Cities Index.
Att 3 - City Council Agenda Item 7E, July 18, 2023 Meeting

San Clemente City Council
March 19, 2024

Document
Att 3 - City Council Agenda Item 7E, July 18, 2023 Meeting
Meeting
March 19, 2024
Body
San Clemente City Council
Pages
27
Original file
112.1 MB
Text extracted from the city's file for reading and search. Open the original on san-clemente.legistar1.com. That file is the official record.

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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-13
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-14
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-15
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-16
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-17
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-18
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-19
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-21
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-22
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-24
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-26
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-27
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-28
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-31
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SO9-32
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SDG-25
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SDG-27
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SDG-28
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PROJECT: Oceanside HOLE NUMBER: SDG-31
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PROJECT: San Clemente HOLE NUMBER: SC-8
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
826
1450 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 8 / Friday, January 11, 2002 / Notices and net savings to the government as a
result of those exceptions; records
containing contractor information;
records containing reimbursable billing
information; name, Social Security
Number, pay grade and (optionally)
address information.

AUTHORITY FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM:
5 U.S.C. 301, Departmental
Regulations and E.O. 9397 (SSN).

PURPOSE(S):

To provide managers and supervisors
with timely, on-line information
regarding audit requirements, programs,
and performance.

ROUTINE USES OF RECORDS MAINTAINED IN THE

SYSTEM, INCLUDING CATEGORIES OF USERS AND
THE PURPOSES OF SUCH USES:

In addition to those disclosures
generally permitted under 5 U.S.C.
552a(b) of the Privacy Act, these records
or information contained therein may
specifically be disclosed outside the
DoD as a routine use pursuant to 5
U.S.C. 552a(b)(3) as follows:

The DoD ‘‘Blanket Routine Uses’’ that
appear at the beginning of DCAA’s
compilation of systems of records
notices apply to this system.

POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR STORING,

RETRIEVING, ACCESSING, RETAINING, AND
DISPOSING OF RECORDS IN THE SYSTEM:

STORAGE:

Records are maintained in an on-line
database and on magnetic tape at secure
offsite storage.

RETRIEVABILITY:

Records are retrieved by
organizational levels, name of
employee, Social Security Number,
office symbol, audit activity codes, or
any other combination of these
identifiers.

SAFEGUARDS:

Automated records are protected by
restricted access procedures. Access to
records is strictly limited to authorized
officials with a bona fide need for the
records.

RETENTION AND DISPOSAL:

Records are retained indefinitely.

SYSTEM MANAGER(S) AND ADDRESS:

Chief, Information Technology
Division, Defense Contract Audit
Agency, 4075 Park Avenue, Memphis,
TN 38111–7492.

NOTIFICATION PROCEDURE:

Individuals seeking to determine
whether information about themselves
is contained in this system should
address written inquiries to the Chief,
Information Technology Division,
Defense Contract Audit Agency, 4075
Park Avenue, Memphis, TN 38111–
7492.

Individuals must furnish name, Social
Security Number, approximate date of
record, and geographic area in which
consideration was requested for record
to be located and identified. Official
mailing addresses are published as an
appendix to the DCAA’s compilation of
systems notices.

RECORD ACCESS PROCEDURES:

Individuals seeking access to
information about themselves contained
in this system should address written
inquiries to the Chief, Information
Technology Division, Defense Contract
Audit Agency, 4075 Park Avenue,
Memphis, TN 38111–7492.

Individuals must furnish name, Social
Security Number, approximate date of
record, and geographic area in which
consideration was requested for record
to be located and identified.

CONTESTING RECORD PROCEDURES:

DCAA’s rules for accessing records,
for contesting contents and appealing
initial agency determinations are
published in DCAA Regulation 5410.10;
32 CFR part 317; or may be obtained
from the system manager.

RECORD SOURCE CATEGORIES:

Individual employees, supervisors,
audit reports and working papers.

EXEMPTIONS CLAIMED FOR THE SYSTEM:

None.
[FR Doc. 02–671 Filed 1–10–02; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 5001–08–P

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Department of the Army, Corps of
Engineers
Intent To Prepare a Joint
Environmental Impact Statement/
Environmental Impact Report for the
San Clemente Shoreline Feasibility
Study, San Clemente, CA
AGENCY: Army Corps of Engineers
(Corps), DoD.

ACTION: Notice of intent.

SUMMARY: The Corps and the city of San
Clemente propose to study alternatives
to provide shoreline protection to the
San Clemente Shoreline. The study is
for that portion of the shoreline that
runs from Shorecliff Beach to San Mateo
Point, approximately eight kilometers
(five miles).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Questions regarding the scoping process
or preparation of the EIS/EIR may be
directed to Mr. Paul Rose, Chief,
Environmental Resources Branch, U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, P.O. Box
532711, Los Angeles, California, 90053–
2325, (213) 452–3840.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

1. Proposed Action
Provide shoreline protection against
wave attack from coastal storms to the
San Clemente shoreline. Running along
the entire length of the San Clemente
shoreline is a portion of the Los Angeles
to San Diego (Lossan) railroad corridor.

The Lossan is a major passenger rail line
linking San Diego to the rest of the
United States. The Lossan is owned by
the Orange County Transportation
Authority (OCTA). This commuter rail
corridor is among the busiest in the
country and separates the beach from
the bluff. Loss of shoreline protection
and recreational beach width is a
continuous problem for the city of San
Clemente. Damages to coastal
residential and commercial properties
from storm-induced waves have become
a serious threat over the past several
years. The study will investigate
alternatives to provide shoreline
protection.

2. Alternatives
Alternatives that may be considered
include non-structural and/or structural
measures to provide protection against
wave attack from coastal storms. Nonstructural measures include beach and near-shore nourishment with dredged
sand.

3. Scoping Process
The Corps and the city of San
Clemente are preparing a joint
Environmental Impact Statement/
Environmental Impact Report (EIS/EIR)
to address potential impacts associated
with the proposed project. The Corps is
the Lead Federal Agency for compliance
with NEPA for the project, and the city
of San Clemente is the Lead State
Agency for compliance with the CEQA
for the non-Federal aspects of the
project. The Draft EIS/EIR (DEIS/EIR)
document will incorporate public
concerns in the analysis of impacts
associated with the Proposed Action
and associated project alternatives. The
DEIS/EIR will be sent out for a 45-day
public review period, during which
time both written and verbal comments
will be solicited on the adequacy of the
document. The Final EIS/EIR (FEIS/EIR)
will address the comments received on
the DEIS/EIR during public review, and
will be furnished to all who commented
on the DEIS/EIR, and is made available
to anyone that requests a copy during
9HU'DWH0$<! 
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Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 8 / Friday, January 11, 2002 / Notices 1451 the 30-day public comment period. The
final step involves, for the Federal EIS,
preparing a Record of Decision (ROD)
and, for the state EIR, certifying the EIR
and adopting a Mitigation Monitoring
and Reporting Plan. The ROD is a
concise summary of the decisions made
by the Corps from among the
alternatives presented in the FEIS/EIR.

The ROD can be published immediately
after the FEIS public comment period
ends. A certified EIR indicates that the
environmental document adequately
assesses the environmental impacts of
the proposed project with respect to
CEQA. A formal scoping meeting to
solicit public comment and concerns on
the proposed action and alternatives
will be held on January 10, 2002 at 7
p.m., in the Multipurpose Room (1 & 2)
in the San Clemente Senior Center, 242
Avenue Del Mar, San Clemente,
California.

Luz D. Ortiz,
Army Federal Register Liaison Officer.
[FR Doc. 02–771 Filed 1–10–02; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3710–KF–M

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Department of the Army, Corps of
Engineers
Intent To Prepare a Draft
Environmental Impact Statement
(DEIS) for the Matilija Dam Ecosystem
Restoration Feasibility Study, Ventura
County, CA
AGENCY: Army Corps of Engineers, DoD.

ACTION: Notice of intent.

SUMMARY: The Los Angeles District of
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will
prepare a DEIS to support the Matilija
Dam Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility
Study, Ventura County, California. The
study area is the Matilija Dam area and
downstream to the Venture River
Estuary. This study will investigate
feasible alternatives to restore the
Matilija Creek riverine ecosystem,
primarily by removing Matilija Dam.

Also, feasible alternatives for the
removal of sediment behind the dam
and the beneficial use of that sediment
will be investigated.

The DEIS will analyze the potential
impacts (beneficial and adverse) on the
environment of a range of alternatives,
including the proposed action and the
no action alternative. The Los Angeles
District and the Ventura County Flood
Control District will cooperate in
conducting this feasibility study.

ADDRESSES: District Engineer, U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles
District, ATTN: CESPL–PD–RQ (R.

Farve), P.O. Box 532711, Los Angeles,
California 90053–2325.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr.

Rey Farve, Environmental Coordinator,
telephone (213) 452–3864, or Mr.

Jonathan Vivanti, Study Manager,
telephone (213) 452–3809.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

1. Authorization
This feasibility study was authorized
by U.S. House of Representatives
Committee Resolution on
Transportation and Infrastructure
(Docket 2593), dated April 15, 1999,
which states, in part: ‘‘that the Secretary
of the Army is requested to review the
report of the Chief of Engineers on the
Ventura River, Ventura County,
California, published as House
Document 323, 77th Congress, 1st
Session, and other pertinent reports,
with a view to determining whether any
modifications of the recommendations
contained therein are advisable at this
time, in the interest of environmental
restoration and protection, and related
purposes, with particular attention to
restoring anadromous fish populations
on Matilija Creek and returning natural
sand replenishment to Ventura and
other Southern California beaches.’’

2. Background
Matilija Dam is located on Matilija
Creek, a tributary of the Ventura River,
approximately 16 miles upstream from
the Pacific Ocean. The dam is located in
Ventura County California,
approximately 7 miles and 25 miles
from the Cities of Ojai and Ventura,
California, respectively. The feasibility
study area currently includes the
Matilija Dam and the area immediately
upstream, and downstream of the dam
to the Ventura River Estuary. The nonfederal sponsor of the feasibility study is the Ventura County Flood Control
District.

Matilija Dam was constructed in the
late 1940’s by Ventura County Flood
Control to provide water storage for
agricultural needs. Matilija Dam is a
concrete arch structure 190 feet in
height with an arc length of 620 feet at
its crest. Sediment carried by Matilija
Creek has deposited behind the dam
and filled the reservoir, rendering the
structure useless as a water storage
facility. It is estimated that 6,000,000
cubic yards of sediment lies trapped
behind the dam.

The dam no longer provides any flood
control protection due to sedimentation
behind the dam. There is some
continued water supply use. The Casitas
Municipal Water District currently
operates the dam under a lease
agreement from the County of Ventura,
which expires in 2009. The operation is
an integral part of the Robles/Casitas
Reservoir water supply facilities and is
estimated to currently contribute
approximately 400 acre-feet of water per
year. This water function, however, is
projected to diminish rapidly as the
reservoir continues to fill with
sediments, and is expected to effectively
cease by 2010 after the reservoir fills
completely with sediment.

Presently, the dam is considered to be
a major contributor to the declining
numbers of steelhead trout in Matilija
Creek. If no action is taken to secure
passage for the steelhead trout to reach
the upper watershed and its tributaries,
the dam will continue to obstruct this
endangered species, thereby limiting the
amount of spawning and rearing habitat.

In addition, the dam would continue to
act as a barrier for wildlife movement
for other terrestrial and aquatic species.

3. Alternatives
The feasibility study will focus on
addressing the problems and needs
caused by Matilija Dam with the
primary objective of the feasibility study
being to restore the Matilija Creek
riverine ecosystem. Other objectives that
are considered appropriate may involve
possible beneficial use of the sediment
behind the dam for beach nourishment
or other environmental restoration.

In general, alternative plans will
investigate reasonable alternatives to
restore Matilija Creek, primarily by
removing Matilija Dam. Feasible
alternatives for the removal of sediment
behind the dam and the beneficial use
of that sediment will also be
investigated. Significant beneficial
impacts to the riverine ecosystem
(especially to steelhead trout) are
expected from restoration alternatives
identified in the feasibility study.

4. Scoping Process
Participation of all interested Federal,
State, and County agencies, groups with
environmental interests, and any
interested individuals are encouraged.

Public involvement will be most
beneficial and worthwhile in identifying
the scope of pertinent, significant
environmental issues to be addressed,
identifying and eliminating from
detailed study issues that are not
significant, offering useful information
such as published or unpublished data,
providing direct personal experience or
knowledge which informs decision
making, and recommending suitable
mitigation measures to offset potential
impacts from the proposed action or
alternatives.
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829
830
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832
1 San Clemente Shoreline Protection
Agency Kick-Off Meeting Notes
16 October 2007

1.0 Purpose
To introduce agency contacts to the project team and project purpose.

2.0 Location
San Clemente Community Center, 100 N. Calle Seville San Clemente, CA 92672

3.0 Meeting Attendees:

Name Company/Agency Contact Info
Noel Davis Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Lisa Louie Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Tom Keeney USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3857
[email protected]
Jim Kelly USFWS 760-431-9440 x362
[email protected]
Jennifer Pettis NMFS 562-980-4046
[email protected]
Bill Poznokas (CDFG) was unable to attend.

Anthony Spina (NMFS-steelhead) indicated via e-mail 15 October 2007 that there are no steelhead issues for this project and no coordination is required.

4.0 Meeting summary
Meeting start time: 10:00 a.m.
• Project Introduction
• City of San Clemente is local sponsor.
• Project has been scaled down to include Reach 6 (reach surrounding pier) only. • Project is strictly nourishment only.
o To be placed on beach, not in nearshore.
o Other structural models showed a cost higher than the benefit. o Sand to come from regulated borrow site from Oceanside. • Managed retreat not feasible without railroad involvement. • Railroad does not want to participate in project.
• Recreation cannot be a benefit - protection of the pier structure provides justification for project; cannot include national defense railroad as justification. 833
2 • Baseline conditions (F3) were originally completed for 10 reaches, Chambers Group to update for one reach only.
• Currently preparing alternatives and analysis document (F4), reviewing different scales of alternatives.
• Nourishment typically occurs during winter – should avoid any biological seasons.
• Environmental Issue Areas
• Biological
o Plovers and terns – no known nest sites.
o No onshore vegetation will be impacted.
o Need to know disposal sites in relation to sensitive resources. o Surfgrass – flowering plant that provides shelter for juvenile fish - grows in buundles – harder to restore than eelgrass – pre/post-construction surveys and mitigation like eelgrass – follow eelgrass guidelines.
o Map pipeline placement to avoid sensitive habitat.
o Terns, plovers, pelicans.
o Abalone, macroinvertebrates.
• Recreation
o Sand castle building event
o Surfing at T-street
• Air Quality
o Dredge analysis
o Previously analyzed?
• Next step
ƒSend agencies copy of baseline information ASAP.
ƒSend agencies copy of CRM biological report.
ƒDefine project description for alternatives.
ƒDetermine POC for CCC, Corps Regulatory, and RWQCB.
• Future actions
ƒFinal CAR in Mar/Apr 2008
ƒPrepare NEPA and CEQA document.

End time: 11:15 a.m.
834
1 San Clemente Shoreline Protection
CDFG Kick-off Meeting Notes
15 May 2008

1.0 Purpose
To introduce CDFG to the project team and project purpose.

2.0 Location
San Clemente Community Development Department, 910 Calle Negocio, San Clemente, CA 92673

3.0 Meeting Attendees:

Name Company/Agency Contact Info
Noel Davis Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Lisa Louie Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Tom Keeney USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3857
[email protected]
Joe Johnson USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3829
[email protected]
Tom Bonigut City of San Clemente 949-361-6187
[email protected]
Loni Adams CDFG 858-627-3985
[email protected]
Jim Kelley (USFWS) and Bryant Chesney (NOAA Fisheries) were provided a late notice invitation, but were unable to attend.

4.0 Meeting summary
Meeting start time: 2:20 p.m.
• Project Introduction
• City of San Clemente is local sponsor.
• Project is strictly nourishment only.
o To be placed on beach, not in nearshore.
o 30 m (~511,000 cy) alternative preferred over other beach widths. ƒ Shorter beach widths would equate to a smaller impact area. o Sand to come from regulated borrow site from Oceanside. • Recreation cannot be a benefit - protection of the pier structure provides justification for project; cannot include national defense railroad as justification. 835
2 • Baseline conditions (F3) were completed for project reach (surrounding San Clemente Pier) only.
• Currently, alternatives and analysis document (F4) under internal review at USACE.
• Nourishment would occur sometime between late Aug/Sep through mid-Mar – would avoid any environmental seasons for biological resources of concern. • Environmental Issue Areas
• Biological
o Snowy plovers and least terns – no known nest sites onsite. o No onshore vegetation will be impacted.
o Habitat type onsite not conducive to amphibians.
o Need to know disposal sites in relation to sensitive resources. ƒ Potential resources at Linda Lane and footbridge?
o Surfgrass – March 2008 surveys – 3 methods of survey [walk beach, SCUBA dive, free-dive (masks and fins)] shows surfgrass just outside of estimated project boundary (well outside of construction boundary). o Map pipeline placement to avoid sensitive habitat.
o Exposed rocks south of pier – potential pinniped haulout? ƒ need to investigate
ƒ lined up at Riviera
o Terns, plovers, brown pelicans (proposed delisting), macroinvertebrates, grunion.
• Water Quality
o SWPPP
o Proposed project is designed to decrease turbidity behind a berm before introduced to wave action
o Turbidity expected in areas that are already turbid (surfzone) • Next step
ƒ Send CDFG copy of CRM biological report.
• Future actions
ƒ Public review of draft report anticipated to be distributed in Oct/Nov 2008.

End time: 3:30 p.m.
836
1 San Clemente Shoreline Protection
CDFG Kick-off Meeting Notes
16 December 2008

1.0 Purpose
To update the resource agencies on the project status.

2.0 Location
Chambers Group, Inc., Irvine Office, 17671 Cowan Ave., Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92614

3.0 Meeting Attendees:

Name Company/Agency Contact Info
Tom Keeney USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3857
[email protected]
Jennifer Wise USFWS 760-431-9440 x276
[email protected]
Bryant Chesney NOAA Fisheries (562) 980-4037
[email protected]
Loni Adams CDFG 858-627-3985
[email protected]
Lisa Louie Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Noel Davis Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]

4.0 Meeting summary
Meeting start time: 11:00 p.m.
• Project Background
• City of San Clemente is local sponsor.
• Project is strictly nourishment only.
o To be placed on beach, not in nearshore.
o 20 m (~511,000 cy) alternative preferred over other beach widths. ƒ Shorter beach widths would equate to a smaller impact area. o Sand to come from regulated borrow site from Oceanside. • Recreation cannot be a benefit - protection of the pier structure provides justification for project; cannot include national defense railroad as justification. • Baseline conditions (F3) were completed for project reach (surrounding San Clemente Pier) only.
• Alternatives and analysis document (F4) reviewed internally by USACE.

However, engineering still working on coastal modeling to include sea level rise 837
2 analysis, which should be available by the end of January. Accuracy of predictive modeling is same as comparative modeling.
• Nourishment would occur sometime between late Aug/Sep through mid-Mar – would avoid any environmental seasons for biological resources of concern (e.g., grunion).
• Project currently shows 1.3 B/C (benefits to cost) ratio • Effects Section and Concerns
• Based on littoral and cross drift for any sand replenishment – used same littoral cell as Oceanside as a comparison.
• Mariposa is too far for impacts by beach fill.
• Surfgrass mitigation – potential habitat added (shallow artificial reef at depthor contribute to protected area).
• Encinitas minimized risk by reducing volume placement • Policy statement criteria for state – looking in terms of wetland restoration • Surfgrass – covered and uncovered – what is considered significant? • Contingency plan is required surfgrass – nothing is provided from first event, but would alter future events, dependent upon results
• Facilities are a concern, however project cannot include railroad or recreation as benefits
• Concern with mitigation at a later date if mitigation cannot be agreed upon. • Removal of surfgrass concern – it takes a long time to come back and small patches may be missed (polygon does not show transect lines). • Require formal monitoring plan?
o No future replenishment is scheduled until an agreement is reached o Mitigation alternative – protect another surfgrass area – is there widescale surfgrass mapping available?
o Mapped habitat type vs. plants
o MLPA process – mitigate for surfgrass
• Other species of interest?
o No plover or tern concerns
o Outside of grunion season
• EFH write-up
o Need to address all habitat types – species and lifestage impacted/potentially impacted.
o Stand alone document or make clear reference
• Recurring language – no impact within natural variation – no impact is a concern – need to identify individual impacts.
• Next step
• Meet again when coastal modeling has been completed and new analysis considered.
838
1 San Clemente Shoreline Protection
CDFG Kick-off Meeting Notes
16 July 2009

1.0 Purpose
To update the resource agencies on the project status and present new project alternatives and descriptions.

2.0 Location
Chambers Group, Inc., Irvine Office, 17671 Cowan Ave., Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92614

3.0 Meeting Attendees:

Name Company/Agency Contact Info
Tom Keeney USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3857
[email protected]
Jennifer Wise USFWS 760-431-9440 x276
[email protected]
Loni Adams CDFG 858-627-3985
[email protected]
Lisa Louie Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Noel Davis Chambers Group 949-261-5414
[email protected]
Bryant Chesney (NOAA Fisheries) was provided a late notice invitation, but was unable to attend.

4.0 Meeting summary
Meeting start time: 10:30 a.m.
• Actions Since Last Meeting
• NED plan is the most economically beneficial alternative based on benefits to cost (B/C) ratio
• Sea level rise was not previously considered and the coastal engineering report was revised to reflect the changes
• Previous environmental effects/analyses were based on the results of the 2007 coastal engineering modeling effort and report.
• Revised 2009 coastal engineering report now identifies different coastal impacts, which results in different environmental impacts than the 2007 report. • Modeling considered beach widths at 5m increments between 10m and 35m. The 35m alternative was identified as the NED plan. The 10m and 15m beach widths 839
2 demonstrated negligible differences in B/C ratios and equilibrium footprints; the 15m beach width was chosen over the 10m alternative because the same area would be impacted, but the 15m would require less replenishment cycles than the 10m while providing the same positive B/C ratio.
• Updated Project Descriptions
• Project now has two action alternatives being considered: 15m beach width and 35m beach width – these alternatives represent the resultant dry beach width. • The construction footprint (i.e., the project area where sand is directly placed onto the beach) for the 15m alternative is 23m and the construction footprint for the 35m alternative is 52m.
• During the equilibration time, the wave action on the beach is expected to disperse the sand that has been placed onto the beach into the equilibrium footprint (i.e., the footprint where sand that has been placed onto the beach is predicted to ultimately end up). The equilibrium footprint was not provided in the 2007 coastal engineering report. The equilibrium footprint of the 35m alternative is greater than that of the 15m alternative. See attached figure. • Sand will be dredged from the Oceanside borrow site and hauled to San Clemente where the material will be pumped to the beach via a pipeline. The pipeline would be moored to the seafloor and the material would be pumped onto the beach as a slurry and placed landward of a 200ft L-shaped berm created by pushing existing sand into the appropriate shape. The long arm of the L would be along the water’s edge and the short arm of the L would face inland. This berm construction is intended to decrease turbidity by allowing the sand to settle out of the slurry while the seawater drains back to the ocean. Dry sand is then pushed towards the ocean to increase the beach width until the designated beach width is reached. Sand is placed behind this L-shaped berm until the designated beach width is reached. A new 200ft long L-shaped berm is then constructed in the next segment over and the process repeated. Similar project methods currently in construction at Sunset.
• The pipeline from the dredge would not be dragged across the ocean floor when moving to the next L-shaped berm. An extension to the pipeline will be added on the dry portion of the beach. Also, the pipeline laydown area will be surveyed for biological resources first before recommending the laydown route. • Earliest this project would start would be 2010. Anticipated start in 2012.

Requires local sponsor funds and Congressional authorization. • New Surfgrass Survey
• A recent surfgrass survey was conducted to include the entire Project footprint (i.e., construction and equilibrium footprint).
• The kelp bed immediately seaward of the end of the pier was mapped. The reef had giant kelp, feather boa kelp, surfgrass, and gorgonians. • The area was mainly scattered relief/bedrock along the coastline. Surfgrass in the area was sparse and scattered. Density of surfgrass highest at T-Street reef. Red algae and bare patches were prevalent.
840
3 • Environmental Effects
• The 15 m alternative would potentially degrade the inshore edge of the surfgrass bed at T-street reef and some burial of smaller rocks would be expected. • Modeling typically is more conservative than what’s seen in monitoring (e.g., SANDAG, Solana/Encinitas), usually because of random conditions that may occur in any particular year.
• Conditions of the 15m are comparable to SANDAG.
• Surfgrass and surfing will be monitored. Adaptive management will determine if changing conditions result in decision not to replenish or modify replenishment.

Cycle of replenishment of every 4-5 years is based on the predicted erosion rate occurring every ear and bringing the beach to 0m.
• Sand sources have disappeared from our littoral system, especially after the El Ninos from the 80s and 90s, where sand was speculated to have been taken out and dropped into the submarine canyons; that sand would not come back. Dams and development also have diminished sand replenishment via natural processes. • Evaluation of project effects considering extreme sea level rise is not practical (replenishment events would require over 800,000 cy of sand). If an extreme sea level rise event were to occur, there would be more to take into consideration that potentially would be at risk than the considerations of this project and would require a new project purpose and evaluation.
• Are there other methods to maintain sand on the beach once it’s been placed? o Structural methods typically are not acceptable by CCC. o Offshore breakwaters may be effective, however, not in this situation with the biological resources present.
o Structures require maintenance.
• Long-term monitoring of surfgrass is part of the project. Pre and post construction surveys are proposed for each replenishment activity for the life of the project (50 years). Monitoring is expected to be immediately prior to construction, immediately after construction, then 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after, then once every year for the next 4 years (total of 5 years of post construction monitoring). Need to determine if there are requirements for mitigation for degradation, but not removal of, surfgrass. Need to determine the criteria.

Surfgrass typically can withstand 1/3 blade length burial; may affect growth rate and shoot density.
• Question regarding whether Pismo clam beds are in the area (or any other invertebrates) – invertebrate surveys have not been conducted for the site. • Project will avoid grunion season. Project most likely will not start until the day after Labor Day.
• Outside of least tern season. No concerns with terns, pelicans, or plovers. • Mitigation and Monitoring Plan – will mitigate if monitoring shows the project doesn’t work and has significant impacts.
• Need to determine if beach maintenance/raking occurs. Did not look at surfgrass/kelp wrack during walking survey.
841
4 • Next step
• Public review anticipated for November 2009.
• Internal review at Corps and outside District review (within Corps) will occur concurrently.
• Alternatives Formulation Briefing (AFB) meeting with the local sponsor and USACE HQ. They are allowed 2 months to provide comments. • Public review follows incorporation of comments from AFB. • Coordination Act Report (CAR) Final is required for Final Report. Draft CAR is not required with the Draft EIS/EIR.
• Report reviews will go through Center of Excellence (equivalent to science advisory board).
• Next step
• Meet again when coastal modeling has been completed and new analysis considered.

Meeting end time: 12:15 p.m.
842
1 San Clemente Shoreline Protection
CDFG Kick-off Meeting Notes
15 September 2009

1.0 Purpose
To update NOAA Fisheries on the project status and present new project alternatives and descriptions.

2.0 Location
Chambers Group, Inc., Santa Ana Office, 5 Hutton Centre Dr., Suite 750, Santa Ana, CA 92707

3.0 Meeting Attendees:

Name Company/Agency Contact Info
Tom Keeney USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3857
[email protected]
Bryant Chesney NOAA Fisheries (562) 980-4037
[email protected]
Lisa Louie Chambers Group 949-261-5414 ext 7289
[email protected]
Noel Davis Chambers Group 949-261-5414 ext 7208
[email protected]

4.0 Meeting summary
Meeting start time: 10:20 a.m.
• Discussion
• Recent modeling still shows a positive benefit to cost ratio • Concern is that document is not explicit regarding the dollar value tied to mitigation
• A more developed contingency plan is preferred
• Recent studies at UCSB testing new surfgrass transplantation method o Sprig method – not plug method
• Would like to see a monitoring plan with criteria in draft EIS o External agency review
o MMRP – coastal monitoring for sand movement and surfgrass o Details still aren’t worked out for the monitoring plan for pre- and postmonitoring • CDFG and NOAA Fisheries will want to review detailed MMRP before finalized • Draft CAR most likely will not accompany the draft EIS 843
2 • Expect HQ review in October 2009 and Public Review in November 2009 • Consideration of random transects vs permanent transects or a hybrid of these methods
• Need to spell out contingency plan if impacts are observed o Impacts to reef
o Impacts based on coastal engineering report
• Currently, coastal modeling shows effects to reef will be minimal • Need to find reasonable potential for monitoring – a detailed restoration plan without knowing if or what needs to be restored or if it can be done • Consideration of adaptive management
o Are there contingency funds available?
ƒ for example, will the local sponsor be prepared to cost share $200 per month vs $500 per month
o public document needs to explicitly show possible plans • would like to quantify area of direct impact/burial vs indirect impact in acreages o x acres buried by y amount
o area of influence vs area of substantial burial
• not feasible to conduct nourishment in phases in one year due to mob/demobilization costs
• Surfgrass survey clarification
• Survey was by dive transects, except for kelp canopy, which was based on following a path
• Large substantial strands of surfgrass would have been found by this method • Possible to consider LIDAR or sidescan sonar for more comprehensive study of resources in area?
• Next step
• Public review anticipated for November 2009.
• Internal review at Corps and outside District review (within Corps) will occur concurrently.
• Alternatives Formulation Briefing (AFB) meeting with the local sponsor and USACE HQ. They are allowed 2 months to provide comments. • Public review follows incorporation of comments from AFB. • Coordination Act Report (CAR) Final is required for Final Report. Draft CAR is not required with the Draft EIS/EIR.
• Report reviews will go through Center of Excellence (equivalent to science advisory board).

Meeting end time: 11:15 a.m.
844
1 San Clemente Shoreline Protection
Agency Meeting Notes
30 April 2010

1.0 Purpose
To update the resource agencies on the project status and conduct a site visit.

2.0 Location
San Clemente Municipal Pier, 601 Avenida Victoria, San Clemente, CA 92672

3.0 Meeting Attendees:

Name Company/Agency Contact Info
Tom Keeney USACE, Los Angeles 213-452-3875
[email protected]
Jennifer Wise USFWS 760-431-9440 x276
[email protected]
Bryant Chesney NOAA Fisheries (562) 980-4037
[email protected]
Loni Adams CDFG 858-627-3985
[email protected]
Lisa Louie Chambers Group 949-261-5414 ext 7289
[email protected]
Noel Davis Chambers Group 949-261-5414 ext 7208
[email protected]

4.0 Meeting summary
Meeting start time: 10:30 a.m.
• Project Location
• Identified project boundaries along coast:
o Mariposa
o Linda Lane
o T-Street
• Updates Since Last Meeting
• Coastal engineering modeling was conducted by USACE. Sea level rise was considered in the analysis.
• Burial of surfgrass would occur regardless of the quantity of sand based on the current model, but the degree of burial (e.g., depth, areal coverage, persistence) varies depending 845
2 on the alternative chosen. The 15m alternative was chosen because it had the least amount of modeled impacts while still meeting the project object. • Proposed 15m plan chosen in an effort to reduce impacts to the extent possible while still having a project
• City of San Clemente would prefer to have 35m beach
• Mitigation and monitoring plan has been prepared, but not yet supplied to the resource agencies. Consideration of recent Santa Barbara surfgrass study was included. • Agency Requests
• Consideration of alternatives that will avoid the surf grass impacts that the 15m alternative poses (e.g., alternative locations of sand disposal). • Robust monitoring plan and contingency plan – including numbers o At a minimum, the monitoring plan needs to include mitigation for the expected surf grass burial impacts as well as a contingency for further impacts to surf grass and reef habitat, a plan for monitoring for actual surfgrass/reef impacts, and a plan for monitoring to ensure that you are in compliance with your proposed surf grass/reef habitat mitigation success criteria. Alternatively, a surf grass avoidance plan should be proposed if surf grass mitigation is determined to be infeasible. o CDFG expressed concern about the survey method and accurately determining the actual surfgrass burial impacts in the high energy waves of this area, specifically that it may be very difficult or essentially not possible.
• How will impacts be measured?
• Possible to survey for baseline trend?
• Explore ways to retain the proposed sand volume placed at this location to reduce the frequency of sand replenishment necessary in the future (e.g., submerged reef). • Was submerged reef considered as a potential alternative under NEPA? o No – local sponsor did not want to include “structures” as alternatives • Will the opportunistic sand project be included – no
• Most likely, NOAA Fisheries will come out with comment regarding full array of alternatives.
• Possible effects of El Nino events should be considered for the near future in the analysis. • Next step
• Will provide the agencies with:
o Most updated version of the EIS/EIR
o Current monitoring report appendix
o Current calculations of costs for monitoring and mitigation • Most answers to agency questions most likely would be answered by the Main Report prepared separately for this project.

Meeting end time: 11:35 a.m.

Photos attached
846
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State of California – The Resources Agency ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, Governor DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME John McCamman, Director
http://www.dfg.ca.gov
1933 Cliff Drive, Suite 9
Santa Barbara, California 93109
805.568.1231
Conserving California’s Wildlife Since 1870
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Subject: Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Draft Environmental Impact Report for the City of San Clemente Shoreline
Protection Project
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891
-----Original Message-----
From: Bonigut, Tom [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Friday, September 10, 2010 8:05 AM
To: Schlosser, Heather R SPL
Cc: Johnson, Joseph A SPL
Subject: San Clemente study questions
Heather and Joe:

Just passing along several following questions that City staff have raised about the study and proposed project. Maybe some of this is addressed in the reports, but I wanted to share with you to make sure one way or the other we do address these issues:

1. Sand compatibility and acceptability. Is there a QA/QC process to ensure that the borrow site sand will be suitable for placement on San Clemente beaches, and if for some reason it is not, what is the backup plan for borrow sites? This is a really important one, as we are receiving feedback that the Oceanside borrow site does not provide quality beach sand, and that a borrow site further site (name escapes me) is actually better.

2. Beach monitoring. Is there any discussion about what we think would happen to beaches south of the project area? I.e. since there is a net southward sand movement, what might happen to those beaches and surf breaks?
Would or should the monitoring plan address some of those areas too? We certainly need to ensure, to the extent possible, that we don’t impact surf breaks south of the project area.

3. Can the discussion about the reference line for the project be improved? It’s unclear to some what the starting point is for determining where the 15-meter beach width starts? Is it fixed throughout the project area (e.g. some offset from the rail line), or does it vary according to some other criterion? Also, is it fixed in time according to current conditions? I.e. what if our beach erodes significantly between now and the time an actual project is constructed? Will the beach berm width reference line be shifted also, or would the project be as described currently? Is it possible to define a seaward project limit instead of using a reference line that could change over time? No rush, but please call whenever convenient and I can further elaborate on this questions. Thanks.

Tom Bonigut, P.E.

Assistant City Engineer
City of San Clemente - Public Works Dept.
910 Calle Negocio, Suite 100
San Clemente, CA 92673
(949) 361-6187
Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
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Within section Impact WR-50-3 and WR-115-3, there is no mention of surfing anywhere aside from T-Street. While T-Street is a consistently high-quality surfing area, surfing is often restricted there under “black ball” conditions when the lifeguards ban hard-board surfing for the bulk of the day during the summer. At these times surfing within the project stretch is restricted to the area directly north of the pier, causing the pier zone to become incrementally more valuable for use.


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896
From: Keeney, Thomas W SPL
To: Schlosser, Heather R SPL; West, Nathaniel ; Lisa Louie [email protected] Cc: Johnson, Joseph A SPL
Subject: FW: san clemente beach replenishment please confirm email Date: Friday, September 17, 2010 3:11:40 PM
Comment
thomas
P Please consider the environment before printing this message -----Original Message-----
From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, September 17, 2010 10:10 AM
To: Keeney, Thomas W SPL
Subject: san clemente beach replenishmint please comfirm email 1 it seams ludicrous to replenish the beach sands with out promoting erosion and passive replenishment 2 if sands will migrates south may we please replenish north beach first thus supplying the pier area 2nd
3 if the near costal quarry's where relocated away would this not help with passive and aggressive replenishment of san clement ,capo beach, beaches & soils 4 are their plans to use the spoils from any excavation or tunneling up in the ortages ,For costal replenishment or building material .Thus using the spoils to replace native soils and or releasing and allowing to pass thru the quarry native soils to the shore 5 it seam important to keep up the allusion of success that a supply of sand can bring. with constant permits equipment and plans in place ,available and maintained for train transportation of sand and soils for the grooming and maintance of the costal resources. possibly hedging are bet and augmenting strategic and civil and possible emergency capabilities (the volley ball court is like playing on dull broken glass)train car loads are fairly efficient and affordable compared to truck loads. Possible improving the quality of soils from distant and local sources
6 lastly it seams to be a shame the energy used to harvest the soils do not seam to be of any beofitt in the first place
as in deepening a harbor or entrance improving wet lands or impoundments or importing away proofed soils from a site like Santa Ana river basin and flood control projects lastly thank you for your time and please comments on these questions and statements [email protected]
george gregory
139 avenida florencia-A
san clemente CA 92672
897
____________________________________________________________ My Credit Scores- Free
Click Here to See Your 3 FREE Credit Scores from All 3 Credit Bureaus! <http://thirdpartyoffers.netzero.net/TGL3242/4c93a157e962ebd0c2fst04duc> freescore.com <http://thirdpartyoffers.netzero.net/TGL3242/4c93a157e962ebd0c2fst04duc> 898
-----Original Message-----
From: Keith [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Thursday, September 23, 2010 10:06 AM
To: Keeney, Thomas W SPL
Subject: San Clemente Beach Study Comments
Dear Representative:

I attended the August Beach Study meeting, here are some comments. 1) The train track running on top of San Clemente beaches is at the root of the problem.
2) It’s hard to believe an alternate rail route cannot be found – especially with the desire of Amtrak to increase rail traffic.
3) Experience has shown that sea walls accelerate beach erosion. The sea walls already built by Amtrak, to protect rail lines, are accelerating beach sand erosion. Why isn’t Amtrak being held responsible for its part in adding to the problem and mandated to help with sand replenishment costs? 4) We were told by the geologists that most all sand migrates southward; so why not add sand at North Beach? North Beach has been severely impacted and is in need of sand replenishment. Plus the sand eroded from North Beach would help to replenish sand on all San Clemente beaches as it migrates south. At the very least, sand could be deposited at North Beach and not in the T-street area – as sand will naturally move into that area from sand replenishment on beaches north of T-street.

Thank you,
Keith Aiken
899
900
901

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
902
$
APPENDIX G – DRAFT COORDINATION ACT REPORT
903

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
904
905
906

FINAL FISH AND WILDLIFE

COORDINATION ACT REPORT
for the
San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project
Orange County, California
Prepared for the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Los Angeles District
by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office
Carlsbad, California
July 2011
907
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report, July 2011
San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) has prepared a draft Environmental Impact Study/ Environmental Impact Report (EIS/EIR) to analyze potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed action and alternatives for providing protection to the shoreline of the City of San Clemente (City) from coastal storms. The draft EIR/EIS identifies the preferred alternative as the 15 meter (m) [50 feet (ft)] beach fill alternative, which includes dredging material offshore of the City of Oceanside and hauling and placing it at San Clemente Beach. Beach fill will be 1,040 m (3,412 ft) long with a +5.2 m (+17 ft) crest elevation. The dredge volume is estimated to be about 192,000 cubic meters (m3
) [251,130 cubic yards (y3)]. Re-nourishment will occur about every 6 years and require about 192,000 m3 (251,000 y3) of material for an estimated eight re-nourishment cycles over the 50-year project life.

Beach erosion is an ongoing problem along the San Clemente shoreline. Over the past 20 years, average beach widths in the City’s beaches have been gradually reduced to about 15 m (50 ft), a reduction of more than 50 percent compared to beach measurements from 1958 and 1981.

Changes to the beach shoreline caused by erosion have reduced recreational opportunities and are threatening the stability of City facilities, private property, and a major southern California commuter rail corridor.

Implementation of the proposed initial and subsequent beach replenishment efforts are expected to result in direct, indirect, and cumulative effects to biological resources during dredging, staging of equipment offshore of the beach replenishment sites, and placement of sand on the replenishment sites. These effects are expected to include direct mortality to biological resources, especially benthic invertebrates. Indirect effects could also occur from increased turbidity, night lighting, and migration of sand from the replenishment sites onto reef and surfgrass areas. Cumulative effects could be experienced over the course of the proposed project through the repetitive replenishment of the beach areas. 908
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report, July 2011
San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project ii

PREFACE
This document constitutes the Final Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report (Final FWCA Report) in fulfillment of Scope of Work Agreement Number W81EYN72403881 between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and addresses the potential effects of the San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project on fish and wildlife resources. We have prepared this Final FWCA Report pursuant to the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (48 Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 661 et seq.) and in keeping with the spirit and intent of the National Environmental Policy Act (P.L. 91-190). This Final FWCA Report supersedes all of our previous planning input regarding this project.

Coordination between the Service and Corps regarding biological impacts and mitigation has been on-going. The Service met with the Corps, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) on October 16, 2007; May 15 and December 16, 2008; July 16, 2009; September 15, 2009, and April 30, 2010, and with NOAA, CDFG, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on September 3, 2010, to discuss the proposed project and alternatives. The main topics of discussions included the current status of the proposed project, project alternatives, and potential environmental issues. The Service received the Draft Joint Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report (EIR/EIS) for the project on August 3, 2010. The NOAA, CDFG, and EPA provided comments on the Draft EIR/EIS, and the Service submitted a Draft FWCA Report to the Corps on January 14, 2011.

The Service met with the Corps, NOAA, CDFG and EPA on January 31, 2011, to address comments on the Draft EIR/EIS and recommendations in the Draft FWCA. Several issues were discussed at the meeting including: 1) the adequacy of baseline transect surveys and assumption of a worse case impact of up to only 0.81 hectares (ha) [2 acres (ac)] of surfgrass/reef impacts based on these surveys, even though the entire 2 ha (5-ac) T-Street Reef is expected to be in the equilibrium footprint and subject to sand movement and burial; 2) the use of only a 1 to 1 mitigation ratio in light of temporal loss of at least 2-5 years from the time of impact to completion of mitigation, especially for surfgrass impacts given the uncertainty of surfgrass restoration; 3) the potential to modify the project to a 10-meter (m) [33-foot (ft)] beach width to help minimize potential impacts to surfgrass and reef and mitigation risks/costs due to the uncertainty regarding surfgrass restoration; 4) resource agency approval role in determining appropriate mitigation, criteria for triggering mitigation, success criteria, and monitoring and reporting requirements; 5) the adequacy of the proposed $3 million mitigation fund when mitigation costs are estimated to be up to $3.5 million; 6) potential cumulative impacts from the City’s opportunistic beach replenishment program; 7) potential impacts to the intertidal reef at Mariposa Point and use of Mariposa Point as a control in light of these potential impacts and from the City’s opportunistic beach replenishment program; 8) the use of only one verses multiple control site(s); and 9) allowing subsequent beach replenishment before any previous impacts are successfully mitigated.
909
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report, July 2011
San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project iii
The Corps provided comments on the Draft FWCA Report and an updated Monitoring, Mitigation, and Reporting Plan (MMRP) via electronic mail (email) transmissions dated June 9 and July 20, 2011, respectively. We forwarded the Corps’ comments and updated MMRP to NOAA, CDFG, and EPA; the NOAA and CDFG responded that the Corps did not fully address many of their original concerns. The NOAA and CDFG also provided additional comments on the revised MMRP including: 1) the provision for only 2 years of monitoring for any necessary rocky reef mitigation, instead of 5 years as for kelp mitigation; 2) the provision for impacts to shallow reef to be mitigated with deep water reef; and 3) the provision for out-of-kind kelp mitigation for surfgrass impacts that could lead to continual loss of surfgrass from beach replenishment. We have incorporated NOAA and CDFG comments and recommendations relative to the proposed project’s potential impacts on fish and wildlife resources and habitats into the recommendations of this Final FWCA Report.

910
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report, July 2011
San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... i PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 Description of the Project Area ........................................................................................1 Purpose and Need ..............................................................................................................1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..........................................................................................................3 Alternatives .........................................................................................................................3 Preferred Alternative.........................................................................................................5 Construction Methods .......................................................................................................7 DESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................................10 IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...............20 Impacts to Birds and Benthic Invertebrates .................................................................21 Impacts to Sensitive Habitats ..........................................................................................22 Re-nourishment ................................................................................................................23 Biological Resources Monitoring Plan ...........................................................................23 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................33 LITERATURE CITED ...............................................................................................................36

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project Vicinity Map .......................................................................................................2 Figure 2. Plan View of 15 meter (50 feet) Beach Width Alternative .............................................6 Figure 3. Offshore Borrow Areas ...................................................................................................8 Figure 4. Beach Access and Staging Areas ....................................................................................9 Figure 5 Historic Kelp Canopy and Reef Map ............................................................................12 Figure 6. Surfgrass Survey ............................................................................................................16 911
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San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project 1

INTRODUCTION
Description of Project Area
The City of San Clemente (City) is located along the coast of southern California about 100 kilometers (km) [60 miles (mi)] south of Los Angeles at the southern end of Orange County near the border of San Diego County. The study area is encompassed within the City and extends about 1,040 meters (m) [3,412 feet (ft)] from Linda Lane to T-Street (Figure 1). A portion of the Los Angeles to San Diego (LOSSAN) rail line runs between the beach and the coastal bluffs through San Clemente. The project area includes the San Clemente Municipal Pier (Pier), beachfront structures, and the Marine Safety Headquarters on the beach. The borrow site for beach replenishment materials is located offshore of the City of Oceanside Purpose and Need
The purpose of this project is to provide shore protection through nourishment of the beach at the Pier. Developing and maintaining the beach is needed to prevent the severe beach erosion that results from winter storms and to prevent damage to adjacent beachfront structures, including the heavily used LOSSAN rail line that runs along the beach through the City. In addition, the continued loss of sand at the beach would have a negative impact on recreation, which supports the local economy, and would reduce the ecological functioning of the sand beach/littoral zone. 912
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San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project
Figure 1
2 – Project Vicinity Map (Corps 2010)
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Alternatives
Non-Structural Measures
Managed Retreat
Managed retreat restricts or opposes efforts to control long-term retreat of the shoreline. This can include policies ranging from complete removal of all shore protection structures to simply not allowing new structures to be built. For this project, managed retreat of coastal development would include relocation of the railroad and beach facilities due to the continued erosion of the recreation beach area. Continued erosion and storm wave attack would likely eliminate any beach area available for recreation use and may eliminate the need for facilities or relocate some facilities (e.g., restrooms) to the landward side of the railroad.

Structural Measures
Beach Fill
Beach nourishment involves placement of compatible sand from a borrow area to effectively widen the beach. The beach fill material acts as a buffer, dissipating storm waves and run-up over the wider profile. Beach nourishment may use offshore or onshore borrow sites. In the study area, offshore sources have historically been used for several reasons. Prior offshore studies of the area conducted by the Corps have identified potential sources of sand suitable for an offshore borrow site. The potential offshore borrow sites in the study area were investigated by the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG 2000) and the Corps (1993) for beach compatible sand, and appropriate sites were located by these previous investigations offshore of the City Oceanside.

For this project, offshore dredging would be required for the beach fill alternative. Available offshore borrow sites exist, and sand would be delivered to the beach fill sites using hopper dredges with pump-out or large cutter suction dredges. For the hopper dredge with pump-out, temporary near-shore pipeline and mono buoys would be positioned at about the 9 m (30 ft) depth contour to permit the dredge to pump each load directly ashore. A hydraulic dredge with multiple booster pumps would pump material onshore through submerged and floating pipelines.

Revetments and Seawalls
Revetments are flexible structures (i.e., not locked in concrete) made of placed quarry stone.

They are typically built of 3- to 5-ton stone over a layer of smaller stone over a layer of fill designed to stop shoreline retreat and to protect landslide improvements from damage by wave action. Seawalls and revetments are placed parallel to the shoreline as a last line of defense to protect adjacent land areas from direct wave attack, flooding, and erosion. Sheet-pile walls are steel or precast concrete panels vertically placed in the ground to form continuous seawalls for 914
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protecting back-beach improvements. Revetments are generally effective if maintained, but they encroach significantly onto the beach. The seawall structural measure typically requires less spatial area and maintenance.

Offshore Reefs and Breakwaters
Offshore reefs or submerged breakwaters would protect the shoreline against direct wave attack and reduce the transmitted wave energy to less damaging levels along the beach. Breakwaters are concrete or rock walls built roughly parallel to the shore just beyond the breaker zone to absorb wave energy by stopping transmission or breaking the wave before it hits the beach.

They can be permeable or solid, depending on desired amount of wave energy absorption versus reflection.

Submerged artificial reef-type designs for the purpose of sand retention and storm damage reduction come in many forms, but they may be simplified into "soft" and "hard" designs. In the soft designs, near-shore sand berms are constructed of dredged sand placed parallel to the beach in shallow water. The soft breakwater reduces incident wave height, and gradual onshore migration of the sediment can contribute to re-nourishment of the adjacent shoreline, providing the berm itself is stable enough to withstand the wave environment.

Hard submerged breakwaters, which include artificial reefs, reduce wave energy through breaking and dissipation. They are generally not as effective as surface piercing breakwaters at retaining sand, but they do not generally have the adverse effects on recreational surfing conditions that surface visible structures do and may enhance surfing conditions if designed for dual purpose.

Shore Perpendicular Structures
Cross-shore sand retention structures, such as groins and jetties, are constructed perpendicular to the shore to form fillets that can slow beach erosion by trapping littoral sediment. Groins are cross-shore retention structures that act as a barrier to alongshore sediment transport. Offshore breakwaters are effective at retaining sand, but they are expensive and require a healthy source of littoral sand to perform their sand trapping function.

The shore perpendicular structures are generally used to preserve a minimum berm width and slow erosion rates so that re-nourishment volumes may be smaller and episodes less frequent.

The amount of sand trapped by the structure depends on the permeability, height, and length of the structure and the amount of sand in the littoral system. As material accumulates on the updrift side of the structure, supply to the down-drift side is reduced. This results in local beach accretion on the up-drift side of the structure and erosion for some distance down-shore. After the beach near the structure adjusts to an “equilibrium” stage in accordance with the wave conditions, all littoral drift will pass the structure directly over it or be diverted around the seaward end of the structure.
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No Action
The no action alternative assumes that no project would be implemented and that the Southern California Regional Rail Authority’s (SCRRA) existing maintenance plan would continue to be implemented, which may result in potential damage to the railroad ballast and tracks, but without any measures implemented by the City to address continued erosion of the recreation beaches near the Pier. With the no action alternative, the erosion-prone beaches are assumed to be further depleted and storm damages would be expected to increase in severity, increasing the threat to the railroad corridor. Public safety and liability problems would not be resolved, and recreational activity on the beaches would be degraded, resulting in a loss of associated economic benefits.

Preferred Alternative
According to the draft EIR/EIS, managed retreat and structural measures do not meet the project’s evaluation criteria, which include the technical and economic feasibilities, environmental impacts, and public acceptability. Managed retreat and the no action alternative would not meet the project’s purpose and goals. Revetments and seawalls often provide the most reliable form of shoreline protection, but they do not increase beach width and can impede public access to the beach. Offshore structures, including groins, visible offshore breakwaters, and submerged reef are not considered feasible due to cost, public acceptance, and potential environmental impacts.

The draft EIR/EIS determined that beach fill is the only measure that met all of the Corps’ environmental evaluation criteria.

Beach Fill
The beach fill alternative consists of dredging material offshore of the City of Oceanside, then hauling and placing it at San Clemente Beach. Beach fill will be 1,040 m (3,412 ft) long with a +5.2 m (+17 ft) crest elevation. The beach fill design parameters were determined by the Corps by considering various combinations of beach-fill widths and different replenishment cycles.

These combinations [e.g., 15 m (50 ft) and 35 m (115 ft) beach width] are variations of the same alternative (i.e., beach fill). Although it is recognized that these two widths are variations of the same alternative, they are addressed by the Corps as two separate alternatives.

The 15 m (50 ft) beach width alternative would require about 192,000 m3 (251,000 y3) of beach compatible sand. At the time of construction, the actual immediate post-construction width would be about 23 m (76 ft) (Figure 2). It is expected that up to 8 m (26 ft) of dry beach width would be distributed from the foreshore to the profile during the equilibration process. This alternative is estimated to take 46 working days to complete. 916
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Figure 2 – Plan View of 15 m (50 ft) Beach Width Alternative (Corps 2010) 917
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The 35 m (115 ft) beach width alternative would require about 448,000 m3 (586,000 y3) of beach compatible sand. At the time of construction, the actual immediate post-construction width would be about 52 m (171 ft). It is expected that up to 17 m (56 ft) of dry beach width will be distributed from the foreshore to the profile during the equilibration process. This alternative is estimated to take 108 working days to complete.

Based on the Corps’ evaluation of management measures and the comparison of the alternatives formulated for this study, the Corps’ recommended plan is the 15 m (50 ft) beach width alternative.

Construction Method
The project would be constructed with hopper dredging equipment with pump ashore capability and conventional earthmoving equipment. A medium-sized hopper dredge would be used, with effective capacity estimated at 1,300 m3
(1,700 y3) and 3.2 loads per day. The hopper dredge
would pump out the dredge material via a 6-centimeter (cm) [24-inch (in)] pipe line at 1,376 m3
/hr (1,800 y3/hr). The hopper dredge would be filled at the designated borrow site (i.e., Borrow Area 2 and 2a), which has beach compatible sand with approximately 10 percent fines and is about 1.6 km (1 mile) offshore of the City of Oceanside (Figure 3). The hopper dredge would then haul the dredged material about 35 km (21 mi) north to San Clemente. At the receiver beach, the dredge would be attached to a moored floating section of pipeline extending 457 m (1,500 ft) to the shoreline. The material would be re-suspended and discharged through the on-board pumping system to the receiver site.

The hopper dredge requires a mono buoy to discharge its sand onto the beach. A mono buoy is a floating pipeline connection platform that is moored to the seafloor, and it is used to interconnect with a steel sinker pipeline that carries the slurry along the seafloor to the beach. For this project, the mono buoy would be anchored in at least 7.6 m (25 ft) of water, between 762 to 1,524 m (2,500 and 5,000 ft) from shore and in the appropriate location in relation to sensitive resources and engineering considerations. From one mono buoy location, sand can be pumped directly onshore and up to about 610 m (2,000 ft) alongshore in either direction. Dredging would be performed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Shore equipment would work 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.

Onshore Placement Method
Sand would be combined with seawater until it reaches the consistency of slurry. It then would be conveyed to the beach either via pipeline or a combination of hopper dredge and pipeline, as described above. Existing sand at the receiver site would be used to build a small, “L”-shaped berm to anchor the sand placement operations. The short side of the “L” would be transverse (crosswise) to the shoreline and would be about 15 m (50 ft) long. The long side would be shore parallel at the seaward edge and would be about 61 m (200 ft) long. The berm construction may be adjusted from the design requirements during fill placement depending on actual field conditions. The crosswise side of the berm would be constructed to allow alongshore landward beach access for emergency access at all times.
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Figure 3 - Offshore Borrow Areas (Corps 2010)

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The slurry would be pumped onto the beach between this berm and toe. The berm reduces ocean water turbidity by allowing all the sand to settle inside the bermed area while the seawater is channeled along the berm until it reaches the open end where it drains into the ocean.

Temporary dikes within the berm would allow sand to settle in designated areas. Once a 61 m (200 ft) section of berm is filled in with sand, another 61 m (200 ft) of berm would be created, the pipeline would be moved or extended on the dry beach only into the new berm area, and the process would begin again; the pipeline along the seafloor would not be moved. As the material is deposited behind the berm, the sand would be spread using two bulldozers and one front-end loader to direct the flow of the sand slurry and form a gradual slope to the existing beach elevation. The berm would be subject to the forces of the waves and weather once constructed and would eventually settle down to a natural grade for the beach.

Construction Access and Staging Areas
Beach access for the construction equipment and crew would be split between open space on the beach and a City-owned public parking lot (Figure 4) (Corps 2010). An open area exists along the beach immediately adjacent and north of the Pier and in the immediate vicinity of the Marine Safety Headquarters. It is expected this site would be used for the contractors’ office trailer, parking area for heavy earthmoving equipment, and storage area for dredge pipe and other miscellaneous materials. This site is used extensively for access to the Marine Safety Headquarters and other municipal operations. The contractors’ dredge and vessels would require offsite mooring and berthing space. The nearest suitable mooring area is Dana Point Harbor, a small craft harbor about 8 km (5 mi) north.

Figure 4 Beach Access and Staging Areas (Corps 2010)
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Future Project Beach Profile Monitoring
Long-term shoreline erosion processes create damages through long-term profile translation landward and the increasing potential for wave-related damages. The landward advancing shoreline reduces the beach width available for storm damage protection, thereby increasing the probability of wave-related damages to facilities and structures. Long-term beach erosion also results in the gradual reduction of the beach surface area available for recreation. The peak erosion rate is –0.21 m/yr (–0.7 ft/yr); the maximum erosion rate is -0.46 m/yr (-1.5 ft/yr); and the maximum accretion rate is +0.38 m/yr (+1.24 ft/yr).

The purpose of this monitoring is to allow the timing and the detailed design of the periodic nourishment to be optimized. Changes in beach and seabed morphology would define the sediment transport patterns at the shoreline and ultimately the short-term and long-term beach erosion processes. Alongshore transects would be used to determine the effects, if any, of the proposed project on updrift and/or downdrift shorelines. The monitoring period would be for the 50-year period of Federal involvement. However, not all aspects of the monitoring plan would be conducted each year.

Estimates based on the SANDAG monitoring data suggest the San Clemente fill would erode on average at a rate of 3.9 m/yr (12.8 ft/yr). Beach fill erodes at substantially higher rates than the native beach. Due to the varying nature of the wave climate, sediment supply to the beach, and other factors driving long-shore sediment transport, it is expected that the beach would erode at a greater rate in some years, at a slower rate in some years, and possibly accrete in other years.

Based on a 15-m (50-ft) wide beach and the 3.9 m/yr (12.8 ft/yr) erosion rate, it is anticipated that a fill would last about 6 years on average.

Maintenance nourishment efforts would occur when the shoreline reaches the 0 m/ft base beach width (i.e., about 11 m [35 ft]). Maintenance nourishment efforts would return the beach to the design beach width 15 m (50 ft) and would involve up to 192,000 m3 (251,000 y3) of material.

Maintenance nourishment efforts also would be dependent upon available funding at the time of request.

DESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Vegetation
The terrestrial land along the San Clemente shoreline and adjacent upland areas include residential and commercial development, a train railway, and some vegetation, which is composed primarily of ornamentals and a few patches of native vegetation. The sandy beach back bluffs are outside of the project area. The project study boundary does not include any of the terrestrial vegetation types east of the railroad tracks.

Marine Shoreline and Offshore Habitats
The predominant intertidal habitat along San Clemente’s shoreline is sandy beach, although some rocky outcrops that extend from mid-beach to the low intertidal zone are present at 921
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Mariposa Point, which is north of the Pier. Beyond the surf zone, the seafloor is a mosaic of sand and low-to-high relief patch reef. Some pinnacles of the reef are visible in the near-shore zone at low tide, while two prominent offshore pinnacles break the surface offshore of Mariposa Point and south of the Pier. Other reef habitats are located south of the Pier offshore of T-Street that extends west, and then north around the end of the Pier (Figure 5) (Corps 2010).

Rocky Intertidal
Although the predominant intertidal habitat along San Clemente’s shoreline is sandy beach, an area of significant rocky intertidal is present at Mariposa Point, which is 975 m (3,200 ft) north of the Pier and about 488 m (1,600 ft) north of the northern end of the proposed beach fill site at Linda Lane. Boulders and rocky outcroppings in this area support a variety of algal species [Coastal Resources Management (CRM) 2000]. Boulders in the high intertidal area support filamentous green algae (Enteromorpha spp.). The mid-to-low intertidal algae composition is dominated by encrusting red algae (Lithophyllum spp., Lithothamnion spp.), encrusting brown algae (Pseudolithoderma spp.), and coralline algae (Corallina spp.). Green algae (Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva spp.) and several species of filamentous red algae also occur in these zones.

Larger brown algae species colonize the base of the intertidal reef throughout the area, including palm kelp (Eisenia aborea) and feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii).

Surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi and P. Scouleri) is present in the low intertidal beginning about 91 m (300 ft) offshore of the sand beach. Surfgrass serves as a nursery for California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) and provides shelter for a variety of juvenile and adult fishes.

Surfgrass is present throughout the low intertidal platform of Mariposa Point at a minimum of

0.9 m (3 ft) above the sand line with no more than 2.54 cm (1 in) of sand covering the surface of the rocks. Surfgrass blades in this area are 0.3 to 0.6 m (1 to 2 ft) in length.

A diverse mid-to-low intertidal invertebrate community is found on boulders as well as the surfaces of the low-lying platform reefs at Mariposa Point (CRM 2000). The most common sessile invertebrate in this area is the California mussel (Mytilus caliornianus), which occurs throughout the mid and low intertidal zones, forming masses on the sides and upper surfaces of the boulders and platform reefs. Other common to abundant invertebrates in this area include the solitary and colonial forms of the anemone (Anthopleura aggregate), limpets (Collisella scabra, Tectura spp., Collisella digitalis), chitons (Mopalia muscosa and Nuttalina californica), acorn barnacles (Balanus glandula), and snails (Acanthina spirata). Although not common, the reefbuilding sandcastle tubeworm (Phragmatopoma californica) was found around the base of several boulders in the mid-intertidal zone.

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Figure 5 – Historic Kelp Canopy and Reef Map (Corps 2010)

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Up to ten species of fish use the low-to-minus tidal zones of rocky intertidal habitats in the Southern California Bight (SCB) (MEC 2002). The wooly sculpin (Clinocottus analis) is one of the more commonly encountered fish species in tidepools, but juvenile opaleye (Girella nigricans), rockpool blenny (Hypsoblennius gilberti), spotted kelpfish (Gibbonsia elegans), and California clingfish Gobiesox rhessodon) may also be present (Cross and Allen 1993).

Sandy Intertidal
The shoreline at Mariposa Point consists of a riprap backshore environment that protects the railroad tracks. The rocky intertidal habitat lies seaward of this stretch of sandy beach. A stone revetment to the north and an access road to the south provide backing along the beach at Linda Lane, which is fronted by a steeply sloping sandy beach to the water line. There is also a rock riprap that protects the lifeguard headquarters from wave run-up in front of buildings along this section of the shoreline.

Sandy beaches in California are inhabited by an abundant invertebrate community that is an important food source for vertebrate predators, including shorebirds, seabirds, and fishes (Dugan et al. 2000). Intertidal invertebrates of sandy beaches show a characteristic zonation related to tidal exposure. The composition of the invertebrate community at a given beach, as well as the zonation, tends to be extremely dynamic due to the highly mobile nature of the sandy substrate and the resources on which these animals depend (Dugan and Hubbard 2006). Most exposed sandy beaches have two to three zones inhabited by distinct groups of mobile animals. These zones generally correspond to the relatively dry substrate of the upper intertidal zone at and above the drift line, the damp sand of the mid-intertidal zone, and the wet sand of the lower intertidal zone.

The lower intertidal zone (swash zone) in southern California sandy beaches is dominated by the filter feeding mole crab, Emerita analoga, which moves up and down the beach with the tides.

The polychaete “bloodworm,” Euzonus, also is common in the mid-to-lower intertidal. In the upper intertidal, drift kelp is an important source of food for many invertebrates. Common organisms associated with macrophyte wrack include beach hoppers (Megalorchestia californiana), kelp flies (Coleopa vanduzeei), isopods (Alloniscus perconvexus and Tylos punctata), and various species of beetles.

The sandy intertidal is also used by a near-shore fish, the California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis), which lays its eggs in the high intertidal zone between March and August. Grunions are known to spawn on the beach in the vicinity of the Pier (Corps 2010).

Subtidal Hardbottom
The shallow subtidal zone for much of the project area is a mixture of sand and boulders, with occasional outcrops of exposed shale bedrock (CRM 2000). Historically, offshore kelp beds, dominated by giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) with an understory of feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii) and palm kelp (Eisenia arborea), have been prevalent along this section of coastline. 924
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The kelp canopy within the project area has fluctuated considerably over the last decade. During surveys in June 2000, CRM found low to moderate density kelp beds with little or no surface canopy 610 m (2,000 ft) off of Mariposa Point at depths between –7.0 and –8.5 m (-23 and -28 ft) MLLW. Another bed was observed 198 m (650 ft) off the Pier (T-Street) at a depth of 4.9 m (16 ft) in October 1999. This patch was not observed during the June 2000 survey (CRM 2000).

Much of the kelp observed in June 2000 was ragged and covered with fouling ectoprocts (Bryozoa); however, newly settled recruit plants were also present (CRM 2000). In March 2008, kelp canopy was sparse in the project area. In July 2009, a thick kelp bed was observed on the considerable reef formations offshore and south of the Pier. The kelp bed in 2009 corresponds generally with the historical kelp mapped previously (Figure 5).

The most extensive reef formations in the vicinity of the Pier are located off Mariposa Point, north of the project area. The shallow subtidal reefs off Mariposa Point have well-developed macrophyte growth, including dense stands of understory species of kelp and surfgrass (CRM 2000). These inshore reefs are about 90 to 210 m (300 to 700 ft) from the shoreline, and some of the rocks have several feet of vertical relief. Most, however, are sand inundated boulders less than 0.6 to 1 m (2 to 3 ft) in height. Surfgrass on these shallow, subtidal reefs grows a minimum of 0.3 m (1 ft) above the sand line and have blades up to 0.6 m (2 ft) long. The nearest high relief reef is located 610 m (2,000 ft) offshore of Mariposa Point (Washrock Reef) at depths between - 7 and -8.4 m (-23 and -28 ft) MLLW. A 120 m by 60 m (400 ft by 200 ft) patch of giant kelp was observed inshore of the Washrock Reef just north of the Pier at a depth of 8 m (26 ft) in October 1999, which persisted at least through June 2000 (CRM 2000). The apex of Washrock Reef is dominated by mussels (Mytilus californianus and M. edulis).

Other characteristic reef organisms observed during the CRM June 2000 survey included gorgonians (Muricea californica and M. fructicosa), keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata), purple and red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus), California sea cucumber (Parastichopus californicus), Kellet's whelk (Kelletia kelletii), and sea stars (Pisaster brevispinus and P. giganteus). Fishes observed included spotted sand bass (Paralabrax maculofasciatus), kelp bass (P. clathratus), seniorita (Oxyjulis californicus), bat ray (Myliobatis californica), and black perch (Embiotica jacksoni).

Other fishes that are commonly associated with near-shore reef habitats with developed stands of perennial vegetation above 1 m (3 ft) in height also would be expected to occur within the project area, which include barred sand bass (P. nebulifer); shiner, walleye, and dwarf surfperches (Embiotocidae); California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher); garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus); jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus); giant kelpfish (Heterostichus rostratus); painted greenling (Oxylebius pictus); and halfmoon (Medialuna californiensis) (MEC 2002, Thompson et al. 1993).

Offshore the northern end of the proposed beach fill site at Linda Lane, low relief boulders occur at depths greater than 2.7 m (9 ft) MLLW (CRM 2000). Boulders appear to be frequently scoured and are characterized by growth of red turf algae and crustose corallines. CRM observed surfgrass at this depth off the northern portion of the Linda Lane area, about 90 m (300 925
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ft) from the shoreline. The surfgrass occurred on the upper surfaces of 0.3 m (1 ft) high boulders. Blades were approximately 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 ft) long.

Chambers Group surveyed for surfgrass in the project area in March of 2008 and July 2009 (Figure 6). Only scattered patches of surfgrass were observed offshore of the northern portion of the proposed sand placement area between the Pier and Linda Lane. South of the Pier, cobble and reef habitat occur offshore beginning at a depth of -1.2 to -1.5 m (-4 to -5 ft) MLLW and extending to at least -3.3 m (-11 ft) MLLW (CRM 2000). Surfgrass meadows are located approximately 90 m (300 ft) from the shoreline on T-Street Reef starting at a water depth of between -1.2 and -1.8 m (-4 and -6 ft) MLLW and extending offshore to a water depth of between -3.3 and -3.9 m (-11 and -13 ft) MLLW. The surfgrass grows on 0.3 to 0.6 m (1 to 2 ft) high boulders and has blades that are 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 ft) long. Farther offshore surfgrass cover declines. Surfgrass at the deeper depths (-3.3 m [-11 ft] MLLW) grows on 0.3 m (1 ft) high boulders inundated with sand. In some cases, two-thirds of the length of the surfgrass blades were covered with sand and only 0.3 m (1 ft) of the blades remained above the sand line.

The subtidal reef habitat south of the Pier is extensive and angles around the tip of San Clemente Pier. Larger macrophytes observed on the reef include giant kelp, feather boa kelp (Endarchne binghamiae) and bladder chain kelp (Cystoseira/Halidrys) (CRM 2000). A small patch of giant kelp consisting of 12 plants was observed 197 m (650 ft) south of the Pier at a depth of 5 m (16 ft) in October 1999, but it was not observed in June 2000. Kelp canopy was observed on the entire reef in July 2009.

Subtidal Softbottom
Benthic invertebrate species typical of Southern California nearshore soft bottom habitats include polychaete worms (e.g., Diopatra spp., Loimia medusa, Pista pacifica), sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus), crabs (Heterocrypta occidentalis, Portunis xantusii, Randallia ornata), hermit crabs (Pagurus spp., Pagurites spp.), marine snails (Nassarius fossatus, Olivella biplicata, Polinices spp.), clams (Ensis spp.), armored sea stars (Astropecten armatus), tube anemones (Harenactis attenuata, Zaolutus actius), sea pens (Stylatula elongata), and sea pansies (Renilla kollikeri) (MEC 2002, Thompson et al., 1993).

Fish commonly found over shallow, sandy subtidal habitat [less than 9 m (30 ft)] in southern California include California halibut (Paralichthys californicus), speckled sanddabs (Citharichthys stigmaeus), barred surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), bat ray (Myliobatus californica), and shovelnose guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus) (MEC 2002, SANDAG 2000). Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus), Pacific bonito (Sarda chiliensis), and topsmelt (Athernops affinis) are commonly encountered in the water column just beyond the surfzone (MEC 2002, SANDAG 2000).

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Figure 6 – Surfgrass/Reef Survey and Sand Placement and Equilibrium Footprints (Corps 2010)

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Borrow Site
The proposed borrow site offshore of the City of Oceanside (SO-9) was described by SANDAG (2000). The proposed borrow site consists of sand bottom habitat at between 14 and 18 m (45 and 60 ft) water depth. Fishes and invertebrates found in the vicinity of the Oceanside borrow site are typical of these depths on southern California offshore soft bottoms (SANDAG 2000).

The most abundant invertebrate taxa identified for the Oceanside borrow site include several species of polychaete worms (Diopatra spp., Euclymeninae sp., Melinna oculata, Metasychis disparidentatus, Paraprionospio pinnata, Petalodymene pacifica, Pista disjuncta, Spiophanes missionensis, Streblosoma sp.) and the amphipod Ampelisca cristata (SANDAG 2000).

Abundant fish species include longfin sanddab (Citharichthys xanthostigma), barred sand bass (Paralabrax nebulifer), California halibut, California lizardfish (Synodus lucioceps), and fantail sole (Xystreurys liolepis) (SANDAG 2000).

Wildlife
Wildlife detected within the majority of the project area includes species typically associated with sandy beach habitat that is highly disturbed due to heavy use as recreational beach.

Shorebirds and seabirds are described below. Terrestrial wildlife that would be expected include American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), rock doves (Columba livia), and California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Although the project reach is within heavily-urbanized downtown San Clemente, there are some canyons, including Linda Lane, the canyon between Cazador Land and Trafalgar Lane/Esplanade, and the canyon just south of T-Street that would be expected to support urban adapted mammals, including coyote (Canis latrans), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

These mammals may occasionally wander onto the beach at night or early morning in search of prey.

Birds
A variety of resident and migratory seabirds and shorebirds are commonly observed along southern California beaches and offshore waters. Seabirds, such as pelicans, terns, and cormorants, forage for fish in the nearshore ocean. Gulls and shorebirds use sandy upper tidal beaches as roosts. Gulls feed on fish and invertebrates, particularly near the edge of the kelp canopy. Shorebirds probe for invertebrates in the damp sands of the middle and low intertidal zones, and some species also forage for small fish and invertebrates in the rocky intertidal. Kelp and surfgrass that have washed ashore harbor invertebrates and provide good foraging areas for gulls and shorebirds.

The seabirds that are most commonly observed along the beaches and ocean waters offshore of Orange and San Diego counties include Heerman’s gull (Larus heermanni), ring-billed gull (L. delawarensis), western gull (L. occidentalis), California brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus), surf scoter (Melinita perspicillata), terns (Sterna spp.), grebes (Podicipedidae), double-crested (Phalacrocorax auritus), and pelagic (P. pelagicus) cormorants (Chambers Group 2002, MEC 2002).
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A variety of shorebirds would be expected to use the beach in the vicinity of the Pier.

Commonly observed species include the following shorebirds: marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa), sanderling (Calidris alba), whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), black-bellied plover (Pluvialis squatarola), western sandpiper (Calidris mauri), and least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) (McConnaughey and McConnaughey 1988, Chambers Group 2002, MEC 2002).

Marine Mammals
The marine mammals that occur in the Southern California Bight have been described in detail in previous studies and environmental documents (e.g., Bonnell et al. 1981, 1983; Bonnell and Dailey 1993; Dohl et al. 1981, 1983; ADL 1984; Barlow et al. 1995, 1997; Barlow and Gerrodette 1996; Koski et al. 1998; DeLong and Melin 2000; Stewart and Yochem 2000). As many as 36 species of marine mammals inhabit or visit the Southern California Bight, including 6 species of pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), 29 species of cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and the sea otter; however, only the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi), Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates), Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and Common dolphin (Delphinus spp.) are expected to occur in the nearshore waters of the San Clemente study area on a regular basis.

Essential Fish Habitat
In accordance with the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Management and Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.), an assessment of Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) will be conducted for the proposed project. The project is located within an area designated as EFH for two Fishery Management Plans (FMPs): Coastal Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan and Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Many of the 86 species federally managed under these plans are known or expected to occur in the area and could be affected by the proposed project. All of the five species managed under the Coastal Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan are likely to occur in the project area. These pelagic species are northern anchovy, Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus), jack mackerel, and market squid (Loligo opalescens). About 16 species managed under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan are likely to occur in the project area. These species include leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata), big skate (Raja binoculata), spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus), four species of flatfish (Pleuronichthys decurrens, Microstomus pacificus, Pleuronectes vetulis, Citharichthys sordidus), and at least eight species of rockfish (Sebastes chrysomelas, S. auriculatus, S. caurinus, S. rastrelliger, S. atrovirens, S. serranoides, S. serriceps and Scorpaena guttata).

Special Status Listed Species
Sensitive terrestrial plants and animals are not expected to occur in the project area because of a lack of natural terrestrial habitat within the project footprint. Sensitive species with the potential 929
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to occur on the beach in the project area or offshore in the vicinity of the borrow sites and/or the beach fill site are described below.

California Brown Pelican
The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), including the California brown pelican subspecies (P. o. californicus), was delisted by the Service from the Federal endangered species list on November 17, 2009 (74 FR 59443). The California brown pelican was delisted from the State endangered species list on June 3, 2009 [California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) 2011a], but it is still designated as a Fully Protected Species under the Fish and Game Code (CDFG 2011a).

California Least Tern
The California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni, “least tern”) was listed as endangered on October 13, 1970 (35 FR 16047), and State-listed as endangered on June 27, 1971 (CDFG 2011b). A recovery plan for the species was published in 1980 (Service 1980) and was revised in 1985 (Service 1985). Critical habitat was never designated. The breeding range of the least tern population includes specific localized breeding colonies occupied from about April to September each year. Colonies are usually in proximity to lagoons or estuary or river confluences with the ocean environs where they obtain most of the small fish they consume, although they may also forage up to 3.2 to 4.8 km (2 to 3 mi) from the beach in the near shore.

Large numbers of least terns breed on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (MCBCP), 19 to 22 km (12 to 14 mi) south of the project area. In 2006, there were 1,423 nesting pairs of least terns at MCBCP (Marschalek 2007), with most (1,265) of these pairs documented at the mouth of the Santa Margarita River. The nearest colonies to the project area were at White Beach, about 22 km (14 mi) south of the proposed beach fill site where 137 pairs bred in 2006 and at Red Beach, about 19 km (12 mi) south of the project site where 21 pairs bred (Marschalek 2007). The Oceanside borrow site is within the foraging range of the Santa Margarita River colony. Least terns are known to use the near shore waters for foraging as they make their northbound and southbound migration treks. There are no known records of least terns using the Pier sandy beach habitat for nesting or for night roosts.

Western Snowy Plover
The coastal population of the western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus, “snowy plover”) was listed as threatened on March 5, 1993 (58 FR 12864). A recovery plan for this species was finalized in 2007 (Service 2007). Designation of critical habitat was published in the Federal Register on December 7, 1999 (64 FR 68507), and was last revised in 2005 (Service 2005). This population is defined as those individuals that nest adjacent to tidal waters and includes all nesting birds on the mainland coast, peninsulas, offshore islands, adjacent bays, estuaries, and coastal rivers. The breeding range extends along the Pacific coast of North America from southern Washington to southern Baja California, Mexico. The winter range is 930
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somewhat broader and may extend to Central America (Page et al. 1995); however, most snowy plovers winter south of California.

The nesting habitat of the coastal population is mainly dune-backed beaches, barrier beaches, salt flats, and salt evaporation ponds. Habitat of wintering birds includes beaches where nesting is not known to occur. In the U.S., over 150 currently used or historical nesting and/or wintering areas have been identified, most of which (about 85 percent) are in California (Corps 2010).

Although it is possible that snowy plovers intermittently use the beaches within the project area during the winter months and during migration, the project area has not been documented as an important wintering area nor have snowy plovers been documented to nest within the project area, which consists of beaches subjected to a high degree of human use. San Onofre Beach, about 8 km (5 mi) south of the proposed project area, in northern San Diego County, has been designated as critical habitat for the snowy plover (Service 2005). Snowy plovers have nested along less than 15 km (9.3 mi) of coastline on MCBCP, including the southernmost portions of Gold Beach, near the marsh area of Red Beach, around protected least tern sites at the mouth of Aliso Creek at White Beach, along most of Section F or Cockleburr Beach, and in the Santa Margarita River Estuary at Blue Beach and generally along open beach areas in between (Forster 2010).

Marine Mammals
Two species of federally threatened pinnipeds, Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) and the Stellar sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), and six species of federally endangered whales, blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), sei whale (B. borealis), fin whale (B. physalus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), northern right whale (Blaena glacialis), and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), potentially occur in the nearshore waters off San Clemente and Oceanside. These species potentially could occur in project area waters; however, their presence is considered highly unlikely and is not expected.

IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Implementation of the proposed initial and subsequent beach replenishment efforts are expected to result in direct, indirect, and cumulative effects to biological resources during dredging, staging of equipment offshore of the beach replenishment sites, and placement of sand on the replenishment sites. These effects are expected to include direct mortality to biological resources, especially benthic invertebrates. Indirect effects could also occur from increased turbidity, night lighting, and migration of sand from the replenishment sites onto reef and surfgrass areas. Cumulative effects could be experienced over the course of the proposed project through the repetitive replenishment of the beach areas.

Bottlenose dolphins are the marine mammal most likely to occur within the project area.

However, it is assumed that these and other marine mammals will avoid the project area since they have a much wider foraging area than will be impacted by the project. 931
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Impacts to Birds and Benthic Invertebrates [15 m (50 ft) Beach Width] Dredging operations will impact approximately 37 ha (91 ac) at Borrow Area 2 [including 3.7 ha (9.1 ac) at Borrow Area 2A) over the 50-year life of the project (Figure 3). Dredging operations at the borrow site will result in the mortality of any benthic invertebrates present. This will cause a temporary reduction in the localized prey base for fishes that feed on benthic invertebrates within the immediate borrow site. It is assumed that the benthic community will be able to recover within between 6 months and 2 years [California State Lands Commission (CSLC) 2001].

Beach fill operations will also impact the invertebrates present in the sandy intertidal areas. This loss of prey base could affect shorebirds that forage in the intertidal area. It is anticipated that shorebirds will avoid the project area. Additionally, the loss of prey base is considered to be temporary since the sandy intertidal invertebrate community has been observed to recover from sand burial within a few months (Burlas et al. 2001, Parr and Lacy 1978).

Dredging and beach fill operations generate turbidity plumes, which could impact invertebrates and fish and could hinder sight-feeding birds, such as the brown pelican, from capturing their fish prey. Turbidity may also affect the light regime, which may impact the surfgrass and kelp habitat. The size and extent of the turbidity plumes that could be created is unknown. Therefore, the level of impact from the turbidity plumes on in-water flora and fauna and to sight-feeding birds is unknown. The high sand content of the dredged material is expected to limit the extent of turbidity plumes from both the dredging and beach fill operations. For the dredging operations, the use of a hopper dredge and site depth is also expected to limit the amount of turbidity underwater and at the water surface. For the beach fill operations, placement of sediments behind a berm is expected to confine turbidity plumes to primarily the naturally turbid surf zone and associated rip currents. In addition, it is anticipated that shorebirds will avoid the immediate areas where people and equipment are constructing the beach.

The greater amount of sand on San Clemente beach following beach nourishment may have a beneficial effect on marine birds by increasing resting habitat. A beach nourishment project in Encinitas performed by the SANDAG appeared to have a positive effect on bird use of the receiver beaches (SAIC 2005). Prior to beach nourishment, few birds were observed on beaches with extensive cobble cover or shallow sand depths in the upper and middle intertidal zones.

Following beach nourishment, the total number of bird species and bird abundance increased on receiver sites and was higher than on non-receiver sites. The increase in bird use at the sand placement sites following beach nourishment was thought to be a result of the greater beach widths created by the beach nourishment project.

The project is not anticipated to impact the least tern or the snowy plover. The project is scheduled to occur completely outside of the least tern breeding season (April 1 – September 15), and snowy plovers have not been documented (either none were detected or surveys were not conducted) to nest or winter within the project area (Service 2011a, b), which consists of beaches subjected to a high degree of human use.
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Impacts to Sensitive Habitats [15 m (50 ft) Beach Width] Sensitive habitats, including kelp beds, surfgrass, and rocky intertidal areas may be impacted by sand placement, anchors for the mono buoy (where the hopper dredge will moor while it discharges sand to the beach), and the placement of the sinker pipeline that will pump sediment to shore from the hopper dredge. Impacts from these activities could include crushing organisms, burial of organisms, and scraping surfgrass, algae, or attached invertebrates.

Surfgrass and giant kelp are considered to be particularly valuable marine habitats because they provide shelter for fishes and invertebrates and attachment sites for sessile invertebrates and form the basis of many marine food chains, both as living material and detritus. Surfgrass and giant kelp beds occur in limited areas along the southern California coast, usually on hard bottom substrate, compared to much more common soft bottom habitat.

The sand placement footprint does not include any kelp beds, surfgrass, or rocky intertidal areas (Figure 6). Pre-construction surveys will be conducted to identify anchor and pipeline locations to avoid sensitive resources. Most of the surfgrass grows on T-Street Reef, so it is possible to avoid this reef when laying the pipeline. To avoid impacts to reefs that support kelp and other sensitive species, such as gorgonians and surfgrass, the hopper dredge will moor inshore of these reefs, which are located about 300 to 400 m (1,000 to 1,300 ft) from the beach. In addition, the sand placement footprint does not include any sensitive habitats. Therefore, it is anticipated that direct impacts to sensitive habitats will be avoided.

After initial placement, the sand may move upcoast, downcoast, or offshore, depending on the magnitude, direction, and period of waves, and eventually establish an equilibrium footprint in which cross shore sand movement is expected to occur (Figure 6). Monitoring of the SANDAG beach fill project at Oceanside showed a net sand movement to the south, although some northerly movement occurred during summer months (due to south swells). The beach in San Clemente is more south facing than Oceanside and therefore could be subject to more northerly movement during summer months. The sand is expected to move out of the equilibrium footprint within 6 years.

The nearest significant rocky intertidal area to project area is at Mariposa Point, about 485 m (1,600 ft) north of the northern end of the beach fill site at Linda Lane. According to the predicted equilibrium footprint, sand is not expected to extend as far north as Mariposa Point.

The predicted equilibrium footprint suggests that most of the sediment accumulation will occur in the inshore area to about 259 m (850 ft) from the shoreline (Figure 6). Surfgrass in this area grows on 0.3 to 0.6 m (1 to 2 ft) boulders and has average blade lengths of 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 ft). Burial of surfgrass and reef on the outer portions of T-Street reef is expected to be minimal.

Therefore, the equilibrium footprint is expected to result in a range of impacts between no burial of surfgrass on the larger rocks and partial burial on the smaller boulders.

The roots and rhizomes of surfgrass are normally exposed (Craig et al. 2008), and the degree of sand burial surfgrass can withstand is not well documented (SANDAG 2000). Studies have 933
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demonstrated that short-term burial of surfgrass results in shoot mortality, decreased shoot counts, and reduced growth (Craig et al. 2008). CRM (2000) observed surfgrass in the deepest portion of T-Street Reef with two-thirds of its blades covered with sand, which suggests surfgrass can withstand temporary burial of up to two-thirds of its blade length. However, surfgrasses have late successional traits, and experiments have demonstrated that the recovery of surfgrass after disturbance was slow and variable (Craig et al. 2008, Turner 1985).

Surfgrass appears to be an important habitat for near-shore fishes, and studies demonstrate that surfgrass loss from disturbance has negative effects on recruitment (Galst and Anderson 2008).

Galst and Anderson (2008) experimentally disturbed reefs by removing surfgrass, which resulted in significant decreases in the density of fish recruitment. This loss of fish density may reduce the available prey base for shorebirds.

Re-nourishment [15 m (50 ft) Beach Width]
Impacts to marine organisms from re-nourishment, about every 6 years, will be expected to be similar to those of initial beach construction. Each re-nourishment event will involve about 192,000 m3 for an estimated eight re-nourishment cycles over the project life.

Rocky Reef/Surfgrass Monitoring, Mitigation, and Reporting Plan (as proposed by the Corps)
Rocky Reef/Surfgrass Habitat
This appendix outlines 1) a pre- and post-construction monitoring program for rocky reef/surfgrass habitat in the San Clemente Pier area (Reach 6) to determine if project mitigation would be necessary; 2) a preliminary mitigation implementation plan, if mitigation is determined to be necessary; and 3) a preliminary mitigation monitoring plan, if mitigation is determined to be necessary. The final monitoring plan will be prepared during the pre-construction engineering design (PED) phase of the project. The details of these plans will be finalized in conference with knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine ecologists. The monitoring shall be performed by knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine biologists. These knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine ecologists may come from a variety of various agencies, organizations, institutions, or community centers of practice and expertise, such as academia - University of California, Corps Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Western Ecological Research Center, other federal and state agencies, as well as consulting marine ecologists. CDFG, FWS, and NMFS regulatory resources agency staff will also be involved with the review process.

Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Plan
The Proposed Project has been designed to avoid or minimize impacts to sensitive biological resources to the maximum extent practicable. Currently, potential project impacts have been identified using a conservative coastal engineering model. The nature of the coastal engineering 934
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model has uncertainties due to multiple variables within the natural environment. Impacts to rocky reef and surfgrass reef are expected to be none to very minor, but currently are unknown.

A post-construction monitoring strategy has been developed to determine if the project results in permanent loss of either rocky reef and/or surf grass. Based on the model, it is estimated that in a worst case scenario about 20 percent of the reef or 0.4 ha (1 ac) may be impacted by the beach fill. For the purpose of costing, it is assumed that 0.4 ha (1 ac) of surfgrass and an additional 0.4 ha (1 ac) of reef without surfgrass could be impacted and require compensatory mitigation.

Mitigation would be triggered only if certain conditions occur during, and persist through, the two year post-construction monitoring period, as there may be transitory effects and subsequent recovery that would not be apparent in a shorter period of time. Persist means that observed sand burial of reef and/or loss of surfgrass continues to be significantly different on T-street reef compared to controls in all monitoring periods after the initial observed effect. During the two year post-construction monitoring, the reference site will be monitored to assess the natural variation, if possible, in rocky reef and surfgrass reef. Other published and unpublished literature will also be used in this analysis.

The following criterion is suggested as a potential trigger for implementing the potential mitigation.
• A persistent decrease in surfgrass cover or surfgrass density and an increase in sand cover and/or depth that is statistically significantly different than the controls and the baseline at the 0.05 confidence level (i.e., p-value = 0.05).

Actual triggers would be determined in coordination with knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine biologists and specific resource agencies prior to initiation of post-construction monitoring activities. These knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine ecologists may come from a variety of various agencies, organizations, institutions, or community centers of practice and expertise, such as academia - University of California, Corps Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, USGS Western Ecological Research Center, other federal and state agencies, as well as consulting marine ecologists. CDFG, FWS, and NMFS regulatory resources agency staff will also be involved with the review process.

Proposed Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Activities Prior to the implementation of the monitoring program, the extent of reef habitat throughout the entire predicted equilibrium footprint for the project will be mapped using side scan sonar or another appropriate method. This information will be used in the Monitoring Plan to establish transect lines.

Transects shall be established in the rocky reef area containing the surfgrass bed on T-Street reef (Project area) and in a control area of similar depth upcoast of the beach fill near Mariposa Point.

Mariposa Point is considered an appropriate control because 1) it is close to the Project area and thus subjected to a similar wave climate, 2) supports surfgrass at a range of depths similar to TStreet reef, and 3) is upcoast of the beach fill out of the path of littoral drift, which is strongly 935
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downcoast in the San Clemente area. The transects shall be permanent transects with repeated use during all monitoring stages. Transects should cover, at a minimum, the inshore portion, middle, and offshore portion of the reef. The same number of transects should be established in the control area as in the T-Street reef area, and the transects should be at similar depths. On each transect, the following parameters should be monitored at a minimum: 1) surfgrass density (i.e., number of shoots per square meter), 2) percent cover of surfgrass, sand, and rock, and 3) sand depth. The line intercept method is recommended for measuring percent cover and sand depth.

Transects should be monitored at the following intervals:

Pre-project monitoring (two years previous to beach nourishment):
- Twice within winter/spring
- Twice within summer/fall
Pre-project baseline monitoring (one year previous to beach nourishment):
- within one month prior to start
- 3 months prior to start
- 6 months prior to start
- 1 year prior to start
Post-construction:

Year One
- within one month after completion
- 3 months after completion
- 6 months after completion
- 1 year after completion
Year Two
- Twice within winter/spring
- Twice within summer/fall
Biological resources within the project area identified as potentially being impacted include surfgrass patches and rocky reef habitat at T-Street. Because a survey was not conducted to delineate the T-street reef, the general area of the T-street reef was based on the outer extent of mapped surfgrass locations [approximately 2 ha (5 ac)]. Actual delineation of the T-street reef will need to be identified prior to the pre-construction survey. This survey would use side scan sonar or another appropriate methodology to delineate T-street reef and other reef habitat within the potential equilibrium footprint of the sand placement. Potential project impacts to these resources were based on modeling that indicates sand movement may extend to the offshore/outer edge of the reef; however, sand at the offshore/outer edge of the reef would be thin and not significant. Potential burial of the inshore edge of T-Street reef is uncertain; however, in a reasonable worst case scenario, approximately 20 percent of the inshore edge of the T-Street reef area [about 0.4 ha (1 ac)] may be buried. These knowledgeable, experienced, 936
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and qualified marine ecologists may come from a variety of various agencies, organizations, institutions, or community centers of practice and expertise, such as academia - University of California, Corps Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, USGS Western Ecological Research Center, other federal and state agencies, as well as consulting marine ecologists. CDFG, FWS, and NMFS regulatory resources agency staff will also be involved with the review process. If significant impacts to these biological resources are observed, renourishment events would be modified to avoid or minimize impacts to the extent practicable and project mitigation would be implemented.

Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Costs
Pre-construction Monitoring
This cost assumes that permanent transects will be established. One day is allotted to install the markers and up to four days to conduct the survey at both the reference site and T-street reef, taking into consideration the wave environment in the project area and assuming three transects.

This survey is assumed to occur within one year prior to construction activities. a. Side-scan sonar survey $200,000
b. Pre-construction Monitoring:
(two years prior to beach nourishment):
o Twice within winter/spring; Twice within summer/fall: $131,000 c. Pre-construction Baseline Monitoring:
(one year prior to beach nourishment):
o 4 events (one month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year) $120,000 d. Pre-construction Report (2 years prior and 1 year prior) $ 10,000 Subtotal $461,000
Post-Construction Monitoring
This cost assumes that permanent transects will be established. One day is allotted to find or reinstall the markers and up to four days to conduct the survey at both the reference site and Tstreet reef, assuming three transects. a. Year One
o 4 events (one month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year): $120,000 b. Year Two
o Twice within winter/spring; Twice within summer/fall: $ 131,000 c. Post-construction Report (Years One and Two) $ 10,000 Subtotal $261,000
Renourishment Pre- and Post-Construction Surveys
A standardized and consistent survey protocol will be developed during the PED phase for future beach renourishment cycles. The information collected from monitoring during the initial 937
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nourishment event will provide baseline information to compare future beach conditions.

Because baseline information will be readily available for the Project site, the survey protocol for renourishment activities will focus on a single pre- and post-construction survey rather than the monitoring period proposed for initial nourishment activities.

Project Mitigation
If mitigation were required based on results of the post-construction monitoring, rocky reef and surfgrass mitigation shall each be conducted at an equivalent functional value to the impacted area. Because it will take at least two years to identify impacts, some temporal loss of surfgrass, if impacts were to occur, is unavoidable. Recovery of impacted resources will also occur as sand is redistributed within the littoral cell. Additionally, if impacts were to occur, future beach fills would be modified to avoid future impacts; any observed burial of reef or surfgrass would be temporary because sand would be expected to move out of the project area.

Reef habitat mitigation shall be constructed at an equivalent functional value of shallow and deep water reef proportional to the area of surfgrass on reef impacted. The area of surfgrass loss will be mitigated with an equal area of shallow water reef; the area of reef without surfgrass will be mitigated as deep water reef. Shallow water reef would be constructed on the offshore/outer edge of the existing reef; deep water reef would be constructed at approximately 9.1-m (30-ft) water depth. Shallow water reef shall be constructed with a final top elevation of -3.1 to -4.3 m (-10 to -14 ft) Mean Lower Low Water. Construction of a reef that is shallower than the outer edge of T-Street reef is not proposed because construction methods would not be practical (e.g., a barge with the reef construction materials would not be able to operate in very shallow water).

Construction of a very shallow reef would need to be constructed by building a temporary road from shore; such a road would have significant impacts. Although the surfgrass mitigation reef would be deeper than the impact area, if surfgrass transplants are successful, the slightly deeper reef would replace the lost surfgrass resource. Deep water reef shall be constructed similar to the Southern California Edison Reefs constructed as mitigation for the impacts of the San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant. For example, if the monitoring shows 0.4 ha (1 ac) of reef impact and 0.4 ha (1 ac) of surfgrass impact, 0.4 ha (1 ac) of shallow water reef would be constructed and 0.4 ha (1 ac) of deep water reef. Mitigation would be implemented in the Project area at sites to be determined in coordination with knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine biologists.

These knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine ecologists may come from a variety of various agencies, organizations, institutions, or community centers of practice and expertise, such as academia - University of California, Corps Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, USGS Western Ecological Research Center, other federal and state agencies, as well as consulting marine ecologists. CDFG, FWS, and NMFS regulatory resources agency staff will also be involved with the review process.

Although several studies currently are being conducted to determine how to successfully transplant surfgrass and may show potential for success, success rates to date have not been consistent. Due to the absence of an established, successful method for mitigation of loss of surfgrass itself, proposed mitigation currently is focused upon restoration of the rocky reef that 938
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surfgrass currently uses as habitat. However, as previously described, if it is determined that surfgrass has been affected by the Project and a change is shown not to be due to natural variation, an experimental surfgrass transplant shall be implemented in addition to the construction of a shallow rocky reef. Currently, surfgrass transplant success is much higher for subtidal than for intertidal conditions and, therefore, surfgrass mitigation efforts for this project will focus on subtidal transplants only. The methodology for the surfgrass transplant shall be the transplant of sprigs from a donor bed to the new reef using the method developed by Bull et al. (2004). The contractor may propose an alternative transplant method, if evidence can be presented that the alternative method has as great or greater chance of success as the sprig transplant method. To avoid harvesting effects to the subject surfgrass bed, donor material will be taken from a larger area of surfgrass.

A fraction of the shallow water reef shall be test planted with surfgrass. The transplant will be conducted in the late summer/early fall, the time of year when most surfgrass seeds are released and germinate in southern California.

An area equal to approximately 25 percent of the surfgrass impact area [not to exceed 0.04 ha (0.1 ac)] will be test planted. Success of the transplant shall be determined after six months based on survivorship, percentage change in the number of leaves and the amount of areal coverage. The experimental transplant will be considered successful if the sprigs survive and there is a net increase in number of leaves and aerial coverage. Experimental surfgrass transects have shown that if the transplant is not successful, the transplants die and the reef is bare. If the transplants survive, surfgrass grows. If the test transplant is successful, the remainder of the surfgrass impact area will be planted on the shallow water reef with surfgrass. If the test transplant is unsuccessful, mitigation will be conducted out of kind using kelp transplant on the deep water reef at an equivalent functional value; one acre, in the case of the costed scenario.

Project Mitigation Monitoring Plan
Similar to the Post-Construction Monitoring Plan, transects shall be established in the rocky reef area containing the surfgrass bed on the mitigation reef (if the experimental surfgrass transplant is successful) and in a reference site (control area) of similar depth upcoast near Mariposa Point.

The transects shall be permanent transects. The same number of transects should be established in the control area as in the mitigation areas and transects should be at similar depths. On each surfgrass transect, the following parameters should be monitored at a minimum: 1) surfgrass density (i.e., number of shoots per square meter), 2) percent cover of surfgrass, sand, and rock, 3) sand depth, and 4) identification and quantity of flora and fauna. The line intercept method is recommended for measuring percent cover and sand depth. 939
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Transects should be monitored at the following intervals, if successful:

Post-mitigation implementation:

Year One
- within one month after completion
- 3 months after completion
- 6 months after completion
- 1 year after completion
Years Two through Five
- Once within winter/spring
- Once within summer/fall
Success Criteria
Success criteria of surfgrass would include determining if measured parameters are significantly different than the reference transects. Success criteria for the mitigation reef itself would include no complete permanent burial of the reef. Because of the predominantly sandy bottom environment in the project area, placement of the deep water rocky reef would be considered successful if a characteristic invertebrate and fish community were to become established. On each surfgrass transect, the following parameters should be monitored and evaluated at a minimum: 1) surfgrass density (i.e., number of shoots per square meter), 2) percent cover of surfgrass, sand, and rock, 3) sand depth, and 4) identification and quantity of flora and fauna.

The line intercept method is recommended for measuring percent cover and sand depth. Specific success criteria will be developed during the Preconstruction, Engineering and Design (PED) phase. General success criteria will consist of the following:

1. Approximately 50% - 60% of the fish, invertebrates, and algae found at the reference site occur at the mitigation site two years post-mitigation.

2. Approximately 50% - 60% of surfgrass survival at the mitigation site two years postmitigation implementation.

Project Mitigation Monitoring Costs
Reef Construction and Transplant Costs
Costs for reef construction and transplant costs would be based on actual impacts. The estimated costs for 0.4 ha (1 ac) of shallow surfgrass reef and 0.4 ha (1 ac) of deep water reef are provided below for reference. This scenario assumes successful test transplant operations. If test transplant operations are not successful, then compensatory mitigation would be triggered.

Shallow water reef design and construction (1 acre) $2 million

Deep water reef construction (1 acre) $500,000
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Surfgrass transplant (1 acre)
Test (0.1 acre) $25,000
Mitigation – if Test successful (0.9 acre) $225,000
Subtotal (test successful) $2,750,000

Deep water reef construction (1 acre) $500,000

Surfgrass transplant (1 acre)
Test (0.1 acre) $25,000
Subtotal (test not successful) $525,000
Project Mitigation Monitoring Activities
a. Year One $120,000
o after implementation - 4 events (one month, 3
months, 6 months, 1 year)
b. Year Two $65,500
o 2 events (once within winter/spring; once within
summer/fall)
c. Annual Report Years One and Two $5,000
Subtotal (test successful) $190,500
Compensatory Mitigation
If the surfgrass test planting is not successful, then out-of-kind and potentially off-site compensatory mitigation that has an equivalent functional value to the area of surfgrass on reef impacted is to occur via kelp planting on the deep water reef constructed during the previous project mitigation. Using the example of 0.4 ha (1 ac) of reef impacts and 0.4 ha (1 ac) of surfgrass impacts, if the surfgrass transplant is not successful, 0.4 ha (1 ac) of kelp will be planted on the 0.4 ha (1 ac) of deep water reef built during the project mitigation. All mitigation for kelp shall be monitored for 5 years.

Compensatory Mitigation Monitoring Plan
Similar to the Post-Construction Monitoring Plan, transects shall be established in the rocky reef area containing the kelp bed on the deep water mitigation reef (if the surfgrass transplant is unsuccessful) and in a reference site (control area) of similar depth upcoast near Mariposa Point.

The transects shall be permanent transects. The same number of transects should be established in the control area as in the mitigation areas and transects should be at similar depths. On each kelp transect, the following parameters should be monitored at a minimum: 1) kelp density (number of kelp plants per square meter) of each age class, 2) holdfast diameter of each adult kelp plant on the transect, 3) number of stipes of each adult kelp plant on the transect and 4) identification and quantity of associated flora and fauna. 941
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Transects should be monitored at the following intervals:

Post-compensatory mitigation implementation:

Year One
- within one month after completion
- 3 months after completion
- 6 months after completion
- 1 year after completion
Years Two through Five
- Once within winter/spring
- Once within summer/fall
Success Criteria
Success criteria of kelp would include determining if the measured parameters are significantly different than the reference transects. Success criteria for the mitigation reef itself (if it is not planted with kelp) would include no complete permanent burial of the reef. Because of the predominantly sandy bottom environment in the project area, placement of the deep water rocky reef would be considered successful if a characteristic invertebrate and fish community were to become established. On each kelp transect, the following parameters should be monitored and evaluated at a minimum: 1) kelp density (number of kelp plants per square meter) of each age class, 2) holdfast diameter of each adult kelp plant on the transect, 3) number of stipes of each adult kelp plant on the transect and 4) identification and quantity of associated flora and fauna.

Specific success criteria will be developed during the Preconstruction, Engineering and Design (PED) phase. General success criteria will consist of the following:

1. Approximately 50% - 60% of the fish, invertebrates, and algae found at the reference site occur at the mitigation site two years post-mitigation.

2. Approximately 50% - 60% of kelp survival at the mitigation site two years postmitigation implementation.

Compensatory Mitigation Installation/Implementation Costs Kelp Transplant Costs
Costs for transplant costs would be based on actual impacts. The costs of reef construction are included above in Project Mitigation for the surfgrass mitigation. This assumes the shallow water reef and deep water reef that were constructed during the Project Mitigation will not be removed; the costs for the compensatory mitigation would be in addition to the Project Mitigation costs above. The estimated costs for a one acre kelp transplant are provided below for reference. This scenario assumes unsuccessful test surfgrass transplant operations. 942
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Kelp Transplant [0.4 ha (1 ac)] $50,000
Subtotal (test unsuccessful) $50,000
Compensatory Mitigation Monitoring Activities (Only if test transplant is unsuccessful and deep water rocky reef is constructed)
a. Year One $120,000
o after implementation - 4 events (one month, 3
months, 6 months, 1 year)
b. Year Two $65,500
o 2 events (once within winter/spring; once within
summer/fall)
c. Annual Report Years One and Two $5,000
Subtotal (test unsuccessful) $190,500
Summary of Pre and Post Construction Monitoring
Activity Cost
Pre-construction monitoring
Side-scan sonar1 [$200,000]
2 years prior to construction - 4 events $131,000
1 year prior to construction – 4 events $120,000
Pre-construction report $10,000
Subtotal $261,000
Post-construction monitoring
Year 1 – 4 events $120,000
Year 2 – 4 events $131,000
Post-construction report $10,000
Subtotal $261,000
Total Pre and Post Construction Monitoring2 $522,000
1 = Side scan sonar is already within coastal engineering monitoring and it will be completed and shared data
2 = the pre and post monitoring costs are not part of the mitigation costs; they are scheduled for implementation whether mitigation is necessary and implemented or not necessary and therefore not implemented.
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Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring Costs
Mitigation and Monitoring - Surfgrass
1 acre shallow reef construction $2,000,000
1 acre deep reef construction $500,000
1 acre surfgrass transplant
Test (0.1 acre) $25,000
Mitigation – if test successful (0.9 acre) $225,000
Year 1 monitoring - 4 events (if test successful) $120,000 Year 2 monitoring - 2 events (if test successful) $65,500 Report (if test successful) $5,000
Subtotal $2,940,500
Mitigation and Monitoring - Kelp
1 acre shallow reef construction $2,000,000
1 acre deep reef construction $500,000
1 acre surfgrass transplant
Test (0.1 acre) $25,000
1 acre kelp transplant (if test not successful) $50,000 Year 1 monitoring - 4 events (if test not successful) $120,000 Year 2 monitoring - 2 events (if test not successful) $65,500 Report (if test not successful) $5,000
Subtotal $2,765,500
Summary Mitigation and Monitoring Cost3
Mitigation – Surfgrass successful (Transplant Surfgrass) $2,940,500 Mitigation – Surfgrass not successful (Transplant Kelp) $2,765,500 3 = The cost for the Mitigation – Surfgrass successful (Transplant Surfgrass) includes the cost of constructing both shallow and deep rocky reef as does Mitigation – Surfgrass not successful (Transplant Kelp).

In addition to the information in the MMRP, the Corps’ July 14, 2011, email confirms that, if adverse significant impacts are still observed after all reasonable attempts to avoid or minimize impacts have been exhausted, subsequent modified beach renourishment would not occur until impacted surfgrass or reef has recovered or compensatory mitigation is completed.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The FWCA states that "...wildlife conservation shall receive equal consideration and be coordinated with other features of water-resource development projects through the effectual and harmonious planning, development, maintenance, and coordination of wildlife conservation...." (16 U.S.C. 661). The revised MMRP above does not fully address the resource agencies’ comments and concerns. Incorporation of the following recommendations would address the resource agencies’ comments and concerns to avoid, minimize, and compensate for impacts to fish and wildlife resources associated with the San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project:
1) There is a great deal of uncertainty regarding the ability to mitigate impacts to surfgrass inkind. In addition, the Corps has indicated that a 10-m (33-ft) beach width would achieve the project purpose of storm damage protection and yield an acceptable benefit-cost ratio 944
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San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project 34
for the project. Therefore, the Corps should limit the project to a 10-m (33-ft) beach width to help ensure that significant long-term impacts to surfgrass do not occur and to minimize potential mitigation risks/costs.
2) Only baseline surveys with transects approximately 70 m (230 ft) apart have been completed, which likely did not capture all of the surfgrass/reef resources in the projected equilibrium footprint in which sand movement and burial is expected to occur. In addition, the entire 2-ha (5-ac) T-Street Reef is projected to be in the equilibrium footprint.

Therefore, the MMRP assumption of up to only 0.81 ha (2 ac) of surfgrass/reef impacts may significantly underestimate project impacts, and the MMRP should be revised to assume at least 2 ha (5 ac) of surfgrass/reef impacts to help ensure that adequate funds are budgeted for potential mitigation costs.
3) The MMRP proposes to monitor surfgrass/reef mitigation for only 2 years, while it proposes 5 years of monitoring for kelp mitigation. There is no justification for this discrepancy, especially given the uncertainties of surfgrass restoration. Therefore, the MMRP should be revised to include at least 5 years of monitoring of surfgrass/ reef mitigation.
4) The MMRP proposes to mitigate impacts to shallow reef with deep water reef, without sufficient justification as to why it is not feasible to restore shallow reef. This could lead to significant cumulative loss of shallow reef. Therefore, the MMRP should be revised to require impacts to shallow reef be mitigated in-kind, unless the resource agencies concur that this is not feasible and that potential cumulative loss of shallow reef is expected to be minimal.
5) The MMRP proposes to allow impacts to surfgrass to be mitigated with kelp restoration if initial test surfgrass restoration plots fail, which could lead to significant cumulative loss of surfgrass. Therefore, the MMRP should be revised to require impacts to surfgrass be only mitigated in-kind, unless the resource agencies concur that sufficient research and testing has shown that this is not feasible and potential cumulative loss of surfgrass is expected to be minimal.
6) The MMRP does not address potential impacts to the intertidal reef at Mariposa Point north of the beach replenishment site. Although net sand transport in the vicinity of the beach replenishment site is expected to be to the south, Mariposa Point is not far enough north of the project site to assume that no impacts will occur to the intertidal reef there. Therefore, the MMRP should be revised to include monitoring of the intertidal reef at Mariposa Point and mitigation for any significant long term impacts.
7) The MMRP proposes to use Mariposa Point as the only control site assessing impacts from Corps beach replenishment project. However, Mariposa Point could be impacted by the Corps beach replenishment project as well as by the City’s opportunistic beach replenishment program. In addition, the use of only one control may not be able to distinguish impacts from beach replenishment from natural variability. Therefore, the 945
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San Clemente Shoreline Protection Project 35
MMRP should be revised to include multiple control sites approved by the resource agencies.
8) Mitigation measures should be planned and provided for prior to or concurrent with project impacts and supplemented as needed to offset any additional, significant long-term adverse impacts documented by the monitoring program. This is especially important for surfgrass because of the uncertainties of surfgrass restoration and at least a 2- to 5-year temporal loss of functions between time of impact and restoration success. If mitigation is not provided in advance of project impacts, the MMRP should be revised to include adequate compensation to address temporal losses as agreed to by the resource agencies. 9) The Corps should monitor the extent of turbidity plumes at the dredge and beach replenishment site throughout the duration of dredging and sand placement activities, or until such point that the resource agencies concur that monitoring is no longer necessary.

The MMRP should be revised to include a plan to monitor and report the extent of turbidity plumes and establish acceptable levels and thresholds, which could potentially trigger additional measures. Weekly reports should be submitted to the resource agencies. 10) The MMRP should be revised to include the provision that if significant impacts to surfgrass/reef resources are documented, subsequent modified beach re-nourishment will not occur until the resource agencies concur that mitigation for those impacts is successfully completed, or impacted surfgrass or reef has recovered. 11) After the comprehensive PED phase biological surveys, the Corps should revise the MMRP and receive written concurrence from the resource agencies that it fully addresses mitigation of impacts, criteria for triggering mitigation, success criteria, and monitoring and reporting requirements.
12) The Corps should include the costs of mitigation recommended by the resource agencies in any project budget submitted to Congress for approval. Prior to project implementation, the Corps and City should identify a funding mechanism to guarantee that future funding will be available to implement the mitigation program in the event that mitigation costs exceed the funds appropriated by Congress. For example, funds could be secured by the City through a letter of credit, endowment account, or other legal mechanism approved by the resource agencies sufficient to guarantee mitigation will be implemented to offset adverse impacts of the project.
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(1) The State agency shall include in its concurrence letter the conditions which must be satisfied, an explanation of why the conditions are necessary to ensure consistency with specific enforceable policies of the management program, and an identification of the specific enforceable policies. The State agency’s concurrence letter shall also inform the parties that if the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of the section are not met, then all parties shall treat the State agency’s conditional concurrence letter as an objection pursuant to the applicable Subpart . . . ; and 1048
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Section 30231. The biological productivity and the quality of coastal waters, streams, wetlands, estuaries, and lakes appropriate to maintain optimum populations of marine organisms and for the protection of human health shall be maintained and, where feasible, restored through, among other means, minimizing adverse effects of waste water discharges and entrainment, controlling runoff, preventing depletion of groundwater supplies and substantial interference with surface water flow,
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Surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi and P. Scouleri) and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) are considered to be particularly valuable marine habitats by the resource agencies because they provide shelter for fishes and invertebrates, attachment sites for sessile invertebrates, and form the basis of many marine food chains, both as living material and detritus. Surfgrass and giant kelp beds occur in limited areas along the southern California coast, usually on hard bottom substrate, compared to much more common soft bottom habitat. 7KH&RUSVUHYLHZHGH[LVWLQJKDELWDWVWXGLHVDQGFRQGXFWHGVXUYH\VIRUVXUIJUDVVUHHI NHOSDQGRWKHURIIVKRUHKDELWDWVLQWKHSURMHFWYLFLQLW\7KH&RUSVVWDWHV 
Marine Shoreline and Offshore Habitats
The predominant intertidal habitat along San Clemente’s shoreline is sandy beach, although some rocky outcrops that extend from mid-beach to the low intertidal are present at Mariposa Point, north of San Clemente Pier. Beyond the surf zone, the seafloor is a mosaic of sand and low-to-high relief patch reef. Some pinnacles of the reef are visible in the nearshore zone at low tide while two prominent offshore pinnacles break the surface offshore of Mariposa Point and south of the San Clemente Pier. Other reef habitats are located south of the Pier offshore of T-Street that extends west, and then north around the end of the San Clemente Pier.

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Surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi), an important species that enhances the biological value of nearshore habitat, is present in the low intertidal beginning approximately 300 ft (91 m) offshore of the sand beach. Surfgrass serves as a nursery for California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) and provides shelter for a variety of juvenile and adult fishes. Surfgrass is present throughout the low intertidal platform of Mariposa Point, which is upcoast outside of the project area. Surfgrass off Mariposa Point occurs a minimum of three feet above the sand line with no more than one inch of sand covering the surface of the rocks.

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The subtidal reef habitat south of the Pier is extensive and angles around the tip of San Clemente Pier. This reef formation is shown on Figure 4-6. Larger macrophytes observed on the reef include giant kelp, feather boa kelp (Endarchne binghamiae) and bladder chain kelp (Cystoseira/ Halidrys) (CRM 2000). A small patch of giant kelp consisting of 12 plants was observed 650 ft (197 m) south of the Pier at a depth of 16 ft (5 m) in October 1999, but was not observed in June 2000. Kelp canopy was observed on the entire reef in July 2009. 7KHFRQVLVWHQF\GHWHUPLQDWLRQDOVRQRWHVWKDWWKH

California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) is common in the subtidal reef habitat in the project area. Commercial lobster fishermen set traps in the area during the lobster fishing season of October through mid-March and lobster also are fished in the area by SCUBA divers.
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Figure 3-7 >([KLELW@ shows the construction and equilibrium footprints for the Project in relationship to surfgrass and kelp in the Project area. The sand placement footprint does not include any kelp beds, surfgrass, or rocky intertidal areas. Therefore, no direct impacts to sensitive habitats would occur from the placement of sand on the beach. In addition, the proposed Project would not place anchors for the mono buoy, where the hopper dredge will moor while it discharges sand to the beach, or place the sinker pipeline that will pump the sediment to shore from the hopper dredge on any sensitive habitat. The construction contractor shall avoid placement of anchors or the submerged pipeline onto reef habitat, which could crush attached organisms. The construction contractor shall also avoid side to side movement of the anchors or pipeline as they are placed, which could abrade surfgrass, algae, or attached invertebrates. If a substantial amount of surfgrass or kelp were affected by placement and removal of anchors and pipelines, the impact would be considered significant. These impacts would be avoided and minimized by performing a preconstruction survey to identify anchor and pipeline locations that would avoid sensitive resources. Because most of the surfgrass in the Project area grows on TStreet reef, it is possible to avoid surfgrass by avoiding the reef when laying the pipeline.
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The net movement of beach sands in the Project area is expected to be southerly, but some northerly movement may occasionally occur. Based on monitoring of the SANDAG beach fill project at Oceanside, most sand movement is expected to be toward the south (Appendix D). Therefore, it is unlikely that significant quantities of sand will be transported to the north to the rocky intertidal habitat at Mariposa Point. The equilibrium footprint for the 50 ft Beach Width Alternative indicates that sand will not extend as far upcoast as Mariposa Point (Figure 3-2).

Therefore, the proposed action would not be expected to result in the net loss of habitat value of sensitive rocky intertidal habitat, and impacts to rocky intertidal habitat would not be significant.
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Therefore, the equilibrium footprint of the Project likely would result in a range of impacts between no burial of surfgrass on the larger rocks and partial burial on the smaller boulders. Burial of surfgrass on the outer portions of T-street reef would be minimal. Surfgrass is adapted to partial sand burial, routinely survives seasonal sand burial of part of its blades, and can recover quickly via regrowth if the root system is intact; however, the degree of sand burial surfgrass can withstand is not well documented (SANDAG 2000).
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Based on observation of burial of existing offshore surfgrass in the area, CRM (2000) proposed a criterion of sand burial of no more than 2/3 of the blade length for six months or less as a level that surfgrass can withstand, and concluded that burial of less than half the blade lengths for less than six months would not be expected to result in long-term damage (CRM 2000).
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A recent laboratory study of Phyllospadix scouoleri suggested that short term sand burial may result in shoot mortality, decreased shoot counts, and reduced growth of surfgrass (Craig et al. 2008). The study found that shoot density decreased compared to controls for a burial depth of 0.8 feet (25 cm), but not shallower burial depths. Mean shoot growth rate decreased in all burial treatments. Therefore, the Project may result in some degradation of the shallower portion of the surfgrass habitat, but would not result in a significant loss of surfgrass. For the Project, the sand from the beach fill is predicted to move out of the equilibrium footprint within 6 years.

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In addition to partial burial of surfgrass, offshore movement of sediment may result in filling in some holes and crevices in the shallow subtidal that are used by lobsters. These shallow subtidal reef areas are periodically covered and uncovered by sand naturally (i.e., in the absence of a beach nourishment project).

The beach fill from this alternative would have only minimal effects on the 1055
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considerable reef area near the end of San Clemente Pier and would not degrade that habitat for lobsters. Temporary degradation of a limited amount of inshore lobster habitat would not be significant.
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Periodic renourishment at San Clemente would occur approximately every 6 years.

The impacts of renourishment to sensitive habitats would be similar to those of initial placement. Effects, if any, are expected to be transitory and within natural variation.

Because observations of other beach fill projects have documented that observed effects on sensitive habitats last between six months and two years, maintenance renourishment at a frequency of every 6 years would not be expected to result in permanent degradation of sensitive habitats. Sensitive habitats should be monitored to document any effects that may occur from beach renourishment. If impacts to surfgrass are observed, subsequent nourishment activities will be modified. If longterm impacts still are observed after modifying renourishment, then renourishment would not occur again until impacted surfgrass has recovered or mitigation is implemented.
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Biological monitoring of sensitive habitats, including rocky intertidal, shallow subtidal reefs, and kelp forests, was conducted following implementation of the SANDAG Regional Beach Sand project, which placed sand on several beaches in San Diego County (AMEC 2005). Beach profile and biological monitoring data indicated a great deal of spatial and temporal variability in sediment transport. …
Of 18 shallow subtidal reef locations monitored to assess potential impacts of the SANDAG project, only three showed an increase in sediment cover that may have been a result of the project (AMEC 2005). A monitoring site near Batiquitos Lagoon showed increased sedimentation two years following the SANDAG beach fill, suggesting a cause and effect relationship, but the increased sand levels were within variation observed during monitoring of the site before the beach fill. The increase in sediment cover at this site did not appear to have any biological effects because the cover and abundance of indicator species did not change. A monitoring site in North Carlsbad showed an increase in cover following the SANDAG beach fill and an associated decrease in surfgrass cover. However, there were multiple sources of sediment near this site and it is unclear to what extent the observed effects were related to the SANDAG project. The third site that showed a significant increase in sedimentation following the SANDAG beach 1056
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fill was at Solana Beach. The SANDAG project was the only apparent source of sediment at this site. The increased sedimentation did not appear to affect surfgrass cover, but shoot density declined, possibly in response to the increased sedimentation.

Of the kelp bed sites monitored as part of the SANDAG program, some showed relatively constant sand cover, and some showed an increase in sediment cover following the SANDAG beach fill (AMEC 2005). The sand cover observed at the sites with increased sedimentation was within levels observed during pre-project monitoring, suggesting natural variation. The increases in sand cover did not appear to affect the distribution and abundance pattern of kelp bed indicator species. Giant kelp recruitment and persistence either increased or remained stable during the period following the SANDAG Regional Beach Sand project. 7KH(,6FRQFOXGHV

Summary of Significant Unavoidable Impacts:

If a substantial amount of surfgrass were lost, impacts may remain significant even with mitigation. Although the beach fill sand would be expected to move out of the equilibrium footprint within 6 years, because models are not precise, it is not clear if surfgrass would recover. If adverse significant impacts to surfgrass are observed from the monitoring, subsequent nourishment activities will be modified to avoid or minimize these impacts as part of adaptive management. If adverse significant impacts still are observed after all reasonable attempts to avoid or minimize impacts have been exhausted, additional renourishment would not occur until impacted surfgrass has recovered or and compensatory mitigation is completed. A consistently successful method to transplant surfgrass has not yet been devised, although recent experiments may provide new options. Potential mitigation, if necessary, is described in the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Plan (Appendix B). 7KXVWKH&RUSVDFFHSWVWKHQHHGIRUFRQWLQXHGPRQLWRULQJWRDVVHVVLPSDFWVWRXVH DGDSWLYHPDQDJHPHQWDQGPRGLI\WKHSURMHFWLILPSDFWVWRVXUIJUDVVDUHREVHUYHGDQG PRVWLPSRUWDQWO\WKDWUHQRXULVKPHQWZRXOGQRWRFFXUXQWLODIIHFWHGVXUIJUDVVKDV UHFRYHUHGRUPLWLJDWLRQLVLPSOHPHQWHG7KH&RUSV¶PRQLWRULQJDQGPLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHV

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The Project has a mitigation budget that accommodates 1 acre of impacts to surfgrass plus 1 acre of impacts to reef, for a total potential impact to 2 acres of resources as a worst-case scenario. Initial modeling by the Corps shows that there is potential to impact 20 percent of the inshore edge of T-Street reef; and 5 acres of the T-Street reef. Twenty percent of the inshore edge is a reasonably foreseeable estimate of impacts based on a best professional judgment functional habitat evaluation assessment and the coastal engineering model. Both the BPJ FA >%HVW3URIHVVLRQDO -XGJPHQW)XQFWLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW@and the coastal engineering model considered the potential depth in addition to area; however that detail is not in inches, but in feet. A greater impact area would be unlikely, but an additional acre of potential impacts was included in the contingency mitigation budget to account for an unlikely worstcase scenario. 7KH&RUSV¶ELRORJLFDOPRQLWRULQJSODQ
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The final monitoring plan will be prepared during the pre-construction engineering design (PED) phase of the project. The details of these plans will be finalized in conference with knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine ecologists. The monitoring shall be performed by knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine biologists. These knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified marine ecologists may come from a variety of various agencies, organizations, institutions, or community centers of practice and expertise, such as academia - University of California, Corps Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Southwest Fisheries Sciences Center, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1058
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Western Ecological Research Center, other federal and state agencies, as well as consulting marine ecologists. CDFG, FWS, and NMFS regulatory resources agency staff will also be involved with the review process.
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1) a post-construction monitoring program for rocky reef/surfgrass habitat in the San Clemente Pier area to determine if project mitigation would be necessary; 2) a preliminary mitigation implementation plan, if mitigation is determined to be necessary; and
3) a preliminary mitigation monitoring plan, if mitigation is determined to be necessary.
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Due to the uncertain nature of this modeling because of the multiple variables in the natural environment itself, impacts and mitigation requirements are expected to be unlikely, but currently are unknown. A post construction monitoring plan has been developed to determine if project impacts require mitigation based on comparisons to pre-construction conditions.
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The following criteria are suggested as potential triggers for mitigation. Actual triggers would be determined in coordination with the resource agencies prior to initiation of post-construction monitoring activities.
1) For random transects: a persistent decrease in surfgrass cover or surfgrass density and an increase in sand cover and/or depth that is statistically significantly different than the controls and the baseline at the 0.05 confidence level (i.e., p-value = 0.05).
2) For permanent transects: a persistent 20% decrease in surfgrass cover or surfgrass density coupled with a 20% increase in sand depth and/or cover. 7KH0053SURSRVHVEDVHOLQHDQGSRVWFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQLWRULQJZLWKWKHSRVWFRQVWUXFWLRQ PRQLWRULQJWUDQVHFWVWDNHQDQQXDOO\IRU\HDUVDIWHUFRPSOHWLRQ IRXUWLPHVLQWKHILUVW\HDU
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Section 30210. In carrying out the requirement of Section 4 of Article X of the California Constitution, maximum access, which shall be conspicuously posted, and recreational opportunities shall be provided for all the people consistent with public safety needs and the need to protect public rights, rights of private property owners, and natural resource areas from overuse.

Section 30211. Development shall not interfere with the public's right of access to the sea where acquired through use or legislative authorization, including, but not limited to, the use of dry sand and rocky coastal beaches to the first line of terrestrial vegetation.

Section 30212
(a) Public access from the nearest public roadway to the shoreline and along the coast shall be provided in new development projects except where: (l) it is inconsistent with public safety, military security needs, or the protection of fragile coastal resources, (2) adequate access exists nearby... 1063
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Section 30213. Lower cost visitor and recreational facilities shall be protected, encouraged, and, where feasible, provided. Developments providing public recreational opportunities are preferred....

Section 30220. Coastal areas suited for water-oriented recreational activities that cannot readily be provided at inland water areas shall be protected for such uses. 6DQ&OHPHQWH&LW\DQG6WDWH%HDFKHVUDQNDWWKHWRSRI&DOLIRUQLD¶VEHDFKHVLQWHUPVRIERWK SRSXODULW\DQGH[WHQWRIYLVLWRUXVH
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The public interest related to the establishment of planning objectives and planning constraints are:

1. To reduce the potential for storm damages to the LOSSAN Rail Corridor facilities and operations, located along the beaches of the City of San Clemente;

2. To reduce the potential for storm damages to public beach facilities;

3. To restore the recreation beach along the Pacific Coast of the City of San Clemente;

4. To preserve the nearshore ecosystem that supports commercial lobster, fisherman, and snorkeling activities;

5. To preserve and enhance opportunities for surfing along the San Clemente coast;

6. To improve public access and safety to the recreation beach areas of the City of San Clemente; and

7. To improve public access and safety to the recreation beach areas of the City of San Clemente.
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Only portions of the beach would be closed during construction. As portions of the beach are completed, the construction zone would be moved down the beach.

Construction is typically performed in sections. Each section is closed off with no horizontal (alongshore) access through the area. Vertical (cross shore) access is allowed along the section boundaries. To the maximum extent practicable, USACE specifies the public access in the pre-construction, engineering and design (PED) Phase. At each access point, only a small fraction of that entry point would be closed or pedestrian traffic detoured around the construction.

Access to the San Clemente Pier would not be closed. If necessary, USACE can specify additional access be provided, nonetheless it would have to coordinated with the City of San Clemente. Given the short-term period of construction (up to four months), impacts would be considered temporary and not significant. >(PSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO@
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Some of the sand placed on San Clemente Beach to widen the beach by 50 ft would be carried offshore. The T-Street surfing location is within the alongshore extent of the proposed beach nourishment. The reef at T-Street is a seabed perturbation such that its elevation, shape, and orientation to incoming waves are a unique combination that tends to shoal waves to a peak with a resulting plunging “left” (from the surfer’s perspective, wave breaks from right to left) and “right” (from the surfer’s perspective, wave breaks from left to right), which results in a variety of waves and favorable surfing characteristics. The configuration and orientation of the reef to incoming waves create consistent surfing waves, making T-Street a popular break in the south Orange County coastal area. High steepness waves result in plunging breakers, which are associated with beaches with steeper gradients. Plunging breakers descend very quickly and with substantial force; noted for a “lip,” or shoreward facing edge, at the top of the wave. With the proper set of conditions, the plunging lip can create a “tube” or barrel.” The consistent steepness of the wave coupled with the structure of the lip enables surfers to consistently reach higher speeds and perform more maneuvers. The surfing extends from the beach to about 600 ft (200 m) offshore and typically is in water depths less than 15 ft (5 m). The surfing area is closer to the beach than the actual reef location, as incoming waves require time and space to be transformed by the reef bathymetry. 1065
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Most of the sand from the Project would settle in the inshore portion of the reef and would not affect the refractive abilities of the reef or the characteristics of the “take-off.” However, as the wave encounters the straightened bathymetry inshore, it may “close-out,” resulting in a shorter ride in the realm of seconds.

This condition would be temporary and would lessen as the sand moves off the reef steadily over the course of 6 years at a long-term erosion rate of 13 ft (4 m) per year. Although impacts due to the wider beach may occur, an aerial photographs of San Clemente Beach at the Pier (Figure 4-4) indicates that the beach width in 1994 was approximately 55 ft (17 m) wide and no records have been found that indicate surfing ceased within the Project area during that time.

Because the shorter rides are a temporary condition, impacts to surfing would not be significant. The wider beach would improve the recreational experience for sunbathers, walkers/joggers, and picnickers. More beach area would be available for these activities construction areas, including the beach and nearshore zone.

The effects on public safety while the beach fill Project is reaching equilibrium would be a significant, but temporary, impact.
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Surfing and high quality surfable waves are an increasingly valuable resource.

An innovative method pioneered by the Los Angeles District has been developed to quantify surf quality (surfability). A trained observer visually estimates the breaking wave climate at the shoreline twice daily, typically at first light and at 1300; the times are approximate. Wave characteristics measured included height, period, and direction. Wave heights from the crest to the trough are visually estimated to the nearest 1 foot. Waves are observed for a period of 5-10 minutes and the minimum, average, and maximum wave heights are estimated. Wave period is based on an average of 30 waves over the 5-10 minute observation period and is reported to the nearest 1 second. Wave directions are reported relative to the beach normal and estimated to the nearest 5 degrees. Wave directions are recorded as normal (0-10 degrees); slightly from the left (or right) (10-25 degrees); significantly from the left (or right) (greater than 25 degrees).

Surf quality is also expressed in common surf language by the observer. Visual observations are supplemented with video recordings.
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6HFWLRQ. Marine resources shall be maintained, enhanced, and where feasible, restored. Special protection shall be given to areas and species of special biological or economic significance. Uses of the marine environment shall be carried out in a manner that will sustain the biological productivity of coastal waters and that will maintain healthy populations of all species of marine organisms adequate for long-term commercial, recreational, scientific, and educational purposes.
6HFWLRQ The biological productivity and the quality of coastal waters, streams, wetlands, estuaries, and lakes appropriate to maintain optimum populations of marine organisms and for the protection of human health shall be maintained and, where feasible, restored through, among other means, minimizing adverse effects of waste water discharges and entrainment, controlling runoff, preventing depletion of groundwater supplies and substantial interference with surface water flow, encouraging waste water reclamation, maintaining natural vegetation buffer areas that protect riparian habitats, and minimizing alteration of natural streams. :DWHUTXDOLW\LPSDFWVFDQRFFXUDWHLWKHUWKHRIIVKRUHERUURZVLWHRUWKHRQVKRUH UHSOHQLVKPHQWGXHWRIXHOVSLOODQGFRQWDPLQDQWUHOHDVHVRUH[FHVVLYHWXUELGLW\IURP GUHGJLQJRUGLVSRVDO7KH&RUSVSURSRVHVWRPLQLPL]HWKHVHHIIHFWVWKURXJKDGKHUHQFHWR D6WRUPZDWHU3ROOXWLRQ3UHYHQWLRQ3ODQ
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Monitoring data from previous California beach nourishment projects have found concentrations within the plumes to be no higher than that which occurs naturally in nearshore waters under higher wave or storm conditions. Plumes from dredging and sand placement of this project are not expected to have a significant impact.
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MM-WR-50-1.1: A SWPPP and an OSPRP shall be prepared for all construction activities. These plans shall specify specific measures that shall be taken during dredging and beach construction to avoid introducing contaminants to the ocean via leaks and spills. All measures shall be adhered to during Project construction.

MM-WR-50-1.2: Turbidity shall be monitored during dredging. If a visible turbidity plume is observed beyond the immediate dredging area, dredging activities shall be modified (e.g., decrease the rate of dredging, move to a new dredge location) until the turbidity plume disperses. Turbidity also shall be monitored during beach fill operations. If significant turbidity (i.e., a visible turbidity plume beyond the surf zone or rip current area) is observed, beach fill operations shall be modified (e.g., by slowing the rate of fill) until the turbidity plume disperses.
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The Commission suspects that an adequately engineered structure would have substantially less maintenance requirements and provide better protection for the railroad tracks. Alternatively, it may be feasible to replace the riprap with sand, as part of a regional beach nourishment project.
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The Commission notes that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is investigating shoreline erosion issues in San Clemente. It is working with the SCRRA, the City of San Clemente, and Orange County to analyze the erosion problem and various solutions. The Commission believes that the Corps is considering beach replenishment as one of its alternatives to the erosion problem in this area.

However, the Corps is in the early stages of its investigation and has not determined if there is a federal interest for a project or if it is feasible. …
In addition, the SCRRA has agreed to investigate long-term projects such as beach nourishment or engineered revetment as methods to address erosion problems in this area while reducing the maintenance needs of the existing structure. With these modifications, the SCRRA will reduce the long-term cumulative impacts on sand supply from its regular maintenance activities.

In conclusion, the Commission finds that the proposed project is necessary to protect an existing structure threatened by erosion. Additionally, the Commission finds that the applicant will mitigate for impacts to sand supply by developing a short-term and long-term plan to address cumulative impacts associated with repeated maintenance activities. Therefore, the Commission finds that the project, as modified, is consistent with the shoreline structure policy of the CCMP, specifically Section 30235 of the Coastal Act.
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1) local public hearings for every sand replenishment project, 2) preliminary pre-construction monitoring of surfgrass resources, 3) a prohibition on construction during summer holiday weekends, and a limit on the number of beaches at which work can occur simultaneously to two, 4) a requirement that an on-site debris manager be present at all nourishment projects,
5) water quality BMPs to be incorporated into every project, 6) affirmative approval of the Executive Director for any future beach nourishment projects approved under this permit, evidence of Army Corps of Engineers approval, and assumption of risk,
7) monitoring of recreational and access impacts associated with individual beach replenishment projects, and
8) a requirement that any biological impacts be mitigated. 1069
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Extensive monitoring was completed in association with RBSP I and found no significant impacts to biological resources. The Commission also did not receive any adverse comments in regard to public access during or following construction of RBSP I.
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1071
Section 1.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1-2
Figure 1.1-1 Vicinity Map
1072
Exhibit 1
CD-029-11
Section 1.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1-3
Figure 1.1-2 Location Map
1073
Exhibit 2
CD-029-11
Section 3.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
3-9
Figure 3.4-1 – Oceanside Borrow Site
1074
Exhibit 3
CD-029-11
Section 3.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
3-12
Figure 3.4-2 Plan View of 50 ft (15 m) Beach Width Alternative 1075
Exhibit 4
CD-029-11
Section 3.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
3-16
1 Figure 3.4-4 Beach Access and Staging Areas
2 3
4 3.4.2.4 Public Access
5 6 For the beach fill operation, up to 300 ft (91 m) of beach would be inaccessible to the public 7 around the discharge pipeline and berms. In addition, there would be intermittent restrictions on 8 public access for approximately 350 ft (107 m) on either side of this discharge zone. This space 9 would be needed for maneuvering heavy equipment during construction of the temporary berms. 10 11 3.4.2.5 Future Project Beach Profile Monitoring
12 13 Long-term shoreline erosional processes create damages through long-term profile translation 14 landward and the increasing potential for wave related damages. The landward advancing 15 shoreline reduces the beach width available for storm damage protection thereby increasing the 16 probability of wave related damages to facilities and structures. Long-term beach erosion also 17 results in the gradual reduction of the beach surface area available for recreation. The peak 18 erosion rate is –0.7 ft/yr (–0.21 m/yr), the maximum erosion rate is -1.5 ft/yr (–0.46 m/yr), and 19 the maximum accretion rate is +1.24 ft/yr (+0.38 m/yr). 20 21 The purpose of this monitoring is to allow the timing and the detailed design of the periodic 22 nourishment to be optimized. Surveying of the beach and seabed morphology is paramount to 23 the monitoring efforts. Changes in beach and seabed morphology will define the sediment 24 transport patterns at the shoreline and ultimately the short term and long term beach erosion 25 processes. Alongshore transects will be crucial to determine the effects, if any, of the proposed 26 Project on updrift and/or downdrift shorelines. The monitoring period will be for the 50-year 1076
Exhibit 5
CD-029-11
1077
Exhibit 6
CD-029-11
Section 4.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
4-44
Figure 4.4-2 Surfgrass Survey
1078
Exhibit 7CD-029-11
Section 4.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
4-40
Figure provided by SCE, Wheeler North Reef Design Plan February 2008 Figure 4.4-1 Historic Kelp Canopy and Reef Map
1079
Exhibit 8
CD-029-11
Exhibit 9
CD-029-11
Section 3.0
Prepared by Chambers Group, Inc. Admin Draft San Clemente Shoreline Protection EIS/EIR 3313 002 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
3-14
Figure 3.4-3 Plan View of 115 ft (35 m) Beach Width Alternative 1081
Exhibit 10
CD-029-11
B-1
1 Biological Resources Monitoring Plan
2 3 Rocky Reef/Surfgrass Habitat
4 5 This appendix outlines 1) a post-construction monitoring program for rocky reef/surfgrass 6 habitat in the San Clemente Pier area to determine if project mitigation would be necessary; 2) a 7 preliminary mitigation implementation plan, if mitigation is determined to be necessary; and 3) a 8 preliminary mitigation monitoring plan, if mitigation is determined to be necessary. The details 9 of these plans will be finalized when a contractor has been selected to perform the monitoring 10 and mitigation. The monitoring shall be performed by qualified marine biologists. 11 12 Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Plan
13 14 The Proposed Project has been designed to avoid or minimize impacts to sensitive biological 15 resources to the maximum extent practicable. Currently, potential project impacts have been 16 identified using a conservative coastal engineering model. Due to the uncertain nature of this 17 modeling because of the multiple variables in the natural environment itself, impacts and 18 mitigation requirements are expected to be unlikely, but currently are unknown. A post19 construction monitoring plan has been developed to determine if project impacts require 20 mitigation based on comparisons to pre-construction conditions. 21 22 Mitigation would be triggered only if certain conditions occur during the monitoring period and 23 persist through the two year post-construction monitoring period, as there may be transitory 24 effects and subsequent recovery that would not be apparent in a shorter period of time. 25 The following criteria are suggested as potential triggers for mitigation. Actual triggers would 26 be determined in coordination with the resource agencies prior to initiation of post-construction 27 monitoring activities.
28 29 1) For random transects: a persistent decrease in surfgrass cover or surfgrass density and 30 an increase in sand cover and/or depth that is statistically significantly different than 31 the controls and the baseline at the 0.05 confidence level (i.e., p-value = 0.05). 32 2) For permanent transects: a persistent 20% decrease in surfgrass cover or surfgrass 33 density coupled with a 20% increase in sand depth and/or cover. 34 35 Proposed Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Activities 36 37 Transects shall be established in the rocky reef area containing the surfgrass bed on T-street 38 (Project area) and in a control area of similar depth upcoast of the beach fill near Mariposa Point. 39 The transects may be either permanent transects, random transects, or a combination of both. 40 For random transects, a sufficient number should be conducted to detect a statistically significant 41 difference in the parameters being measured. Transects should cover, at a minimum, the inshore 42 portion, middle, and offshore portion of the reef. The same number of transects should be 43 established in the control area as in the T-street reef area and the transects should be at similar 44 depths. On each transect, the following parameters should be monitored at a minimum: 1) 45 surfgrass density (i.e., number of shoots per square meter), 2) percent cover of surfgrass, sand, 1082
Exhibit 11
CD-029-11
B-2
1 and rock, and 3) sand depth. The line intercept method is recommended for measuring percent 2 cover and sand depth.
3 4 Transects should be monitored at the following intervals:
5 6 Pre-project monitoring (two years previous to beach nourishment):
7 - Once within winter/spring
8 - Once within summer/fall
9 10 Pre-project baseline monitoring (one year previous to beach nourishment):
11 - within one month prior to completion
12 - 3 months prior to completion
13 - 6 months prior to completion
14 - 1 year prior to completion
15 16 Post-construction:
17 Year One
18 - within one month after completion
19 - 3 months after completion
20 - 6 months after completion
21 - 1 year after completion
22 Year Two
23 - Once within winter/spring
24 - Once within summer/fall
25 26 Biological resources within the project area identified as potentially being impacted include 27 surfgrass patches and rocky reef habitat at T-Street. Because a survey was not conducted to 28 delineate T-Street reef, the general area of the T-Street reef was based on the outer extent of 29 mapped surfgrass locations (approximately 5 acres). Actual delineation of the T-Street reef will 30 need to be identified during the pre-construction survey. Potential project impacts to these 31 resources were based on modeling that indicates sand movement may extend to the offshore edge 32 of the reef; however, sand at the offshore edge of the reef would be thin and not significant. 33 Potential burial of the inshore edge of T-Street reef is uncertain, but if it were to occur, it would 34 be expected to occur in the approximately 20 percent inshore edge of the general T-Street reef 35 area. If significant impacts to these biological resources are observed, renourishment events 36 would be modified to avoid or minimize impacts to the extent practicable. If impacts to 37 surfgrass and reef habitat still persist and are determined to be caused by the Project, 38 compensatory mitigation shall be implemented.
39 40 Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Costs
41 42 1. Pre-construction Monitoring
43 This cost assumes that permanent transects will be established. One day is allotted to install the 44 markers and two days to conduct the survey. This survey is assumed to occur within one year 45 prior to construction activities.
46 1083
B-3
1 a. Pre-construction Monitoring:
2 (two years prior to beach nourishment):
3 o Once within winter/spring; Once within summer/fall: $25,500 4 5 b. Pre-construction Baseline Monitoring:
6 (one year prior to beach nourishment):
7 o 4 events (one month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year) $60,000 8 9 c. Pre-construction Report (2 years prior and 1 years prior) $ 5,000 10 Subtotal $90,500
11 12 2. Post-Construction Monitoring
13 This cost assumes that permanent transects will be established. One day is allotted to install or 14 re-install the markers and two days to conduct the survey. 15 a. Year One
16 o 4 events (one month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year): $ 60,000 17 b. Year Two
18 o Once within winter/spring; Once within summer/fall: $ 30,000 19 c. Post-construction Report (Years One and Two) $ 5,000 20 Subtotal $ 95,000
21 22 Compensatory Mitigation
23 24 If compensatory mitigation were required based on results of the post-construction monitoring, it 25 would consist of construction of a shallow rocky reef in conjunction with surfgrass transplant, as 26 described below. Compensatory mitigation would be implemented in the Project area at a site to 27 be determined in coordination with NOAA Fisheries and CDFG. The rocky reef will be 28 functionally replaced with equivalent amounts of rocky reef habitat. 29 30 Although several studies currently are being conducted to successfully transplant surfgrass and 31 may show potential for success, to date success rates have not been consistent and studies are on32 going. Due to the absence of an established, successful method for mitigation of loss of 33 surfgrass itself, proposed mitigation currently is focused upon restoration of the rocky reef that 34 surfgrass currently uses as habitat. However, as previously described, if it is determined that 35 surfgrass has been affected by the Project and a change is shown not to be due to natural 36 variation, a one-time experimental surfgrass transplant shall be implemented in addition to the 37 construction of a shallow rocky reef. Currently, surfgrass transplant success is much higher for 38 subtidal than for intertidal conditions and, therefore, surfgrass mitigation efforts will focus on 39 subtidal transplants only. A portion of the mitigation reef would have to be built shallow enough 40 to accommodate surfgrass. Transplanting sprigs or plants require a donor bed for plant material. 41 Studies have shown that surfgrass is sensitive to losses from harvesting plants for transplant 42 purposes. To avoid harvesting effects to the subject surfgrass bed, donor material will be taken 43 from a larger area of surfgrass and harvests will be taken from the interior of the bed to avoid 44 edge effects.
45 1084
B-4
1 The information gathered from this one-time experimental surfgrass transplant will provide 2 information towards achieving successful surfgrass restoration. As stated previously, this 3 mitigation effort will be based on the results of monitoring conducted before and after sand 4 placement. The Corps will coordinate these efforts with the resource agencies. 5 6 Mitigation Installation/Implementation Costs
7 8 Implementation of a rocky reef currently is estimated at $1.8 million. 9 10 Mitigation Monitoring Program
11 12 Similar to the Post-Construction Monitoring Program, transects shall be established in the rocky 13 reef area containing the surfgrass bed on the mitigation reef and in a reference site (control area) 14 of similar depth upcoast near Mariposa Point. The transects may either be permanent transects, 15 random transects, or a combination of both. For random transects, a sufficient number should be 16 conducted to detect a statistically significant difference in the parameters being measured. 17 Transects should cover, at a minimum, the inshore portion, middle, and offshore portion of the 18 reef. The same number of transects should be established in the control area as in the T-street 19 reef area and transects should be at similar depths. On each transect, the following parameters 20 should be monitored at a minimum: 1) surfgrass density (i.e., number of shoots per square 21 meter), 2) percent cover of surfgrass, sand, and rock, 3) sand depth, and 4) identification and 22 quantity of flora and fauna. The line intercept method is recommended for measuring percent 23 cover and sand depth.
24 25 Transects should be monitored at the following intervals:
26 27 Post-mitigation implementation:
28 Year One
29 - within one month after completion
30 - 3 months after completion
31 - 6 months after completion
32 - 1 year after completion
33 Year Two
34 - Once within winter/spring
35 - Once within summer/fall
36 37 Success Criteria
38 39 Due to the inconsistent success rates of surfgrass restoration efforts, for the purposes of this 40 surfgrass mitigation effort, any survival of surfgrass transplanted onto the mitigation reef would 41 be considered successful. However, as indicated above, this surfgrass mitigation effort is a one42 time experimental surfgrass transplant only. Performance will be monitored based on the 43 parameters listed above and the data then will be used to identify where the transplant method 44 could be modified to improve success. No additional transplant efforts will be conducted. 45 1085
B-5
1 Success criteria for the mitigation reef itself would include no complete permanent burial of the 2 reef. Because of the predominantly sandy bottom environment in the project area, placement of 3 the rocky reef would be considered successful if a characteristic invertebrate and fish community 4 were to become established. Due to the nature of the mitigation proposed, no adaptive 5 management is required.
6 7 Mitigation Monitoring Costs
8 9 1. Mitigation Monitoring (Only if rocky reef is implemented) 10 a. Year One $60,000
11 o after implementation - 4 events (one month, 3
12 months, 6 months, 1 year)
13 b. Year Two $30,000
14 o 2 events (once within winter/spring; once within
15 summer/fall)
16 c. Annual Report Years One and Two $5,000
17 Subtotal $95,000
18 19 Total Pre- and Post-Construction, and Mitigation Monitoring Costs $280,500 20 1086
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Exhibit 12
CD-029-11

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The proposed Project is a 50 foot (15 m) resultant beach width. Beach fill would be 3,412 ft (1,040 m) long with a +17 ft (+5.2 m) crest elevation. The dredge volume is estimated to be approximately 251,130 cubic yards (192,000 m324 ). Dredge material gradation is 6 to 12 percent of fines, 5 to 8 percent of gravel/cobbles, and the rest is sand. Material classification assumed is 10 percent fines, 83 percent sand and 7 percent gravel.

Construction is anticipated to begin in 2012 but may begin as soon as 2010. 6XPPDU\RI&RQFHUQVRQWKH)(,6
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The monitoring and mitigation plan in Appendix B has been revised to include mitigation for loss of surfgrass and reef habitat. If surfgrass mitigation fails, a contingency plan has been developed to plant kelp on an offshore reef.
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1102

Impacts to rocky reef and surfgrass are expected to be none to very minor, but currently are unknown.

Potential project impacts to these resources were based on modeling that indicates that sand movement may extend to the offshore/outer edge of the reef; however, sand at the offshore/outer edge of the reef would be thin and not significant. Potential burial of the inshore edge of T-Street reef is uncertain; however, in a reasonable worst case scenario, approximately 20 percent of the inshore edge of the T-Street reef area (about 1 acre) may be buried.
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The estimate that approximately 20 percent of the reef or 1 acre would experience significant burial was determined by superimposing the sand distribution cross section predicted by Corps coastal engineers on the offshore bathymetry and by delineating the reef as well as the surfgrass locations measured in the field by Chambers Group. 7KH)(,6DFNQRZOHGJHVWKHXQFHUWDLQW\RIWKHLULPSDFWSUHGLFWLRQVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGPRGHOLQJ 2QSDJH
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Conclusions drawn from the SANDAG Oceanside Beach monitoring suggests that the San Clemente fill will have burial impacts in the cross-shore direction, but there are no known cross-shore sediment transport models which have been demonstrated to accurately predict the distribution of material across the existing profile. )XUWKHURQSDJH
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The depth of burial is greatest at the shoreline, and is expected to range up to 6m (19ft) thick. The depth of burial at the seaward toe of the fill footprint is expected to range between 0.3-1.0m (1-3ft)…
…The tentatively recommended plan is expected to create burial impacts to rocky bottom habitats.
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The Corps’ marine ecology contractor conducted several dives along 25 transects, as noted in the FEIS/R. These field data were more than reconnaissance level field investigations. The data clearly and unequivocally captures the distribution extent of rocky reef, single boulders, and the extent of surfgrass distribution. )XUWKHURQSDJHWKHIROORZLQJLVVWDWHG

Above all, the surveys provided the information needed to assess potential impacts, and the basis needed for discussion and evaluation of project alternatives, along with potential monitoring and mitigation.
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There currently is no available data that depicts or illustrates the rocky reef or surfgrass of the entire locale.
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The Project has a mitigation budget that accommodates 1 acre of impacts to surfgrass plus 1 acre of impacts to reef, for a total potential impact to 2 acres of resources as a worst-case scenario.
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