376 1.61E-04 2.72E-05 4.88170197 1.46E-04 2.47E-05 1,787 1,787 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment Leg-Adjusted Population Population 0.059256014 1.316362515 1 0.628766661 4.72E-05 2.06E-05 0.57040768 4.28E-05 1.87E-05 211 211 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Light Commercial Equipment Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 3.159417609 7.28E-05 4.51E-05 2.86617626 6.61E-05 4.09E-05 1,052 1,052 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Portable Equipment Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.092452151 1.187324608 1 9.369200407 2.03E-05 6.45E-06 8.49959807 1.84E-05 5.85E-06 3,105 3,105 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Recreational Equipment Leg-Adjusted Population Population 0.059256014 1.316362515 1 0.359960964 1.42E-04 3.01E-05 0.32655119 1.29E-04 2.73E-05 123 123 MT CO2e 2030 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Transport Refrigeration Units Leg-Adjusted Service Population Service Population 0.0697454 1.259049328 1 2.797829718 1.28E-05 8.34E-07 2.53814915 1.16E-05 7.56E-07 927 927 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Construction and Mining Leg-Adjusted Service Population Service Population 0.07541485 1.502040341 1 29.19209819 1.36E-04 7.63E-06 26.4826336 1.23E-04 6.92E-06 9,675 9,675 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Entertainment Equipment Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 0.242419853 7.94E-07 0.00E+00 0.21991965 7.21E-07 0.00E+00 80 80 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Industrial Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 6.41073667 1.92E-04 3.24E-05 5.81572415 1.74E-04 2.94E-05 2,129 2,129 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment Leg-Adjusted Population Population 0.065840207 1.616762442 1 0.858062584 6.44E-05 2.81E-05 0.77842151 5.84E-05 2.55E-05 287 287 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Light Commercial Equipment Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 3.76391295 8.68E-05 5.37E-05 3.41456537 7.87E-05 4.88E-05 1,253 1,253 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Portable Equipment Leg-Adjusted Employment Employment 0.096265046 1.358471102 1 11.16182129 2.41E-05 7.68E-06 10.1258368 2.19E-05 6.97E-06 3,699 3,699 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Recreational Equipment Leg-Adjusted Population Population 0.065840207 1.616762442 1 0.491229982 1.94E-04 4.11E-05 0.44563647 1.76E-04 3.73E-05 168 168 MT CO2e 2045 OffRoad OffRoad Equipment Transport Refrigeration Units Leg-Adjusted Service Population Service Population 0.07541485 1.502040341 1 3.609120915 1.65E-05 1.08E-06 3.27414036 1.49E-05 9.75E-07 1,196 1,196 MT CO2e ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Water
Year Emissions Sector Sub-Sector Water District/Provider Location Extraction and
Conveyance Treatment
Water Use
(AF/year)
Percent of Source
Inside Jurisdiction Utility (if applicable) Notes Activity Activity Unit Energy Use (kBTU) MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2019 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment 14,016 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 7,106,007 kWh 24,246,701 1,649 0.106 0 1,655.80 2019 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment 11,174 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 7,687,375 kWh 26,230,410 1,784 0 0 1,791 2019 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment + 1,289 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 741,124 kWh 2,528,819 172 0 0 173
2019 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment 15,000 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 7,605,000 kWh 25,949,336 1,765 0 0 1,772 2019 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment 10,751 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 7,396,688 kWh 25,238,546 1,717 0 0 1,724 2019 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment 8,773 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 6,036,145 kWh 20,596,180 1,401 0 0 1,407 2019 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment 4,642 0% SMUD
Source: City of Rancho
Cordova Water Supply 2,353,443 kWh 8,030,279 546 0 0 548 Year Emissions Sector Sub-Sector Water District/Provider Location Extraction and
Conveyance Treatment
Activity Growth
Method
Activity Growth
Factor BAU or Leg-Adjusted? Legislative Adjustment
Water Use
(AF/year)
Percent of
Source Inside
Jurisdiction Utility (if applicable) Notes Activity Activity Unit Energy Use (kBTU) MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2030 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 18,450 0% SMUD 9,354,081 kWh 31,917,448 2,171 0 0 2,180 2030 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 14,708 0% SMUD 10,119,371.89 kWh 34,528,728.58 2,349 0 0 2,357.96 2030 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment +
Disinfection Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 1,697 0% SMUD 975,587.52 kWh 3,328,842.65 226 0 0 227.33 2030 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 19,745 0% SMUD 10,010,936.93 kWh 34,158,733.15 2,324 0 0 2,332.69 2030 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 14,152 0% SMUD 9,736,722.82 kWh 33,223,075.81 2,260 0 0 2,268.80 2030 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 11,549 0% SMUD 7,945,754.71 kWh 27,112,039.23 1,844 0 0 1,851.48 2030 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 BAU 1 6,110 0% SMUD 3,097,983.54 kWh 10,570,758 719 0 0 722 2045 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 22,660 0% SMUD 11,488,725 kWh 39,201,155 2,667 0 0 2,677 2045 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 18,065 0% SMUD 12,428,658.69 kWh 42,408,341.85 2,885 0 0 2,896.06 2045 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment +
Disinfection Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 2,084 0% SMUD 1,198,221.04 kWh 4,088,499.72 278 0 0 279.20 2045 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 24,251 0% SMUD 12,295,478.37 kWh 41,953,911.77 2,854 0 0 2,865.03 2045 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 17,382 0% SMUD 11,958,687.35 kWh 40,804,733.17 2,776 0 0 2,786.55 2045 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 14,185 0% SMUD 9,759,012.16 kWh 33,299,130.18 2,265 0 0 2,273.99 2045 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 BAU 1 7,505 0% SMUD 3,804,957.50 kWh 12,983,053 883 0 0 887 2050 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 24,846 0% SMUD 12,596,804 kWh 42,982,078 2,924 0 0 2,935 2050 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 19,807 0% SMUD 13,627,393.74 kWh 46,498,595.43 3,163 0 0 3,175.38 2050 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment +
Disinfection Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 2,285 0% SMUD 1,313,788.59 kWh 4,482,832.53 305 0 0 306.13 2050 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 26,590 0% SMUD 13,481,368.28 kWh 46,000,335.90 3,129 0 0 3,141.36 2050 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 19,058 0% SMUD 13,112,094.01 kWh 44,740,319.86 3,043 0 0 3,055.31 2050 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 15,553 0% SMUD 10,700,261.75 kWh 36,510,806.95 2,484 0 0 2,493.32 2050 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 BAU 1 8,229 0% SMUD 4,171,942.87 kWh 14,235,259 968 0 0 972 2030 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 18,450 0% SMUD 9,354,081.01 kWh 31,917,447.83 - - - - 2030 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 14,708 0% SMUD 10,119,371.89 kWh 34,528,728.58 - - - - 2030 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment +
Disinfection Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 1,697 0% SMUD 975,587.52 kWh 3,328,842.65 - - - - 2030 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 19,745 0% SMUD 10,010,936.93 kWh 34,158,733.15 - - - - 2030 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 14,152 0% SMUD 9,736,722.82 kWh 33,223,075.81 - - - - 2030 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 11,549 0% SMUD 7,945,754.71 kWh 27,112,039.23 - - - - 2030 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 1 6,110 0% SMUD 3,097,983.54 kWh 10,570,758.13 - - - - 2045 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 22,660 0% SMUD 11,488,724.94 kWh 39,201,154.93 - - - - 2045 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 18,065 0% SMUD 12,428,658.69 kWh 42,408,341.85 - - - - 2045 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment +
Disinfection Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 2,084 0% SMUD 1,198,221.04 kWh 4,088,499.72 - - - - 2045 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 24,251 0% SMUD 12,295,478.37 kWh 41,953,911.77 - - - - 2045 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 17,382 0% SMUD 11,958,687.35 kWh 40,804,733.17 - - - - 2045 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 14,185 0% SMUD 9,759,012.16 kWh 33,299,130.18 - - - - 2045 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 1 7,505 0% SMUD 3,804,957.50 kWh 12,983,053.32 - - - - 2050 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 40 Sacramento River Local Deliveries
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 24,846 0% SMUD 12,596,804.07 kWh 42,982,077.67 - - - - 2050 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 41 Sacramento River Groundwater
Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 19,807 0% SMUD 13,627,393.74 kWh 46,498,595.43 - - - - 2050 Water Water
Sacramento County Water
Agency Zone 42 Sacramento River Recycled Water
Recycled Water -
Tertiary Treatment +
Disinfection Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 2,285 0% SMUD 1,313,788.59 kWh 4,482,832.53 - - - - 2050 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 26,590 0% SMUD 13,481,368.28 kWh 46,000,335.90 - - - - 2050 Water Water Golden State Water Company Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 19,058 0% SMUD 13,112,094.01 kWh 44,740,319.86 - - - - 2050 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Groundwater Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 15,553 0% SMUD 10,700,261.75 kWh 36,510,806.95 - - - - 2050 Water Water California Amercian Water Sacramento River Local Deliveries Conventional Potable
Treatment Population 1.772697998 Leg-Adjusted 1 8,229 0% SMUD 4,171,942.87 kWh 14,235,259.32 - - - - ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Wastewater Process Emissions
Year Emissions Sector Sub-Sector WWTP Name WWTP Process WW Equation Digester Gas
(ft3/day)
Fraction of CH4
in Biogas Population Served
BTU Content of
biogas
Mass of
incinerated
biosolids FP
BOD5 Load (kg
BOD5/day)
N Load (kg
N/day)
Methanol
Load (MT
CH3OH/day)
Sludge
Treatment
Type F_ind-com EF_effluent N uptake
Natural Gas
(therms)
Electricity
(MWh) Utility (if applicMT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e
2019 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD

Wastewater Treatment Plants without WW.1.a 139,571 65% - 0.109 - 3.0 2019 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide missions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without WW.8 139,571 1.25 - - 0.56 152 2019 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
g
Effluent Discharge WW.12 3,628.84 0.005 - - 10.41 2,843.05 2019 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
gy
with Wastewater Collection and WW.15 1,484 SMUD 344.513 0.022 0.003 345.9 2019 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Energy-related Emissions Associated
with Wastewater Collection and
Treatment WW.15 10,068 SMUD 2,337 0 0 2,346
Year Emissions Sector Sub-Sector WWTP Name WWTP Process WW Equation Activity Growth
Method
Activity Growth
Factor BAU or Leg-AdjusteNotes MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide missions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without WW.1.a Population 1.316362515 BAU - 0.14 - 4.00 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.8 Population 1.316362515 BAU - - 0.73 200.63 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Fugitive Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Effluent Discharge WW.12 Population 1.316362515 BAU - - 13.71 3,742.49 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Energy-related Emissions Associated
with Wastewater Collection and
Treatment WW.15 Population 1.316362515 BAU 3,529.45 0.23 0.03 3,543.33 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.1.a Population 1.616762442 BAU - 0.18 - 4.92 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.8 Population 1.616762442 BAU - - 0.90 246.41 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Fugitive Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Effluent Discharge WW.12 Population 1.616762442 BAU - - 16.84 4,596.54 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Energy-related Emissions Associated
with Wastewater Collection and
Treatment WW.15 Population 1.616762442 BAU 4,334.89 0.28 0.03 4,351.94 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.1.a Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted - 0.14 - 4.00 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.8 Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted - - 0.73 200.63 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Fugitive Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Effluent Discharge WW.12 Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted - - 13.71 3,742.49 2030 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Energy-related Emissions Associated
with Wastewater Collection and
Treatment WW.15 Population 1.316362515 Leg-Adjusted 3,529.45 0.23 0.03 3,543.33 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.1.a Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted - 0.18 - 4.92 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Process Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Plants without
Nitrification or Denitrification WW.8 Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted - - 0.90 246.41 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Fugitive Nitrous Oxide Emissions from
Effluent Discharge WW.12 Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted - - 16.84 4,596.54 2045 Wastewater WWTP SASD/SRCSD
Energy-related Emissions Associated
with Wastewater Collection and
Treatment WW.15 Population 1.616762442 Leg-Adjusted 4,334.89 0.28 0.03 4,351.94 ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Waste Generation
Year Emissions Sector Sub-Sector Landfill Name Annual Waste Tonnage Delivered from Jurisdiction
Annual ADC Tonnage
Delivered from
Jurisdiction
Activity Activity Unit Percent of year under
LFG collection LFG Collection Efficiency Oxidation Rate Notes MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2019 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction 56,877 2587 59,464 tons 100% 75% 10% 802.76 22,397 Year Emissions Sector Sub-Sector Landfill Name BAU or Leg-Adjusted? Activity Growth Method Activity Growth
Factor
Legislative
Adjustment
Annual Waste Tonnage
Delivered from
Jurisdiction
Annual ADC Tonnage Delivered
from Jurisdiction Activity Activity Unit
Percent of
year under
LFG
collection
LFG Collection
Efficiency Oxidation Rate Notes MT CO2 MT CH4 MT N2O MT CO2e 2030 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction BAU Population 1.316362515 1 74,871 3,405 78,276 tons 100% 75% 10% Total of all
tonnage sent to

1,056.73 29,483
2045 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction BAU Population 1.616762442 1 91,957 4,183 96,139 tons 100% 75% 10% Total of all
tonnage sent to

1,297.88 36,211
2050 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction BAU Population 1.772697998 1 100,826 4,586 105,412 tons 100% 75% 10% Total of all
tonnage sent to

1,423.06 39,703
2030 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction Leg-Adjusted Population 1.316362515 1 74,871 3,405 78,276 tons 100% 75% 10% Total of all
tonnage sent to

1,056.73 29,483
2045 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction Leg-Adjusted Population 1.616762442 1 91,957 4,183 96,139 tons 100% 75% 10% Total of all
tonnage sent to

1,297.88 36,211
2050 Solid Waste Waste Generation
Community-Generated Solid Waste
Disposed of Outside Jurisdiction Leg-Adjusted Population 1.772697998 1 100,826 4,586 105,412 tons 100% 75% 10% Total of all
tonnage sent to

1,423.06 39,703
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Assumptions and Emission Factors
Conversion Factors Value
g/MT 1000000
g/ton 907184.74
g/lb 453.592
lb/ton 2000
lb/MT 2204.622622
kg/MT 1000
lb/kg 2.20462
MT/ton 0.907185
kWh/MWh 1000
MWh/GWh 1000
Btu/therm 100000
kBTU/MMBTU 1000
MMBtu/therm 0.1
MMBtu/MWh 3.41214148
gal/cubic foot 7.480519481
gal/Liter 3.785411784
Liter/gal 0.264172052
gallon/acrefoot 325851.429
million gal/acre-feet 0.325851429
gal/barrel 42
kBTU/MJ 0.947817078
days/year 365.25
Energy Type KBTU per Unit
Electricity 3.41 kWh
Electricity 3412.14 MWh
Natural Gas 99.98 therm
Natural Gas 1.03 scf
CNG 99.98 therm
LPG 91.33 gal
LPG 2.52 scf
Propane 91.00 gal
Diesel 138.10 gal
Gasoline 125.00 gal
Hydrogen 113.74 kg
Renewable Diesel 122.88 gal CARB LCFS Quarterly Summary April 2018 (129.65 MJ/gal) Heating Oil 139.00 gal https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/energy-content-d_868.html Fuel Wood 1000.00 MMBTU
B2 137.90 gal
B5 137.60 gal
B20 136.10 gal
B100 128.10 gal
GWP Factors Value
CO2 1 included in CARB Inventory
CH4 27.9 included in CARB Inventory
N2O 273 included in CARB Inventory
SF6 22800 included in CARB Inventory
NF3 17200 included in CARB Inventory
C2F6 12200 included in CARB Inventory
C3F8 8830 included in CARB Inventory
C4F8 10300 included in CARB Inventory
CF4 7390 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-125 3500 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-134a 1430 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-143a 4470 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-152a 124 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-227ea 3220 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-23 14800 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-236fa 9810 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-245fa 1030 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-32 675 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-365mfc 794 included in CARB Inventory
HFC-43-10mee 1640 included in CARB Inventory
BC 900
CARB uses AR5
values. included in CARB Inventory
SO2F2 4630 Not in CARB Inventory
CH3Br 2.43 Not in CARB Inventory
CFC-11 4660 Not in CARB Inventory
Source for GWP factors except for CH4 and N2O: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghg-gwps (100-year IPCC AR4 GWP Values) Source CO2 GWP CH4 GWP N2O GWP
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (w/o climate 1 25 265
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (with climate 1 34 298
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (Avg) 1 25 298
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Avg) 1 28 265
IPCC Third Assessment Report 1 23 296
IPCC Second Assessment Report 1 21 310
IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1 27.9 273 Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07_Supplementary_Material.pdf https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021-Default-Emission-FactorDocument.pdf?mc_cid=4b45d12237&mc_eid=5f138d1baa https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021-Default-Emission-FactorDocument.pdf?mc_cid=4b45d12237&mc_eid=5f138d1baa Calculated from Diesel and B100 energy densities, assuming 20 percent biodiesel Calculated from Table 13.1 in 2017 Climate Registry Default Emission Factors Comment
Nitrogen Trifluoride
Hexafluoroethane (PFC-116)
Octafluoropropane (PFC-218)
Octafluorocyclobutane (PFC-318)
Black Carbon
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Sulphur Hexafluoride
Tetrafluoromethane (PFC-14)
Hydrofluorocarbon 125
Hydrofluorocarbon 134a
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Hydrofluorocarbon 143a
Hydrofluorocarbon 152a
Triflurochloromethane
Hydrofluorocarbon 23
Hydrofluorocarbon 236fa
Hydrofluorocarbon 245fa
Hydrofluorocarbon 32
Hydrofluorocarbon 365mfc
Hydrofluorocarbon 227ea
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Methyl Bromide
Hydrofluorocarbon 43-10mee
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Source/notes
Onlineconversion.com
Onlineconversion.com
Calculated from Table 13.1 in 2017 Climate Registry Default Emission Factors Calculated from Table 13.1 in 2017 Climate Registry Default Emission Factors Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Sulfuryl Flouride Short Lived Climate Pollutant (unofficial) Calculated from Diesel and B100 energy densities, assuming 2 percent biodiesel Calculated from Diesel and B100 energy densities, assuming 5 percent biodiesel Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
Short Lived Climate Pollutant
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Building Energy Efficiency Assumptions
Sector % Reduction Notes
25%
28%
Lighting, heating,
cooling, ventilation,
and water heating
53%
Includes onsite solar
requirement
30%
5%
30%
Combined % Reduction from 2008 code
Residential 75%
Non-Residential 53%
Agricultural Emission Factors
Activity
Lime Fertilizer
Emission Factor MT C/MT lime 0.12
Molecular Mass of CO2 44.01
Atomic Mass of C 12.01
Molecular Mass Ratio 3.66
g CO2 per Ton of Lime Applied 398,886.47
Source: IPCC 2006 Equation 11.12 and 11.13. Note, the IPCC 2019 Refinement did not update these equations or emission factor Nitrogen Fertilizer
Nitrogen Volatilization (g N2O/g N) 0.0125
g N2O per ton of Nitrogen applied 11,339.81
Open Burning
g CO2 per ton of open burning1 1,454,669.54
g CH4 per ton of open burning1 7,529.63
g CO2 per acre of open burning2
g CH4 per acre of open burning2
g CH4 per acre of open burning2
Sources: 1. Emission factors from National Wildfire Coordinating Group, 2018, Smoke Management Guide for Prescribed Fire Diesel Irrigation Pumps
MBARD Emissions (CO2 tons/day) (CARB 2006) 122
MBARD Number of Pumps (CARB 2006) 647
MBARD Emission Factor (avg tpd/pump) 0.1886
Source: California Air Resources Board 2006. Rulemaking to Consider Proposed Amendments to the Stationary Diesel Engine Control Measure - Appendix D: Emission Inventory Methodology Agricultural Irrigation Pumps - Diesel. Available at: http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/agen06/append.pdf. Table D-2 Waste Emission Factors
Waste Component Emissions Factor, EFi (mt CH4/wet short Source Mixed MSW* 0.06 U.S. EPA AP‐42
Source
Energy efficiency improvement of 2016 code above 2013 code http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/accomplishments/2014_cec_accomplishment Energy efficiency improvement of 2013 code above 2008 code s.pdf Energy efficiency improvement of 2016 code above 2013 code Energy efficiency improvement of 2019 code above 2016 code Energy efficiency improvement of 2019 code above 2016 code http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2016standards/rulemaking/documents/2015-06- 10_hearing/2015-06-10_Adoption_Hearing_Presentation.pdf Code
Energy efficiency improvement of 2013 code above 2008 code Table SW.5 CH4 Yield for Solid Waste Components
* – Mixed MSW factor may be used for entire MSW waste stream if waste composition data is unavailable.

U.S. EPA AP‐42 – U.S. EPA Emission Factor Database, Chapter 2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (1998) WARM—Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Factors Used in the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) 2006
Residential
Commercial
http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2014_releases/2014-07- 01_new_title24_standards_nr.html
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2016standards/rulemaking/documents/2016_Build ing_Energy_Efficiency_Standards_FAQ.pdf
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Demographics
City of Rancho Cordova Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Area 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 2016 2019 2030 2045 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 City 72,320 77,579 102,122 114,394 125,427 59,503 61,991 73,604 79,410 84,213 131,823 139,571 175,726 193,804 209,641 879,625,366 919,218,798 1,071,357,646 1,307,495,381 26,859 28,926 38,574 43,398 47,780 Total County 1,476,573 1,520,133 1,723,410 1,825,049 1,905,025 688,897 707,820 796,129 840,284 874,809 2,165,470 2,227,952 2,519,540 2,665,333 2,779,833 - - - - Source: SACOG Source: SACOG Source: SACOG Source: SACOG Source: SACOG Growth Rates 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 2016 2019 2030 2040 2045 2016 2019 2030 2045 Percent Growth from 2019 NA NA 31.64% 47.45% 62% NA NA 18.73% 28.10% 36% NA NA 25.90% 38.86% 50.20% NA NA 16.55% 42% Percent of Total County 4.90% 5.10% 5.93% 6.27% 7% 8.64% 8.76% 9.25% 9.45% 10% 6.09% 6.26% 6.97% 7.27% 7.54% - - - - Population Employment Service Population VMT
Population Employment Service Population VMT Dwelling Units ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5

Year Fuel Type Utility (if applicable) Percent GHG-Free Unit MT CO2 per unit MT CH4 per unit MT N2O per unit MTCO2e per unit MT CO2 per kBTU MT CH4 per kBTU MT N2O per kBTU Notes Source 2009 Electricity eGRID CAMX MWh 4.11E-01 2.30E-05 3.31E-06 4.13E-01 1.21E-04 6.73E-09 9.70E-10 https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid 2010 Electricity eGRID CAMX 55% MWh 3.97E-01 2.38E-05 3.45E-06 3.98E-01 1.16E-04 6.98E-09 1.01E-09 https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid 2011 Electricity eGRID CAMX 55% MWh 3.97E-01 2.38E-05 3.45E-06 3.98E-01 1.16E-04 6.98E-09 1.01E-09 2010 values 2012 Electricity eGRID CAMX 62% MWh 4.00E-01 2.31E-05 3.13E-06 4.01E-01 1.17E-04 6.77E-09 9.17E-10 https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid 2013 Electricity eGRID CAMX 62% MWh 4.00E-01 2.31E-05 3.13E-06 4.01E-01 1.17E-04 6.77E-09 9.17E-10 2012 values 2014 Electricity eGRID CAMX 62% MWh 3.83E-01 2.35E-05 2.86E-06 3.85E-01 1.12E-04 6.87E-09 8.37E-10 https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid 2015 Electricity eGRID CAMX 62% MWh 3.83E-01 2.35E-05 2.86E-06 3.85E-01 1.12E-04 6.87E-09 8.37E-10 2014 values 2016 Electricity eGRID CAMX 50% MWh 2.05E-01 1.18E-05 1.36E-06 2.06E-01 6.02E-05 3.46E-09 3.99E-10 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-02/egrid2016_summarytables.xlsx 2017 Electricity eGRID CAMX 50% MWh 2.05E-01 1.18E-05 1.36E-06 2.06E-01 6.02E-05 3.46E-09 3.99E-10 2016 values 2018 Electricity eGRID CAMX 50% MWh 2.25E-01 1.54E-05 1.81E-06 2.26E-01 6.60E-05 4.52E-09 5.32E-10 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-01/documents/egrid2018_summary_tables.pdf 2019 Electricity eGRID CAMX 52% MWh 2.06E-01 1.50E-05 1.81E-06 2.06E-01 6.02E-05 4.39E-09 5.32E-10 2019 values 2020 Electricity eGRID CAMX 54% MWh 1.98E-01 1.44E-05 1.74E-06 1.99E-01 5.79E-05 4.22E-09 5.11E-10 2021 Electricity eGRID CAMX 56% MWh 1.90E-01 1.38E-05 1.67E-06 1.91E-01 5.56E-05 4.05E-09 4.91E-10 2022 Electricity eGRID CAMX 58% MWh 1.82E-01 1.32E-05 1.61E-06 1.83E-01 5.33E-05 3.88E-09 4.70E-10 2023 Electricity eGRID CAMX 60% MWh 1.74E-01 1.27E-05 1.54E-06 1.75E-01 5.10E-05 3.71E-09 4.50E-10 2024 Electricity eGRID CAMX 61% MWh 1.66E-01 1.21E-05 1.47E-06 1.67E-01 4.87E-05 3.54E-09 4.29E-10 2025 Electricity eGRID CAMX 63% MWh 1.58E-01 1.15E-05 1.40E-06 1.59E-01 4.63E-05 3.37E-09 4.09E-10 2026 Electricity eGRID CAMX 65% MWh 1.50E-01 1.09E-05 1.33E-06 1.51E-01 4.40E-05 3.21E-09 3.89E-10 2027 Electricity eGRID CAMX 67% MWh 1.42E-01 1.04E-05 1.26E-06 1.43E-01 4.17E-05 3.04E-09 3.68E-10 2028 Electricity eGRID CAMX 69% MWh 1.34E-01 9.79E-06 1.19E-06 1.35E-01 3.94E-05 2.87E-09 3.48E-10 2029 Electricity eGRID CAMX 71% MWh 1.27E-01 9.21E-06 1.12E-06 1.27E-01 3.71E-05 2.70E-09 3.27E-10 2030 Electricity eGRID CAMX 72% MWh 1.19E-01 8.64E-06 1.05E-06 1.19E-01 3.48E-05 2.53E-09 3.07E-10 2031 Electricity eGRID CAMX 74% MWh 1.11E-01 8.06E-06 9.77E-07 1.11E-01 3.24E-05 2.36E-09 2.86E-10 2032 Electricity eGRID CAMX 76% MWh 1.03E-01 7.48E-06 9.07E-07 1.03E-01 3.01E-05 2.19E-09 2.66E-10 2033 Electricity eGRID CAMX 78% MWh 9.49E-02 6.91E-06 8.37E-07 9.53E-02 2.78E-05 2.02E-09 2.45E-10 2034 Electricity eGRID CAMX 80% MWh 8.70E-02 6.33E-06 7.68E-07 8.74E-02 2.55E-05 1.86E-09 2.25E-10 2035 Electricity eGRID CAMX 82% MWh 7.91E-02 5.76E-06 6.98E-07 7.94E-02 2.32E-05 1.69E-09 2.05E-10 2036 Electricity eGRID CAMX 83% MWh 7.12E-02 5.18E-06 6.28E-07 7.15E-02 2.09E-05 1.52E-09 1.84E-10 2037 Electricity eGRID CAMX 85% MWh 6.33E-02 4.61E-06 5.58E-07 6.35E-02 1.85E-05 1.35E-09 1.64E-10 2038 Electricity eGRID CAMX 87% MWh 5.53E-02 4.03E-06 4.88E-07 5.56E-02 1.62E-05 1.18E-09 1.43E-10 2039 Electricity eGRID CAMX 89% MWh 4.74E-02 3.45E-06 4.19E-07 4.77E-02 1.39E-05 1.01E-09 1.23E-10 2040 Electricity eGRID CAMX 91% MWh 3.95E-02 2.88E-06 3.49E-07 3.97E-02 1.16E-05 8.44E-10 1.02E-10 2041 Electricity eGRID CAMX 93% MWh 3.16E-02 2.30E-06 2.79E-07 3.18E-02 9.27E-06 6.75E-10 8.18E-11 2042 Electricity eGRID CAMX 94% MWh 2.37E-02 1.73E-06 2.09E-07 2.38E-02 6.95E-06 5.06E-10 6.14E-11 2043 Electricity eGRID CAMX 96% MWh 1.58E-02 1.15E-06 1.40E-07 1.59E-02 4.63E-06 3.37E-10 4.09E-11 2044 Electricity eGRID CAMX 98% MWh 7.91E-03 5.76E-07 6.98E-08 7.94E-03 2.32E-06 1.69E-10 2.05E-11 2045 Electricity eGRID CAMX 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 SB100 2016 Electricity SMUD 43% MWh 3.05E-01 1.18E-05 1.36E-06 3.06E-01 8.94E-05 3.46E-09 3.99E-10 2017 Electricity SMUD 54% MWh 2.33E-01 1.18E-05 1.36E-06 2.34E-01 6.84E-05 3.46E-09 3.99E-10 2018 Electricity SMUD 36% MWh 2.39E-01 1.54E-05 1.81E-06 2.40E-01 7.02E-05 4.52E-09 5.32E-10 2019 Electricity SMUD 69% MWh 0.232101704 1.49685E-05 1.81437E-06 0.233014649 6.80E-05 4.39E-09 5.32E-10 2020 Electricity SMUD 72% MWh 2.11E-01 1.36E-05 1.65E-06 2.12E-01 6.18E-05 3.99E-09 4.83E-10 2021 Electricity SMUD 75% MWh 1.90E-01 1.22E-05 1.48E-06 1.91E-01 5.57E-05 3.59E-09 4.35E-10 2022 Electricity SMUD 78% MWh 1.69E-01 1.09E-05 1.32E-06 1.69E-01 4.95E-05 3.19E-09 3.87E-10 2023 Electricity SMUD 81% MWh 1.48E-01 9.53E-06 1.15E-06 1.48E-01 4.33E-05 2.79E-09 3.38E-10 2024 Electricity SMUD 83% MWh 1.27E-01 8.16E-06 9.90E-07 1.27E-01 3.71E-05 2.39E-09 2.90E-10 2025 Electricity SMUD 86% MWh 1.06E-01 6.80E-06 8.25E-07 1.06E-01 3.09E-05 1.99E-09 2.42E-10 2026 Electricity SMUD 89% MWh 8.44E-02 5.44E-06 6.60E-07 8.47E-02 2.47E-05 1.60E-09 1.93E-10 2027 Electricity SMUD 92% MWh 6.33E-02 4.08E-06 4.95E-07 6.35E-02 1.86E-05 1.20E-09 1.45E-10 2028 Electricity SMUD 94% MWh 4.22E-02 2.72E-06 3.30E-07 4.24E-02 1.24E-05 7.98E-10 9.67E-11 2029 Electricity SMUD 97% MWh 2.11E-02 1.36E-06 1.65E-07 2.12E-02 6.18E-06 3.99E-10 4.83E-11 2030 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2031 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2032 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2033 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2034 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2035 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2036 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2037 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2038 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2039 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2040 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2041 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2042 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2043 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2044 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2045 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2050 Electricity SMUD 100% MWh 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2019 Electricity TPPA not available MWh 2.25E-01 1.50E-05 1.81E-06 2.26E-01 6.60E-05 4.39E-09 5.32E-10 Same as eGRID 2030 Electricity TPPA not available MWh 1.23E-01 8.64E-06 1.05E-06 1.24E-01 3.62E-05 2.53E-09 3.07E-10 Same as eGRID 2040 Electricity TPPA not available MWh 3.95E-02 2.88E-06 3.49E-07 3.97E-02 1.16E-05 8.44E-10 1.02E-10 Same as eGRID 2050 Electricity TPPA not available MWh 3.95E-02 2.88E-06 3.49E-07 3.97E-02 1.16E-05 8.44E-10 1.02E-10 Same as eGRID 2019 Heating Oil NA not available gal 7.27E-04 6.87E-09 1.59E-09 7.28E-04 5.23E-06 4.94E-11 1.14E-11 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2030 Heating Oil NA not available gal 7.27E-04 6.87E-09 1.59E-09 7.28E-04 5.23E-06 4.94E-11 1.14E-11 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2040 Heating Oil NA not available gal 7.27E-04 6.87E-09 1.59E-09 7.28E-04 5.23E-06 4.94E-11 1.14E-11 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2045 Heating Oil NA not available gal 7.27E-04 6.87E-09 1.59E-09 7.28E-04 5.23E-06 4.94E-11 1.14E-11 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2050 Heating Oil NA not available gal 7.27E-04 6.87E-09 1.59E-09 7.28E-04 5.23E-06 4.94E-11 1.14E-11 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2019 Fuel Wood NA not available MMBTU 6.79E-01 1.83E-03 2.46E-05 7.37E-01 6.79E-04 1.83E-06 2.46E-08 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2030 Fuel Wood NA not available MMBTU 6.79E-01 1.83E-03 2.46E-05 7.37E-01 6.79E-04 1.83E-06 2.46E-08 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2040 Fuel Wood NA not available MMBTU 6.79E-01 1.83E-03 2.46E-05 7.37E-01 6.79E-04 1.83E-06 2.46E-08 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2045 Fuel Wood NA not available MMBTU 6.79E-01 1.83E-03 2.46E-05 7.37E-01 6.79E-04 1.83E-06 2.46E-08 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2050 Fuel Wood NA not available MMBTU 6.79E-01 1.83E-03 2.46E-05 7.37E-01 6.79E-04 1.83E-06 2.46E-08 3. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2019 Propane NA not available gal 4.00E-04 7.13E-09 2.85E-08 4.08E-04 4.40E-06 7.84E-11 3.14E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2030 Propane NA not available gal 4.00E-04 7.13E-09 2.85E-08 4.08E-04 4.40E-06 7.84E-11 3.14E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2040 Propane NA not available gal 4.00E-04 7.13E-09 2.85E-08 4.08E-04 4.40E-06 7.84E-11 3.14E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2050 Propane NA not available gal 4.00E-04 7.13E-09 2.85E-08 4.08E-04 4.40E-06 7.84E-11 3.14E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2019 LPG NA not available gal 5.68E-06 5.09E-07 4.13E-07 1.33E-04 6.22E-08 5.57E-09 4.52E-09 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2030 LPG NA not available gal 5.68E-06 5.09E-07 4.13E-07 1.33E-04 6.22E-08 5.57E-09 4.52E-09 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2040 LPG NA not available gal 5.68E-06 5.09E-07 4.13E-07 1.33E-04 6.22E-08 5.57E-09 4.52E-09 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2045 LPG NA not available gal 5.68E-06 5.09E-07 4.13E-07 1.33E-04 6.22E-08 5.57E-09 4.52E-09 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2019 LPG NA not available scf 1.55E-04 9.23E-10 4.10E-09 1.56E-04 6.15E-05 3.67E-10 1.63E-09 2030 LPG NA not available scf 1.55E-04 9.23E-10 4.10E-09 1.56E-04 6.15E-05 3.67E-10 1.63E-09 2040 LPG NA not available scf 1.55E-04 9.23E-10 4.10E-09 1.56E-04 6.15E-05 3.67E-10 1.63E-09 2045 LPG NA not available scf 1.55E-04 9.23E-10 4.10E-09 1.56E-04 6.15E-05 3.67E-10 1.63E-09 2050 LPG NA not available scf 1.55E-04 9.23E-10 4.10E-09 1.56E-04 6.15E-05 3.67E-10 1.63E-09 2019 Natural Gas PG&E not available therm 5.31E-03 4.70E-07 1.00E-08 5.32E-03 5.31E-05 4.70E-09 1.00E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2030 Natural Gas PG&E not available therm 5.31E-03 4.70E-07 1.00E-08 5.32E-03 5.31E-05 4.70E-09 1.00E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2040 Natural Gas PG&E not available therm 5.31E-03 4.70E-07 1.00E-08 5.32E-03 5.31E-05 4.70E-09 1.00E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2045 Natural Gas PG&E not available therm 5.31E-03 4.70E-07 1.00E-08 5.32E-03 5.31E-05 4.70E-09 1.00E-10 2. The Climate Registry, 2020 Default Emission Factors 2050 Natural Gas PG&E not available therm 5.31E-03 4.70E-07 1.00E-08 5.32E-03 5.31E-05 4.70E-09 1.00E-10 2019 Natural Gas NA not available scf 5.44E-05 9.23E-10 9.23E-10 5.47E-05 5.31E-05 9.00E-10 9.00E-10 2030 Natural Gas NA not available scf 5.44E-05 9.23E-10 9.23E-10 5.47E-05 5.31E-05 9.00E-10 9.00E-10 2040 Natural Gas NA not available scf 5.44E-05 9.23E-10 9.23E-10 5.47E-05 5.31E-05 9.00E-10 9.00E-10 2045 Natural Gas NA not available scf 5.44E-05 9.23E-10 9.23E-10 5.47E-05 5.31E-05 9.00E-10 9.00E-10 2050 Natural Gas NA not available scf 5.44E-05 9.23E-10 9.23E-10 5.47E-05 5.31E-05 9.00E-10 9.00E-10 2019 Diesel NA not available gal 1.02E-02 1.24E-07 5.52E-08 1.02E-02 7.39E-05 9.00E-10 4.00E-10 2030 Diesel NA not available gal 1.02E-02 1.24E-07 5.52E-08 1.02E-02 7.39E-05 9.00E-10 4.00E-10 2040 Diesel NA not available gal 1.02E-02 1.24E-07 5.52E-08 1.02E-02 7.39E-05 9.00E-10 4.00E-10 2045 Diesel NA not available gal 1.02E-02 1.24E-07 5.52E-08 1.02E-02 7.39E-05 9.00E-10 4.00E-10 2050 Diesel NA not available gal 1.02E-02 1.24E-07 5.52E-08 1.02E-02 7.39E-05 9.00E-10 4.00E-10

0.05444 kg CO2/scf 0.00005444 MT CO2/scf

0.9 g CH4/MMBTU 9.234E-10 MT CH4/scf

0.9 g N2O/MMBTU 9.234E-10 MT N2O/scf

0.15463 kg CO2/scf 0.00015463 MT CO2/scf

0.9 g CH4/MMBTU 9.234E-10 MT CH4/scf
4 g N2O/MMBTU 4.104E-09 MT N2O/scf

10.21 kg CO2/gal 0.01021 MT CO2/gal

0.9 g CH4/MMBTU 1.24286E-07 MT CH4/gal

0.4 g N2O/MMBTU 5.52381E-08 MT N2O/gal
Natural Gas (backup gene
LPG (backup generator)
Diesel (backup generator
ITEM 10.1. ATTACHMENT 5