Newark City Council
September 12, 2024

Female-headed households are households led by a single female with one or more children under the age of 18 at home. In Newark, 11 percent of households are female-headed families, which are often at greater risk of housing insecurity. A greater number of single parent headed households are renters, with 67 percent of married households owning homes, compared to 16 percent of female headed households.

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Extremely Low-Income Households
Residents with extremely low incomes, less than 30% of the Area Median Income, face extreme housing challenges due to fixed or low incomes, credit, disability, family structure and access to affordable housing.

In Newark, 58% of households make more than 100% of the Area Median Income (AMI), compared to 10% making less than 30% of AMI, which is considered extremely low-income.

Farmworkers
The number of farmworkers living in Newark has declined over the years, with the student population at 57 students for the 2019-2020 school year. The previous years saw 79 students for 2017-2018 and 72 for the 2018 to 2019 school year. Generally, the number of farmworkers living in Alameda County has been declining since 2012, with fewer than 400 residents working in the industry in a permanent position. It is important to recognize that farmworkers could be under-counted by the census due to their migrant nature.

Farming and farmworkers are a significant element of the state's economy, but play less of a role in the Bay Area. Due to lower wages, language barriers, and inconsistent work, farmworkers can have difficulty securing housing, and for these reasons could experience overcrowding and substandard housing conditions.

Structures
This section looks at the parcels (and associated structures) that make up the built environment of the City.

The following data from the Alameda County Assessor’s Office is based on the 2023 Assessor’s data provided by the City of Fremont GIS and includes the associated parcel layer. The methodology used to derive the number of total and improved parcels (i.e., those with an improved structure value) and land and improved property values (as well as content replacement values) is the same as in Section 4.2.1 of the Base Plan. This data should only be used as a guideline to overall values in the City, as the information has some limitations. The most significant limitations are created by Proposition 13 as detailed in the Base Plan.

With respect to Proposition 13, instead of adjusting property values annually, the values are not adjusted or assessed at fair market value until a property transfer occurs. As a result, overall value information is most likely low and does not reflect current market value of properties within the City. It is also important to note, in the event of a disaster, it is generally the value of the infrastructure or improvements to the land that is of concern or at risk. Generally, the land itself is not a loss. However, depending on the type of hazard and impact of any given hazard event, land values may be adversely affected; thus, land values are included as appropriate. Table B-8 shows the Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data values and content replacement values (e.g., the values at risk) broken down by property use for the City.

Table B-8 City of Newark – Total Parcels (and Structures) by Property Use Property Use Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Newark
Agricultural 28 1 $2,768,344 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,447,304 Commercial 419 317 $581,449,066 $1,048,313,365 $1,048,313,365 $2,678,075,796 Packet Page No. 716
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Property Use Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Government/
Institutional
343 17 $13,310,796 $15,447,837 $15,447,837 $44,206,470
Industrial 109 96 $393,851,894 $854,367,320 $1,281,550,982 $2,529,770,196 Recreational 3 3 $1,480,029 $1,214,920 $1,214,920 $3,909,869 Residential 15,596 14,928 $2,936,444,332 $6,285,725,093 $3,142,862,515 $12,365,031,940 Unknown 21 1 $24,055,983 $42,970 $0 $24,098,953
Utilities 87 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 552 23 $236,543,769 $15,812,145 $0 $252,355,914
Newark
Total
17,158 15,386 $4,189,904,213 $8,224,263,130 $5,492,729,099 $17,906,896,442 Source: Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Beyond just the buildings and structures that comprise the built environment, it is important to identify the critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines that are critical for life safety and property protection. This is done for the City of Newark in the below sections.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
The operation of critical facilities and infrastructure during and after a disaster is crucial. Their ability to keep functioning affects both the severity of the impacts and the speed of recovery. Critical facilities and infrastructure are those buildings and infrastructure that are crucial to a community. Should these be damaged, it makes it more difficult for the community to respond to and recover from a disaster. For purposes of this Plan, a critical facility is defined as:

Critical infrastructure includes all public and private facilities and infrastructure that a community considers essential for the delivery of vital services and for the health, welfare, and protection of the community, and are especially important during and after a disaster or hazard event.

Critical infrastructure is classified by the following categories: (1) Essential Services, (2) High Hazard Occupancy, (3) Hazardous Materials:
➢ Essential Services Infrastructure include, without limitation, public safety, emergency response, emergency medical, designated emergency shelters, communications, public and private utilities, and equipment, community lifelines, and government facilities and operations. ➢ High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure include, without limitation, pre-schools; public and private primary and secondary school; licensed before and after school care centers, daycare centers, group homes, and assisted living residential or congregate care facilities; and other licensed facilities that are likely to contain occupants who may not be sufficiently mobile to avoid death or injury during a hazard event or disaster.

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➢ Hazardous Materials Infrastructure include, without limitation, structures or facilities that produce, use, or store highly volatile, flammable, explosive, toxic and/or water reactive material; and that if adversely impacted, could lead to a release of hazardous material(s) during a hazard event or disaster.

Using this definition, those critical facilities that fall within the City of Newark are shown on Figure B-9.

A summary of critical facilities by the three categories is detailed in Table B-10. More information can be found in Appendix F.

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Figure B-9 City of Newark – Critical Facilities
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Table B-9 City of Newark – Critical Facilities Summary by Category Critical Infrastructure Category Facility Count
Essential Services Infrastructure 15
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure 23
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure 6
Newark Total 44
Source: City of Newark GIS
Table B-10 City of Newark – Critical Facilities by Category and Type Critical Infrastructure Category Critical Infrastructure Type Facility Count Essential Services Infrastructure
Bridge 1
City Facility 7
Fire Station 3
Hospital 3
Police Station 1
Total 15
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care 7
School 16
Total 23
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Chemical Facility 3
Distribution Center 1
Gas Facility 1
Paper Facility 1
Total 6
Union City Total 44
Source: City of Newark GIS
Community Lifelines
Assessing the vulnerability of the City of Newark to natural hazards and disasters also involves reviewing and inventorying the community lifelines in place that could be affected. It is important to include these items in hazard discussions as the continuous operation of critical government and business functions is essential to human health and safety, property protection, and economic security. The importance of community lifelines is discussed below:
➢ Lifelines are the most fundamental services in the community that, when stabilized, enable all other aspects of society to function.
➢ FEMA has developed a construct for objectives-based response that prioritizes the rapid stabilization of Community Lifelines after a disaster.
➢ The integrated network of assets, services, and capabilities that provide lifeline services are used dayto-day to support the recurring needs of the community and enable all other aspects of society to function.

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➢ When disrupted, decisive intervention (e.g., rapid re-establishment or employment of contingency response solutions) is required to stabilize the incident.

Community lifelines, as defined by FEMA, include the following:
➢ Safety and Security – Law Enforcement/Security, Fire Service, Search and Rescue, Government Service, Community Safety
➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Food, Water, Shelter, Agriculture ➢ Health and Medical – Medical Care, Public Health, Patient Movement, Medical Supply Chain, Fatality Management
➢ Energy – Power Grid, Fuel
➢ Communications – Infrastructure, Responder Communications, Alerts Warnings and Messages, Finance, 911 and Dispatch
➢ Transportation – Highway/Roadway/Motor Vehicle, Mass Transit, Railway, Aviation, Maritime ➢ Hazardous Material – Facilities, HAZMAT, Pollutants, Contaminants ➢ Water Systems – Potable Water Infrastructure, Wastewater Management In the City of Newark, these community lifelines are all in place and functional as part of regular government operations. It should also be noted that these lifelines collectively include many of the critical facilities and infrastructure assets inventoried for this LHMP.

Specific information on these community lifelines in the City and how they may be affected by a hazard event or disaster are discussed in more detail in each hazard section.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Assessing the vulnerability of the City to natural hazards and disasters also involves inventorying the natural, historic, and cultural assets of the area. This step is important for the following reasons:
➢ Environmental and natural resources add to a community’s identity and quality of life. They also help the local economy through agriculture, tourism and recreation. They support ecosystem services, such as clean air and water.
➢ Conserving the environment may help people mitigate risk. It can also protect sensitive habitats, develop parks and trails, and build the economy.
➢ The community may decide that these types of resources warrant a greater degree of protection due to their unique and irreplaceable nature and contribution to the overall economy. ➢ If these resources are impacted by a disaster, knowing so ahead of time allows for more prudent care in the immediate aftermath, when the potential for additional impacts are higher. ➢ The rules for reconstruction, restoration, rehabilitation, and/or replacement are often different for these types of designated resources.
➢ Natural resources can have beneficial functions that reduce the impacts of natural hazards, such as wetlands and riparian habitat, which help absorb and attenuate floodwaters.

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Natural Resources
The City contains a variety of natural resources. Natural resources are unique to each area and are difficult to replace. Should a natural disaster occur, these species and locations are at risk.

Water Resources and Watersheds
Water is a necessity for human life. It is an aesthetic and recreational resource and is essential for urban growth. Water also supports a variety of plant and animal habitats. Water is a limited resource, particularly in California, where demand may exceed supply during times of drought. Each of these characteristics of water must be considered and balanced in planning for its conservation and management. The City coordinates regularly with the Alameda County Water District (ACWD). The City’s water supply is managed by the ACWD. The 2013 City of Newark General Plan Conservation and Sustainability Element noted that this supply includes water that originates as precipitation within the Alameda Creek watershed and water that is transported from the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta through the South Bay Aqueduct. The South Bay Aqueduct delivers water to a treatment facility in Fremont, where it is disinfected and filtered. Water from both sources is stored in a series of large ponds in Fremont called the Quarry Lakes, where it percolates to the groundwater basin.

Sixteen wells—including six located in Newark—are used to pump water from the groundwater basin to a system of distribution mains serving residents and businesses. These 16 wells are capable of producing up to 47.5 million gallons of water per day (MGD). An additional 20 percent of ACWD’s water supply comes from the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park. That water is purchased from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. The quality of the Hetch Hetchy water is excellent and only requires simple disinfecting for domestic use.

ACWD also receives about 10 MGD of water from the Newark Desalinization Facility. This is the first brackish water desalinization (Desal) facility in Northern California. It produces drinkable water by removing salts and other minerals from brackish groundwater through reverse osmosis. The treated saltwater is then blended with other supplies for delivery.

The groundwater basin itself consists of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The gravel and sand are highly permeable, allowing water to seep into the ground where it is stored in what is known as an aquifer. The Hayward Fault divides the Niles Cone into two basins; Newark is located in the portion of the basin below the Fault line. This aquifer is relatively shallow and lies between 40 and 140 feet below the ground in most inland locations. The depth to groundwater is much shallower near the edge of the Bay.

At one time, the Niles Cone was filled with fresh water and had a westerly gradient toward the Bay.

However, the pumping of water for agriculture and development in the Niles Cone basin caused water levels to drop below sea level in the 1920s, which caused saltwater from the Bay to migrate into the aquifer.

This compromised water quality and eventually required that ACWD purchase water from supplemental sources to restore groundwater quality. Since the 1960s, ACWD has been using water from the State Water Project to recharge the basin and correct water salinity conditions. In the 1970s, ACWD took further steps to reduce saltwater intrusion, including a series of wells to intercept bay water before it reached the aquifer.

Although there has been substantial improvement, a considerable amount of salt water still remains. Potable Packet Page No. 722
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water quality may also be threatened by urban activities, and from past industrial activities that may result in chemical plumes. The ACWD works continuously to address these issues through groundwater monitoring, pumping operations, and the procurement of supplemental water supplies as needed.

A watershed is an area of land, usually occurring between ridges or highpoints that drains to a body of water such as a creek, stream, lake, or bay. Watershed also refers to the topographic divide between water basins.

Newark is located in the Alameda Creek Watershed and the Niles Cone Groundwater Basin. Alameda Creek is one of the main tributaries to San Francisco Bay. It drains a 633-square-mile area that stretches from Mount Diablo on the north to Mount Hamilton on the south and the Altamont Pass on the east. The creek itself enters the Bay in a flood control channel along the border between Fremont and Hayward, about two miles north of Newark. Watersheds are shown in Section 4.2.1 of the Base Plan and are detailed on Table B-11.

Table B-11 City of Newark – Watersheds by Acreage
Watersheds Acres
Crandall 20
Sanjon del los Alisos 2,536
(unnamed) 6,443
Newark Total 8,999
Source: CA DWR
Wetlands and their Natural and Beneficial Functions
Wetlands are habitats in which soils are intermittently or permanently saturated or inundated. Wetland habitats vary from rivers to seasonal ponding of alkaline flats and include swamps, bogs, marshes, vernal pools, and riparian woodlands. Wetlands are considered to be waters of the United States and are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as well as the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). Where the waters provide habitat for federally endangered species, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may also have authority.

Wetlands are a valuable natural resource for communities providing beneficial impact to water quality, wildlife protection, recreation, and education, and play an important role in hazard mitigation. Wetlands provide drought relief in water-scarce areas where the relationship between water storage and streamflow regulation is vital and reduce flood peaks and slowly release floodwaters to downstream areas. When surface runoff is dampened, the erosive powers of the water are greatly diminished. Furthermore, the reduction in the velocity of inflowing water as it passes through a wetland helps remove sediment being transported by the water.

Wetlands are often found in floodplains and depressional areas of a watershed. Many wetlands receive and store floodwaters, thus slowing and reducing downstream flow. Wetlands perform a variety of ecosystem functions including food web support, habitat for insects and other invertebrates, fish and wildlife habitat, filtering of waterborne and dry-deposited anthropogenic pollutants, carbon storage, water flow regulation (e.g., flood abatement), groundwater recharge, and other human and economic benefits.

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Wetlands, and other riparian and sensitive areas, provide habitat for insects and other invertebrates that are critical food sources to a variety of wildlife species, particularly birds. There are species that depend on these areas during all parts of their lifecycle for food, overwintering, and reproductive habitat. Other species use wetlands and riparian areas for one or two specific functions or parts of the lifecycle, most commonly for food resources. In addition, these areas produce substantial plant growth that serves as a food source to herbivores (wild and domesticated) and a secondary food source to carnivores.

Wetlands slow the flow of water through the vegetation and soil, and pollutants are often held in the soil.

In addition, because the water is slowed, sediments tend to fall out, thus improving water quality and reducing turbidity downstream.

These natural floodplain functions associated with the natural or relatively undisturbed floodplain that moderates flooding, such as wetland areas, are critical for maintaining water quality, recharging groundwater, reducing erosion, redistributing sand and sediment, and providing fish and wildlife habitat.

Preserving and protecting these areas and associated functions are a vital component of sound floodplain management practices for the City.

Wetlands in the City are shown in Section 4.2.1 and detailed in Table B-12.

Table B-12 City of Newark – Wetland Types and Acreages
Wetlands Type Acres
Freshwater Emergent Wetland 83
Freshwater Pond 135
Lake 2,689
Riverine 24
Newark Total 2,930
Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service
Historic and Cultural Resources
Historic and cultural resources are difficult to replace. Should a natural disaster occur, these properties and locations can be at risk. The City of Newark has a stock of historically significant homes, public buildings, and landmarks. The California Department of Parks and Recreation Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) was the primary source of information. OHP administers the National Register of Historic Places, the California Register of Historical Resources, California Historical Landmarks, and the California Points of Historical Interest programs. Each program has different eligibility criteria and procedural requirements.

These requirements are detailed in Section 4.3.1 of the Base Plan. Table B-13 shows no historic buildings in the City in the OHP Database.

Table B-13 City of Newark – Historic Resources
Resource Name (Plaque Number)
National
Register
State
Landmark
California
Register
Point of
Interest Date Listed
– – – – – –
Source: California Department of Parks and Recreation Office of Historic Preservation, http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ Packet Page No. 724
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It should be noted that these lists may not be complete, as they may not include those currently in the nomination process and not yet listed. Additionally, as defined by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), any property over 50 years of age is considered a historic resource and is potentially eligible for the National Register. Thus, in the event that the property is to be altered, or has been altered, as the result of a major federal action, the property must be evaluated under the guidelines set forth by CEQA and NEPA. Structural mitigation projects are considered alterations for the purpose of this regulation.

The 2013 City of Newark General Plan noted that Old Town is the historic center of Newark. Its grid of streets reflects the original Town Plan from 1878. Its land use pattern was already well-established by the time Newark incorporated in 1955. The area includes a diverse mix of uses, including single and multifamily housing, retail stores, restaurants, service businesses, light industry, public buildings, and churches.

It includes a commercial district along Thornton Avenue and a residential area with a variety of housing types and densities. Additionally, Newark has Watkins Hall – 1889 (across from Thornton Fire), as well as a Native American burial grounds in the City.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Assessing the vulnerability of the City of Newark to natural hazards and disasters also involves inventorying the economic assets and community activities of value in the City.

Economic Assets
After a disaster, economic resiliency is one of the major drivers of a speedy recovery. Each community has specific economic drivers. These include:
➢ Primary Economic Sectors
➢ Major employers
➢ Commercial Centers
In the City of Newark it was noted that hotels have a sizable economic benefit to the City. They generate significant revenue through the transient occupancy tax. With all of the tech companies in the area, the hotels generally remain full and provide significant revenue. The City noted that during 2020 to 2022 there was a significant impact to City revenues during the Covid shutdowns due in part to low hotel occupancies.

Combined, the IT sector and the Hotel sector are key economic assetsthat, if impacted during hazard events, could have a significant economic impact on City.

Two other key businesses that need to be operational post disaster include Home Depot and Costco. They both bring in significant sales tax and would be needed to assist in recovery. Other key economic assets that generate sales tax include the NewPark Mall. The Farmer’s market is also held at this location on weekends. Others include the Lion Market shopping Center and Rosemont square.

Another area that brings in revenue to the City are their Recreational Facilities. These include the:
➢ City of Newark State Licensed Child Care
➢ Clark W. Redeker Newark Senior Center
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➢ George M. Silliman Community Activity Center
➢ Newark Community Center
Again, during Covid when all of these recreation centers were shut down, there was reduced revenue to the City. Should these recreational facilities be shut down or impacted during future hazard events or disasters, the City will likely experience similar reductions in revenues.

Community Activities of Value
Inventorying economic assets in the City and their vulnerability to natural hazards and disasters also involves inventorying activities that have value to the community. This includes activities that are important to a community, like long-standing traditions such as a festival or fair. Some areas rely on seasonal industries to sustain them throughout the year. Many of these activities also provide economic benefits to the City. A hazard event that cancels or shortens these can affect a community’s livelihood and can make disaster recovery more difficult or prolonged. This includes activities such as:
➢ Festivals and Fairs
➢ Sporting Events
➢ Tourism
The City noted the following community activities of value:
➢ Newark Days,
➢ Family Day at the Park,
➢ Grooving at the Park,
➢ Tree lighting (Christmas) Holy Ghost Parade,
➢ Outdoor movie night. Silliman Park (Sports park)
➢ Newark Memorial High School sporting events.

Growth and Development Trends
As part of the planning process, the City looked at changes in growth and development, both current and future, and examined these changes in the context of hazard-prone areas, and how the changes in growth and development affect loss estimates and vulnerability over time.

Land Use
State planning law requires that the land use element of a general plan include a statement of the standard population density, building intensity, and allowed uses for the various land use designations in the plan (Government Code Section 65302(a)). The City’s land use designations are generally described below and mapped on the Land Use Diagram (Figure B-10). The Newark Municipal Code provides detailed land use and development standards for development.

The Municipal Code works hand in hand with the City’s General Plan Land Use Element. The purpose of the Land Use Element is to provide goals, policies, actions diagrams and standards to guide future land use decisions in Newark. While all elements of the General Plan have equal weight under California law, in some respects this Element is the most far-reaching. It informs all other elements of the Plan, shaping the Packet Page No. 726
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future transportation network and the location of future housing sites, and influencing public facility requirements and park and recreation needs. It defines the City’s future open space system and responds to natural resource conservation issues and safety hazards. It establishes the basic pattern of development in the City for the next 20-25 years, including land uses and densities, and presents the policies and actions to ensure that future development will enhance the quality of life for all Newark residents.

Existing land use for the City of Newark from the 2013 City of Newark General Plan Land Use Element is shown on Figure B-10.

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Figure B-10 City of Newark – Land Use Diagram
Source: City of Newark 2013 General Plan Land Use Element Packet Page No. 728
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Population Trends and Projections
The City is expected to continue to increase in population. The 2023-2031 City of Newark Housing Element contained population projections for the City from 2020 to 2040. These are shown on Table B-14.

Average annual population growth as shown in this table is 0.65%.

Table B-14 City of Newark – Future Population Projections Forecast Factor 2020 2030 2045
Population 48,966 52,100 57,600
Source: 2015-2023 City of Newark Housing Element
Development since 2017 Plan
As discussed in Section 4.3.1 of the Base Plan, future development has occurred in the City since the last plan. Some of this has occurred in hazard prone areas. The City Building Inspection Division tracked total building permits issued since 2017 for the City. These are tracked by total development, property use type, and hazard risk area. These are shown in Table B-15 and Table B-16.

Table B-15 City of Newark – Total Development Since 2017 Property Use 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Agricultural 0 0 0 0 0 0
Commercial 2 6 11 11 4 3
Industrial 11 11 12 3 4 0
Residential 246 293 298 215 265 163
Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 259 310 322 229 273 166
Source: City of Newark Building Inspection Division
Table B-16 City of Newark – Development in Hazard Areas since 2017 Property Use 1% Annual Chance
Flood
Levee Protected
Area
Wildfire Risk Area1 Other
Agricultural 0 0 0
Commercial 0 0 0
Industrial 0 0 0
Residential 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0
Source: City of Newark Building Inspection Division
1Moderate or higher wildfire risk area
No development in the identified hazard areas, including the 1% annual chance floodplains and high wildfire risk areas, occurred. If it were, it would be completed in accordance with all current and applicable development codes and standards and should be adequately protected. Thus, with the exception of more Packet Page No. 729
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people living in the area potentially exposed to natural hazards, this growth should not cause a significant change in vulnerability of the City to identified priority hazards.

Future Development Areas
It is important to review future development plans for the City. Future development should be sited in areas that are away from known hazard risks. If this is not possible, mitigation should be done to ensure that future development is protected against future hazards. The 2023-2031 City of Newark housing Element noted that the most important resource for meeting Newark’s future housing needs is a sufficient supply of land zoned for housing and with supportive infrastructure and pro-housing policies and programs. To that end, the City provided the areas it anticipates it will grow and develop the next 5 years.

GIS Analysis
The City has 28 sites it anticipates will be developed in the next 5 years. These were provided by the City and mapped in GIS. These are shown on Figure B-11 and Figure B-12 and detailed in Table B-17. More information on how these areas will be affected by hazards is discussed in each Future Development section in the hazard discussion in Section B.4.3 below.

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Figure B-11 City of Newark – Future Development Areas
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Figure B-12 City of Newark – Future Development Areas Map Legend Packet Page No. 732
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Table B-17 City of Newark – Future Development Areas with Site Numbers Property Use / Site
Number
Future
Development Name
Use Net New Units Site Count
Commercial
1 AC Marriott Hotel Hotel 1 1
2 Costco Retail 1 1
3 Hyatt Place Hotel 1 1
4 McDonald's
Replacement
Eating & Drinking 1 1
5 Prologis Light Industrial 1 1
Commercial Total 5
Residential
6 37136 Magnolia Street
Duplex
(blank) 1
7 Bain Avenue &
Magnolia Street
Medium Density
Residential
4 1
8 Bridgeway / Gateway Various 580 1
9 Cedar Homes (blank) 118 1
10 Cherry Street
Rowhouse Project
Medium Density
Residential
7 1
11 Compass Bay Medium Density
Residential
138 1
12 Filbert Townhomes Medium Density
Residential
16 1
13 FMC Willow-
"North" of Hetch
Hetchy
Various 64 1
14 FMC Willow -
"South" of Hetch
Hetchy
Various 215 1
15 FMC Willow -
Affordable Family
Units
(blank) 91 1
16 Harbor Pointe (blank) 192 1
17 Lepakshi at Thornton
"Site A” Prelim
Review
Commercial Mixed
Use
59 1
18 Lepakshi at Thornton
"Site B" Prelim
Review
Commercial Mixed
Use
23 1
19 Mayhews Landing /
Place
Medium Density
Residential
6 1
20 Mowry Village (blank) 203 1
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Property Use / Site
Number
Future
Development Name
Use Net New Units Site Count
21 Mulberry Residential Medium Density
Residential
7 1
22 Muse Court Medium Density
Residential
14 1
23 NewPark Phase A Regional Commercial 319 1
24 Newpark PlazaSB330(blank) 1000 1
25 Sanctuary West Low Density
Residential
469 1
26 Timber Seniors Medium Density
Residential
79 1
27 Waymark Homes on
Cedar
(blank) 76 1
Commercial Total 22
Source: City of Newark Planning/GIS
B.4.2. Hazard Identification
Newark identified the hazards that affect the City and summarized their location, extent, likelihood of future occurrence, potential magnitude, and significance specific to the City (see Table B-18).

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Table B-18 City of Newark—Hazard Identification Assessment Hazard
Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Future
Occurrences
Magnitude/
Severity Significance
Climate
Change
Influence
Climate Change Extensive Highly Likely Critical High –
Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise Limited Highly Likely Limited Medium High Dam Failure Extensive Unlikely Catastrophic High Medium Drought & Water Shortage Extensive Likely Limited Medium High Earthquake Extensive Highly Likely Catastrophic High Low Flood: 1%/0.2% annual chance Significant Occasional Critical High High Flood: Localized/Stormwater Flooding Extensive Highly Likely Limited Medium Medium Landslide Significant Likely Limited Low Medium
Levee Failure Limited Unlikely Limited Low Medium
Severe Weather: Extreme Cold and
Freeze
Extensive Likely Negligible Low Medium
Severe Weather: Extreme Heat Extensive Highly Likely Limited Medium High Severe Weather: Heavy Rain and Storms Extensive Highly Likely Limited Medium Medium Severe Weather: High Winds and
Tornadoes
Extensive Highly Likely Negligible Low Medium
Subsidence Significant Likely Limited Low Medium
Tsunami Limited Unlikely Limited Medium Low
Wildfire Significant Highly Likely Limited Medium Medium Geographic Extent
Limited: Less than 10% of planning
area
Significant: 10-50% of planning area
Extensive: 50-100% of planning area
Likelihood of Future Occurrences
Highly Likely: Near 100% chance of
occurrence in next year or happens
every year.

Likely: Between 10 and 100% chance of
occurrence in next year or has a
recurrence interval of 10 years or less.

Occasional: Between 1 and 10%
chance of occurrence in the next year or
has a recurrence interval of 11 to 100
years.

Unlikely: Less than 1% chance of
occurrence in next 100 years or has a
recurrence interval of greater than every
100 years.

Magnitude/Severity
Catastrophic: More than 50 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for more than 30 days; and/or multiple deaths Critical: 25-50 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for at least two weeks; and/or injuries and/or illnesses result in permanent disability
Limited: 10-25 percent of property severely damaged; shutdown of facilities for more than a week; and/or injuries/illnesses treatable do not result in permanent disability
Negligible: Less than 10 percent of property severely damaged, shutdown of facilities and services for less than 24 hours; and/or injuries/illnesses treatable with first aid
Significance (Medium or High Significance=Priority Hazard) Low: Minimal potential impact
Medium: Moderate potential impact
High: Widespread potential impact
Climate Change Influence
Low: Minimal potential impact
Medium: Moderate potential impact
High: Widespread potential impact
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
B.4.3. Hazard Profiles and Vulnerability to Specific Hazards This section includes the hazard profiles and vulnerability assessment for hazards ranked of medium or high significance specific to the City (as identified in the Significance column of Table B-18) and also includes a hazard profile and vulnerability assessment to the four primary hazards to the State of California:
dam failure, earthquake, flood, and wildfire, regardless of the significance ranking by the City. Chapter 4 of the Base Plan provides more detailed information about these hazards and their impacts on the Tri-City Planning Area. Methodologies for evaluating vulnerabilities and calculating loss estimates are the same as those described in Section 4.3 of the Base Plan.

Hazard Profiles and Vulnerability Assessment Format
Each hazard specific section below begins with a summary of the Likelihood of Future Occurrence (from Table B-18) and the City’s overall Vulnerability ranking. Vulnerability is measured in general, qualitative terms and is a summary of the potential impact based on past occurrences, spatial extent, and damage and casualty potential. It is categorized into the following classifications:
➢ Extremely Low—The occurrence and potential cost of damage to life and property is very minimal to nonexistent.
➢ Low—Minimal potential impact. The occurrence and potential cost of damage to life and property is minimal.
➢ Medium—Moderate potential impact. This ranking carries a moderate threat level to the general population and/or built environment. Here the potential damage is more isolated and less costly than a more widespread disaster.
➢ High—Widespread potential impact. This ranking carries a high threat to the general population and/or built environment. The potential for damage is widespread. Hazards in this category may have occurred in the past.
➢ Extremely High—Very widespread with catastrophic impact.

This is followed by the following sections:
➢ Hazard Profile and Problem Description – A hazard profile is included for each hazard. This includes information on:
✓ A general discussion of the hazard and related issues. ✓ Location and Extent - Location is the geographic area within the City that is affected by the hazard.

Extent is the expected range of intensity for each hazard. These are discussed in specific detail for mapped hazards, and in more general detail for those hazards that do not have discrete mapped hazard areas.
✓ Past Occurrences – Past occurrences are discussed for each hazard. A discussion of disaster declarations is included in each hazard section. Data specific to the City follows the disaster declarations for each hazard.
➢ Vulnerability Assessment – A vulnerability assessment for each hazard is presented specific to the City. This includes information on:
✓ A general discussion of hazard vulnerabilities.
✓ Local Concerns – The City provided information on how the City is uniquely affected by or vulnerable to each hazard.

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✓ Assets at Risk – A discussion of the assets at risk follows, presented in the same format as in Section B.4.1 above. This includes sections on: People and Populations; Structures; Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines; Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources, and Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value. These are discussed in specific terms for mapped hazards, and in more general terms for those hazards that are unmapped. ➢ Impacts – A discussion on hazard impacts follows. Impacts describe how each hazard can affect the City and their assets. The type and severity of impacts reflect both the potential magnitude of the hazard and the vulnerability of the asset. Impacts are also affected by the community’s ability to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from an event.
➢ Future Development – A discussion of how future development will be affected by the hazard is also included. This is talked about specifically for mapped hazards, and in more general terms for those hazards that are unmapped.

Power Interruption/Power Failure: A Common Vulnerability of all Hazards An impact of almost all hazards evaluated as part of this LHMP Update relates to power shortage and/or power failures. The US power grid crisscrosses the country, bringing electricity to homes, offices, factories, warehouses, farms, traffic lights and even campgrounds. According to statistics gathered by the U.S.

Department of Energy, major blackouts are on the upswing. Incredibly, over the past two decades, blackouts impacting at least 50,000 customers have increased 124 percent. The electric power industry does not have a universal agreement for classifying disruptions. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that different types of outages are possible so that plans may be made to handle them effectively. In addition to blackouts, brownouts can occur. A brownout is an intentional or unintentional drop in voltage in an electrical power supply system. Intentional brownouts are used for load reduction in an emergency.

Electric power disruptions can be generally grouped into two categories: intentional and unintentional.

More information on types of power disruptions can be found in Section 4.3 of the Base Plan.

Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS)
A new intentional disruption type of power shortage/failure event has recently occurred in California. In recent years, several wildfires have started as a result of downed power lines or electrical equipment. This was the case for the Camp Fire in 2018. As a result, California’s three largest energy companies (including PG&E), at the direction of the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), are coordinating to prepare all Californians for the threat of wildfires and power outages during times of extreme weather. To help protect customers and communities during extreme weather events, electric power may be shut off for public safety in an effort to prevent a wildfire. This is called a PSPS. More information on PSPS criteria can be found in Section 4.3 of the Base Plan.

It was noted that PG&E is working to enhance its power network with Enhanced Powerline Safety Settings (EPSS) capable lines. EPSS are advanced safety settings. They allow PG&E powerlines to automatically turn off power within one-tenth of a second. This can happen when there’s a hazard, like a tree branch falling into a powerline, which can cause a fire. These settings are in high fire-risk and surrounding areas.

These have not yet been installed in and near the Tri-City area, as PG&E focuses on other very high fire hazard areas in its service territory first. It is thought these EPSS capable lines will eventually come to the Tri-City Planning Area.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-40
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Local Concerns
The City noted that City Hall does not have a universal power system (UPS) backup so the phone and IT system will go down after the 1-hour back-up system is exhausted. This would be similar at all off site centers as well. The City was impacted in 2019 for PSPS. Since then, PG&E has been able to mitigate the impact for Union City and there have been no recorded PSPS outages since. The City did note that there are potential risks from rolling brown or black outs due to lack of energy.

Climate Change
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–High
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Climate change adaptation is a key priority of the State of California. The 2023 State of California MultiHazard Mitigation Plan noted that climate change is already affecting California. Sea levels have risen by as much as seven inches along the California coast over the last century, increasing erosion and pressure on the State’s infrastructure, water supplies, and natural resources. The State has also seen increased average temperatures, more extreme hot days, fewer cold nights, a lengthening of the growing season, shifts in the water cycle with less winter precipitation falling as snow, and earlier runoff of both snowmelt and rainwater in the year. In addition to changes in average temperatures, sea level, and precipitation patterns, the intensity of extreme weather events is also changing.

California’s Adaptation Planning Guide (APG): Understanding Regional Characteristics (from 2017) has divided California into 11 different regions based on political boundaries, projected climate impacts, existing environmental setting, socioeconomic factors and regional designations. The City falls in the Bay Area Region. Climate projections for this region are shown in Section 4.3.6 of the Base Plan and include an increase in temperatures, moderate changes in rainfall, and increased sea level rise.

Location and Extent
Climate change is a global phenomenon. It is expected to affect the whole of the City of Newark, the TriCity Planning area, surrounding counties, and State of California. There is no scale to measure the extent of climate change. Climate change exacerbates other hazards, such as drought, extreme heat, flooding, wildfire, and others. The speed of onset of climate change is very slow. The duration of climate change is not yet known but is feared to be tens to hundreds of years.

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
Climate change has never been directly linked to any declared disasters.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-41
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Newark Events
While the City noted that climate change is of concern, no specific impacts of climate change could be recalled. The City noted that the strength of storms does seem to be increasing and the temperatures are getting hotter. The City also noted that over the last 5 years in Newark, the City has seen increased sustained winds and high winds along with years of drought followed by heavy rains and flooding.

Vulnerability to Climate Change
The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to climate change. The City Planning team has concerns that the vulnerability will grow to be greater in the future. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to climate change begins with an understanding of local exposure to climate change. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
The 2010 City of Newark Climate Action Plan noted that the City of Newark recognizes that climate change poses a potential threat to the community and to the environment. Locally, the forecasted changes accompanying climate change could dramatically reduce the availability of hydro-generated electricity, increase the incidence of forest fires, and lead to a rise in the level of San Francisco Bay that could impact lower elevation land in Newark. Rising temperatures year over year could eventually result in the need for additional essential facilities as cooling centers. The City of Newark is undertaking a Climate Action Plan Update in 2024 that will likely identify additional threats to the community and environment.

Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from climate change include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value.

People and Populations
Climate change affects people and populations within a community, especially those climate change issues related to increases in temperature over time. While all populations can be affected by temperature extremes, populations particularly vulnerable include the very old and very young, medically fragile people, people without means of shelter (and air conditioning) or transportation, people who are socially isolated and other socially vulnerable or underserved populations (as shown in Special Populations discussion in Section B.4.1). Acclimatization to heat may help reduce risks from heat waves in the healthy general population but may not be sufficient to protect those with underlying medical conditions.

Structures
Climate change, on its own, does not generally impact structures. However, structures in areas of increased wildfire, sea level rise, or flood areas exacerbated by the effects of climate change would be at increased Packet Page No. 739
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-42
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risk, as described throughout this LHMP. More information on how structures may be affected by climate change can be found in Section 4.3.6 of the Base Plan.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines As with structures, critical facilities and infrastructure in areas of increased wildfire, sea level rise, or flood areas due to the effects of climate change would be at increased risk. Climate change is expected to increase the vulnerability of critical facilities and infrastructure to natural hazards.

Due to the slow onset of climate change, community lifelines in the City are expected to adapt over time to new climate normal. It is thought that community lifelines in the City would not be overwhelmed by climate change.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
San Francisco Bay and the associated estuarine ecosystem sit at the center of the region and serve as the outlet for the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. This estuary supports rich biodiversity, including many special-status species. These are all at risk from the effects of climate change. In addition to coastal areas, if heat changes wildfire patterns, all areas (on land) of the City are at increased risk from fire – including natural, historic, and cultural resources. More information on how natural, historic, and cultural resources may be affected by climate change can be found in Section 4.3.6 of the Base Plan.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
All economic assets and community activities of value in the City are at some measure of risk to hazards exacerbated by climate change. Should storms or other climate-related hazard events occur, certain economic assets and activities could be adversely affected. This includes the hotel and IT sector, as well as recreational facilities in the City.

Impacts from Climate Change
The California APG: Understanding Regional Characteristics identified the following impacts specific to the Bay Area region in which the Tri-City Planning Area is part of:
➢ Increased temperatures
➢ Reduced precipitation
➢ Sea level rise – coastal inundation and erosion
➢ Public health – heat and air pollution
➢ Reduced agricultural productivity (e.g., wine grapes) ➢ Inland flooding
➢ Reduced tourism
In addition to these sources, the 2023 State of California Hazard Mitigation Plan noted that according to California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, the state will experience the following climate impacts:

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
➢ Annual average daily high temperatures are expected to rise by 2.7° F by 2040, 5.8°F by 2070, and

8.8°F by 2100 compared to observed and modeled historical conditions. These changes are statewide averages.
➢ Heat waves are projected to become longer, more intense, and more frequent. ➢ Warming temperatures are expected to increase soil moisture loss and lead to drier conditions. Summer dryness may become prolonged, with soil drying beginning earlier in the spring and lasting longer into the fall and winter.
➢ Droughts are likely to become more frequent and persistent through 2100. ➢ The strength of the most intense precipitation and storm events affecting California is expected to increase.
➢ Snowpack levels are projected to decline significantly by 2100 due to reduced snowfall and faster snowmelt.
➢ Marine layer clouds are projected to decrease.
➢ Extreme wildfires (i.e., fires larger than 24,710 acres) would occur 50 percent more frequently. The maximum area burned statewide may increase 178 percent by the end of the century. ➢ Sea level rise is expected to continue to increase beach, cliff, and bluff erosion.

Climate change will continue to influence natural hazards and play a role in the nature and extent of natural hazards and their impacts on City assets. In general, changes in population patterns and land use and development will also be a factor in the extent by which climate change is an issue over time. Thus, any changes in population patterns and land use and development would likely increase the impacts associated with climate change on City assets.

Future Development
Climate change can influence development in the City over time. The City could see population fluctuations as a result of climate impacts relative to those experienced in other regions, and these fluctuations are expected to impact demand for housing and other development. While there are currently no formal studies of specific migration patterns expected to impact the City and County region, climateinduced migration was recognized within the UNFCCC Conference of Parties Paris Agreement of 2015 and is expected to be the focus of future studies. Current development policies in the Conservation and Sustainability Element of the Newark General Plan include:
➢ Linking Land Use and Transportation
➢ Ensuring Pedestrian and Bicycle Friendly Design
➢ Consideration of Climate in Transportation Planning
➢ Planning for Sea Level Rise
The Climate Action Plan Update to be undertaken by the City will likely identify future development considerations and new or updated policies to address greenhouse gas reduction goals. Additional findings in the current Active Transportation Plan Update and the Sea Level Rise Resiliency Study may also contribute to future development policies
Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–High
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Historically, cities, towns and villages were often settled around ports and waterways along the nation's coastlines. Although the coastal areas of the United States comprise only one-fifth of the land area of the contiguous 48 states, they account for more than half of the nation’s population and housing supply. The continued increase in coastal population leads to increased coastal development, which places greater numbers of people and structures at risk from coastal hazards. Coastal flooding can result from a variety of different causes including storm surges created by tidal influences; storms like hurricanes and tropical cyclones, strong rain and wind storm events; rising sea levels due to climate change; and to a much lesser extent by possible tsunamis events.

In the past decade, there have been groundbreaking studies and an increased public awareness on the worldwide effects of climate change associated with global warming. Studies continue to document that global warming is continuing at progressive rates, which has been demonstrated by warmer and colder seasonal temperatures and patterns of more severe seasonal storm events, including coastal flooding. Sea level rise has accelerated in recent decades due, in part, to increasing ice loss in the world’s polar regions.

Latest data from the World Meteorological Organization shows that global mean sea level reached a new record high in 2021 (the latest year for which reporting data has been analyzed), rising an average of 4.5 millimeters per year over the period 2013 to 2021. It is projected that sea levels will continue to rise as precipitation continues to increase and ice caps continue to melt.

King Tides
Coastal flooding and sea level rise are exacerbated during periods of extreme tides. Tides are long-period waves that roll around the planet as the ocean is "pulled" back and forth by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun as these bodies interact with the Earth in their monthly and yearly orbits. According to NOAA, during full or new moons—which occur when the Earth, sun, and moon are nearly in alignment— average tidal ranges are slightly larger. This occurs twice each month. The moon appears new (dark) when it is directly between the Earth and the sun. The moon appears full when the Earth is between the moon and the sun. In both cases, the gravitational pull of the sun is “added” to the gravitational pull of the moon on Earth, causing the oceans to bulge a bit more than usual. This means that high tides are a little higher and low tides are a little lower than average. These are called spring tides, a common historical term that has nothing to do with the season of spring. Rather, the term is derived from the concept of the tide “springing forth.” Spring tides occur twice each lunar month all year long, without regard to the season.

Spring tides are also sometimes called (non-scientifically) king tides.

Location and Extent
The coastal areas of the City at risk for coastal flooding will also be affected by sea level rise (especially during periods of extreme tides). These include areas with low-lying elevations (some at sea level) and areas that are now filled and were once marshland. Coastal flooding areas in FEMA Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) VE zones are shown on Figure B-76 in the Flood: 1%/0.2% Annual Chance section.

Duration of coastal flooding generally lasts as long as the storm that causes it and is relatively short, with a quick speed of onset. There is no scientific scale to measure coastal flooding, as floods are generally measured in depth, extent, and velocity of flooding.

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Coastal flooding and potential sea level rise scenarios are shown on Figure B-13, Figure B-14, and Figure B-15. Extents by scenario are detailed in Table B-19. As shown in the table, there are small amounts in the existing conditions scenarios, while the 1-meter and 2-meter scenario show moderate and sizable amounts of the City would be affected, respectively. Duration of sea level rise is thought to be long. The speed of onset is slow. There is no scientific scale for sea level rise, other than the actual physical measurement of sea level.

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Figure B-13 City of Newark – Sea Level Rise Existing Conditions Scenarios Packet Page No. 744
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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Figure B-14 City of Newark – Sea Level Rise 1 Meter Scenarios Packet Page No. 745
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-15 City of Newark – Sea Level Rise 2 Meter Scenarios Packet Page No. 746
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March 2024
Table B-19 City of Newark – Sea Level Rise Scenario Geographical Extents Sea Level Rise Scenario Total
Acres
% of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
Existing Condition: 0-year (tidal)
scenario 58.99 0.40% 0.62 0.01% 58.38 1.13%
Existing Condition: 100-year
(storm) scenario 1,448.71 9.86% 19.9 0.21% 1,428.81 27.74% 1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level
Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario 3,317.94 22.59% 272.87 2.86% 3,045.08 59.12% 1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level
Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario 4,167.98 28.38% 568.96 5.97% 3,599.02 69.87% 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level
Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario 4,612.32 31.40% 847.62 8.89% 3,764.69 73.09% 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level
Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario 5,845.21 39.80% 1,737.72 18.22% 4,107.49 79.74% Source: Cosmos 2021
Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
There have been 19 state and 19 federal disaster declarations due to flooding and heavy rains and storms in Alameda County as shown in Table B-20. These events are known to have caused some measures of coastal flooding, as compounded by sea level rise, affecting the City. No disaster declarations have occurred specific to sea level rise.

Table B-20 Alameda County Disaster Declarations 1950-2023 from Flood (including Heavy Rains and Storms)
Disaster Type State Declarations Federal Declarations
Count Years Count Years
Flood (including heavy
rains and storms)
19 1950, 1955, 1957, 1958 (twice), 1962,
1963, 1970, 1982, 1983 (twice), 1986,
1995 (twice), 1997, 1998, 2008, 2017
(twice)
19 1955, 1958, 1962 (twice), 1970,
1982, 1983, 1986, 1995 (twice),
1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2017
(three), 2023 (twice)
Source: Cal OES, FEMA
City of Newark Events
The City noted the past events are included in the Flood: 1% and 0.2% Annual Chance section below for coastal flooding. No sea level rise events were noted.

Vulnerability to Coastal Flood and Sea Level Rise
Coastal flooding compounded by sea level rise will flood areas not previously prone to flooding. In addition, as riverine and coastal waters come together at river mouths, coastal lagoons, and estuaries, higher Packet Page No. 747
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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water levels at the coast may cause water to back up and increase upstream flooding. Drainage systems that discharge close to sea level are expected to have similar problems, and inland areas may become flooded if outfall pipes back up with saltwater. Coastal areas of the City are at risk to coastal flooding and sea level rise (especially during periods of extreme tides).

According to the 2021 Critical Infrastructure at Risk – Sea Level Rise Planning Guidance for California’s Coastal Zone by the California Coastal Commission, other climate change impacts such as increases in the amount of precipitation falling as rain rather than snow will add to river flooding in some areas, as will predicted increases in the intensities of rainfall events. Wildfire damage in coastal watersheds can also increase flooding risks to our shorelines.

As seas rise, waves and tides will force water further and further inland, particularly during coastal storms, triggering consequences including both episodic and increased shoreline erosion, as well as damage to shoreline development. Erosion rates along coastal bluffs, beaches, and dunes are expected to increase with rising sea levels and are likely to further increase if waves, storms, and coastal flooding increase in size and intensity or become more frequent. Large sections of the California coast consist of coastal bluffs that are often highly susceptible to erosion. Fire damage in coastal locations could also result in significant erosion of exposed slopes that have lost vegetation. As sea level rises, the amount of time that these bluffs are exposed to wave attack and ocean waters will increase, causing further erosion. This, in turn, could trigger landslides and the loss of structural and geologic stability of bluffs. Signs of these effects are already becoming evident along various portions of the shoreline.

In addition to storm flooding and coastal erosion, sea level rise will also impact tidal flooding. As the ocean migrates inland, new lands will become tidally influenced and more areas will become permanently submerged. Bathymetry, built structures, and the natural coastline configuration will influence how rising seas will translate into encroaching tidal footprints.

Research also indicates that sea level rise is likely to raise groundwater levels and push saltwater into fresh groundwater; however, the degree of impact will vary greatly depending on local conditions. When a lowlying coastal area has shallow groundwater with subsurface connections to the ocean, sea level rise can cause groundwater levels to rise and emerge at the surface, contributing to chronic flooding.

Additionally, even if groundwater is relatively deep in a low-lying area, existing lower groundwater can rise to shallow elevations, increasing the need for pumping to protect infrastructure from inundation. Sea level rise may also drive seawater intrusion into freshwater aquifers, increasing the salinity of groundwater and leading to potential impacts to infrastructure and water supplies. Generally, the most vulnerable areas will be where groundwater is shallow, where aquifers are unconfined along low-lying coasts, or where aquifers have already experienced overdraft and saltwater intrusion.

An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to climate change begins with an understanding of local exposure to coastal flooding and sea level rise. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-51
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Local Concerns
Recent development activity in Newark has been designed to take potential future sea level rise into consideration. The City is currently undertaking a Sea Level Rise Resiliency Study to identify additional specific local concerns, issues and vulnerabilities. This study will also identify opportunities for mitigation to minimize future impacts.

Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from coastal flood and sea level rise include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All people and populations located in areas subject to coastal flooding and sea level rise are at some risk to these hazards. This includes those that reside and recreate in coastal areas, including FEMA DFIRM VE Zones and within areas inundated by the CosMoS sea level rise scenarios. Certain vulnerable populations located within areas prone to coastal flooding and sea level rise may be at increased risk to this hazard, especially during a large event with minimal advance notice. These vulnerable populations include: the unsheltered, those with limited mobility, and those that lack the resources to leave the area.

City residents that live in these coastal flooding and sea level rise areas are often the most vulnerable. Not only are the residents at risk, but their homes and contents are all at risk, compounding the impacts associated with significant hazard events. To further evaluate the impact to Newark’s residential populations located in these hazard areas, the CoSMoS sea level rise scenarios were overlayed on the parcel layer. Those residential parcel centroids that intersect the scenario areas were counted and multiplied by the 2020 Census Bureau average household factors for Newark – 3.32. Analysis results are shown in Table B-21.

Table B-21 City of Newark – Improved Residential Parcels and Population by Sea Level Rise Scenario
Sea Level Rise
Scenario/Jurisdiction
Improved
Residential
Parcels
Population at
Risk
Existing Conditions –0-year (tidal) scenario
City of Newark 0 0
Existing Conditions – 100-year Scenario
City of Newark 0 0
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario City of Newark 0 0
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 100-year scenario City of Newark 758 2,517
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2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario City of Newark 1,034 3,433
2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 100-year scenario City of Newark 3,067 10,182
Source: Cosmos 2021, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), US Census Bureau Structures
Certain structures in the City are at risk to coastal flooding and sea level rise and primarily include those structures located in areas prone to coastal flooding and sea level rise as shown in the CosMoS sea level rise scenarios, (and the FEMA DFIRM VE flood zones which are discussed in more detail in the Flood:
1%/0.2% Annual Chance section below). GIS was used to determine the possible impacts of coastal flooding and sea level rise on parcels and structures within the City of Newark. The methodology described in Section 4.3.7 of the Base Plan was followed in determining parcels and structures at risk to the six sea level rise scenarios. Table B-22 is a summary table for the City of Newark. Parcel counts, land and improved values (i.e., those with a structure improvement on the parcel), estimated content replacement values, and total values in the City are shown for each of the six sea level rise scenarios. Table B-23 breaks down Table B-22 by property use for each scenario.

Table B-22 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) in Sea Level Rise Scenarios
Sea Level
Rise
Scenario/
Jurisdiction
Total Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Existing Conditions –0-year (tidal) scenario
Newark 2 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Existing Conditions – 100-year Scenario
Newark 19 - $2,430,244 $0 $0 $2,430,244
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Newark 91 4 $72,875,566 $15,650,137 $15,650,137 $104,175,840 1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 100-year scenario Newark 1,203 783 $483,575,703 $773,730,050 $512,281,394 $1,769,587,147 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Newark 1,599 1,073 $710,944,847 $1,266,914,275 $1,057,205,839 $3,035,064,961 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 100-year scenario Newark 3,898 3,170 $1,336,138,118 $2,497,079,905 $1,975,028,267 $5,808,246,290 Source: Cosmos 2021, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Packet Page No. 750
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-53
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-23 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels in Sea Level Rise Scenario by Property Use
Sea Level
Rise
Scenario/
Property Use
Total Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Existing Condition: 0-year (tidal) scenario
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government /
Institutional
2 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Existing
Condition: 0-
year (tidal)
scenario
Total
2 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Existing Condition: 100-year scenario
Agricultural 7 0 $2,430,244 $0 $0 $2,430,244
Commercial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government /
Institutional
10 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 1 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 1 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Existing
Condition:
100-year
scenario
Total
19 0 $2,430,244 $0 $0 $2,430,244
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Agricultural 17 1 $2,669,491 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,348,451 Commercial 3 3 $15,989,336 $12,310,657 $12,310,657 $40,610,650 Government /
Institutional
28 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-54
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Sea Level
Rise
Scenario/
Property Use
Total Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Industrial 3 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Unknown 3 0 $23,661,573 $0 $0 $23,661,573
Utilities 3 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 34 0 $30,555,166 $0 $0 $30,555,166
1 Meter (3.1
feet) of Sea
Level Rise: 0-
year (tidal)
scenario
Total
91 4 $72,875,566 $15,650,137 $15,650,137 $104,175,840
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 100-year scenario Agricultural 21 1 $2,688,324 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,367,284 Commercial 9 6 $38,800,827 $51,565,837 $51,565,837 $141,932,501 Government /
Institutional
47 0 $61,110 $0 $0 $61,110
Industrial 9 5 $45,298,108 $103,339,986 $155,009,980 $303,648,074 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 889 758 $270,129,966 $604,732,182 $302,366,097 $1,177,228,245 Unknown 4 0 $23,661,573 $0 $0 $23,661,573
Utilities 7 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 217 13 $102,935,795 $10,752,565 $0 $113,688,360
1 Meter (3.1
feet) of Sea
Level Rise:
100-year
scenario
Total
1,203 783 $483,575,703 $773,730,050 $512,281,394 $1,769,587,147 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Agricultural 22 1 $2,688,324 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,367,284 Commercial 14 9 $52,213,963 $102,507,377 $102,507,377 $257,228,717 Government /
Institutional
55 0 $61,110 $0 $0 $61,110
Industrial 21 15 $158,377,309 $376,726,894 $565,090,342 $1,100,194,545 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 1,196 1,034 $345,513,296 $772,537,259 $386,268,640 $1,504,319,195 Unknown 4 0 $23,661,573 $0 $0 $23,661,573
Utilities 9 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Packet Page No. 752
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-55
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Sea Level
Rise
Scenario/
Property Use
Total Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Vacant 278 14 $128,429,272 $11,803,265 $0 $0
2 Meter (6.2
feet) of Sea
Level Rise: 0-
year (tidal)
scenario
Total
1,599 1,073 $710,944,847 $1,266,914,275 $1,057,205,839 $3,035,064,961 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea Level Rise: 100-year scenario Agricultural 26 1 $2,768,344 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,447,304 Commercial 56 38 $98,811,365 $174,884,426 $174,884,426 $448,580,217 Government /
Institutional
87 0 $92,068 $0 $0 $92,068
Industrial 56 48 $282,138,436 $643,431,577 $965,147,367 $1,890,717,380 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 3,299 3,067 $763,052,741 $1,663,314,031 $831,656,994 $3,258,023,766 Unknown 4 0 $23,661,573 $0 $0 $23,661,573
Utilities 16 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 354 16 $165,613,591 $12,110,391 $0 $177,723,982
2 Meter (6.2
feet) of Sea
Level Rise:
100-year
scenario
Total
3,898 3,170 $1,336,138,118 $2,497,079,905 $1,975,028,267 $5,808,246,290 Source: Cosmos 2021, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Coastal flooding and sea level rise presents a threat to both critical facilities and infrastructure, as well as community lifelines. Critical infrastructure plays an immensely important role in our communities.

According to the 2021 Critical Infrastructure at Risk – Sea Level Rise Planning Guidance for California’s Coastal Zone by the California Coastal Commission, communities rely on roads, rail corridors, and related biking and pedestrian routes for transportation, and on water infrastructure for drinking water, wastewater service, and draining streets of rainwater. Damage to any one of these systems can threaten public safety, wreak havoc on daily life, impact properties far from flood zones, and result in economic impacts that cascade throughout California. The following GIS analysis identifies critical facilities and infrastructure at risk to coastal flooding and sea level rise, followed by a discussion on vulnerability of community lifelines.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Coastal flooding and sea level rise present a risk to the critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. A separate analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in the City to determine critical facilities Packet Page No. 753
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-56
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
in the CoSMos Sea Level Rise Scenarios. Using GIS, the scenarios were overlayed on the critical facility GIS layer. This is shown on Figure B-16 (for existing conditions scenarios), Figure B-17 (for 1 meter rise scenarios), and Figure B-18 (for 2 meter rise scenarios). As shown on the maps, only the 2-meter scenario affects critical facilities in the City. Table B-24 details which critical facilities fall in which scenario.

Details of critical facility categories, type, name, and address by sea level rise scenario are listed in Appendix F.

Packet Page No. 754
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-57
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-16 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in Sea Level Rise Existing Conditions Scenarios
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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-58
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-17 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in Sea Level Rise 1 Meter Scenarios Packet Page No. 756
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-59
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-18 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in Sea Level Rise 2 Meter Scenarios Packet Page No. 757
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-60
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-24 City of Newark – Critical Facilities by Category and Type in Sea Level Rise Scenarios
Sea Level Rise Scenario/ Critical
Infrastructure Category
Critical Infrastructure Type / Critical
Infrastructure Name
Facility Count
2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Distribution Center
FedEx Ground Facility 1
Distribution Center Total 1
2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Total 1 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care
Kidango Schilling Center 1
Day Care Total 1
School
Lincoln Elementary School 1
Schilling Elementary School 1
School Total 2
Total 3
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Distribution Center
FedEx Ground Facility 1
Distribution Center Total 1
Paper Facility
1 Paper Facility Total 1
Total 4
2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Total 18 Source: CoSMoS, City of Newark GIS
Community Lifelines
Coastal flooding and sea level rise present a threat to life and property, including community lifelines in the City. Community lifelines that would be vulnerable to coastal flooding and sea level rise include:
➢ Safety and Security – Search and rescue and swiftwater teams may be called on to perform riskier duties during times of coastal flooding. Police, Fire, EMS, and Public Works personnel are often called on to respond during flood emergencies. This would be true in a coastal flood event. ➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Public health can also be at risk from flooding. Floodwater is often contaminated with sewage, which can lead to illness and affect clean drinking water ➢ Health and Medical – There may be injuries and deaths from a coastal flood. Patient movement from accident scenes by EMS may also have to be rerouted.
➢ Energy – Coastal flooding and sea level rise could impact large areas of electric infrastructure, causing widespread power outages.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-61
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
➢ Communications – Communication infrastructure can be inundated by a coastal flood event or sea level rise causing damage and an interruption in service. As well, an influx of service calls to dispatch centers for reporting of flooding, power outages, or other issues can occur. Messaging systems need to be deployed during these times to let the public know about road and lane closures, washouts, debris on roads, or other issues.
➢ Transportation – Highways and local roads may see extensive flooding. This can cause lane and road closures. These closures can affect response personnel (EMS, Fire, Police) as well as cause additional traffic issues for residents and impact evacuation routes. ➢ Hazardous Material – Hazardous material facilities can be affected by flooding. Releases during these times can be comingled with flood waters, contaminate drinking water, as well as create additional exposures to the environment.
➢ Water Systems – Any water (and wastewater) system located close to the coast may be affected by coastal flooding and sea level rise. The City’s stormwater drainage system (close to the coast) and facilities may also be affected. Saltwater intrusion can cause significant impacts to these systems.

Generally, coastal flooding events are temporary events with flood waters receding back to pre-storm levels at the conclusion of the storm. Given the limited areas within the City prone to coastal flooding and the short duration of these events, community lifelines are not likely to be overwhelmed. However, sea level rise can create a permanent impact (or reduction) to the built environment causing many coastal areas to be uninhabitable as the water levels rise over time. Given the slow nature of sea level rise and limited areas prone to this hazard, the City should be able to address these concerns proactively ensuring that these community lifelines are not overwhelmed and remain operational.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
According to sealevelrise.org, rising sea levels can disrupt coastal wetlands by drowning plant species, increasing salt levels in the soil and water, and outpacing wetland’s migration further inland. This puts important ecosystems in danger, threatens habitats, and leaves communities exposed to dangerous storm surge. Without wetlands and other critical ecosystems, many species could lose their homes or become extinct. A major coastal flood event could have a devastating impact on the City. Large flood events can affect natural, historic, and cultural resources. Any of these that fall in the CoSMos sea level rise scenarios shown on Figure B-13, Figure B-14, and Figure B-15 would be vulnerable.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Any economic asset located within areas prone to coastal flooding and sea level rise could be affected.

While impacts to these assets may be more limited or short term during a coastal flood event, sea level rise can create a permanent impact (or reduction) to the built environment causing many coastal areas to be uninhabitable as the water levels rise over time. This could cause those businesses and economic assets within these areas to close or relocate. Community activities of value located in coastal areas may also have to be canceled or rescheduled As shown on Figure B-13, Figure B-14, and Figure B-15 there are areas that would could affect economic assets in the City. Cargill Salt is in this area. However, the facility doesn’t generate a significant amount of sales tax. The Silliman Center and the Sr. Center are also in these areas. Impacts to the City would be more connected to loss of employment.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-62
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Impacts from Coastal Flood and Sea Level Rise
Coastal floods, sea level rise, and their impacts vary by timing (i.e., during extreme tide events), location, and severity of any given event. Based on the hazard analysis, it is evident that coastal flooding and sea level rise can significantly impact the low-lying coastal areas of the City. Impacts that are not quantified, but can be anticipated in large future events, include:
➢ Injury and loss of life;
➢ Commercial and residential structural and property damage; ➢ Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure and services; ➢ Loss of wetlands from erosion and wetland migration due to sea level rise can reduce the natural filtration provided by wetland plants, increasing the likelihood of water quality issues. ➢ Healthy coastal ecosystems support fisheries, tourism, human health, and public safety. Many of these ecosystems are being transformed, degraded, or lost due in part to climate change, particularly sea level rise and higher numbers of extreme weather events.
➢ Health hazards associated with mold and mildew, contamination of drinking water, etc.; ➢ Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility, including impacts to evacuation routes; ➢ Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) to the community; ➢ Negative impact on commercial and residential property values; ➢ Impact on the overall mental health of the community.

These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

Population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about

0.65% over the next 25 years. These anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. If a large coastal flood or long-term sea level rise impacts the City, there is potential that those facilities closer to shore may be impacted more severely than those located outside of these hazard areas. Future development that continues to occur in these areas will increase possible impacts.

It should be noted that the slow movement of sea level rise makes increased impacts inside the life cycle of this LHMP Update unlikely. Further, the City has a development review process which includes the consideration of hazard constraints and updated building codes that should further limit the impacts of these hazards on City assets.

Future Development
Future development along coastal areas prone to coastal flooding and sea level rise are subject to the City’s land use and development considerations, including development in hazard areas such as the City’s floodplain ordinance (especially those in FEMA V and VE Zones). Over time, sea level rise may limit or prevent future development altogether in the coastal areas of the City. The City is currently undertaking a Packet Page No. 760
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-63
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Sea Level Rise Resiliency Study to identify additional specific local concerns, issues and vulnerabilities associated with existing infrastructure as well as new development. This study will also identify opportunities for mitigation to minimize future impacts.

Future development areas and their vulnerability to coastal flooding and sea level rise are discussed further in the below GIS analysis.

GIS Analysis
The City provided 28 future development areas which were used as the basis for the inventory of future development for the City. These were mapped in GIS. Where multiple parcels are listed, the parcels are merged to form one polygon, and the hazards assigned are based on the centroid of the polygon. Figure B-19, Figure B-20, and Figure B-21 show the locations of the future development areas overlayed on the CoSMoS Sea Level Rise Scenarios. Table B-25 shows the counts of each future development area in the City by Sea Level Rise Scenario. It should be noted that no future development areas fall in the existing conditions (tidal and storm) scenarios.

The 2023-2031 City of Newark Housing Element noted certain development constraints from flooding and sea level rise. Housing element housing opportunity sites in Newark may be affected by flooding and sealevel rise. Flooding can have devastating effects on property and residents and impact water quality in Newark. Newark falls within both 1% and 0.2% annual chance flood zones as well as being affected by sea level rise. The area with the most vulnerability to sea level rise will be in the southern portion of the City, adjacent to the San Francisco Bay. Sea level rise not only affects housing, but other infrastructure such as roads, water and sewer infrastructure.

Packet Page No. 761
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-64
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-19 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Sea Level Rise Existing Conditions Scenarios
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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-65
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-20 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Sea Level Rise 1-Meter Scenarios Packet Page No. 763
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-66
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-21 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Sea Level Rise 2-Meter Scenarios Packet Page No. 764
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-67
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-25 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Sea Level Rise Scenarios Sea Level Rise / Property Type / Site Number Future Development Name Site Count 1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Residential
20 Mowry Village 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 2
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Total 2 1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario Residential
11 Compass Bay 1
14 FMC Willow - "South" of Hetch Hetchy 1
20 Mowry Village 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 4
1 Meter (3.1 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario Total 4 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Residential
11 Compass Bay 1
13 FMC Willow- "North" of Hetch Hetchy 1
14 FMC Willow - "South" of Hetch Hetchy 1
20 Mowry Village 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 5
2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 0-year (tidal) scenario Total 5 2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario Residential
11 Compass Bay 1
13 FMC Willow- "North" of Hetch Hetchy 1
14 FMC Willow - "South" of Hetch Hetchy 1
15 FMC Willow - Affordable Family Units 1
16 Harbor Pointe 1
20 Mowry Village 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 7
2 Meter (6.2 feet) of Sea-level Rise: 100-year (storm) scenario Total 7 Source: CoSMoS 2021, City of Newark GIS
Packet Page No. 765
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-68
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Dam Failure
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Unlikely
Vulnerability–High
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Dams are manmade structures built for a variety of uses including flood protection, power generation, agriculture, water supply, and recreation. When dams are constructed for flood protection, they are usually engineered to withstand a flood with a computed risk of occurrence. For example, a dam may be designed to contain a flood at a location on a stream that has a certain probability of occurring in any one year. If prolonged periods of rainfall and flooding occur that exceed the design requirements, that structure may be overtopped or fail. Overtopping is the primary cause of earthen dam failure in the United States.

Dam failure is a natural disaster from two perspectives. First, the inundation from released waters resulting from dam failure is related to naturally occurring floodwaters. Second, a total dam failure would most probably happen as a consequence of the natural disaster triggering the event, such as an earthquake.

Location and Extent
An inventory map of dams located within Alameda County was shown in Section 4.3.8 in the Base Plan.

Dams with an inundation area within the City of Newark are shown on Figure B-22. This includes two extremely high dams, James H. Turner and New Calaveras, originating outside the Tri-City Planning Area.

It should be noted that no mapped high hazard or significant hazard dam inundation areas affect the City.

There is no scale with which to measure dam failure. However, Cal DWR Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) assigns hazard ratings to dams within the State that provides information on the potential impact should a dam fail. The following two factors are considered when assigning hazard ratings: existing land use and land use controls (zoning) downstream of the dam. Dams are classified in four categories that identify the potential hazard to life and property: Low, Significant, High, and Extremely High. These were discussed in more detail in Section 4.3.8 of the Base Plan.

While a dam may fill slowly with runoff from winter storms, a dam break has a very quick speed of onset.

The duration of dam failure is generally not long – only as long as it takes to empty the reservoir of water the dam held back. For dam overtopping, the speed of onset is somewhat slower than that of a dam break, and the duration is longer (as evidenced in the 2017 Oroville Dam event). The City would be affected for as long as the flood waters from the dam failure took to drain downstream.

Geographic flood extent from the DWR DSOD and California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) dam inundation areas is shown on Figure B-22 as well as in Table B-26. Based on available data, the City falls within the inundation areas of two dams as detailed in Table B-26.

Packet Page No. 766
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-69
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-22 City of Newark – Extremely High Hazard Dam Inundation Areas from Dams Originating Outside the Tri-City Planning Area
Packet Page No. 767
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-70
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-26 City of Newark – Dam Inundation Areas Geographical Extents Extremely
High Dam
Inundation
Areas
Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
James H
Turner 1,873.37 12.75% 982.87 10.31% 890.5 17.29%
New Calaveras 6,541.84 44.54% 3,593.36 37.68% 2,948.48 57.24% Source: Cal OES, DWR DSOD
Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
There has been no state or federal disaster declarations for dam failure in Alameda County.

City of Newark Events
The May 2022 City of Newark General Plan Safety Element Existing Conditions Memorandum noted that the most recent dam failure involving Newark was in 2015, where the inflatable dam on Alameda Creek (Rubber Dam 3) failed due to vandalism, releasing nearly 50 million gallons of water from the community’s water. The water was supposed to go into the Niles Cone Groundwater Basin where residents and businesses from the cities of Newark, Union City and Fremont could access drinking water but instead it went directly into the San Francisco Bay. Prior to 2015, only one recorded dam failure involving Newark occurred in 1918, when the Calaveras Dam failed during construction. A landslide damaged the upstream shell of the dam and destroyed the dam’s outlet tower.

The City noted no other dam failure occurrences that have affected the City.

Vulnerability to Dam Failure
The vulnerability of the City to dam failure flooding would vary depending on which dam fails and the nature and extent of the dam failure and associated flooding. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to dam failure begins with an understanding of local exposure to dam failure. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
Of dams identified affecting the Tri-City Planning Area, Newark is most concerned with the New Calaveras and James Turner dams (both extremely high hazard dams).

The May 2022 City of Newark General Plan Safety Element Existing Conditions Memorandum noted that dam failure of the Calaveras, Del Valle, or James H. Turner Dam (San Antonio) Dams would cause flooding in Newark, with floodwaters reaching the City in as little as 90 minutes. Analysis done for this plan indicates that Del Valle would not affect the City. Flood impacts would be most severe in winter, when streams and reservoirs are full.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-71
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
The May 2022 City of Newark General Plan Safety Element Existing Conditions Memorandum noted that populations that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of flooding as a result of dam failure are those who may be less mobile and may be unable to get out of the inundation area. These populations include the elderly, the young, as well as individuals or families who may not receive adequate warning from warning systems, televisions, radios, reverse 911 systems, or cell phones. The potential for loss of life is influenced by the capacity and number of evacuation routes available to populations living in areas of potential inundation. Evacuation routes would navigate the population out of those areas in the event of an emergency.

The Existing Conditions Memorandum also noted that although dams are built to protect communities from flooding, buildings located in the dam inundation area are still at risk of floods as not all existing buildings were built to withstand flooding. Properties closest to the dam failure inundation area would experience the largest, most destructive surge of water. Low-lying areas that collect water are also vulnerable. All critical infrastructure and facilities, including hospitals and schools in the dam inundation zone are vulnerable to inundation. Transportation routes are also vulnerable to dam failure inundation and have the potential to be damaged or destroyed, creating isolation issues. This includes all roads, railroads and bridges in the path of the dam failure inundation. Those that are most vulnerable are those that are already in poor condition and would not be able to withstand a large water surge. Utilities such as overhead power lines, cable and phone lines could also be vulnerable. Loss of these utilities could create isolation issues for the inundation areas.

Flood waters resulting from dam failure would vary as to how long it would take to reach the City. A search of available dam Emergency Action Plans (EAP) noted that it would take the following amount of time for flood waters to reach the City of Newark:
➢ Rubber Dam 3 – 20 minutes, inundation depths were not mapped in the EAP (the EAP maps inundation depths from both Rubber Dam 1 and Rubber Dam 3 in a simultaneous failure. The EAP notes that the dam failure is expected to be contained in the Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel. ➢ Quarry Pits Dam – the dam inundation areas lie outside of the City, but are near the City’s borders. ➢ James Turner Dam – 90 minutes; inundation varies from 1 foot to 35 feet.

Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from dam failure include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources, economic assets, and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All people and populations located in dam inundation areas are vulnerable to dam failure. Certain vulnerable populations may be at increased risk to dam failure, especially during a large event with minimal advance notice. These vulnerable populations may include: the unsheltered, those with limited mobility, and those that lack the resources to leave the area.

City residents that live in these dam inundation areas are often the most vulnerable. Not only are the residents at risk, but their homes and contents are all at risk, compounding the impacts associated with Packet Page No. 769
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-72
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
significant hazard events. To future evaluate the impact to Newark’s residential populations located in these hazard areas, a separate analysis was performed to determine residential populations in the dam inundation areas. The DSOD and Cal OES dam inundation areas were overlayed on the parcel layer. Those residential parcel centroids that intersect the dam inundation areas were counted and multiplied by the Census Bureau average household factors for Newark – 3.32. This is shown in Table B-27 for the New Calaveras and James Turner dams (the two dams that intersect the City).

Table B-27 City of Newark – Improved Residential Parcels and Population by Dam Inundation Area
Hazard Rating and
Location/Dam Inundation
Improved Residential
Parcels
Population
Extremely High Hazard Dams Outside Tri-City Planning Area New Calaveras 12,073 40,082
James Turner 6,783 22,520
Source: Cal OES, DSOD, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), US Census Bureau Structures
Most structures in the City have some measure of risk to dam failure. Dam failure flooding can affect the built environment of the City. Structures in dam inundation areas are at risk and depending on flood depths, can range from slight damage to totally inundated. Analysis by extremely high hazard dam, high hazard, and significant hazard dam follows.

GIS was used to determine the possible impacts of dam inundation flooding on parcels and structures within the City of Newark. The methodology described in Section 4.3.8 of the Base Plan was followed in determining parcels and structures at risk to dam failure. Parcel counts, land and improved values (i.e., those with a structure improvement on the parcel), estimated content replacement values, and total values that fall within dam inundation areas in the City are presented below by hazard class and by dam. The results are presented in tables below for the dams that affect the City – the New Calaveras (Table B-28) and the James Turner Dam (Table B-29).

Table B-28 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) in New Calaveras Dam Inundation Area by Property Use Type
Property Use Total Parcel
Count
Improved Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure Value
Total Value
Agricultural 27 1 $2,725,998 $3,339,480 $3,339,480
Commercial 307 231 $537,862,717 $972,078,212 $972,078,212 Government /
Institutional
282 13 $11,756,107 $13,048,226 $13,048,226
Industrial 80 68 $361,480,037 $815,952,736 $1,223,929,106 Recreational 2 2 $1,137,630 $1,124,584 $1,124,584
Residential 12,574 12,073 $2,292,659,287 $4,926,128,309 $2,463,064,134 Unknown 19 1 $24,055,983 $42,970 $0
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Property Use Total Parcel
Count
Improved Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure Value
Total Value
Utilities 67 0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 449 23 $210,257,702 $15,812,145 $0
Newark Total 13,807 12,412 $3,441,935,461 $6,747,526,662 $4,676,583,742 Source: DSOD, Cal OES, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Table B-29 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) in James Turner Inundation Area by Property Use Type
Property Use Total Parcel
Count
Improved Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure Value
Total Value
Agricultural 24 1 $2,290,460 $3,339,480 $3,339,480
Commercial 216 175 $417,333,188 $741,974,593 $741,974,593 Government /
Institutional
191 8 $4,172,071 $5,893,105 $5,893,105
Industrial 62 51 $309,963,745 $745,096,091 $1,117,644,140 Recreational 2 2 $1,137,630 $1,124,584 $1,124,584
Residential 7,007 6,783 $1,160,586,249 $2,478,603,463 $1,239,301,689 Unknown 14 1 $24,041,482 $42,970 $0
Utilities 41 0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 98 9 $94,510,449 $3,590,466 $0
Newark Total 7,655 7,030 $2,014,035,274 $3,979,664,752 $3,109,277,591 Source: DSOD, Cal OES, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Dam failure presents a threat to both critical facilities and infrastructure, as well as community lifelines.

The following GIS analysis identifies critical facilities and infrastructure at risk to dam inundation flooding, followed by a discussion on vulnerability of community lifelines.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Dam failure presents a risk to the critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. A separate analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in the City to determine critical facilities in the dam inundation areas. Using GIS, each dam inundation area was overlayed on the critical facility GIS layer. This is shown on Figure B-23. As shown on these maps, only two dam inundation areas intersect critical facilities in the City: James Turner and New Calaveras. Table B-30 details which critical facilities fall in which dam inundation area. Details of critical facility categories, type, name, and address by dam inundation area are listed in Appendix F.

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Figure B-23 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in Dam Inundation Areas Packet Page No. 772
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Table B-30 City of Newark – Critical Facilities by Category and Type in Dam Inundation Areas
Dam Inundation Area / Critical
Infrastructure Category
Critical Infrastructure Type Facility Count
James H Turner
Essential Services Infrastructure
Bridge 1
Police Station 1
Total 2
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
School 2
Total 2
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Gas Facility 1
Total 1
James H Turner Total 5
New Calaveras
Essential Services Infrastructure
Bridge 1
City Facility 1
Police Station 1
Total 3
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care Center 1
School 3
Total 4
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Gas Facility 1
Total 1
New Calaveras Total 8
Source: Cal OES, DWR DSOD, City of Newark GIS
Community Lifelines
Dam failure flooding presents a threat to life and property, including community lifelines in the City. A catastrophic dam failure could challenge local response capabilities and require evacuations to save lives.

Community lifelines that would be at risk to dam failure flooding include:
➢ Safety and Security –Police, Fire, EMS, and Public Works personnel are often called on to respond during flood emergencies. This would be especially true in a dam failure event. Search and rescue and swiftwater teams may be called on to perform riskier duties during times of heavy rains and flooding. ➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Public health can also be at risk from flooding. Floodwater is often contaminated with sewage, which can lead to illness and affect clean drinking water. ➢ Health and Medical – There is the potential for multiple injuries and deaths from a catastrophic dam failure taxing health and medical facilities. Casualty and patient movement from the inundation areas and unrelated incidents by EMS may be significantly impacted and have to be rerouted. Public health facilities can also be at risk from flooding caused by dam failures.

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➢ Energy – Dam failure could impact large areas of above ground electric infrastructure, causing widespread power outages. Dam failure could also affect fueling stations, as well as electric car charging stations.
➢ Communications – An influx of service calls to dispatch centers for reporting of flooding, power outages, and rescues or other issues can occur resulting in communication networks going down for extended periods of time. Messaging systems need to be deployed during these events to let the public know about road closures, washouts, debris on roads, or lane closures. Calls to and from family and friends during a hazard event can further overwhelm communication systems such as cell towers and other infrastructure. Demand may exceed the capacity of these systems to remain operational during response efforts.
➢ Transportation – Highways and local roads may see extensive flooding. Bridges can be damaged or destroyed. This can cause lane closures or road closures and limit available routes altogether. These closures can affect response personnel (EMS, Fire, Police) as well as cause additional traffic issues for residents. Evacuation efforts may be difficult and further put people at risk of death or injury. ➢ Hazardous Material – Hazardous material facilities can be affected by flooding. Releases during these events can contribute to the dangers of floodwaters and cause contamination of potable water sources, as well as additional exposure to the environment. ➢ Water Systems – Any water (or wastewater) system located in a dam inundation area may be affected by dam failure flooding. The City’s stormwater drainage system and facilities may also be affected.

A large dam failure event (such as James Turner or New Calaveras dams) could overwhelm almost all critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. As shown on the maps and tables above, there are two dams that would affect large swaths of the City. A failure of these dams could, at least temporarily, overwhelm the community lifelines in place in the City.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
A major dam failure event and associated flooding could have a devastating impact on the City. Large flood events can affect all natural, historic, and cultural resources that lie in the dam inundation areas. There are a number of ways floodwaters associated with a dam failure event can impact natural resources and the environment: Wildlife habitats can be destroyed by floodwaters. Contaminated floodwater can pollute rivers and habitats. Silt and sediment can destroy natural areas. Riverbanks and natural levées can be eliminated as rivers reach bankfull capacity. Rivers can be widened, and deposition can increase downstream. Trees can be uprooted by high-velocity water flow. Plants that survive the initial flood may die due to being inundated with water. Historic and cultural resources may also be affected. Generally, the impacts are associated with damage to these structures within the inundated areas, but other cultural resources such as those associated with Native Americans and old tribal areas can also be disturbed, damaged, and lost during extreme flood events.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
As shown on the maps and tables above, there are two dams that would affect large swaths of the City should they fail. Most economic assets of the City would be at least temporarily disrupted. Many of these would come back online relatively quickly after a dam failure flood event, but some would take longer to re-engage in business. Some economic assets may be damaged to the point where the business or area would no longer be economically viable to continue to operate.

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Depending on the dam that failed, most community activities of value would be affected if they occurred during a dam failure event.

Impacts from Dam Failure
Impacts to the City from dam failure flooding could be extensive and widespread and include loss of life and injury, flooding and damage to property and structures, damage to critical facilities and infrastructure, loss of natural resources, and all other flood related impacts. Additionally, mass evacuations and associated economic losses can also be significant.

Other impacts associated with dam failure are landslides, bank erosion, and destruction of habitat. Dam failures can cause downstream flooding and can transport large volumes of sediment and debris and contaminants from the floodwaters. Other environmental impacts can include contamination from septic system failures and releases of contaminants from hazardous materials facilities, contamination of potable water supplies; changes in configurations of streams; loss of wildlife habitats; and degradation of wetlands.

A large dam failure event could have significant and catastrophic impacts.

These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change may exacerbate this hazard over time. While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about

0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. Some of this land would fall in or near dam inundation areas in the City.

Future development that continues to occur in dam inundation areas (like those shown on Table B-31 below) will increase possible impacts associated with this hazard.

Future Development
Future dam failures events may occur in the City. Given the high number of affected parcels and structures, future development in the City could be affected by dam failures and associated flooding. Siting of future development areas should take dam failure flooding into account.

Future development areas and their vulnerability to dam failure are discussed further in the below GIS analysis.

GIS Analysis
The City provided 28 future development areas which were used as the basis for the inventory of future development for the City. These were mapped in GIS. Where multiple parcels are listed, the parcels are merged to form one polygon, and the hazards assigned are based on the centroid of the polygon. Figure Packet Page No. 775
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B-24 shows the locations of the future development areas overlayed on the dam inundation areas that intersect the future development areas (only the Extremely High Hazard dams from outside the County affect Newark future development areas). Table B-31 shows each future development area in the City and which dam inundation area they fall in.

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Figure B-24 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Extremely High Hazard Dam Inundation Areas from Dams Outside the Planning Area
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Table B-31 City of Newark – Future Development in Extremely High Hazard Dam Inundation Areas from Dams Outside the Planning Area
Dam Inundation Area / Property
Use / Site Number
Future Development Name Site Count
New Calaveras Dam
Commercial
1 AC Marriott Hotel 1
2 Costco 1
3 Hyatt Place 1
4 McDonald's Replacement 1
5 Prologis 1
Commercial Total 5
Residential
7 Bain Avenue & Magnolia Street 1
9 Cedar Homes 1
10 Cherry Street Rowhouse Project 1
11 Compass Bay 1
13 FMC Willow- "North" of Hetch Hetchy 1
14 FMC Willow - "South" of Hetch Hetchy 1
15 FMC Willow - Affordable Family Units 1
19 Mayhews Landing / Place 1
20 Mowry Village 1
22 Muse Court 1
23 NewPark Phase A 1
24 Newpark Plaza- SB330 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
26 Timber Seniors 1
27 Waymark Homes on Cedar 1
Residential Total 15
New Calaveras Total 20
James H Turner Dam
Commercial
1 AC Marriott Hotel 1
2 Costco 1
3 Hyatt Place 1
4 McDonald's Replacement 1
5 Prologis 1
Commercial Total 5
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Dam Inundation Area / Property
Use / Site Number
Future Development Name Site Count
Residential
9 Cedar Homes 1
14 FMC Willow - "South" of Hetch Hetchy 1
15 FMC Willow - Affordable Family Units 1
19 Mayhews Landing / Place 1
20 Mowry Village 1
22 Muse Court 1
23 NewPark Phase A 1
24 Newpark Plaza- SB330 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
26 Timber Seniors 1
27 Waymark Homes on Cedar 1
Residential Total 11
James H Turner Total 16
Source: Cal OES, DWR DSOD, City of Newark GIS
Drought & Water Shortage
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Likely
Vulnerability–Medium
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Drought is a complex issue involving many factors—it occurs when a normal amount of precipitation and snow is not available to satisfy an area’s usual water-consuming activities. Drought can often be defined regionally based on its effects. Drought is different than many of the other natural hazards in that it is not a distinct event and usually has a slow onset. Drought can severely impact a region both physically and economically. Drought affects different sectors in different ways and with varying intensities. Adequate water is the most critical issue and is critical for agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, recreation, and commercial and domestic use. Drought has also affected tree mortality in the area in the past. As the population in the area continues to grow, so will the demand for water.

Location and Extent
Drought and water shortage are regional phenomena. The whole of the Tri-City Planning Area, as well as the whole of the City, is at risk. The US Drought Monitor categorizes drought conditions with the following scale:
➢ None
➢ D0 – Abnormally dry
➢ D1 – Moderate Drought
➢ D2 – Severe Drought
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➢ D3 – Extreme drought
➢ D4 – Exceptional drought
Drought has a slow speed of onset and a variable duration. Drought can last for a short period of time, which does not usually affect water shortages and for longer periods which may challenge water supplies.

Should a drought last for a long period of time, water shortage becomes a larger issue. Current drought conditions in the City are shown in Section 4.3.9 of the Base Plan.

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
There have been two state and one federal disaster declaration from drought. This can be seen in Table B-32.

Table B-32 Alameda County – State and Federal Drought Disaster Declarations 1950-2023 Disaster Type State Declarations Federal Declarations
Count Years Count Years
Drought 2 2008, 2014 1 1977
Source: Cal OES, FEMA
City of Newark Events
2019-2022. Newark removed 40 large dead trees affected by recent drought conditions. Landscape watering restrictions and surcharges were also implemented during the recent drought.

Vulnerability to Drought and Water Shortage
Based on historical information, the occurrence of drought in California, including the City, is cyclical, driven by weather patterns. Drought has occurred in the past and will occur in the future. Periods of actual drought with adverse impacts can vary in duration, and the period between droughts can be extended.

Although an area may be under an extended dry period, determining when it becomes a drought is based on impacts to individual water users. The vulnerability of Newark to drought may vary and include reduction in water supply, turf losses, impacts to natural resources, and an increase in dry fuels and tree dieback.

Tree Mortality and Drought
One of the specific impacts of drought in the City and Tri-City Planning Area is the increased risk to trees from beetle kill and other insects, pathogens and parasites, and other tree mortality and die back issues.

Drought weakens trees and makes them more susceptible to insect infestation and other pathogens. Insects, such as bark beetles and others, frequently attack trees weakened by drought, disease, injuries, or other factors that may stress the tree. These insects and other pathogens can contribute to the decline and eventual death of trees throughout the City.

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The tree mortality and dieback problem are a high priority because of the issue of hazardous trees and increased wildfire hazard in the wildland areas and the potential for worsening conditions and expansion into other forested sites in future years. Fuel loading and fire potential are greater in affected eucalyptus, acacia, and conifer stands as compared to healthy stands due to the higher proportion of dead and dying material. Removal of dead and dying trees near structures, powerlines, and roadways is also a high priority because of the immediate falling hazard.

University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM) was commissioned in 2021 to investigate the symptoms and possible causes of the dieback.

Preliminary results show that the dieback is driven mostly by environmental stressors, including but not limited to drought, predisposing trees to disease caused by opportunistic pathogens. The report includes best management practices to limit the spread of pathogens. It is important to continue investigating the causes of the tree mortality and dieback to help City staff track changes over time, recognize where other areas may potentially be susceptible to tree mortality, and apply appropriate best management practices.

Under current drought conditions, competition for resources within forested areas will likely continue to intensify with greater stress increasing tree susceptibility to insect damage and disease, and ultimately increase mortality.

In all vegetation types, drought extends the length of the fire season because of its effect on live and dead fuel moisture, with critical low fuel moisture levels occurring early in spring or summer and extending at least through the first significant rains that typically come in late fall.

The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to drought and water shortage. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to drought and water shortage begins with an understanding of local exposure to drought. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
In the previous 3 years Newark has seen 40 large trees removed due to trees being dead all due to recent droughts. Besides landscape watering restrictions and surcharges, the City did not directly experience additional impacts from the recent droughts. The City is undertaking an aggressive tree planting program over the course of the next several years to provide beautification and help reduce greenhouse gases. An extended drought period could adversely impact new trees during the early root establishment period.

The May 2022 City of Newark General Plan Safety Element Existing Conditions Memorandum noted that emergency response workers and governmental workers may also be affected, as many past drought events contributed to an increase in working hours for these employment areas as emergency drought declarations were issued. It also noted that increasing drought conditions can fuel wildfires and lead to smoke and worsening air quality. This has the potential to exacerbate asthma and other respiratory illnesses for individuals with existing conditions.

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Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from drought and water shortage include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
The people and populations of the City are not directly affected by drought; although, their turfed areas, trees, and other water dependent resources can all be affected. In extreme drought conditions, however, residents and other populations within the City may be vulnerability to drought and water shortage issues.

Water quality can be impacted causing health problems, especially to vulnerable populations where access to clean water supplies can be more challenging. Drought and water shortage can lead to an increase in wildfires threatening City residents. Water shortages can have an effect on all of the population in the City, but often have a greater effect on the unhoused and other vulnerable populations that may be unable to access clean drinking water during shortages. During periods of drought as the costs of water usage may increase, those who are economically disadvantaged may be unable to afford the increased costs of potable water.

Structures
Structures have a limited vulnerability to drought and water shortage. It is the secondary hazard of drought (wildfire) which causes risks to structures. Drought can also stress trees, causing die off. These trees may fall on structures adjacent to them.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Most critical facilities and infrastructure have a limited vulnerability to drought and water shortage. Should drought conditions be severe enough to cause water shortage reliability issues, some facilities and infrastructure may be affected. Water and wastewater systems may be impacted during times of reduced water supply and need to employ contingencies to remain functional and fully operational. Other water dependent systems may also be adversely affected. Further, the secondary hazard of drought (increased potential for spread of urban fires and wildfire) can pose a significant risk to critical facilities and infrastructure. Drought can also stress trees, causing die off. These trees may fall on critical infrastructure adjacent to them and impact power lines and other utilities.

While limited, community lifelines can have a vulnerability to drought and water shortage. This includes:
➢ Safety and Security – Agencies may need to assist in providing alternative water supplies. Agencies may also need to staff locations where water is distributed. ➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Drought can limit agricultural production. Additional water supplies may need to be procured.
➢ Health and Medical – Additional water supplies may be required for these facilities to remain fully operational during drought and water shortages.
➢ Energy – Sufficient water is required to generate electricity and power. Additional fuels and power may be required to move water to and from locations that need it.

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➢ Communications – Most communication systems will not be affected. In extreme instances, additional messaging may be required during drought and water shortages. ➢ Water Systems – During period of drought and water shortage, additional pressure may be put on water companies to secure additional supplies. With reductions in available water, the ability of wastewater systems to effectively treat wastewater may be impacted.

It is unlikely that any of these community lifelines would be overwhelmed by drought and water shortages.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Drought and water shortage can have a significant impact on natural resources. Water levels in reservoirs and lakes may be reduced and a loss of wetlands and coastal marsh areas may occur. Severe drought conditions can contribute to an increase in erosion of soils and lead to poor soil quality. Further, all of the trees in the City are at risk to drought impacts and a reduction in water supply. These trees provide a wealth of social and environmental benefits to City residents and visitors, from shade and beauty to air quality, carbon reduction and stormwater management. Drought can devastate crops and dry out pastures, dry out forests and critical habitat areas, and reduce food and water available for wildlife and livestock.

Additionally, drought conditions can also cause soil to compact and not absorb water well, potentially making an area more susceptible to flooding. It is unlikely that drought and water shortage would have a significant impact on historic and cultural resources in the City.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Economic assets and community activities in the City of Newark generally have a limited vulnerability to drought and water shortage. Drought is a problem which predominantly affects rural small business owners such as farmers and agricultural contractors who rely on water for their crops. However, supply issues can also affect businesses such as cafes and restaurants in more urban areas. Drought impacts to the agricultural industry can affect the supply chain and increase the cost of food and water, and adversely impact businesses tied to these industries. Reduction in or interruption of the water supply could also lead to lower productivity or closure of manufacturing facilities. Other economic sectors with a heavy reliance on water may also be affected. Depending upon how severe the conditions get and how long they last, drought can restrict recreational and community activities, all of which can stress businesses and local economies over time.

Impacts from Drought and Water Shortage
The vulnerability of the City to drought is City-wide, but impacts may vary and include reduction in water supply and an increase in dry fuels. The potential for a reduction in water supply during drought conditions generally leads to both mandated and voluntary conservations measures during extended droughts. During these times, the costs of water can also increase. Also of concern, the increased dry fuels and fuel loads associated with drought conditions can result in an increased fire danger. In areas of extremely dry fuels, the intensity and speed of fires can be significant. Water supply and flows for fire suppression can also be an issue during extended droughts.

Other qualitative impacts associated with drought in the City and Tri-City Planning Area are those related to water intensive activities such as municipal usage, commerce, tourism, and recreation use. With more Packet Page No. 783
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precipitation likely falling as rain instead of snow in the Sierra’s, and warmer temperatures causing decreased snowfall to melt faster and earlier, water supply is likely to become more unreliable. In addition, drought and water shortage is predicted to become more common. This means less water available for use over the long run, and additional challenges for water supply reliability, especially during periods of extended drought.

The effects of drought are managed in the Bay Area through the importation of water and the storage of water in reservoirs. ACWD provides much of the water in the City. Historically, ACWD has been able to secure sufficient water to meet the demands of a growing population. The City feels its water supplies are sufficient for most periods of drought. More information can be found in ACWD’s annex to this Plan Update.

These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about 0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. Thus, while future development within hazard areas generally contributes to some increase of impacts on City assets, given the limited potential for significant future growth in Newark and that drought and water shortage affects the whole of the City, future changes in land use and development are unlikely to contribute to any notable change in the vulnerability and impacts to City assets from this hazard. Additionally, the water companies that provide water to the City indicate they have reliable and robust water sources that limit future impacts from this hazard.

Future Development
As the population in the area continues to grow, so will the demand for water. Ongoing planning will be needed by the City and ACWD to account for population growth and increased future water demands. The City and ACWD continue to make efforts to be proactive on future drought and water supply issues. For Newark, ACWD does a five-year plan to look at this vulnerability. One concern is recent State laws require 20% reduction per capita for domestic and agriculture by 2020.

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Earthquake
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–Extremely High
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. Stresses in the earth’s outer layer push the sides of the fault together. Stress builds up, and the rocks slip suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the earth’s crust and cause the shaking that is felt during an earthquake. Earthquakes can cause structural damage, injury, and loss of life, as well as damage to infrastructure networks, such as water, power, gas, communication, and transportation. Earthquakes may also cause collateral emergencies including dam and levee failures, seiches, hazmat incidents, fires, avalanches, and landslides. The degree of damage depends on many interrelated factors. Among these are: the magnitude, focal depth, distance from the causative fault, source mechanism, duration of shaking, high rock accelerations, type of surface deposits or bedrock, degree of consolidation of surface deposits, presence of high groundwater, topography, and the design, type, and quality of building construction.

The City is highly concerned about earthquakes (surface fault rupture and ground shaking, as well as fire following earthquake), earthquake liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslides, and tsunamis and seiches.

Tsunami and seiche are discussed in the Tsunami hazard profile later in this Annex.

Location and Extent
Surface Fault and Ground Shaking
Since earthquakes are regional events, the whole of the City is at risk to earthquake. Newark, the Tri-City Planning Area, and surrounding areas are at elevated risk from significant seismic and geologic hazards.

Faults in and around the City were shown in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan. Significant faults in and near the City include the Hayward fault which runs through Newark, the Calaveras Fault within 5 miles of the eastern side of the City, and the San Andreas Fault, west of the City. The Hayward fault bisects Newark and generally runs north and south through the City and could cause major damage and displacement due to its prominent location. It branches from the Calaveras fault in the eastern part of San Jose. The Rodgers fault is located near the north end of the Hayward fault. The San Andreas Fault travels through much of the coastal area of California, traversing San Mateo County, and west of Newark on the San Francisco peninsula and continuing into Southern California. A seismic event on any of these major faults could cause serious damage in Newark. In addition to the large surface fault rupturing events, the Hayward fault is characterized by fault creep, the relatively slow, gradual fault displacement that has resulted in continuing damage to curbs, streets and gutters.

The amount of energy released during an earthquake is usually expressed as a magnitude and is measured directly from the earthquake as recorded on seismographs. An earthquake’s magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimals (e.g., 6.8). Seismologists have developed several magnitude scales, as discussed in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan.

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Another measure of earthquake severity is intensity. Intensity is an expression of the amount of shaking at any given location on the ground surface. Seismic shaking is typically the greatest cause of losses to structures during earthquakes. The City is located in an area where earthquakes of significant magnitude occur, so both magnitude and intensity of earthquakes are expected to remain moderate. Seismic shaking maps for the area in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan show the Tri-City Planning Area and the City fall within a moderate to high shake risk. Alquist Priolo fault zones are shown on Figure B-25.

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Figure B-25 City of Newark – Alquist Priolo Fault Zones Packet Page No. 787
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Earthquake Liquefaction
When ground liquefies in an earthquake, it behaves like a liquid and may sink, spread, or erupt in sand boils. This can cause pipes to break, roads and sidewalks to buckle, and building foundations to be damaged. Liquefaction can only occur under certain circumstances. Soil that is loose, sandy, silty, or saturated with water can result in soil liquefaction if it is shaken intensely for an extended period. More details on soils and liquefaction follows:
➢ Loose Soils – The soil must be loose, such as uncompacted or unconsolidated sand and silt without much clay. This happens most often along the Bay shoreline, near creeks or waterways, on dry creek beds, and areas of man-made fill.
➢ Soggy Soils – The sand and silt must be soggy and saturated with water due to a high water table. ➢ Ground Shaking – The ground must be shaken long and hard enough by the earthquake to trigger liquefaction.

Liquefaction accompanies an earthquake, so the speed of onset is short. Duration is similar to the length of the earthquake shake. There are mapped areas of areas susceptible to earthquake liquefaction in the City from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and California Geological Survey (CGS). These areas are shown on Figure B-26 and discussed in more detail in Table B-33. Liquefaction hazard maps express where the ground is susceptible to liquefaction, and where the ground is likely to be shaken long and intensely in an earthquake.

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-26 City of Newark – Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones Packet Page No. 789
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-33 City of Newark – Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones Geographical Extents
Liquefaction
Zone
Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
High 765.53 5.2% 688.96 7.2% 76.56 1.5%
Moderate 13,773.77 93.8% 8,822.34 92.5% 4,951.43 96.2%
Very Low 23.31 0.2% 7.66 0.1% 15.64 0.3%
Water 120.51 0.8% 18.52 0.2% 101.99 2.0%
Source: USGS/CGS
Portions of Newark are identified as having moderate and high susceptibility to liquefaction. The May 2022 City of Newark General Plan Safety Element Existing Conditions Memorandum noted that the City of Newark could experience seismic shaking levels with the potential to cause liquefaction in areas where groundwater is generally shallower than 30 feet.

Earthquake-Induced Landslide
Ground shaking can also lead to ground failure on slopes, triggering earthquake-induced landslides.

Landslides tend to occur in weak soil and rock on sloping terrain. Most sloping ground has some potential for landslides simply due to the effects of gravity. An earthquake can be one factor that will cause an unstable hillside to fail. When a landslide occurs, creeks and streams below the slide area may become dammed with debris and cause flooding. There are none of these areas in the City, as indicated by Figure B-27. As such, no tabular analysis of geographical extent by acres follows. The CGS has areas (a de facto scale) where earthquake-induced landslide is more likely. Speed of onset of these events is short, as is the duration. Clean up efforts can take days, weeks, or even months depending on the severity of the landslide.

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Figure B-27 City of Newark – Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Zones Packet Page No. 791
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Fire Following Earthquake
Fire ignitions and spread in urban regions following a major earthquake can further compound the potentially catastrophic impacts of a large earthquake event. Fire following earthquake is important in cities like Newark with a large building stock composed primarily of wood and with industrial installations.

Earthquake ground shaking can result in broken piping and connections and toppled equipment when restraint or flexibility is inadequate. In addition, flammable gas or ignitable liquid releases and fire protection impairments during an event create significant post-earthquake fire hazards. Wind speeds and direction can compound the damaging effects of fire following earthquake. A moderately damaging seismic event could result in a conflagration of disastrous proportions. The single most damaging fire of the twentieth century in the United States was actually a post-earthquake fire in San Francisco, 1906.

Fire following earthquake can be especially challenging, because there are often multiple ignitions at once (overwhelming fire crews), typical water supply for fighting fire might be reduced or unavailable, and maneuvering fire crews to the ignition can be difficult if streets are blocked by road damage or debris. Fire following earthquake is an issue that could impact any California community that experiences an earthquake – both urban and rural. The problem is heightened for urban environments, where many simultaneous ignitions can lead to a firestorm, and single fires can more quickly and easily move structure to structure. Fires following the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake led to more damage than was caused by ground shaking. Significant fires also occurred in San Francisco following the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and in Los Angeles following the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. In the Loma Prieta Earthquake, 36 fires broke out in San Francisco alone but luckily were quickly contained in large part due to the abnormally calm wind that evening, and the fires’ proximity to the Bay that allowed a fire boat to pump water to the fire where the water lines had failed. In the 1906 earthquake, over 3.5 square miles of San Francisco burned, representing 80 percent of San Francisco’s property value at the time.

According to the FM Global Insurance company, fires after earthquakes commonly initiate from electrical or fuel related sources because their use is widespread. In the US, natural gas is a factor 15 to 50 percent of the time, and electrical ignitions account for 40 percent or more of post-earthquake wildfires. Ignitable liquid spills, chemical reactions, and the contact of combustibles with heat sources have also initiated or contributed to many fires after earthquakes.

Earthquake-Induced Subsidence
Regional uplift and subsidence may accompany earthquakes caused by large displacements on shallow faults. Such changes can damage coastal facilities, canals, roads, railroads, and other structures.

Subsidence can also be caused by natural events such as earthquakes, soil compaction, glacial isostatic adjustment, erosion, sinkhole formation, and adding water to fine soils deposited by wind (a natural process known as loess deposits).

Land subsidence can occur in various ways during an earthquake. Large areas of land can subside drastically during an earthquake because of offset along fault lines. Land subsidence can also occur as a result of settling and compacting of unconsolidated sediment from the shaking of an earthquake. The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan reported immediate subsidence caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. In Northern Japan, subsidence of 1.64 ft was observed in Miyako, while near Rikuzentakata it Packet Page No. 792
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measured 2.75 ft. In the south at Sōma, 0.95 ft was observed. The maximum amount of subsidence was

3.93 ft, coupled with horizontal diastrophism of up to 7.3 ft on the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture.

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
The City noted that there has been 1 federal disaster declaration from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, as shown in Table B-34.

Table B-34 Alameda County Disaster Declarations from Earthquake 1950-2023 Disaster Type State Declarations Federal Declarations
Count Years Count Years
Earthquake 0 – 1 1989
Source: Cal OES, FEMA
City of Newark Events
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The City had minor damage from the Loma Prieta earthquake.

The City has not seen damage from other more recent earthquakes occurring in the region.

Vulnerability to Earthquake
The combination of plate tectonics and associated California coastal mountain range building geology generates earthquakes as a result of the periodic release of tectonic stresses. The San Andreas fault travels through much of the coastal area of California, traversing San Mateo County, west of Newark on the San Francisco peninsula. The Hayward fault bisects Newark and generally runs north and south through the City and could cause major damage and displacement due to its prominent location. It branches from the Calaveras fault in the eastern part of San Jose. The Rodgers fault is located near the Hayward fault and could cause damage in the City. A seismic event on any of these major faults could cause serious damage in Newark. In addition to large surface fault rupturing events, the Hayward fault is characterized by fault creep, the relatively slow, gradual fault displacement that has resulted in continuing damage to curbs, streets and structures in Newark.

Earthquake shaking can cause liquefaction to occur in the City. Areas with loose soil and high water tables are at risk from liquefaction. There are several areas within the City prone to liquefaction.

Earthquakes can also induce landslides in the City of Newark, especially if an earthquake occurs during the rainy season and soils are saturated with water. The areas prone to earthquake-induced landslides are largely the same as those areas prone to landslides in general. As with all landslides, areas of steep slopes with loose rock or soils and high water tables are most prone to earthquake-induced landslides.

The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to earthquake. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to earthquakes begins with an understanding of local exposure to earthquakes. This is included in the Local Concerns section below. After that section, assets at risk are discussed.

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Local Concerns
The 2013 City of Newark General Plan noted that Newark’s geological conditions have been mapped by the US Geological Survey. Most of the developed portion of the City is built on alluvial fan deposits, consisting of sandy clay. Areas closer to the bay consist of flood plain deposits with sandy or silty clay.

The marshland areas are underlain by estuarine deposits such as Bay Mud, with a thickness that may exceed 60 feet. There are no bedrock outcrops (exposed rock) within Newark; the closest outcrops are in the Coyote Hills about a mile to the northwest. While no active earthquake faults pass through Newark, the Bay Area as a whole is seismically active and the threat of earthquakes is pervasive.

The City also noted that fire following earthquake can occur. More information on fire following earthquake can be found in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan.

Assets at Risk
Many assets in the City are at risk to surface fault and ground shaking (including liquefaction, landslide, subsidence, and fire following earthquake). Assets at risk from earthquake include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All people and populations are at risk from earthquake shaking (including fire following earthquake) and surface fault. Those at heightened risk include:
➢ The unsheltered
➢ Infants and children under age five and their caregivers ➢ Elderly (65 and older)
➢ Individuals with disabilities
➢ Individuals dependent on medical equipment
➢ Individuals with impaired mobility
The greatest risk to people and populations from earthquake is death and injury. More information on people and populations at risk to earthquake shaking events can be seen in the Hazus scenarios developed for this LHMP and described below specific to the City of Newark. More information on the Hazus scenarios and how the Tri-City Planning Area is affected is included in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan.

Information on populations at risk to liquefaction and earthquake-induced landslides is detailed below.

Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility Zone Population Analysis To further evaluate the impact to the residential population within the City, those residential parcel centroids that intersect the USGS/CGS Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility zones were counted and multiplied by the 2020 Census Bureau average household factors for the City of Newark (3.32). According to this analysis, there is a total population of 46,072 residents in Newark in moderate earthquake liquefaction susceptibility zone. This is shown in Table B-35.

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Table B-35 City of Newark – Count of Residential Parcels and Populations in Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones
Earthquake
Liquefaction
Susceptibility Zone
Improved
Residential Parcels
Population
Very High 0 0
High 0 0
Moderate 13,877 46,072
Source: USGS/CGS, US Census Bureau, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Earthquake-Induced Landslide Population Analysis
To further evaluate the impact to the residential population within the City, those residential parcel centroids that intersect the CGS Earthquake-Induced Landslide Zones were counted and multiplied by the 2020 Census Bureau average household factors for the City of Newark (3.32). According to this analysis, there is a total population of 0 residents in Newark in these zones.

Structures
All structures in the City are vulnerable to earthquakes, depending on the severity and location of the shake.

Unreinforced masonry (URM) is at a much greater risk to earthquakes. The City noted that it does not have any buildings listed as at risk in its system. However, it was noted that any building that is a soft story or unreinforced masonry building would be deemed on the list. One building the City is concerned about is a building on Rich Ave. – the old CH building. It is being reviewed to be used for a shelter.

Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibly and Structures Analysis Structures in the City have a measure of risk from liquefaction. The USGS/CGS Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility Zone layers were overlaid with the City parcel layer in GIS to obtain results. Table B-36 summarizes the potential estimated damages to the City from properties in the Earthquake-Induced Landslide Areas.

Table B-36 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) in Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones by Property Use
Liquefaction
Susceptibility
Zones /
Property Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
High
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 75 67 $75,924,248 $150,094,607 $150,094,607 $376,113,462 Government/
Institutional
27 1 $267,720 $624,680 $624,680 $1,517,080
Industrial 4 2 $9,307,546 $10,993,499 $16,490,249 $36,791,294 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
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Liquefaction
Susceptibility
Zones /
Property Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Residential 999 994 $173,817,440 $364,925,831 $182,462,892 $721,206,163 Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 9 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 2 0 $1,134,719 $0 $0 $1,134,719
High Total 1,116 1,064 $260,451,673 $526,638,617 $349,672,428 $1,136,762,718 Moderate
Agricultural 28 1 $2,768,344 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,447,304 Commercial 342 249 $495,505,399 $887,557,558 $887,557,558 $2,270,620,515 Government/
Institutional
314 16 $13,043,076 $14,823,157 $14,823,157 $42,689,390
Industrial 105 94 $384,544,348 $843,373,821 $1,265,060,733 $2,492,978,902 Recreational 3 3 $1,480,029 $1,214,920 $1,214,920 $3,909,869 Residential 14,482 13,877 $2,729,339,837 $5,889,974,875 $2,944,987,431 $11,564,302,143 Unknown 21 1 $24,055,983 $42,970 $0 $24,098,953
Utilities 78 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 543 23 $234,672,663 $15,812,145 $0 $250,484,808
Moderate
Total
15,916 14,264 $3,885,409,679 $7,656,138,926 $5,116,983,279 $16,658,531,884 Very Low
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 1 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government/
Institutional
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 100 42 $29,062,971 $21,703,200 $10,851,600 $61,617,771 Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 0 0 $736,387 $0 $0 $736,387
Very Low
Total
108 42 $29,799,358 $21,703,200 $10,851,600 $62,354,158
Water
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 1 1 $10,019,419 $10,661,200 $10,661,200 $31,341,819 Government/
Institutional
2 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
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Liquefaction
Susceptibility
Zones /
Property Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 15 15 $4,224,084 $9,121,187 $4,560,592 $17,905,863 Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Water Total 18 16 $14,243,503 $19,782,387 $15,221,792 $49,247,682 Newark
Total
17,158 15,386 $4,189,904,213 $8,224,263,130 $5,492,729,099 $17,906,896,442 Source: USGS/CGS, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) Earthquake-Induced Landslide and Structures Analysis
Structures in the City have a measure of risk from earthquake-induced landslides. The CGS EarthquakeInduced Landslide zone layer was overlaid with the City parcel layer in GIS to obtain results. No properties are expected to be affected by earthquake-induced landslide in the City. As such, no tabular analysis was performed.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Earthquakes present a tremendous threat to both critical facilities and infrastructure, as well as community lifelines. The following GIS analysis identifies critical facilities and infrastructure at risk to earthquakes, followed by a discussion on vulnerability of community lifelines.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Earthquake and its related hazards present risks to the City. Earthquakes present most likely the greatest risk to critical facilities. The critical facilities at risk to earthquake are presented in the Hazus analysis. A discussion of liquefaction and landslide are presented below.

Earthquake Liquefaction
Earthquake liquefaction presents a risk to the critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. A separate analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in the City to determine critical facilities in the earthquake liquefaction susceptibility zones. Using GIS, the earthquake liquefaction susceptibility zones were overlayed on the critical facility GIS layer. This is shown on Figure B-28. Table B-37 details which critical facilities fall in liquefaction zones. Details of critical facility categories, type, name, and address by liquefaction susceptibility zone are listed in Appendix F.

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Figure B-28 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones Packet Page No. 798
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Table B-37 City of Newark – Critical Facilities by Category and Type in Earthquake Liquefaction Zones
Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones / Critical Infrastructure Category
Critical Infrastructure Type Facility Count
High
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care Center 2
School 1
Total 3
High Total 3
Moderate
Essential Services Infrastructure
Bridge 1
City Facility 7
Fire Station 3
Hospital 3
Police Station 1
Total 15
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care Center 5
School 15
Total 20
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Chemical Facility 3
Distribution Center 1
Gas Facility 1
Paper Facility 1
Total 6
Moderate Total 41
Very Low
Union City Total 44
Source: USGS/CGS, City of Newark
Earthquake-Induced Landslide
Earthquake-induced landslide presents a risk to the critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. A separate analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in the City to determine critical facilities in the earthquake-induced landslide zones. Using GIS, the earthquake liquefaction zones were overlayed on the critical facility GIS layer. This is shown on Figure B-29. No critical facilities fall in these zones, so no tabular analysis was performed.

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Figure B-29 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in Earthquake-Induced Landslide Zones Packet Page No. 800
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Community Lifelines
Community lifelines at risk to earthquake include:
➢ Safety and Security – Many City personnel would be involved in response and recovery efforts. This includes police, fire, EMS, public works, and other personnel. Due to the potential for widespread and major damages citywide, these resources can be stretched and quickly overwhelmed. ➢ Food, Hydration, and Shelter – As homes are damaged, shelter needs would significantly increase.

Temporary housing would be to be established. Water supplies could be offline for an extended period.

Residents, visitors and others caught in a large event would need to find sources of food and water until the City recovers.
➢ Health and Medical – Substantial numbers of injuries and deaths can occur. This causes EMS calls and ER visits to spike. Portable morgues and refrigeration units may need to be brought in.

Transporting patients to medical facilities may be difficult. Depending on the extent of injuries and deaths the capacity of medical facilities could be strained and eventually overwhelmed. ➢ Energy – The power grid may be damaged from earthquake. Damages to natural gas pipelines that feed homes and businesses in the City may also be disrupted. Restoring these systems may take longer during a widespread event.
➢ Communications – Communications systems may be damaged during shaking events. Once the shaking ceases, responder communications need to be back online quickly to coordinate response efforts in the City. Messaging boards and alerts need to be then put into place to ensure public safety and order. Calls to and from family and friends during a hazard event can further overwhelm communication systems such as cell towers and other infrastructure. Demand may exceed the capacity of these systems to remain operational during response efforts. ➢ Transportation – Major damage can occur to roads and bridges in the City. Damage can also occur to rail lines and airports in and near the City. Roads may be closed due to damage, or to debris on the roads from earthquake events. These closures could be placed for an extended period while debris clearing efforts are undertaken to allow repairs to be made. ➢ Hazardous Material – Hazardous materials facilities can be compromised during times of earthquake events causing releases of contaminants into the environment. Natural gas pipelines can be affected by earthquakes. This can affect not only residents, but those who are charged with responding to or resolving the spill/rupture.
➢ Water Systems – Damages to underground pipes may occur. These take time to locate and fix in normal circumstances. During periods of earthquake, this becomes even more difficult. Water and wastewater systems and their respective piping can be damaged.

All community lifelines in the City are vulnerable to earthquakes, depending on the severity and location of the shake and the effects of associated subhazards. A major earthquake event could cause these lifelines to be overwhelmed. Some of these would be able to be restored to service quickly, while others would take more time having a prolonged impact on the people and structures within the City. More information on lifelines at risk can be seen in the Hazus scenarios below.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
The 2023 State Hazard Mitigation Plan noted that environmental problems from earthquakes can be numerous. Earthquake-induced landslides can significantly damage surrounding habitats. It is also possible Packet Page No. 801
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for earthquakes to reroute streams, which can change the water quality, possibly damaging habitat and feeding areas. Streams fed by groundwater and/or springs may dry up because of changes in underlying geology. Another threat to the environment from earthquakes is the potential release of hazardous materials. Historical and cultural resources are at risk, often due to their age and construction types. The Hazus scenarios in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan and included below are relatively silent on the vulnerability to natural, historic, and cultural resources, but impacts to these resources could be long lasting.

Any natural, historic, or cultural resource that is in the earthquake liquefaction zone would be at potential risk. For the natural resources, this is likely to be limited. Historic and cultural resources that are structures or housed in structures could be vulnerable to liquefaction. It is more likely that earthquake would have a much greater effect than the follow-on liquefaction.

Any natural, historic, or cultural resource that is in the earthquake-induced landslide areas would be at potential risk. Given the limited area of earthquake-induced landslide in the City, as shown on Figure B-27, historic and cultural assets in the City are not at sizable vulnerability. While there are natural resources in this area, there are limited historic and cultural resources located there (though there may be as yet unknown native cultural artifacts in this area).

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
All economic assets in the City are vulnerable to earthquakes, depending on the severity and location of the shake and associated cascading hazards and impacts. This includes earthquake liquefaction, subsidence, and fire following earthquake. More information on economic assets at risk can be seen in the Hazus scenarios in Section 4.3.10 of the Base Plan. All community activities of value would be affected by an earthquake if they were underway during an earthquake event and may be postponed or cancelled until the City has sufficiently recovered.

As shown on Figure B-26, most of the City is at moderate or higher liquefaction risk. Almost all economic assets in the City would be vulnerable. As such, most of the community activities of value would be at risk from liquefaction if it occurred during the event.

Given the lack of earthquake-induced landslide in the City, as shown on Figure B-27, economic assets in the City are not at any known vulnerability.

Hazus Analysis
Hazus is a regional earthquake loss estimation model that was developed by FEMA and the National Institute of Building Sciences. The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop multi-hazard losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates can be used by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from multi-hazards and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

Hazus 6.1 was utilized to model earthquake losses for the Tri-City Planning Area. Hazus level 2/3 analyses were run, meaning that this more advanced Hazus modelling utilized local inventory data of buildings, essential facilities, hazards, and other data, as provided by the local jurisdictions and Cal OES and FEMA.

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This local data was used in conjunction with the default Hazus data within the model. This is a planning level analysis. Four primary Hazus scenarios were created for this Plan:
➢ A Calaveras Fault 7.43 magnitude event
➢ A Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 magnitude event
➢ A Hayward (Haywired) Fault 7.0 magnitude event
➢ A San Andreas Fault 7.9 magnitude event
Details of these Hazus Scenarios are detailed in Table B-38.

Table B-38 Hazus Scenarios by Fault, Magnitude, and Epicenter Earthquake
Fault
Magnitude Epicenter Fault Name Hazus Scenario Name (user named) Calaveras 7.43 37.61, -
121.89
sc+cc+nc--cs+cc+cn-3-10 DETERM CN_CC_CS_CE 7.43M EQ
CT
Hayward +
Rodgers
Creek

7.57 37.55, -
121.95
sh+nh+rc-- hs+hn+rc DETERM SH_NH_RC 7.57M EQ CT
Hayward
(Haywired)

7.00 37.88, -
122.25
sh+nh-- hs+hn DETERM HN_HS 7.0M EQ CT
San Andreas 7.90 37.76, -
122.55
scz+pn+ncs+ncn --sas+sap+sa DETERM SAO_SAN_SAP_SAS 7.9M EQ CT
Source: USGS Hazus Specialist; Tri-City Participating Jurisdictions; Hazus Scenario Catalogs:
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/scenarios/eventpage/bssc2014calaverascncccscesha_m7p43_se https://earthquake.usgs.gov/scenarios/eventpage/bssc2014haywardrchnhsshaw09m_m7p57_se https://earthquake.usgs.gov/scenarios/eventpage/ushaywiredm7.05_se https://earthquake.usgs.gov/scenarios/eventpage/bssc2014nsanandreassansapsas_m7p88_se Methodology
Hazus Version 6.1 was released in November 2023. This natural hazard risk assessment GIS-based software updates Hazus Version 6.0 previously released in November 2022. Hazus 6.1 includes major inventory data, methodology, and software enhancements. Utilizing Hazus 6.1, Hazus deterministic scenarios were run utilizing supplemental and locally provided inventory data developed for input into Hazus’ Comprehensive Data Management System (CDMS). The deterministic approach allows for the selection of a recognized fault, epicenter, and magnitude associated with each identified scenario. The additional steps taken to prepare the Hazus model are detailed below.

Running the Hazus Analyses
Running the four primary Hazus scenarios on each of the four study regions, as previously described, provides coverage and results for the Tri-City Planning Area and specific to each of the five participating jurisdictions to this LHMP Update.

Each of the four primary earthquake scenarios generated an Earthquake Hazus Global Summary Risk Report for each Hazus defined study region. The report provides an estimate of seismic risk and assesses current and future potential seismic-related losses. For each study region, the report provides information Packet Page No. 803
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on loss estimates based on that study region’s earthquake risk and general building stock value, which includes building and lifeline related losses on the study region’s available inventory. The loss estimates provide Annualized Earthquake Loss (AEL) that detail long-term losses measured in U.S. dollars per one year. It also provides estimates of debris, displaced households, shelter requirements and casualties. The total economic loss includes:
➢ Building-Related Losses. The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses.
➢ Transportation and Utility Lifeline Losses. For the transportation and utility lifeline systems, Hazus computes the direct repair cost for each component only. There are no losses computed by Hazus for business interruption due to lifeline outages.

To support the results presented in the Hazus Global Summary Risk Reports for each primary scenario (and by each jurisdiction’s study region), three maps each were developed to further illustrate seismic risk and losses. These include:
➢ Peak Ground Acceleration Shake Map
➢ Liquefaction Susceptibility Map
➢ Total Loss Map
Fire Following Earthquake
The Hazus analysis for each of the primary Hazus runs also includes two scenarios or iterations of Fire Following Earthquake. The Fire Following Earthquake component to the Hazus tool allows for parameters to be adjusted to obtain varying output results based on factors such as fire engine response times and weather-related parameters such as wind speed and direction. For each of the four Hazus primary scenarios run for each of the four study regions (i.e., The Tri-City Planning Area/ACWD/USD, Fremont, Newark, and Union City), two Fire Following Earthquake iterations were run. The two Fire Following Earthquake parameters modified for this analysis included Wind Speed and Direction:
➢ Fire Following Earthquake Baseline Parameters. Utilizes a wind speed of 10 mph, with a default direction of 0, which is a north wind.
➢ Fire Following Earthquake Adjusted Parameters. Utilizes a wind speed of 50 mph, with a northeast direction. Note: this is based on the presence of the Diablo Winds in the study region which generally flow at a northeasterly direction and can reach speeds (or gusts) of up to 70-80 mph. The 50 mph wind speed was utilized as this was the reported wind speed that occurred during the 1991 Tunnel Fire.

These are shown in Table B-39.

Table B-39 Fire Following Earthquake – Wind Speed and Direction Scenarios Jurisdiction / Hazus
Study Region
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Tri-City Wind: 10 MPH, Wind Direction: 0 Wind: 50 MPH, Wind Direction: 45 degrees Fremont Wind: 10 MPH, Wind Direction: 0 Wind: 50 MPH, Wind Direction: 45 degrees Newark Wind: 10 MPH, Wind Direction: 0 Wind: 50 MPH, Wind Direction: 45 degrees Union City Wind: 10 MPH, Wind Direction: 0 Wind: 50 MPH, Wind Direction: 45 degrees Packet Page No. 804
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-107
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Jurisdiction / Hazus
Study Region
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
ACWD Wind: 10 MPH, Wind Direction: 0 Wind: 50 MPH, Wind Direction: 45 degrees USD Wind: 10 MPH, Wind Direction: 0 Wind: 50 MPH, Wind Direction: 45 degrees Source: Hazus 6.1
To support the Fire Following Earthquake results for each primary scenario (and by each study region), four maps were developed to further illustrate Fire Following Earthquake risk and exposure. These include:
➢ Number of Ignitions Map
➢ Population Exposure Map
➢ Value Exposure Map
➢ Fire Water Demand (gpm) Map
Hazus Results by Scenario
The Hazus results by scenario are summarized below. Of the four primary earthquake scenarios run for the Tri-City Planning Area, the Hayward + Rodgers Creek Scenario is the one likeliest to cause the greatest damage.

Calaveras Fault Hazus Scenario (Epicenter: Fremont; Magnitude: 7.43) The Hazus results for the Calaveras Fault Hazus Scenario is summarized below in Table B-40. Appendix H includes the Earthquake Hazus Global Summary Risk Report for each Hazus defined study region where more detailed information can be obtained.

Table B-40 Tri-City Planning Area – Calaveras Fault HAZUS Earthquake Deterministic Results for 7.43 M Event
Type of Impact Impacts to City from 7.43 Deterministic Earthquake Total Buildings Damaged
(based on 14,000 buildings)
Slight: 4,426
Moderate: 1,166
Extensive: 235
Complete: 55
Building and Income Related Losses $601,240,000
Total Economic Losses
(Includes building, income and lifeline losses)
$657,320,000
Casualties
(Based on 2 a.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 30
Requiring hospitalization: 4
Life threatening: 0
Fatalities: 0
Casualties
(Based on 2 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 43
Requiring hospitalization: 8
Life threatening: 2
Fatalities: 2
Casualties
(Based on 5 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 38
Requiring hospitalization: 12
Life threatening: 13
Packet Page No. 805
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-108
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Type of Impact Impacts to City from 7.43 Deterministic Earthquake Fatalities: 4
Damage to Transportation Systems None with at least moderate damage Damage to Essential Facilities None with at least moderate damage. 0 facilities with complete damage.

Damage to Utility Systems None with at least moderate damage. 99 potable water line breaks, 50 wastewater line breaks, and 4 natural gas line breaks.

Households without Power/Water Service
(Based on 14,946 total households)
Power loss, Day 1: 13,365
Power loss, Day 3: 7,006
Power loss, Day 7: 149
Power loss, Day 30: 8
Power loss, Day 90: 2
Water loss, Day 1: 13,365
Water loss, Day 3: 7,006
Water loss, Day 7: 0
Water loss, Day 30: 0
Water loss, Day 90: 0
Displaced Households 166 displaced households
Shelter Requirements 82 persons
Debris Generation 64,000 tons
Hazus 6.1
Loss Estimates Highlights
Hazus estimates that about 1,456 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 10.00 % of the buildings in the region. There are an estimated 55 buildings that will be damaged beyond repair.

The total building-related losses were 601.24 (millions of dollars); 11 % of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 44 % of the total loss.

Peak Ground Acceleration (Shaking)
Hazus evaluates the geographic distribution of ground shaking as a result of a specific earthquake scenario and expresses ground shaking using several quantitative parameters, including the peak ground acceleration. The peak ground acceleration map associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-30.

Packet Page No. 806
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-109
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-30 Calaveras Fault - 7.43 Magnitude Peak Ground Acceleration Packet Page No. 807
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-110
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when loose, water-saturated soils are shaken strongly and causes sudden loss of strength and stiffness in soils. This shaking can lead to settlement and horizontal movements of the ground.

The liquefaction probability associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-31.

Packet Page No. 808
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-111
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-31 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Liquefaction Probability Packet Page No. 809
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-112
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Total Loss Estimates
For each study region, information on loss estimates is provided based on that study region’s earthquake risk and general building stock value, which includes building and lifeline related losses on the study region’s available inventory. The total loss estimates associated with this scenario can be seen on Figure B-32.

Packet Page No. 810
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-113
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-32 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Total Loss
Packet Page No. 811
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-114
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Fire Following Earthquake
As detailed in the above methodology, two iterations of the Fire Following Earthquake were conducted for each primary Hazus Scenario. The results for the two iterations for the Calaveras Scenario are included below.

Fires often occur after an earthquake. Because of the number of fires and the lack of water to fight the fires, they can often burn out of control. Hazus uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the number of ignitions and the amount of burnt area. For each of the two Fire Following Earthquake iterations the following maps were generated:
➢ 10 mph wind scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-33.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-34.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-35.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-36.
➢ 50 mph wind scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-37.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-38
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-39
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-40.

Packet Page No. 812
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-115
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-33 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 813
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-116
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-34 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Population Exposure (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 814
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-117
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-35 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Exposed Values (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 815
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-118
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-36 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 816
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-119
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-37 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 817
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-120
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-38 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Population Exposure (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 818
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-121
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-39 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Exposed Values (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 819
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-122
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-40 Calaveras Fault 7.43 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 820
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-123
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault Hazus Scenario (Epicenter: Fremont; Magnitude: 7.57) The Hazus results for the Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault Hazus Scenario is summarized below in Table B-41. Appendix H includes the Earthquake Hazus Global Summary Risk Report for each Hazus defined study region where more detailed information can be obtained. Note: The location of the Hayward Fault on the maps below was noted by the City to not be in the correct locations. Foster Morrison was unable to modify the fault location on the maps below as that is the location that FEMA’s Hazus program has recorded for the fault. Its actual location is correct in terms of the analysis (so the table below remain correct).

FEMA was notified of this error.

Table B-41 Tri-City Planning Area– Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault HAZUS Earthquake Deterministic Results for 7.57 M Event
Type of Impact Impacts to City from 7.57 Deterministic Earthquake Total Buildings Damaged
(based on 14,000 buildings)
Slight: 5,607
Moderate: 2,689
Extensive: 981
Complete: 285
Building and Income Related Losses $1,688,210,000
Total Economic Losses
(Includes building, income and lifeline losses)
$1,938,420,000
Casualties
(Based on 2 a.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 101
Requiring hospitalization: 18
Life threatening: 1
Fatalities: 2
Casualties
(Based on 2 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 195
Requiring hospitalization: 50
Life threatening: 8
Fatalities: 14
Casualties
(Based on 5 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 153
Requiring hospitalization: 47
Life threatening: 26
Fatalities: 13
Damage to Transportation Systems None with at least moderate damage Damage to Essential Facilities 11 schools and 1 fire station with at least moderate damage. 4 school facilities with complete damage.

Damage to Utility Systems None with at least moderate damage. None with complete damage. 231 potable water line breaks, 116 wastewater line breaks, and 11 natural gas line breaks.

Households without Power/Water Service
(Based on 14,946 total households)
Power loss, Day 1: 12,078
Power loss, Day 3: 8,556
Power loss, Day 7: 14,029
Power loss, Day 30: 454
Power loss, Day 90: 15
Water loss, Day 1: 14,839
Water loss, Day 3: 14,696
Water loss, Day 7: 12,279
Water loss, Day 30: 0
Water loss, Day 90: 0
Displaced Households 773 displaced households
Shelter Requirements 384 persons
Debris Generation 238,000 tons
Hazus 6.1
Packet Page No. 821
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-124
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Loss Estimates Highlights
Hazus estimates that about 3,955 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 28.00 % of the buildings in the region. There are an estimated 285 buildings that will be damaged beyond repair. T The total building-related losses were 1,688.21 (millions of dollars); 12 % of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 41 % of the total loss.

Peak Ground Acceleration (Shaking)
Hazus evaluates the geographic distribution of ground shaking as a result of a specific earthquake scenario and expresses ground shaking using several quantitative parameters, including the peak ground acceleration. The peak ground acceleration map associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-41.

Packet Page No. 822
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-125
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-41 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault - 7.57 Magnitude Peak Ground Acceleration Packet Page No. 823
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-126
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when loose, water-saturated soils are shaken strongly and causes sudden loss of strength and stiffness in soils. This shaking can lead to settlement and horizontal movements of the ground.

The liquefaction probability associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-42.

Packet Page No. 824
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-127
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-42 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Liquefaction Probability Packet Page No. 825
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-128
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Total Loss Estimates
For each study region, information on loss estimates is provided based on that study region’s earthquake risk and general building stock value, which includes building and lifeline related losses on the study region’s available inventory. The total loss estimates associated with this scenario can be seen on Figure B-43.

Packet Page No. 826
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-129
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-43 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Total Loss Packet Page No. 827
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-130
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Fire Following Earthquake
As detailed in the above methodology, two iterations of the Fire Following Earthquake were conducted for each primary Hazus Scenario. The results for the two iterations for the Haywood + Rodgers Creek Scenario are included below.

Fires often occur after an earthquake. Because of the number of fires and the lack of water to fight the fires, they can often burn out of control. Hazus uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the number of ignitions and the amount of burnt area.
➢ Four maps were created for the 10 mph scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-44.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-45.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-46.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-47.
➢ Four maps were created for the 50 mph scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-48.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-49.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-50.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-51.

Packet Page No. 828
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-131
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-44 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 829
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-132
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-45 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Population Exposure (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 830
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-133
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-46 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Exposed Values (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 831
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-134
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-47 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 832
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-135
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-48 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 833
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-136
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-49 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Population Exposure (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 834
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-137
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-50 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Exposed Values (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 835
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-138
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-51 Hayward + Rodgers Creek Fault 7.57 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 836
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-139
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Haywired Scenario (Hayward Fault) HAZUS-MH Earthquake Loss Estimation Deterministic Results for 7.0 M Event
The Hazus results for the Haywired (Hayward Fault) Hazus Scenario is summarized below in Table B-42.

Appendix H includes the Earthquake Hazus Global Summary Risk Report for each Hazus defined study region where more detailed information can be obtained.

Note: The location of the Hayward Fault on the maps below was noted by the City to not be in the correct locations. Foster Morrison was unable to modify the fault location on the maps below as that is the location that FEMA’s Hazus program has recorded for the fault. Its actual location is correct in terms of the analysis (so the table below remain correct). FEMA was notified of this error.

Table B-42 Tri-City Planning Area– Haywired (Hayward Fault) HAZUS Earthquake Deterministic Results for 7.0 M Event
Type of Impact Impacts to City from 7.0 Deterministic Earthquake Total Buildings Damaged
(based on 14,000 buildings)
Slight: 3,368
Moderate: 683
Extensive: 74
Complete: 15
Building and Income Related Losses $311,810,000
Total Economic Losses
(Includes building, income and lifeline losses)
$325,900,000
Casualties
(Based on 2 a.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 14
Requiring hospitalization: 1
Life threatening: 0
Fatalities: 0
Casualties
(Based on 2 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 19
Requiring hospitalization: 3
Life threatening:1
Fatalities: 1
Casualties
(Based on 5 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 20
Requiring hospitalization: 8
Life threatening: 11
Fatalities: 2
Damage to Transportation Systems None with at least moderate damage Damage to Essential Facilities None with at least moderate damage. 0 facilities with complete damage.

Damage to Utility Systems None with at least moderate damage. 42 potable water line breaks, 21 wastewater line breaks, and 3 natural gas line breaks.

Households without Power/Water Service
(Based on 14,946 total households)
Power loss, Day 1: 4,610
Power loss, Day 3: 0
Power loss, Day 7: 0
Power loss, Day 30: 0
Power loss, Day 90: 0
Water loss, Day 1: 0
Water loss, Day 3: 0
Water loss, Day 7: 0
Water loss, Day 30: 0
Water loss, Day 90: 0
Displaced Households 53 displaced households
Shelter Requirements 26 persons
Packet Page No. 837
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-140
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Type of Impact Impacts to City from 7.0 Deterministic Earthquake Debris Generation 30,000 tons
Hazus 6.1
Loss Estimates Highlights
Hazus estimates that about 771 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 5.00 % of the buildings in the region. There are an estimated 14 buildings that will be damaged beyond repair.

The total building-related losses were 311.81 (millions of dollars); 10 % of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 45 % of the total loss.

Peak Ground Acceleration (Shaking)
Hazus evaluates the geographic distribution of ground shaking as a result of a specific earthquake scenario and expresses ground shaking using several quantitative parameters, including the peak ground acceleration. The peak ground acceleration map associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-52.

Packet Page No. 838
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-141
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-52 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Peak Ground Acceleration Packet Page No. 839
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-142
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when loose, water-saturated soils are shaken strongly and causes sudden loss of strength and stiffness in soils. This shaking can lead to settlement and horizontal movements of the ground.

The liquefaction probability associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-53.

Packet Page No. 840
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-143
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-53 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Liquefaction Probability Packet Page No. 841
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-144
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Total Loss Estimates
For each study region, information on loss estimates is provided based on that study region’s earthquake risk and general building stock value, which includes building and lifeline related losses on the study region’s available inventory. The total loss estimates associated with this scenario can be seen on Figure B-54.

Packet Page No. 842
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-145
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-54 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Total Loss Packet Page No. 843
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-146
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Fire Following Earthquake
As detailed in the above methodology, two iterations of the Fire Following Earthquake were conducted for each primary Hazus Scenario. The results for the two iterations for the Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario are included below.

Fires often occur after an earthquake. Because of the number of fires and the lack of water to fight the fires, they can often burn out of control. Hazus uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the number of ignitions and the amount of burnt area.
➢ Four maps were created for the 10 mph scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-55.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-56.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-57.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-58.
➢ Four maps were created for the 50 mph scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-59.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-60.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-61.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-62.

Packet Page No. 844
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-147
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-55 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 845
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-148
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-56 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Population Exposure (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 846
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-149
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-57 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Exposed Values (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 847
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-150
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-58 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (10 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 848
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-151
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-59 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 849
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-152
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-60 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Population Exposure (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 850
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-153
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-61 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Exposed Values (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 851
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-154
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-62 Haywired (Hayward Fault) Scenario 7.0 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (50 MPH Winds)
Packet Page No. 852
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-155
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
San Andreas Fault Scenario (Epicenter: Bay Bridge; Magnitude: 8.04) The Hazus results for the San Andreas Fault Hazus Scenario is summarized below in Table B-43. Appendix H includes the Earthquake Hazus Global Summary Risk Report for each Hazus defined study region where more detailed information can be obtained.

Table B-43 Tri-City Planning Area– San Andreas Fault HAZUS Earthquake Deterministic Results for 8.04 M Event
Type of Impact Impacts to City from 7.9 Deterministic Earthquake Total Buildings Damaged
(based on 14,000 buildings)
Slight: 3,977
Moderate: 959
Extensive: 259
Complete: 68
Building and Income Related Losses $604,370,000
Total Economic Losses
(Includes building, income and lifeline losses)
$640,180,000
Casualties
(Based on 2 a.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 31
Requiring hospitalization: 5
Life threatening: 0
Fatalities: 1
Casualties
(Based on 2 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 54
Requiring hospitalization: 12
Life threatening: 2
Fatalities: 3
Casualties
(Based on 5 p.m. time of occurrence)
Without requiring hospitalization: 46
Requiring hospitalization: 15
Life threatening: 13
Fatalities: 4
Damage to Transportation Systems None with at least moderate damage Damage to Essential Facilities None with at least moderate damage. 0 facilities with complete damage.

Damage to Utility Systems None with at least moderate damage. 103 potable water line breaks, 52 wastewater line breaks, and 4 natural gas line breaks.

Households without Power/Water Service
(Based on 14,946 total households)
Power loss, Day 1: 0
Power loss, Day 3: 0
Power loss, Day 7: 0
Power loss, Day 30: 0
Power loss, Day 90: 0
Water loss, Day 1: 13,529
Water loss, Day 3: 8,097
Water loss, Day 7: 0
Water loss, Day 30: 0
Water loss, Day 90: 0
Displaced Households 193 displaced households
Shelter Requirements 95 persons
Debris Generation 77,000 tons
Hazus 6.1
Packet Page No. 853
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-156
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Loss Estimates Highlights
Hazus estimates that about 1,284 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 9.00 % of the buildings in the region. There are an estimated 67 buildings that will be damaged beyond repair.

The total building-related losses were 604.37 (millions of dollars); 11 % of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 40 % of the total loss.

Peak Ground Acceleration (Shaking)
Hazus evaluates the geographic distribution of ground shaking as a result of a specific earthquake scenario and expresses ground shaking using several quantitative parameters, including the peak ground acceleration. The peak ground acceleration map associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-63.

Packet Page No. 854
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-157
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-63 San Andreas Fault – 8.04 Magnitude Peak Ground Acceleration Packet Page No. 855
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-158
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when loose, water-saturated soils are shaken strongly and causes sudden loss of strength and stiffness in soils. This shaking can lead to settlement and horizontal movements of the ground.

The liquefaction probability associated with this Hazus scenario can be seen on Figure B-64.

Packet Page No. 856
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-159
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-64 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Liquefaction Probability Packet Page No. 857
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-160
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Total Loss Estimates
For each study region, information on loss estimates is provided based on that study region’s earthquake risk and general building stock value, which includes building and lifeline related losses on the study region’s available inventory. The total loss estimates associated with this scenario can be seen on Figure B-65.

Packet Page No. 858
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-161
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-65 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Total Loss
Packet Page No. 859
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-162
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Fire Following Earthquake
As detailed in the above methodology, two iterations of the Fire Following Earthquake were conducted for each primary Hazus Scenario. The results for the two iterations for the San Andreas Scenario are included below.

Fires often occur after an earthquake. Because of the number of fires and the lack of water to fight the fires, they can often burn out of control. Hazus uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the number of ignitions and the amount of burnt area.
➢ Four maps were created for the 10 mph scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-66.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-67.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-68.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-69.
➢ Four maps were created for the 50 mph scenario:
✓ Number of Ignitions is shown on Figure B-70.
✓ Population Exposure is shown on Figure B-71.
✓ Value Exposure is shown on Figure B-72.
✓ Fire Water Demand (gpm) is shown on Figure B-73.

Packet Page No. 860
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-163
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-66 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 861
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-164
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-67 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Population Exposure (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 862
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-165
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-68 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Exposed Values (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 863
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-166
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-69 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (10 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 864
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-167
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-70 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Number of Ignitions (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 865
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-168
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-71 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Population Exposure (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 866
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-169
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-72 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Exposed Values (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 867
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-170
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-73 San Andreas Fault 8.04 Magnitude Fire Water Demand in GPM (50 MPH Winds) Packet Page No. 868
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-171
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-44 City of Newark – HAZUS-MH Earthquake Loss Estimation Scenario Comparison Type of Impact Calaveras Fault
(CN+CC+CS+CE)
Impacts to City from 7.43
Deterministic Earthquake
Hayward and Rodgers
Creek Fault
(RC+HN+HS)
Impacts to City from 7.57
Deterministic Earthquake
Hayward Fault
Haywired (HN+HS)
Impacts to City from 7.0
Deterministic Earthquake
San Andreas Fault
(SAO+SAN+SAP+SAS)
Impacts to City from 8.04
Deterministic Earthquake
Total Buildings Damaged
(based on 14,000 buildings)
Slight: 4,426
Moderate: 1,166
Extensive: 235
Complete: 55
Slight: 5,607
Moderate: 2,689
Extensive: 981
Complete: 285
Slight: 3,368
Moderate: 683
Extensive: 74
Complete: 15
Slight: 3,977
Moderate: 959
Extensive: 259
Complete: 68
Building and Income Related
Losses
$601,240,000 $1,688,210,000 $311,810,000 $604,370,000
Total Economic Losses
(Includes building, income and
lifeline losses)
$657,320,000 $1,938,420,000 $325,900,000 $640,180,000
Casualties
(Based on 2 a.m. time of
occurrence)
Without requiring
hospitalization: 30
Requiring hospitalization: 4
Life threatening: 0
Fatalities: 0
Without requiring hospitalization:
101
Requiring hospitalization: 18
Life threatening: 1
Fatalities: 2
Without requiring hospitalization: 14
Requiring hospitalization: 1
Life threatening: 0
Fatalities: 0
Without requiring hospitalization: 31
Requiring hospitalization: 5
Life threatening: 0
Fatalities: 1
Casualties
(Based on 2 p.m. time of
occurrence)
Without requiring
hospitalization: 43
Requiring hospitalization: 8
Life threatening: 2
Fatalities: 2
Without requiring hospitalization:
195
Requiring hospitalization: 50
Life threatening: 8
Fatalities: 14
Without requiring hospitalization: 19
Requiring hospitalization: 3
Life threatening:1
Fatalities: 1
Without requiring hospitalization: 54
Requiring hospitalization: 12
Life threatening: 2
Fatalities: 3
Casualties
(Based on 5 p.m. time of
occurrence)
Without requiring
hospitalization: 38
Requiring hospitalization: 12
Life threatening: 13
Fatalities: 4
Without requiring hospitalization:
153
Requiring hospitalization: 47
Life threatening: 26
Fatalities: 13
Without requiring hospitalization: 20
Requiring hospitalization: 8
Life threatening: 11
Fatalities: 2
Without requiring hospitalization: 46
Requiring hospitalization: 15
Life threatening: 13
Fatalities: 4
Damage to Transportation
Systems
None with at least moderate
damage
None with at least moderate damage None with at least moderate damage None with at least moderate damage Damage to Essential Facilities None with at least moderate damage. 0 facilities with
complete damage.
11 schools and 1 fire station with at
least moderate damage. 4 school
facilities with complete damage.

None with at least moderate damage.
0 facilities with complete damage.

None with at least moderate damage.
0 facilities with complete damage.

Packet Page No. 869
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-172
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Type of Impact Calaveras Fault
(CN+CC+CS+CE)
Impacts to City from 7.43
Deterministic Earthquake
Hayward and Rodgers
Creek Fault
(RC+HN+HS)
Impacts to City from 7.57
Deterministic Earthquake
Hayward Fault
Haywired (HN+HS)
Impacts to City from 7.0
Deterministic Earthquake
San Andreas Fault
(SAO+SAN+SAP+SAS)
Impacts to City from 8.04
Deterministic Earthquake
Damage to Utility Systems None with at least moderate
damage.
99 potable water line breaks, 50
wastewater line breaks, and 4
natural gas line breaks.

None with at least moderate
damage. None with complete
damage. 231 potable water line
breaks, 116 wastewater line breaks,
and 11 natural gas line breaks.

None with at least moderate damage.
42 potable water line breaks, 21
wastewater line breaks, and 3 natural
gas line breaks.

None with at least moderate damage.
103 potable water line breaks, 52
wastewater line breaks, and 4 natural
gas line breaks.

Households without
Power/Water Service
(Based on 14,946 total
households)
Power loss,
Day 1: 13,365
Power loss,
Day 3: 7,006
Power loss,
Day 7: 149
Power loss,
Day 30: 8
Power loss,
Day 90: 2
Water loss,
Day 1:
13,365
Water loss,
Day 3: 7,006
Water loss,
Day 7: 0
Water loss,
Day 30: 0
Water loss,
Day 90: 0
Power loss, Day 1:
12,078
Power loss, Day 3:
8,556
Power loss, Day 7:
14,029
Power loss, Day
30: 454
Power loss, Day
90: 15
Water loss,
Day 1: 14,839
Water loss,
Day 3: 14,696
Water loss,
Day 7: 12,279
Water loss,
Day 30: 0
Water loss,
Day 90: 0
Power loss, Day
1: 4,610
Power loss, Day
3: 0
Power loss, Day
7: 0
Power loss, Day
30: 0
Power loss, Day
90: 0
Water loss, Day
1: 0
Water loss, Day
3: 0
Water loss, Day
7: 0
Water loss, Day
30: 0
Water loss, Day
90: 0
Power loss,
Day 1: 0
Power loss,
Day 3: 0
Power loss,
Day 7: 0
Power loss,
Day 30: 0
Power loss,
Day 90: 0
Water loss, Day 1:
13,529
Water loss, Day 3:
8,097
Water loss, Day 7:
0 Water loss, Day 30:
0 Water loss, Day 90:
0 Displaced Households 166 displaced households 773 displaced households 53 displaced households 193 displaced households Shelter Requirements 82 persons 384 persons 26 persons 95 persons Debris Generation 64,000 tons 238,000 tons 30,000 tons 77,000 tons Packet Page No. 870
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-173
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Impacts from Earthquake (and its subhazards)
Earthquakes can strike without warning and cause dramatic changes to the landscape of an area that can have devastating impacts on the built environment. The greatest impact is to life safety of Newark residents and visitors. Other impacts to the City would include damages to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and dams; damages and loss of services to utilities and critical infrastructure, including those related to gas, power, water, wastewater and communication systems; damages to structures and other development; and possible loss of life and injuries.

Earthquakes can also cause failure of dams, levees, and reservoirs. Facilities and land downslope from dams or water reservoirs or behind levees might be subject to flooding, if the dams, reservoirs, or levees fail as a result of an earthquake. The City has locations with significant flood risk that include facilities downslope from dams or reservoirs or behind levees.

Impacts that are not quantified, but can be anticipated in large future events, include:
➢ Injury and loss of life;
➢ Commercial and residential structural and property damage; ➢ Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure, utilities, and services; ➢ Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility; ➢ Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) to the community; and ➢ Negative impact on commercial and residential property values These losses may be worsened in the future due to the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is not expected anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time. While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about 0.65% over the next 25 years,these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations. Since earthquake would affect the whole of the City, if these population patterns continue to show an increase in vulnerable populations, the vulnerability and potential impacts to City assets from earthquake may continue to increase in the future.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. If a large earthquake impacts the City, there is potential that all area (developed and undeveloped) in the City would be at risk. Future development that continues to occur in the City will increase possible impacts. However, the City has a development review process which includes the consideration of hazard constraints (like earthquake and its subhazards) and updated building codes that should further limit the impacts of these hazards on City assets.

A large nearby earthquake can also increase the probability of secondary earthquake hazards affecting the City, including a surface fault rupture, liquefaction, landslides, and fire following earthquakes. These cascading events compound the impacts to the City during an earthquake.

Packet Page No. 871
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-174
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Surface Fault Rupture
When a fault rupture extends to the earth’s surface, the displacement can catastrophically damage structures or utilities. Fissuring, settlement, and permanent horizontal and vertical ground shifting often accompany large earthquakes. Such ground failures can significantly increase damage and may be a contributing cause of damage. Studies after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake showed that when ground failure was involved, damage to residential dwellings was three to four times greater than average shake damage. Because of their geographic extent and their tendency to be buried, networked infrastructures such as water, power, communication, and transportation lines are particularly vulnerable to ground failures.

Fault rupture itself contributes very little to damage unless the structure or system element crosses the active fault. In general, newer construction is more earthquake resistant than older construction due to enforcement of improved building codes. Manufactured housing is very susceptible to damage because their foundation systems are rarely braced for earthquake motions. Locally generated earthquake motions and associated liquefaction, even from very moderate events, tend to be more damaging to smaller buildings, especially those constructed of URM and soft story buildings.

Earthquake Liquefaction
Ground settlement during liquefaction can cause damage when the amount of settlement varies significantly across the length of a structure. Liquefaction can occur in susceptible soils below bodies of water and can severely damage bridges, wharves, piers, and other structures at ports and harbors, as well as underwater utility lines.

Earthquake-Induced Landslides
Landslides caused by earthquakes can be widespread over the area of highest shaking intensity and also at greater distances if hillsides are in a susceptible condition. Earthquake landslides can significantly damage structures and transportation and utility lifelines. No areas of the City are expected to be impacted by this.

Fire Following Earthquake
Fires after earthquakes may severely strain fire departments that must respond to multiple simultaneous ignitions. Impaired communications, water supply, transportation, and other demands such as structural collapses, hazardous materials releases, or medical emergencies affect fire department response. A few characteristics can make specific facilities more vulnerable to fire following earthquake. If a building collapses, there is a high risk for gas or electrical lines to start “seed” fires that then impact undamaged neighboring structures or start wildfires. Areas of liquefaction, fault rupture, and landslide are more vulnerable to fire. There is a greater potential for underground gas mains to break due to ground displacements, and water lines in the area might also be damaged, which could prevent the ability to fight a fire with regular water resources. Areas that are largely built with wood frames or shingle roofs might be less prone to earthquake damage but are at a heightened risk for the spread of fires.

Packet Page No. 872
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-175
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Future Development
The Uniform Building Code (UBC) identifies four seismic zones in the United States. The zones are numbered one through four, with Zone 4 representing the highest level of seismic hazard. The UBC establishes more stringent construction standards for areas within Zones 3 and 4. All of California lies within either Zone 3 or Zone 4. The City of Newark is within the more hazardous Zone 4.

Although new growth and development corridors would fall in the area affected by earthquake, given the small chance of major earthquake and the building codes in effect, development in areas prone to earthquakes will continue to occur. The City enforces the state building code, which mandates construction techniques that minimize seismic hazards. Future development in the City is subject to these building codes.

Future development areas and their vulnerability to earthquake liquefaction and earthquake-induced landslides hazards are discussed further in the below GIS analysis. Future development and earthquake shaking is not included, as the Hazus earthquake module only analyzes the existing built environment, and not future development.

GIS Analysis
Earthquake Liquefaction
The City provided 28 future development areas which were used as the basis for the inventory of future development for the City. These were mapped in GIS. Where multiple parcels are listed, the parcels are merged to form one polygon, and the hazards assigned are based on the centroid of the polygon. Figure B-74 show the locations of the future development areas overlayed on the USGS/CGS Earthquake Liquefaction Susceptibility zones. Table B-45 shows the counts of each future development area in the City in the moderate or higher liquefaction zones. It should be noted that 27 of the 28 future development properties fall into the moderate or higher liquefaction zones. This was also noted in the 2023-2031 Housing Element in a discussion on development constraints. The City has a sandy loam soil type that is prone to liquefaction. The City of Newark could experience seismic shaking levels with the potential to cause liquefaction in areas where groundwater is generally shallower than 30 feet. Based on data provided by the California Geological Survey, the entire city is considered a liquefaction hazard zone.

Packet Page No. 873
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-176
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-74 City of Newark – Future Development in Earthquake Liquefaction Zones Packet Page No. 874
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-177
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-45 City of Newark – Future Development in Earthquake Liquefaction Zones Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones /
Property Type / Site Number
Future Development Name Site Count
High
Commercial
4 McDonald's Replacement 1
Commercial Total 1
High Total 1
Moderate
Commercial
1 AC Marriott Hotel 1
2 Costco 1
3 Hyatt Place 1
5 Prologis 1
Commercial Total 4
Residential
6 37136 Magnolia Street Duplex 1
7 Bain Avenue & Magnolia Street 1
9 Cedar Homes 1
10 Cherry Street Rowhouse Project 1
11 Compass Bay 1
12 Filbert Townhomes 1
13 FMC Willow- "North" of Hetch Hetchy 1
14 FMC Willow - "South" of Hetch Hetchy 1
15 FMC Willow - Affordable Family Units 1
16 Harbor Pointe 1
17 Lepakshi at Thornton "Site A” Prelim Review 1
18 Lepakshi at Thornton "Site B" Prelim Review 1
19 Mayhews Landing / Place 1
20 Mowry Village 1
21 Mulberry Residential 1
22 Muse Court 1
23 NewPark Phase A 1
24 Newpark Plaza- SB330 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
26 Timber Seniors 1
27 Waymark Homes on Cedar 1
Residential Total 21
Packet Page No. 875
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-178
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones /
Property Type / Site Number
Future Development Name Site Count
Moderate Total 25
Source: USGS/CS, City of Newark GIS
Earthquake-Induced Landslide
Figure B-75 shows the location of the future development areas overlayed on the CGS Earthquake-Induced Landslide zones. All future development areas in the City fall outside of the CGS Earthquake-Induced Landslide Zones. As such, no tabular analysis was performed.

Packet Page No. 876
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-179
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-75 City of Newark – Future Development in Earthquake-Induced Landslide Zones Packet Page No. 877
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-180
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Flood: 1%/0.2% Annual Chance
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Occasional/Unlikely
Vulnerability–High
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
This hazard analyzes the FEMA DFIRM 1% and 0.2% annual chance floods. These tend to be the larger floods that can occur in the Tri-City Planning Area or in the City and have caused damage in the past.

Flooding is a significant problem in the City. Historically, the City has been at risk to flooding primarily during the winter and spring months when river systems in the City swell with heavy rainfall and snowmelt runoff. Normally, storm floodwaters are kept within defined limits by a variety of storm drainage and flood control measures. Occasionally, extended heavy rains result in floodwaters that exceed normal high-water boundaries and cause damage. Flooding has occurred both within the 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains and in other localized areas.

Location and Extent
The City of Newark has areas located in the 1% and 0.2% annual chance flood zones. This is seen in Figure B-76.

Packet Page No. 878
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-181
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-76 City of Newark – FEMA DFIRM Flood Zones
Packet Page No. 879
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-182
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-46 details the DFIRM mapped flood zones located within the City.

Table B-46 City of Newark– FEMA DFIRM Flood Hazard Zones Flood Zone Description Flood Zone Present in City
A 1% annual chance flooding: No base flood elevations
provided. Mandatory flood insurance purchase
requirements and floodplain management standards
apply.

AE Regulatory Floodway 1% annual chance flood: Regulatory floodway; Base flood elevations provided
X
AE 1% annual chance flooding: Base flood elevations
provided. Mandatory flood insurance purchase
requirements and floodplain management standards
apply.

X
AH Areas subject to inundation by 1-percent-annualchance shallow flooding (usually areas of ponding) where average depths are between one and three feet.

Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) derived from detailed
hydraulic analyses are shown in this zone. Mandatory
flood insurance purchase requirements and
floodplain management standards apply.

AO Areas subject to inundation by 1-percent-annualchance shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between
one and three feet. Average flood depths derived
from detailed hydraulic analyses are shown in this
zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase
requirements and floodplain management standards
apply.

X
VE Coastal areas with a 1% or greater chance of flooding and an additional hazard associated with storm
waves. Base flood elevations derived from detailed
analyses are shown at selected intervals within these
zones.

Shaded X 0.2% annual chance flooding: The areas between the limits of the 1% annual chance flood and the 0.2-
percent-annual-chance (or 500-year) flood. Flood
insurance is not mandatory but is available.

X
X Protected by Levee Areas protected by levees from 1% annual chance flood event. Levee protection places these areas in
the 0.2% annual chance flood zone. Flood insurance
is not mandatory but is available.

D Areas with possible but undetermined flood hazards.

No flood hazard analysis has been conducted. Flood
insurance rates are commensurate with the
uncertainty of the flood risk.

X (unshaded) No flood hazard X
Source: FEMA
Packet Page No. 880
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-183
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Additionally, flood extents can generally be measured in volume, velocity, and depths of flooding.

Expected flood depths in the City vary, depending on the nature and extent of a flood event; specific depths are unknown. Flood durations in the City tend to be short to medium term, or until either the storm drainage system can catch up or flood waters move downstream. Flooding in the City tends to have a shorter speed of onset, due to the amount of water that flows through the City.

Geographical flood extents for the City from the FEMA DFIRMs are shown in Table B-47.

Table B-47 City of Newark – Geographical Summary FEMA DFIRM Flood Zone Extents Flood Zone Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
1% Annual
Chance
4,712 32.08% 687 7.20% 4,025 78.14%

0.2% Annual
Chance
2,771 18.86% 2,452 25.71% 319 6.18%
Other Areas 7,205 49.06% 6,398 67.08% 807 15.67%
Source: FEMA DFIRM 12/21/2018
Flooded Acres
Also of interest is the land area affected by the various flood zones. The following is an analysis of flooded acres in the City in comparison to total area within the City limits. The same methodology, as discussed in Section 4.3.12 of the Base Plan, was used for the City of Newark. Table B-48 breaks down Table B-47 and presents a more detailed analysis of total acres for each FEMA DFIRM flood zone in the City.

Table B-48 City of Newark – Flooded Acres by FEMA DFIRM Flood Zone by Property Use Flood Zone /
Property Use
Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone AE Floodway
Agricultural 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Commercial 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Industrial 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Government /
Institutional
18 0.120% 0 0.0% 18 0.342%
Recreational 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Residential 1 0.005% 1 0.007% 0 0.0%
Unknown 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Utilities 3 0.023% 0 0.0% 3 0.066%
Vacant 5 0.034% 0 0.0% 5 0.097%
Packet Page No. 881
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-184
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Flood Zone /
Property Use
Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
Zone AE
Floodway
Total
27 0.182% 1 0.007% 26 0.505%
Zone AE
Agricultural 1,653 11.255% 260 2.731% 1,393 27.040%
Commercial 21 0.140% 19 0.203% 1 0.024%
Industrial 1,848 12.579% 332 3.483% 1,515 29.421%
Government /
Institutional
502 3.419% 0 0.0% 502 9.750%
Recreational 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Residential 51 0.347% 36 0.373% 15 0.299%
Unknown 348 2.372% 35 0.368% 313 6.085%
Utilities 19 0.129% 0 0.0% 19 0.368%
Vacant 238 1.617% 1 0.007% 237 4.600%
Zone AE
Total
4,680 31.860% 683 7.165% 3,996 77.587%
Zone AO
Agricultural 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Commercial 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Industrial 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Government /
Institutional
0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Recreational 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Residential 3 0.021% 3 0.033% 0 0.0%
Unknown 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Utilities 3 0.018% 0 0.0% 3 0.051%
Vacant 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Zone AO
Total
6 0.039% 3 0.033% 3 0.051%
1% Annual
Chance Flood
Hazard Total
4,712 32.081% 687 7.205% 4,025 78.143%

0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone X (shaded)
Agricultural 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Commercial 147 1.001% 131 1.375% 16 0.307%
Industrial 66 0.452% 66 0.687% 1 0.015%
Government /
Institutional
219 1.489% 0 0.0% 219 4.245%
Packet Page No. 882
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-185
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Flood Zone /
Property Use
Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
Recreational 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Residential 2,296 15.630% 2,255 23.641% 41 0.794%
Unknown 0 0.001% 0 0.0% 0 0.002%
Utilities 28 0.188% 0 0.0% 28 0.536%
Vacant 15 0.105% 1 0.007% 15 0.285%
Zone X
(shaded)
Total
2,771 18.864% 2,452 25.711% 319 6.185%

0.2% Annual
Chance Flood
Hazard Total
2,771 18.864% 2,452 25.711% 319 6.185%
Other Areas
Zone X (unshaded)
Agricultural 11 0.076% 0 0.0% 11 0.218%
Commercial 701 4.772% 617 6.472% 84 1.624%
Industrial 345 2.347% 333 3.488% 12 0.234%
Government /
Institutional
422 2.872% 31 0.321% 391 7.596%
Recreational 10 0.070% 10 0.109% 0 0.0%
Residential 5,473 37.262% 5,385 56.462% 88 1.709%
Unknown 59 0.403% 0 0.0% 59 1.149%
Utilities 78 0.531% 0 0.0% 78 1.515%
Vacant 106 0.721% 22 0.232% 84 1.627%
Zone X
(unshaded)
Total
7,205 49.055% 6,398 67.084% 807 15.672%
Other Areas
Total
7,205 49.055% 6,398 67.084% 807 15.672%
Newark Total 14,688 100.000% 9,537 100.000% 5,151 100.000% Source: FEMA 12/21/2018 DFIRM
California Department of Water Resources Best Available Maps (BAM) The FEMA regulatory maps provide just one perspective on flood risks in Alameda County. Senate Bill 5 (SB 5), enacted in 2007, authorized the California DWR to develop the Best Available Maps (BAM) displaying 100- and 200-year floodplains for areas located within the Sacramento-San Joaquin (SAC-SJ) Valley watershed. This effort was completed by DWR in 2008. DWR has expanded the BAM to cover all counties in the State and to include 500-year floodplains.

Packet Page No. 883
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-186
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Different than the FEMA DFIRMs which have been prepared to support the NFIP and reflect only the 100- year event risk, the BAMs are provided for informational purposes and are intended to reflect current 100- , 200-(as applicable), and 500-year event risks using the best available data. The 100-year floodplain limits on the BAM are a composite of multiple 100-year floodplain mapping sources. It is intended to show all currently identified areas at risk for a 100-year flood event, including FEMA’s 100-year floodplains. The BAM are comprised of different engineering studies performed by FEMA, Corps, and DWR for assessment of potential 100-, 200-, and 500-year floodplain areas. These studies are used for different planning and/or regulatory applications, and for each flood frequency may use varied analytical and quality control criteria depending on the study type requirements. The value in the BAMs is that they provide a bigger picture view of potential flood risk to the City than that provided in the FEMA DFIRMs. The BAM map for Newark is shown in Figure B-77.

Figure B-77 City of Newark – Best Available Map
Source: California DWR
Legend explanation: Blue - FEMA 1%, Orange – Local 1% (developed from local agencies), Red – DWR 1%r (Awareness floodplains identify the 1% annual chance flood hazard areas using approximate assessment procedures.), Pink – USACE 1% (2002 Sac and San Joaquin River Basins Comp Study), Yellow – USACE 0.5% (2002 Sac and San Joaquin River Basins Comp Study), Tan – FEMA 0.2%, Grey – Local 0.2% (developed from local agencies), Purple – USACE 0.2%(2002 Sac and San Joaquin River Basins Comp Study).

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
A list of state and federal disaster declarations for Alameda County from flooding is shown on Table B-49.

These events also likely affected the City to some degree.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-187
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-49 Alameda County – State and Federal Disaster Declarations from Flood 1950-2023 Disaster Type State Declarations Federal Declarations
Count Years Count Years
Flood (including heavy
rains and storms)
19 1950, 1955, 1957, 1958 (twice),
1962, 1963, 1970, 1982, 1983
(twice), 1986, 1995 (twice),
1997, 1998, 2008, 2017 (twice)
20 1955, 1958, 1962 (twice), 1970,
1982, 1983, 1986, 1995 (twice),
1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2017
(three), 2023 (three)
Source: Cal OES, FEMA
City of Newark Events
1950s - 1960s. According to the 2018 Flood Insurance Study (FIS), prior to the 1950s, the City experienced recurring flooding during heavy rains. In the 1950s, the community participated in the creation of a flood control district and improvements were made to the City’s drainage systems. As a result of these improvements, the City has not had damaging flooding since the 1960s. 2023 - The City had 2 major storm events in January & March 2023 that caused trees to go down, and debris to be deposited on the road. It also caused trees down impacting homes and streets. The City also had trouble with storm drains backing up and causing flooding in streets over time. The EOC was activated during this time:
➢ January 4, 2023 – Level 2 (winter storm)
Vulnerability to Flood: 1% and 0.2% Annual Chance
Floods have been a part of the City’s historical past and will continue to be so in the future. During winter months, long periods of precipitation and the timing of that precipitation are critical in determining the threat of flood, and these characteristics further dictate the potential for widespread structural and property damage. Predominantly, the effects of flooding are generally confined to areas near the waterways of the City. As waterways grow in size from local drainages, so grows the threat of flood and dimensions of the threat.

The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to floods. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to flood begins with an understanding of local exposure to flood. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
The 2018 FIS for Alameda County noted the channels that flow through the City of Newark are affected at their outlets by the variation of tidal elevations in the San Francisco Bay. Thornton Avenue and the Southern Pacific Railroad embankments act as dikes to protect the City from high tides. The areas on the bay side of these dikes are subject to tidal flooding. The channels that flow under Thornton Avenue are cut off from the effects of tidal flooding by flap-gated culverts. These culverts are a major cause of flooding in the City of Newark at times of high water elevations of the Bay. Alameda County Flood Control District Lines H and I are particularly susceptible to flooding due to the design of these culverts.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-188
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from flood include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All people and populations located in the 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains are at some risk to flooding. Certain vulnerable populations located within areas prone to flooding may be at increased risk to this hazard, especially during a large event with minimal advance notice. These vulnerable populations include: the unsheltered, those with limited mobility, and those that lack the resources to leave the area.

City residents that live in the 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains are often the most vulnerable. Not only are the residents at risk, but their homes and contents are all at risk, compounding the impacts associated with significant hazard events. To further evaluate the impact to Newark’s residential population residing within these hazard areas, the DFIRM flood zones were overlayed on the parcel layer. Those residential parcel centroids that intersect the flood zones were counted and multiplied by the 2020 Census Bureau average household factors for Newark – 3.32. According to this analysis, there is a total population of 857 and 6,806 residents of the City at risk to flooding in the 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains, respectively. This is shown in Table B-50.

Table B-50 City of Newark – Improved Residential Parcels and Population by Summary FEMA DFIRM Flood Zone
Jurisdiction
1% Annual Chance 0.2% Annual Chance
Improved
Residential
Parcels
Population at
Risk
Improved
Residential
Parcels
Population at
Risk
City of Newark 258 857 2,050 6,806
Source: FEMA DFIRM 12/21/2018, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), US Census Bureau
Structures
Certain structures in the City are at risk of DFIRM flooding and primarily include those structures located within the 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains. GIS was used to determine the possible impacts of flooding on parcels and structures within the City of Newark. The methodology described in Section 4.3.11 of the Base Plan was followed in determining structures and values at risk to the 1% (100-year) and 0.2% (500-year) annual chance flood event. Table B-51 is a summary table for the City of Newark. Parcel counts, land and improved values (i.e., those with a structure improvement on the parcel), estimated content replacement values, and total values in the City are shown for the 1% and 0.2% annual chance flood zones, as well as for those properties that fall outside of the mapped FEMA DFIRM flood zones. Table B-52 breaks down Table B-51 and shows the same analysis further broken out by detailed FEMA flood zone.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-189
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-51 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) at Risk in Summary FEMA DFIRM Flood Zone
Flood Zone Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
1% Annual
Chance Flood
Hazard
850 285 $409,592,873 $591,325,221 $681,200,593 $1,682,118,687

0.2% Annual
Chance Flood
Hazard
2,301 2,080 $561,495,519 $1,263,386,061 $821,589,229 $2,646,470,809 Other Areas 14,007 13,021 $3,218,815,821 $6,369,551,848 $3,989,939,277 $13,578,306,946 Newark
Total
17,158 15,386 $4,189,904,213 $8,224,263,130 $5,492,729,099 $17,906,896,442 Source: FEMA 12/21/2018 DFIRM, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) *With respect to improve parcels within the floodplain, the actual structures on the parcels may not be located within the actual floodplain, may be elevated and or otherwise outside of the identified flood zone **This parcel count only includes those parcels in the 0.2% annual chance flood zone, exclusive of the 1% annual chance flood zone.

The 0.2% annual chance flood, in actuality, also includes all parcels in the 1% annual chance flood zone.

Table B-52 City of Newark – Count and Values of Parcels (and Structures) at Risk by Detailed FEMA DFIRM Flood Zone and Property Use
Flood Zone
/ Property
Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone AE Floodway
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government
/ Institutional
15 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 3 3 $429,806 $806,780 $403,390 $1,639,976
Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 6 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 2 0 $4,483,882 $0 $0 $4,483,882
Zone AE
Floodway
Total
26 3 $4,913,688 $806,780 $403,390 $6,123,858
Zone AE
Agricultural 27 1 $2,332,806 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,011,766 Commercial 17 3 $26,808,486 $42,055,937 $42,055,937 $110,920,360 Packet Page No. 887
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-190
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Flood Zone
/ Property
Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Government
/ Institutional
67 0 $6,817 $0 $0 $6,817
Industrial 21 15 $149,571,911 $366,188,361 $549,282,541 $1,065,042,813 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 339 237 $90,527,039 $165,588,651 $82,794,326 $338,910,016 Unknown 4 1 $24,055,983 $42,970 $0 $24,098,953
Utilities 8 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 322 7 $107,893,288 $6,653,210 $0 $114,546,498
Zone AE
Total
805 264 $401,196,330 $583,868,609 $677,472,284 $1,662,537,223 Zone AO
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government
/ Institutional
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 18 18 $3,482,855 $6,649,832 $3,324,919 $13,457,606 Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 1 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Zone AO
Total
19 18 $3,482,855 $6,649,832 $3,324,919 $13,457,606
1% Annual
Chance
Flood
Hazard
Total
850 285 $409,592,873 $591,325,221 $681,200,593 $1,682,118,687

0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone X (shaded)
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 25 18 $90,495,924 $223,071,066 $223,071,066 $536,638,056 Government
/ Institutional
30 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 10 9 $36,614,128 $79,702,607 $119,553,912 $235,870,647 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 2,181 2,050 $425,506,195 $957,928,525 $478,964,251 $1,862,398,971 Unknown 1 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 11 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Packet Page No. 888
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-191
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Flood Zone
/ Property
Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Vacant 43 3 $8,879,272 $2,683,863 $0 $11,563,135
Zone X
(shaded)
Total
2,301 2,080 $561,495,519 $1,263,386,061 $821,589,229 $2,646,470,809

0.2% Annual
Chance
Flood
Hazard
Total
2,301 2,080 $561,495,519 $1,263,386,061 $821,589,229 $2,646,470,809 Other Areas
Zone X (unshaded)
Agricultural 1 0 $435,538 $0 $0 $435,538
Commercial 377 296 $464,144,656 $783,186,362 $783,186,362 $2,030,517,380 Government
/ Institutional
231 17 $13,303,979 $15,447,837 $15,447,837 $44,199,653
Industrial 78 72 $207,665,855 $408,476,352 $612,714,529 $1,228,856,736 Recreational 3 3 $1,480,029 $1,214,920 $1,214,920 $3,909,869 Residential 13,055 12,620 $2,416,498,437 $5,154,751,305 $2,577,375,629 $10,148,625,371 Unknown 16 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 61 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 185 13 $115,287,327 $6,475,072 $0 $121,762,399
Zone X
(unshaded)
Total
14,007 13,021 $3,218,815,821 $6,369,551,848 $3,989,939,277 $13,578,306,946 Other Areas
Total
14,007 13,021 $3,218,815,821 $6,369,551,848 $3,989,939,277 $13,578,306,946 Newark
Total
17,158 15,386 $4,189,904,213 $8,224,263,130 $5,492,729,099 $17,906,896,442 Source: FEMA 12/21/2018 DFIRM, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) *With respect to improve parcels within the floodplain, the actual structures on the parcels may not be located within the actual floodplain, may be elevated and or otherwise outside of the identified flood zone **This parcel count only includes those parcels in the 0.2% annual chance flood zone, exclusive of the 1% annual chance flood zone.

The 0.2% annual chance flood, in actuality, also includes all parcels in the 1% annual chance flood zone.

Table B-53 summarizes Table B-52 and shows City of Newark loss estimates and improved values at risk by FEMA 1% and 0.2% annual chance flood zones. According to Table B-52 and Table B-53, the City of Newark has 406 parcels and $1.61 billion of structure and contents values or values in the 1% annual chance flood zone, and 4,161 improved parcels and $5.55 billion of structure and contents values in the 0.2% annual chance flood zone. These values can be refined a step further. Applying the 20 percent damage factor as previously described in Section 4.3.11 of the Base Plan, there is a 1% chance in any given year of a flood event causing $322 million in damage and a 0.2% chance in any given year of a flood event causing Packet Page No. 889
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-192
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
$1.11 billion in damage in the City of Newark. The loss ratio of 0.52% indicates that flood losses for 1% annual chance flooding would be relatively minor and the City would be able recover. The loss ratio of

13.52% indicates that flood losses for 0.2% annual chance flooding would be relatively major and the City would have some difficulty in recovering.

Table B-53 City of Newark – Flood Loss Estimates
Jurisdiction/
Flood Zone
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Improved
Structure Value
Estimated
Contents Value
Total Value Loss Estimate Loss
Ratio
1% Annual
Chance Flood
Hazard
850 285 $591,325,221 $681,200,593 $1,272,525,814 $254,505,163 2.05%

0.2% Annual
Chance Flood
Hazard
2,301 2,080 $1,263,386,061 $821,589,229 $2,084,975,290 $416,995,058 3.36% Newark
Total
3,151 2,365 $1,854,711,282 $1,502,789,822 $3,357,501,104 $671,500,221 5.41% Source: FEMA 12/21/2018 DFIRM, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023) *With respect to improve parcels within the floodplain, the actual structures on the parcels may not be located within the actual floodplain, may be elevated and or otherwise outside of the identified flood zone **This parcel count only includes those parcels in the 0.2% annual chance flood zone, exclusive of the 1% annual chance flood zone.

The 0.2% annual chance flood, in actuality, also includes all parcels in the 1% annual chance flood zone.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Flooding presents a threat to threat to both critical facilities and infrastructure, as well as community lifelines. Critical infrastructure plays an immensely important role in our communities. As previously noted, communities rely on roads, rail corridors, and related biking and pedestrian routes for transportation, and on water infrastructure for drinking water, wastewater service, and draining streets of rainwater.

Damage to any one of these systems can threaten public safety, wreak havoc on daily life, impact properties far from flood zones, and result in economic impacts that cascade throughout California. The following GIS analysis identifies critical facilities and infrastructure at risk to flooding, followed by a discussion on vulnerability of community lifelines.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Flooding presents a risk to the critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. A separate analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in the City to determine critical facilities fall into DFIRM flood zones and, if so, which zone they fall into. Using GIS, the DFIRM flood zones were overlayed on the critical facility GIS layer. This is shown on Figure B-78 for the DFIRM flood zones. Table B-24 details which critical facilities fall in which flood zone. Details of critical facility categories, type, name, and address by FEMA DFIRM Flood Zone are listed in Appendix F.

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Figure B-78 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in FEMA DFIRM Flood Zones Packet Page No. 891
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-194
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Table B-54 City of Newark – Critical Facilities by Category and Type in FEMA DFIRM Flood Zones
Flood Zone / Critical
Infrastructure Category
Critical Infrastructure Type Facility Count

0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone X (Shaded)
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care 1
School 3
Total 4
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Logistics Facility 1
Total 1
Zone X (Shaded)Total 1

0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Total 5
Other Areas
Zone X (unshaded)
Essential Services Infrastructure
Bridge 1
City Facility 7
Fire Station 3
Hospital 3
Police Station 1
Total 15
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care Center 6
School 13
Total 19
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Chemical Facility 3
Distribution Center 1
Gas Facility 1
Total 5
Zone X (unshaded) Total 39
Other Areas Total 39
Grand Total 44
Source: FEMA 12/21/2018 DFIRM, City of Newark GIS
Community Lifelines
1% and 0.2% annual chance flooding presents a threat to life and property, including community lifelines in the City. Community lifelines that would be vulnerable to flooding include:

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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➢ Safety and Security – Search and rescue and swiftwater teams may be called on to perform riskier duties during times of flooding. Police, Fire, EMS, and Public Works personnel are often called on to respond during flood emergencies. During large events, these services may become stretched. ➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Public health can also be at risk from flooding. Floodwater is often contaminated with sewage, which can lead to illness and affect clean drinking water. ➢ Health and Medical – Loss of life and injuries can occur during significant flood events. Flooding may complicate the ability to transport the injured possibly requiring rerouting of injured to other facilities.
➢ Energy – Floods can cause power grid issues and lead to power outages. During extreme flood events gas lines may break or otherwise be damaged from erosion and debris in floodwaters. ➢ Communications – Communication infrastructure can be inundated by a flood event causing damage and disruption in service. As well an influx of service calls to dispatch centers for reporting of flooding, power outages, or other issues can occur. Messaging systems need to be deployed during these times to let the public know about lane and road closures, washouts, debris on roads, and requirements for evacuations or sheltering.
➢ Transportation – Transport networks can be affected, such as flood damage to bridges, railways and roads. This can cause lane and road closures. These closures can affect response personnel (EMS, Fire, Police) as well as cause additional traffic issues for residents and impact evacuation routes. Life safety can also be an issue on flooded roads.
➢ Hazardous Material – Hazardous material facilities can be affected by flooding. Releases during these times can be comingles with flood waters, contaminate drinking water, as well as create additional exposures to the environment.
➢ Water Systems – Floods can affect the ability for water and wastewater systems to operate, since many are located near flood zones.

Generally, even major flood events are temporary events with flood waters receding back to pre-storm levels at the conclusion of the storm. However, depending on the location, duration, and magnitude and severity of any given flood event, some of these community lifelines may be overwhelmed in the short term.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Large flood events can affect natural, historic, and cultural resources. There are a number of ways floodwaters can impact natural resources and the environment: Wildlife habitats can be destroyed by floodwaters. Contaminated floodwater can pollute rivers and habitats. Silt and sediment can destroy natural areas. Riverbanks and natural levées can be eliminated as rivers reach bankfull capacity. Rivers can be widened, and deposition can increase downstream. Trees can be uprooted by high-velocity water flow.

Plants that survive the initial flood may die due to being inundated with water. Historic and cultural resources may also be affected. Generally, the impacts are associated with damage to structures within the flooded areas, but other cultural resources such as those associated with Native Americans and old tribal areas can also be disturbed, damaged and lost during extreme flood events. Any of these that fall in the flood zones shown on Figure B-76 would be vulnerable. This is especially true if a 0.2% annual chance flood event occurs.

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Major flood events could affect any economic asset that lies in the floodplain and can have long lasting effects. This could cause those businesses and economic assets within these areas to close or relocate. This could cause temporary or permanent loss of sales tax revenue. Cargill Salt is in this area. The facility doesn’t generate a significant amount of sales tax. The Silliman Center and the Sr. Center are also in these areas. Impacts to the City would be more connected to loss of employment.

These events can also affect those economic assets outside of the floodplain, at least in the short term until the City has sufficiently recovered.

Impacts from Flood: 1% and 0.2% Annual Chance
Floods are among the costliest natural disasters in terms of human hardship and economic loss nationwide.

Large flood events, including those associated with 1% and 0.2% annual chance floods, can cause substantial damage to structures, landscapes, and utilities as well as life safety issues. People may be swept away in floodwaters, causing injuries or deaths. Floods can be extremely dangerous, and even six inches of moving water can knock over a person given a strong current. During a flood, people can also suffer heart attacks or electrocution due to electrical equipment short outs. Direct impacts, such as drowning, can be limited with adequate warning and public education about what to do during floods. Floodwaters can transport large objects downstream which can damage or remove stationary structures. Structures can be damaged directly from floodwaters and can also be damaged from trees falling as a result of water-saturated soils. Ground saturation can result in instability, collapse, or other damage. Objects can also be buried or destroyed through sediment deposition. Floodwaters can also break utility lines and interrupt services causing power outages. The interruption of power causes major problems and can result in the closure of governmental offices and community businesses. Public schools may also be required to close or be placed on a delayed start schedule. Roads can be damaged and closed, causing safety and evacuation issues.

Standing water can cause damage to crops, roads, foundations, and electrical circuits. Other problems connected with flooding and stormwater runoff include erosion, sedimentation, degradation of water quality, loss of environmental resources, and economic impacts.

Impacts that are not quantified, but can be anticipated in large future events, include:
➢ Injury and loss of life;
➢ Commercial and residential structural and property damage; ➢ Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure, utilities, and services; ➢ Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility; ➢ Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) to the community; and ➢ Negative impact on commercial and residential property values These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about 0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. If a large flood impacts the City, there is potential that those facilities closer to the floodplain may be impacted more severely than those located further from the floodplain. Future development that continues to occur in these areas (like those shown in Table B-56) will increase possible impacts. However, the City has a development review process which includes the consideration of hazard constraints and updated building codes that should further limit the impacts of these hazards on City assets.

Health Hazards from Flooding
According to FEMA, certain health hazards are also common to flood events. Three general types of health hazards accompany floods. The first comes from the water itself. Floodwaters carry anything that was on the ground that the upstream runoff picked up, including dirt, oil, animal waste, and lawn, farm, and industrial chemicals. Pastures and areas where cattle and other livestock are kept or their wastes are stored can contribute polluted waters to the receiving streams.

Floodwaters also saturate the ground, which leads to infiltration into sanitary sewer lines. When wastewater treatment plants are flooded, there is nowhere for the sewage to flow. Infiltration and lack of treatment can lead to overloaded sewer lines that can back up into low-lying areas and homes. Even when it is diluted by flood waters, raw sewage can be a breeding ground for bacteria such as e. coli and other disease-causing agents.

The second type of health problem arise after most of the water has gone. Stagnant pools can become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and wet areas of a building that have not been properly cleaned breed mold and mildew. A building that is not thoroughly cleaned becomes a health hazard, especially for small children, the elderly, and those that are medically vulnerable.

Another health hazard occurs when heating ducts in a forced air system are not properly cleaned after inundation. When the furnace or air conditioner is turned on, the sediments left in the ducts are circulated throughout the building and breathed in by the occupants. If a water system loses pressure, a boil order may be issued to protect people and animals from contaminated water.

The third problem is the long-term psychological impact of having been through a flood and seeing one’s home damaged and irreplaceable keepsakes destroyed. The cost and labor needed to repair a flood-damaged structure puts a severe strain on people, especially the unprepared and uninsured. There is also a long-term problem for those who know that their homes can be flooded again. The resulting stress on floodplain residents takes its toll in the form of aggravated physical and mental health problems.

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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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Insurance Coverage, Claims Paid, and Repetitive Losses
Standard property insurance does not include flood coverage because of the relatively high risk. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) provides flood insurance to residents in those communities that participate in the NFIP. Federal financial assistance requires the purchase of flood for structures located within a 100-year floodplain – a requirement that affects nearly all mortgages financed through commercial lending institutions. Flood insurance is also recommended for all structures protected by levees, even if not mapped within a floodplain.

The City of Newark joined the NFIP as an Emergency Entry on April 22, 1974, and as a Regular Entry on December 1, 1978. The City does not participate in the CRS program. NFIP data indicates that as of July 2, 2023, there were 43 flood insurance policies in force in the City with $13,671,000 of coverage. Of the 43 policies: 38 were for single family homes were residential (single-family homes), 1 was for a multifamily home, and 4 were for non-residential properties. Of the 43 policies in force, 29 were in A Zones, 13 were in B, C, and X zones, and 1 was in some other zone. The GIS parcel analysis detailed above identified 285 improved parcels in the 1% annual chance flood zone. There have been 5 historical claims for flood losses totaling $0.00. NFIP data further indicates that there are no repetitive loss (RL) or severe repetitive loss (SRL) buildings in Newark. There have been no substantial damage claims since 1978 in the City.

Based on this analysis of insurance coverage, the City has values at risk to the 1% annual chance and greater floods. Of the 285 improved parcels within the 1% annual chance flood zone, only 13 (or 4.6 percent) of those parcels maintain flood insurance. This can be seen on Table B-55.

Table B-55 City of Newark – Percentage of Policy Holders to Improved Parcels in the 1% Annual Chance Floodplain
Jurisdiction Improved Parcels in
SFHA (1% Annual
Chance) Floodplain*
Insurance Policies
in the SFHA (1%
Annual Chance)
Floodplain
Percentage of 1%
Annual Chance
Floodplain Parcels
Currently Insured
City of Newark 285 13 4.6%
Source: FEMA DFIRM 12/21/2018, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), NFIP CIS data 7/2023.

Future Development
The potential for flooding may increase as floodwaters are channeled due to land development. Such changes can exacerbate flooding problems inside and outside of natural floodplains by altering or confining natural drainage channels. Floodplain modeling and master planning should be based on built out property use to ensure that all new development remains safe from future flooding. While local floodplain management, stormwater management, and water quality regulations and policies address these changes on a site-by-site basis, their cumulative effects can have a negative impact on the overall floodplain.

The City’s Housing Element noted that the Municipal Code sets standards to minimize flood hazard risks, including anchoring and flood-proofing and a requirement that the lowest floor, including basements, is at or above the 100-year flood elevation. While not yet codified in City Code, the following is planned to be Packet Page No. 896
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adopted. Development within the 100-year flood zone is limited, with requirements for building at least 1 foot above the flood elevation. The City requires non-residential development to be elevated at least 8 feet above mean high tide and 11.25 feet for residential development.

The City enforces its floodplain management ordinance. More detail on the specifics of the floodplain ordinance can be found in the Capability section below. A discussion of general considerations follows.

Future Development: General Considerations
Communities that participate in the NFIP adopt regulations and codes that govern development in special flood hazard areas (SFHAs) and enforce those requirements through their local floodplain management ordinances through the issuance of permits. The City of Newark’s floodplain management ordinance provides standards for development, subdivision of land, construction of buildings, and improvements and repairs to buildings that meet the minimum requirements of the NFIP and also the requirements of the City’s current adopted version of the California Building Code (and International Building Code), which in some areas exceed the base requirements of the NFIP. While not yet codified, there is a plan to meet these requirements.

The International Residential Code and International Building Code, by reference to American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 24, include requirements that govern the design and construction of buildings and structures in flood hazard areas. FEMA has determined that the flood provisions of the I-Codes are consistent with the requirements of the NFIP (the I-Code requirements shown either meet or exceed NFIP requirements). ASCE 24, a design standard developed by the American Society of Civil Engineers, expands on the minimum NFIP requirements with more specificity, additional requirements, and some limitations.

With the adoption of the International Codes, communities will be moving towards a more stringent approach to regulatory floodplain management, beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. The adoption and enforcement of disaster-resistant building codes is a core community action to promote effective mitigation. When communities ensure that new buildings and infrastructure are designed and constructed in accordance with national building codes and construction standards, they significantly increase local resilience now and in the future. With continued advancements in building codes, local ordinances should be reviewed and updated to meet and exceed standards as practicable to protect new development from future flood events and to further promote disaster resiliency.

One of the most effective ways to reduce vulnerability to potential flood damage is through careful land use planning that fully considers applicable flood management information and practices. Master planning will also be necessary to assure that open channel flood flow conveyances serving the smaller internal streams and drainage areas are adequately prepared to accommodate the flows. Preservation and maintenance of natural and riparian areas should also be an ongoing priority to realize the flood control benefits of the natural and beneficial functions of these areas.

Future development in the City may be built in the floodplain, in conformance to the standards of the floodplain ordinance, as updated. The City enforces the floodplain ordinance on new development in Newark.

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Future development areas and their vulnerability to FEMA DFIRM flooding is discussed further in the below GIS analysis.

GIS Analysis
The City provided 28 future development areas which were used as the basis for the inventory of future development for the City. These were mapped in GIS. Where multiple parcels are listed, the parcels are merged to form one polygon, and the hazards assigned are based on the centroid of the polygon. Utilizing the future development area spatial layer, the parcel centroid data was intersected to determine the future development areas within each FEMA DFIRM flood zone. Figure B-79 show the locations of the future development areas overlayed on the FEMA DFIRM flood zones. Table B-56 shows each future development area in the City in these zones.

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Figure B-79 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in FEMA DFIRM Flood Zones Packet Page No. 899
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Table B-56 City of Newark – Future Development in FEMA DFIRM Flood Zones Flood Zone / Property Type / Site
Number
Future Development Name Site Count
1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone AE
Residential
16 Harbor Pointe 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 2
Zone AE Total 2
1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Total 2

0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard
Zone X (shaded)
Residential
20 Mowry Village 1
22 Muse Court 1
24 Newpark Plaza- SB330 1
Residential Total 3
Zone X (shaded) Total 3

0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Total 3
Source: FEMA 12/21/2018 DFIRM, City of Newark GIS
Flood: Localized Stormwater Flooding
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–Medium
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Flooding occurs in areas other than the FEMA mapped 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains. Flooding may be from drainages not studied by FEMA, lack of or inadequate drainage infrastructure, or inadequate maintenance. Localized, stormwater flooding occurs throughout the City during the rainy season from November through April. Prolonged heavy rainfall contributes to a large volume of runoff resulting in high peak flows of moderate duration.

Location and Extent
The City of Newark is subject to localized flooding throughout the City. This is discussed in Table B-57 below. There is also localized flooding potential along the urban fringe near the base of the hills and in scattered flatland areas. Flood extents are usually measured in areas affected, velocity of flooding, and depths of flooding. Expected flood depths in the City vary by location. Flood durations in the City tend to be short to medium term, or until either the storm drainage system can catch up or flood waters move Packet Page No. 900
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downstream. Localized flooding in the City tends to have a shorter speed of onset, especially when antecedent rainfall has soaked the ground and reduced its capacity to absorb additional moisture.

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
No disaster declarations occurred from localized flooding.

City of Newark Events
The City noted the following past occurrences of localized flooding:

November and December 2012 - The May 2022 City of Newark General Plan Safety Element Existing Conditions Memorandum noted a series of significant winter storms impacted the area between November and December of 2012. The storms brought gusty winds, heavy rain, high surf and flooding. During the November 30 event, 13,800 customers experienced power outages in the Bay Area. In Newark, Highway 84 was flooded between Decoto Road and Newark Boulevard and between Mission Boulevard and Main Street.

In the December 2022 - January 2023 storms it was reported that significant short-term flooding occurred upstream of Alameda County Flood Control District Lines H and I. It was also reported that there was minor flooding due to t debris covering drain grates and/or clogged storm drain lines.

Vulnerability to Localized Flood
Flood vulnerability and their impacts vary by location and severity of any given flood event and will likely only affect certain areas of the City during specific times. Based on the risk assessment, it is evident that floods will continue to have potentially significant economic impacts to certain areas of the City. However, while flooding can cause significant impacts depending on the duration and volume of precipitation and the drainage in any given area, many of the floods in the City are minor, localized flood events that are more of a nuisance than a disaster.

Many areas of the City are at some measure of vulnerability to localized flooding. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to localized flood begins with an understanding of local exposure to localized flooding. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
Historically, the City has been affected by flooding of streams and creeks occurring during heavy rain and storm events. Additional development in the City and in the watersheds of these streams affects both the frequency and duration of damaging floods through an increase in stormwater runoff and contributes to localized flooding occurring in areas throughout the City.

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Newark water and wastewater systems can also be vulnerable to heavy rains and flood events. Rainfall creates a high water table, surging streams and creeks, and saturates soil. Infiltration of stormwater into water and wastewater systems may occur and presents a threat to public health and safety, when the infrastructure is no longer able to meet demands.

The City tracks localized flooding areas. Localized flood problem areas identified by the City of Newark are summarized in Table B-57. Some of the problem areas from heavy rains in the City were shown in the Local Concerns of the Flood: Localized Stormwater Flood discussion above.

Table B-57 City of Newark – List of Localized Flooding Problem Areas Road/Area
Name Flooding
Pavement
Deterioration Washouts
High
Water/
Creek
Crossing
Landslides/
Mudslides Debris
Downed
Trees
Willow
St./Roundabout
X X
Cedar BlvdForbes AveX X X
Cherry
St/Thornton Ave
X X
Larkspur Ct. X X
Newark Lake X/HW
West end of
Mowry
X
Bettencourt Street
Area
X X
ACFCD Lines H
and I
X X X
Source: City of Newark
Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from localized flood include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
People and populations are traditionally not highly vulnerable to localized flooding, but their structures and contents can be at risk. Localized flooding may also cause transportation issues as roads and lanes are impacted or closed and affect the ability for people to travel throughout the City.

Structures
Structures in areas with localized flooding can be affected if floodwaters intrude into the structure.

Structures in low lying areas, or those with basements can be at greater risk. Buildings with older Packet Page No. 902
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foundations that are prone to water intrusion are also at greater risk. Once water finds its way into a structure, it tends to continue to do so until the path that brings water into a structure is mitigated.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Localized flooding, while often more of a nuisance, can cause damage to critical facilities and infrastructure during a heavy rain and storm event. Any facility that experiences localized flooding can be impacted.

Utilities and other critical infrastructure can all be affected, causing interruptions in service until repairs can be made. For example, water and wastewater systems can be vulnerable to heavy rains and flood events. Rainfall creates a high water table, surging streams and creeks, and saturates soil. Infiltration of stormwater into water and wastewater systems may occur and presents a threat to public health and safety, when the infrastructure is no longer able to meet operational needs and local demands.

Due to the relatively minor nature of localized flooding, community lifelines are unlikely to be overwhelmed. There may be minor vulnerabilities to the following:
➢ Safety and Security – Law Enforcement/Security, Fire Service, and Community Safety officials may be needed to close roads and redirect traffic during localized flood events. These agencies may also experience flooded roads when responding to emergencies. ➢ Communications – Unless directly affected by flooding, communication systems are not likely to be impacted. Warnings and Messaging may be required to reroute traffic away from localized flooding areas.
➢ Transportation – Highways, roads, and bridges may be temporarily blocked until localized floodwaters recede.
➢ Water Systems – Water and wastewater systems can be infiltrated during localized flooding events.

Stormwater drainage systems are often undersized and inadequate to convey the volume of flood waters.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Natural resource assets may have some vulnerabilities to localized flood during major storm events, but can benefit from floodwaters, often by design. Many parks and green spaces are designed to take overflow water and release it into the underlying soils and natural areas. Wetlands areas in the City actually help reduce the risk of flooding, as they can absorb excess rainfall that would have to be drained away from impervious surfaces. Flooding can provide many benefits to the natural environment, including recharging wetlands and groundwater, increasing fish production, creating wildlife habitat, and rejuvenating soil fertility. These smaller localized flooding events often provide more benefits to the environment in comparison to negative impacts associated with large flood events. Historic and cultural resources may be at some measure of vulnerability if they are located in areas subject to repeated localized flooding.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Localized flooding occurs on an annual basis throughout the City during storm events. Most of these events have limited impacts and include those associated with localized flooding due to undersized drainage systems, affecting nearby roads, structures, and other nearby assets. Unless directly affected by localized flooding, these events are unlikely to affect the City’s key economic assets.

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Community activities of value may have minor vulnerabilities if a localized flood event were to occur during the activity. This may cause the activity to be relocated, cancelled, or rescheduled.

Impacts from Localized Flood
Primary concerns associated with stormwater flooding include impacts to infrastructure that provides a means of ingress and egress throughout the community. Ground saturation can result in instability, collapse, or other damage to trees, structures, roadways and other critical infrastructure. Objects can also be buried or destroyed through sediment deposition. Floodwaters can break utility lines and interrupt services. Standing water can cause damage to crops, roads, and foundations. Other problems connected with flooding and stormwater runoff include erosion, sedimentation, degradation of water quality, losses of environmental resources, and certain health hazards.

Life safety issues from localized flooding would be more limited. The amount and type of damage or flooding that occurs varies from year to year and from storm to storm, depending on the quantity of precipitation and runoff. Localized flooding impacts may be exacerbated in the future due to the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

Impacts may be exacerbated in the future due to the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about 0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. While future development within hazard areas generally contributes to some increase of impacts on City assets, given the limited potential for significant future growth in the City and that localized flooding is a Citywide problem, future changes in land use and development are unlikely to contribute to any notable change in the vulnerability and impacts to the City from this hazard.

Future Development
Future development in the City will add more impervious surfaces causing an increase in stormwater runoff and the continued need to drain these waters. The City will need to be proactive to ensure that increased development has proper siting and drainage for stormwaters. The risk of localized flooding to future development can also be minimized by accurate recordkeeping of repetitive localized storm activity.

Mitigating the root causes of the localized stormwater flooding will reduce future risks of losses.

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Severe Weather: Extreme Heat
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–Medium
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
According to FEMA, extreme heat is defined as temperatures that hover 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature for the region and lasts for several weeks. Heat kills by taxing the human body beyond its abilities. In extreme heat and high humidity, evaporation is slowed, and the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature.” Most heat disorders occur because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has over-exercised for his or her age and physical condition. Older adults, young children, those who are sick or overweight, and those that work or recreate outdoors are more likely to experience heat exhaustion or succumb to extreme heat.

In addition to the risks faced by citizens of the City, there are risks to the built environment from extreme heat. While extreme heat on its own does not usually affect structures, extreme heat during times of drought can cause wildfire risk to heighten. Extreme heat can lead to interruptions in power, power outages, and when combined with high winds, to PSPS events, creating significant issues in the City.

Location and Extent
Heat is a regional phenomenon and affects the whole of the City. Heat emergencies are often slower to develop, taking several days of continuous, oppressive heat before a significant or quantifiable impact is seen. Heat waves do not strike victims immediately, but rather their cumulative effects slowly affect vulnerable populations and communities. Heat waves do not generally cause damage or elicit the immediate response of floods, fires, earthquakes, or other more “typical” disaster scenarios.

The National Weather Service (NWS) has in place a system to initiate alert procedures (advisories or warnings) when extreme heat is expected to have a significant impact on public safety. The expected severity of the heat determines whether advisories or warnings are issued. The NWS HeatRisk forecast provides a quick view of heat risk potential over the upcoming seven days. The heat risk is portrayed in a numeric (0-4) and color (green/yellow/orange/red/magenta) scale which is similar in approach to the Air Quality Index (AQI) or the UV Index. This can be seen in Section 4.3.3 of the Base Plan.

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
There have been no federal or state disaster declarations from extreme heat.

City of Newark Events
The City noted that heat occurs every year, but specific events causing damages could not be recalled. It was noted that noted that the City has averaged 4 extreme heat days per year since 1950, which are classified Packet Page No. 905
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as being greater than 89°F. The most number of extreme heat days observed in a calendar year occurred in 2007, when there were 26 extreme heat days.

Vulnerability to Severe Weather: Extreme Heat
Extreme heat is becoming more frequent, intense, longer lasting and geographically widespread. Extreme heat occurs on an annual basis in the Tri-City Planning Area and the City. In recent years, compounded by climate change conditions, summer months continue to get a bit hotter. The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to extreme heat. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to extreme heat begins with an understanding of local exposure to extreme heat. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
The City lies in an urban heat island. Large, urbanized areas can experience higher temperatures, greater pollution and more negative health impacts during hot summer months when compared to more rural communities. This phenomenon is known as an urban heat island. Heat islands are created by a combination of heat-absorptive surfaces (such as dark pavement and roofing), heat-generating activities (such as engines and generators) and the absence of vegetation (which provides evaporative cooling).

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, daytime temperatures in urban areas are on average 1-6° F higher than in rural areas, while nighttime temperatures can be as much as 22° F higher as the heat is gradually released from buildings and pavement. The Urban Heat Island Index, developed by the California Environmental Protection Agency, quantifies the extent and severity of urban heat islands for individual cities, including urban heat island interactive maps that show the urban heat island effect for each census tract in and around most urban areas throughout the State. This is shown on Figure B-80.

Though there is no legend to the map, any area covered by green indicates the urban heat island effect. The darker colors indicate areas with greater effect.

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Figure B-80 City of Newark – Urban Heat Island
Source: Cal EPA. Map retrieved 9/29/2023.

US Census Data from the American Housing Survey tracks people in the San Francisco Metropolitan Statistical Area (which includes Union City). According to their data, all occupied housing units have a heat source. However, people may have inadequate heat in their homes because of power interruptions, inadequate heating systems, or because the household cannot afford to run the heat. The use of space heaters and fireplaces to keep warm increases the risk of household fires and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from extreme heat include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All populations within the City are vulnerable to extreme heat, but it generally affects people spending large amounts of time outside or without means of cooling indoor structures. During extended periods of high temperatures, extreme heat may overload the demands for electricity to run air conditioners and can present health concerns to individuals. When interruptions in power occur during extreme heat, the risk of heat related illnesses and deaths increases. Extreme heat is a significant concern to vulnerable populations. The unhoused; individuals who exercise or train outdoors; outdoor workers; individuals that lack the resources to afford heat; and the young, old, or medically fragile individuals that are more susceptible to heat related impacts. In addition to vulnerable populations, pets and livestock are at risk to extreme heat conditions.

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Structures
Extreme heat normally does not generally impact structures, but individuals working in structures may be affected during periods of extended heat, especially in structures that might not be equipped with air conditioning or other means of cooling. The City noted that extreme heat has caused interruptions to power in the past. Also depending on the structure, sensitive contents such as IT equipment can be impacted, especially if a power outage occurs.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Depending on their type and function, critical facilities and infrastructure can also be affected by extreme heat. Interruptions in power caused by extreme heat can lead to system failures. Schools without air conditioning may have to close or operate on a reduced schedule.

Community lifelines are likely to be affected to some degree by extreme heat events. Impacts to these lifelines include:
➢ Safety and Security – Police and fire personnel may see additional demand during periods of extreme heat. This may also cause emergency responders to be exposed to the effects of higher heat. ➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Water distribution may need to occur during extreme heat events. Cooling centers and other public shelters will need to be open and staffed. ➢ Health and Medical – Heat stroke and exhaustion may occur with greater frequency. This can cause EMS and medical personnel to have a large influx of those needing medical attention. ➢ Energy – Power outages can occur in extreme heat situations. Power outages during extreme heat can cause air conditioning systems to go offline, causing injuries or deaths. PSPS events can also occur during times of extreme heat, causing the electric grid to temporarily go offline. ➢ Communications – Communication infrastructure may be impacted during extreme heat events. Alert warnings and messages may need to be given to the general public. These systems can be temporarily overloaded during emergency events. They also could be affected during related power outages.

Communications and IT equipment located inside these facilities may also be at risk to extreme heat. ➢ Water Systems – Water and wastewater systems can be taxed during extreme heat events.

While community lifelines can be affected by extreme heat events, they are not likely to be overwhelmed with the exception of the power grid. As discussed above, extreme heat can contribute to power interruptions and outages that can lead to additional impacts and concerns. Backup power sources should be in place to keep critical facilities and community lifelines online and functioning.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
City park areas and natural resource assets may be vulnerable during periods of extreme heat. These include turfed areas; landscapes, City trees, wildlife and habitat areas, and wetlands and marsh lands. Recently, trees were lost in areas of the City that were weakened by drought and extreme heat. Extreme heat may also cause drought-like conditions, contributing to other issues. For example, several weeks of extreme heat increases evapotranspiration and reduces moisture content in vegetation, leading to higher wildfire vulnerability in the region for that time period, even if the rest of the season is relatively moist. Historic and cultural resources are not expected to be affected by extreme heat.

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Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Most economic assets within the City are not vulnerable to extreme heat events. However, during periods of extreme heat, the economy may slow as people stay home or inside. Commercial business revenue, including taxable shopping revenue may be lost during periods of extreme heat. Additionally, extreme heat causes power costs borne by individuals and businesses in the City to increase, which reduces the amount of money available to circulate inside the local economy.

Community activities of value may see a reduction in attendance, impacting revenues associated with these events, especially those that occur outdoors.

Impacts from Severe Weather: Extreme Heat
The City experiences temperatures in excess of 100°F during the summer and fall months. The temperature moves to 105-110°F in rather extreme situations. During these times, drought conditions may worsen, and the City may see an increase in dry fuels. Also, power outage and PSPS events may occur during these times as well. Health issues are the primary concern with this hazard, although economic impacts can also be an issue.

Wildfires strip slopes of vegetation, exposing them to greater amounts of runoff. This in turn can weaken soils and cause failures on slopes. Major landslides can occur several years after a wildfire. Most wildfires burn hot and for long durations that can bake soils, especially those high in clay content, thus increasing the imperviousness of the ground. This increases the runoff generated by storm events, thus increasing the chance of flood. Flooding after fire is often more severe, as debris and ash left from the fire can form mudflows. As rainwater moves across charred and denuded ground, it can also pick up soil and sediment and carry it in a stream of floodwaters. These mudflows can cause significant damage.

These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about 0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. While future development within hazard areas generally contributes to some increase of impacts on City assets, given the limited potential for significant future growth in the City, and that extreme heat affects the whole of the City, future changes in land use and development are unlikely to contribute to any notable change in the vulnerability and impacts to the City from this hazard.

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Future Development
Future development of new buildings in the City will likely not be affected by extreme heat. Extreme heat is more likely to affect vulnerable populations. Vulnerability to extreme heat will increase as the average age of the population shifts. It is encouraged that nursing homes and elder care facilities have emergency plans or backup power to address power failure during times of extreme heat and in the event of a PSPS.

Low-income residents and unhoused populations are also more vulnerable and should be considered in future growth plans for the City.

Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–Medium
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Storms in the City occur annually and are generally characterized by heavy rain often accompanied by strong winds and sometimes lightning and hail. Approximately 10 percent of the thunderstorms that occur each year in the United States are classified as severe. A thunderstorm is classified as severe when it contains one or more of the following phenomena: hail that is three-quarters of an inch or greater, winds in excess of 50 knots (57.5 mph), or a tornado. Heavy precipitation in the City falls mainly in the fall, winter, and spring months. Wind often accompanies these storms; hail and lightning are rare in the City.

Location and Extent
Heavy rain events occur on a regional basis. Rains and storms can occur in any location of the City. All portions of the City are at risk to heavy rains. Some of the problem areas from heavy rains in the City were shown in the Location and Extent of the Flood: Localized Stormwater Flood discussion above. Most of the severe rains occur during the fall, winter, and spring months in the City. There is no scale by which heavy rains and severe storms are measured. Magnitude of storms is measured often in rainfall and damages. The speed of onset of heavy rains can be short, but accurate weather prediction mechanisms often let the public know of upcoming events. Hail and lightning are rare in the City and Alameda County. Duration of severe storms in the City can range from minutes to hours to days. Information on precipitation extremes can be found in Section 4.3.4 of the Base Plan. It shows that temperature can be below freezing, but that it is rare in the City.

Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
According to historical hazard data, severe weather, including heavy rains and storms, is an annual occurrence in the City. This is the cause of many of the federal disaster declarations related to flooding.

Disaster declarations from flooding are shown on Table B-58.

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Table B-58 Alameda County Disaster Declarations from Flood (Heavy Rain and Storms) 1950- 2023
Disaster Type State Declarations Federal Declarations
Count Years Count Years
Flood (including heavy
rains and storms)
19 1950, 1955, 1957, 1958 (twice),
1962, 1963, 1970, 1982, 1983
(twice), 1986, 1995 (twice),
1997, 1998, 2008, 2017 (twice)
20 1955, 1958, 1962 (twice), 1970,
1982, 1983, 1986, 1995 (twice),
1997, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2017
(three), 2023 (three)
Source: Cal OES, FEMA
City of Newark Events
The City noted that heavy atmospheric river rains fell in the winter of 2022/2023 as well as the winter of 2023/2024. More information on those events can be found in the Past Occurrences section of Flood:
1%/0.2% Annual Chance above.

Vulnerability to Heavy Rain and Storms
Heavy rain and severe storms are the most frequent type of severe weather occurrences in the City. These events can cause both significant and localized flooding. Flooding can be worse during times where the ground is already saturated. Wind often accompanies these storms and has caused damage in the past. Hail and lightning are rare in the City, but also can cause damage, with lightning occasionally igniting wildfires.

The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to heavy rain and storms. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to heavy rains and storms begins with an understanding of local exposure to heavy rain and storms. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
The City noted that heavy rains can cause both localized flooding and flooding in the floodplains.

Atmospheric river storms are of great concern as they can dump large amounts of water in single storms, or in back-to-back storms as seen in the winter of 2022/2023.

Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from heavy rain and storms include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All populations in the City have some measure of risk to heavy rains and storms. Those populations that work or recreate outside and unhoused individuals are more vulnerable to impacts from heavy storm events.

Heavy rains and storms occur every year and do not generally cause significant adverse impacts to individuals; it is the secondary hazard, flooding, that poses the biggest impact to people. Populations at Packet Page No. 911
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risk to flooding resulting from heavy rains and storm events include those who live in floodplains (discussed in further detail in the Flood: 1%/0.2% Annual Chance section above) and those who live in and near localized flooding areas floodplains (discussed in further detail in the Flood: Localized Stormwater Flooding section above).

Structures
Structures in the City have some risk to heavy rains and storms. Structures built to modern building codes are built to withstand heavy rains and storms (including high winds and lightning). During a heavy storm, localized flooding may cause water intrusion into buildings from the outside. Trees can be downed causing impacts to structures. Older homes and buildings may be at increased risk to heavy rains and storms. Power outages during severe storm events can occur, impacting the use of structures until the power is back online.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Heavy rain and storms can affect critical facilities and infrastructure and community lifelines during large events. Power outages may occur taking facilities offline. High winds can down power lines and trees impacting facilities. Water intrusion into facilities and infrastructure can impact operations. City roads, streets, and bridges can be impacted resulting in closures restricting traffic flow in the City. In certain areas, large storms can cause erosion and localized landslides which can impact affected facilities. Many critical facilities are built to modern design standards that take heavy rains and storms into account when siting and building these structures, and others may need to be retrofitted to better withstand these events.

Community lifelines likely to have some vulnerability to heavy rains and storms include:
➢ Safety and Security – Search and rescue and swiftwater teams may be called on to perform riskier duties during times of heavy rains and flooding. Police, Fire, EMS, and Public Works personnel are often called on to respond during flood emergencies taxing these resources. ➢ Food, Hydration and Shelter – Those displaced by flooding and the unsheltered may have needs for food and water.
➢ Health and Medical – Injuries can occur during storm events. Patient movement from accident scenes by EMS may have to be rerouted around inundated and closed streets. Public health can be at risk from contaminated floodwaters caused by heavy rains.
➢ Energy –Significant storms can cause power outages throughout the City. Downed trees can fall on electric lines in the City, causing power outages. High winds and other lightning strikes can cause transformers and other infrastructure to be damaged. Fuel supplies can be temporarily cut off, until flooding subsides.
➢ Communications – Communication systems may be damaged during severe storm events. An influx of service calls to dispatch centers for reporting of flooding, power outages, downed trees, or other issues can occur. Messaging systems need to be deployed during these times to let the public know about road and closures, washouts, and debris or flooding on roads. ➢ Transportation – Highways, local roads, and bridges may be impacted by heavy rains and flooding causing road closures. These closures can affect response personnel (EMS, Fire, Police) as well as cause additional traffic issues for residents.
➢ Hazardous Material – Hazardous material facilities can be affected by heavy rains and flooding.

Releases during these times can contaminate the environment, affecting drinking water and natural systems.

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➢ Water Systems – Water, drainage, and wastewater systems can experience storm related impacts, including excessive water intrusion which can affect the operations of these systems.

Short-term, heavy rains and storms can cause both widespread flooding as well as extensive localized drainage issues throughout the City. As storms continue to increase in intensity, existing drainage and stormwater systems may be overwhelmed at least temporarily contributing to an increase in flooding related impacts. While components of these lifelines may be damaged or otherwise impacted, it is unlikely that large storm events would overwhelm and take out any of these lifelines in the City as a whole.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Large storm events and associated flooding can affect natural, historic, and cultural resources. Silt and sediment can damage natural areas. Trees can be uprooted and downed by high winds. Extended periods of rainfall can erode natural banks along waterways and degrade soil stability for terrestrial species. While some natural systems can be adversely impacted during these large storms, heavy rain events can also provide benefits. Groundwater and wetland areas can be recharged and water supplies replenished. Historic and cultural resources may also be affected. Generally, the impacts are associated with damage to structures affected by large storm events, but other cultural resources such as those associated with Native Americans and old tribal areas can also be disturbed, damaged, and lost during extreme storm and flood events.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Heavy rain and storm events can cause direct damage to economic assets such as businesses and commercial centers. During extreme events, the economy may slow as people stay home or inside. Business revenue may be reduced during extended storm events. Community activities of value may see a reduction in attendance, impacting revenues associated with these events, especially those that occur outdoors. Events may be cancelled or rescheduled.

Impacts from Heavy Rain and Storms
Impacts from heavy rains and storms include damage to property, critical facilities and infrastructure, and the natural landscape. This includes: erosion; downed trees; damaged utility structures and infrastructure; power outages; road damage and blockages; and even lightning strikes to critical infrastructure and people.

Lightning can also cause wildfires and urban fires to occur. Landslides occur when the soil on slopes becomes oversaturated and fails. Climate change may cause these impacts to worsen.

Actual damage associated with the primary effects of severe storms and heavy rains has been somewhat limited. It is the secondary hazards caused by these severe weather events, such as floods and erosion that would likely have the greatest impact.

These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of Packet Page No. 913
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about 0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. While future development within hazard areas generally contributes to some increase of impacts on City assets, given the limited potential for significant future growth in the City and that heavy rains and storms affect the whole of the City, future changes in land use and development are unlikely to contribute to any notable change in the vulnerability and impacts to the City from this hazard.

In addition, the City has a development review process which includes the consideration of hazard constraints and updated building codes that should further limit the impacts of these hazards on City assets.

Future Development
Building codes in the City ensure that new development is built to current building standards, which should reduce the risk to future development in the City from heavy rains and storms. New critical facilities such as communications towers and others should be built to withstand hail damage, lightning, and thunderstorm winds. With adherence to development standards, future losses to new development should be minimal.

Changes in population could increase the number of people impacted by heavy rains and storms. Changes in land use may also amplify the impacts of heavy rains and storms, as additional impervious surfaces can cause additional runoff and localized flooding throughout the City.

Tsunami
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Unlikely
Vulnerability–Medium
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
The 2023 State of California Hazard Mitigation Plan defines a tsunami as a wave triggered by any form of land displacement along the edge or bottom of an ocean or lake. This can be submarine landslides or submarine dip slip fault ruptures that result in seafloor uplift or down‐drop. This mass movement often translates to a tsunami or gravity wave within the overlying water. In the Tri-City Planning Area, earthquake events, many of these originating in Alaska or Japan, have been the cause of most historic tsunami events. The coastline of California and the San Francisco Bay are predominantly at risk to tsunamis from earthquake events occurring many miles away.

Tsunamis can travel at speeds of over 600 miles per hour in the open ocean and can grow to over 50 feet in height when they approach a shallow shoreline, causing severe damage to coastal development. Recent studies of the continental shelf off the California coast indicate a potential for underwater landslides capable of generating damaging tsunamis that could threaten coastal communities. As well, tsunami events originating as far away as Alaska and Japan can also trigger events that could be damaging to California coastal areas as already experienced in the Bay Area.

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Location and Extent
Tsunamis can affect lower lying areas coastal areas of the City adjacent to the Bay or tidally influenced rivers. There is no scientific scale for tsunami, only depth of inundation and measure of the water penetration inland. Speed of onset can be short (minutes to hours). The CGS has done an analysis of areas along the California coast that would be necessary to evacuate in case of a tsunami. These areas in the City are shown on Figure B-81 and detailed in Table B-59.

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Figure B-81 City of Newark – Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zones Packet Page No. 916
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Table B-59 City of Newark –Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone Geographical Extents Jurisdiction Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
Newark 4,210.69 28.7% 363.71 3.8% 3,846.98 74.8%
Source: CGS Tsunami Inundation Areas
Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
There have been no past federal or state disaster declarations due to tsunami.

City of Newark Events
The 2021 Alameda County LHMP reported that more than 71 tsunamis have been recorded in San Francisco Bay since 1854. Most of these tsunamis were generated by earthquakes in distant subduction zones near Russia, Japan, or Alaska. The worst tsunami to hit the Bay Area was generated in Alaska by a M 9.2 earthquake on March 27, 1964. This event produced a 2-foot runup in the nearby City of Alameda and a 4-foot runup in the City of Oakland. On March 11, 2011, a tsunami generated in Japan from the Fukushima earthquake resulted in a 2-foot runup in the nearby cities of Alameda and Berkeley. Minor damage to docks and piles was reported. No damages were reported in Newark.

Vulnerability from Tsunami
Tsunamis arrive as a series of successive crests (high water levels) and troughs (low water levels). These successive crests and troughs can occur anywhere from 5 to 90 minutes apart; however, they usually occur 10 to 45 minutes apart. As a tsunami enters the shoaling waters near a coastline, its speed diminishes, its wavelength decreases, and its height increases greatly. The first wave usually is not the largest. Several larger and more destructive waves often follow the first one. As tsunamis reach the shoreline, they may take the form of a fast-rising tide, a cresting wave, or a bore (a large, turbulent wall-like wave). The bore phenomenon resembles a step-like change in the water level that advances rapidly (from 10 to 60 miles per hour).

Portions of the City are at some measure of vulnerability to tsunami. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to tsunami begins with an understanding of local exposure to tsunami. This is included in the Local Concerns section below followed by a discussion of the City’s Assets at Risk to this hazard.

Local Concerns
The City is concerned with the new bayside buildings and their proximity to the San Francisco Bay. This could cause direct economic impacts. Indirect economic costs (such as lost business) and adverse sociopsychological impacts have the potential to negatively affect people and their communities.

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Assts at Risk
Assets at risk from tsunami include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
People and populations in the tsunami evacuation zones are at risk to high velocity wave or flood inundation. Certain vulnerable populations within areas prone to a tsunami event may be at increased risk to this hazard, especially during a large event with minimal advance notice. These vulnerable populations include: the unhoused, those with limited mobility, and those that lack the resources to leave the area. Given the coastal location of a potential tsunami, people that recreate in these areas would also be at risk. Risks to people include drowning as well as being injured or killed by debris that gets added to the floodwaters in this type of event.

City residents that live in the tsunami evacuation zones would be the most vulnerable. To further evaluate the impact to the residential populations within the City, the CGS Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone was overlayed on the parcel layer and linked to the Assessor data to identify parcels with a residential property use. Those residential parcel centroids that intersect the evacuation zone were counted and multiplied by the 2020 Census Bureau average household factors for Newark – 3.32. Analysis results are shown in Table B-60.

Table B-60 City of Newark – Improved Residential Parcels and Population in the Coastal Evacuation Zone
Jurisdiction Improved
Residential
Parcels
Population at
Risk
City of Newark 309 1,026
Source: CGS, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), US Census Bureau Structures
Certain structures in the City are at risk from tsunami. GIS was used to determine the possible impacts of tsunami inundation within the City of Newark. The CGS Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone was overlaid with the 2022 Alameda County Parcel/Assessor database. Table B-61 shows the parcel counts, land and improved values (i.e., those with a structure improvement on the parcel), estimated content replacement values, and total values in the City by property use that fall in the CGS Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone.

Table B-61 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) in Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone by Property Use
Property Use Total Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Agricultural 27 1 $2,749,511 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $9,428,471 Packet Page No. 918
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Property Use Total Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Commercial 17 2 $12,453,202 $131,804 $131,804 $12,716,810 Government /
Institutional
37 0 $6,817 $0 $0 $6,817
Industrial 3 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 514 309 $140,302,750 $218,651,300 $109,325,650 $468,279,700 Unknown 4 1 $24,055,983 $42,970 $0 $24,098,953
Utilities 5 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 328 7 $101,833,942 $6,653,210 $0 $108,487,152
Newark Total 935 320 $281,402,205 $228,818,764 $112,796,934 $623,017,903 Source: CGS, Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines As previously noted, communities rely on roads, rail corridors, and related biking and pedestrian routes for transportation, and on water infrastructure for drinking water, wastewater service, and draining streets of rainwater. Damage to any one of these systems can threaten public safety, wreak havoc on daily life, impact properties far from flood zones, and result in economic impacts that cascade throughout California. These can be affected by a tsunami. Tsunami inundation presents a threat to both critical facilities and infrastructure, as well as community lifelines as discussed in the following sections.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Tsunami inundation flooding presents a risk to the critical facilities and infrastructure in the City. A separate analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in the City to determine critical facilities fall into the tsunami coastal evacuation zones and, if so, which zone they fall into. Using GIS, the tsunami coastal evacuation zones were overlayed on the critical facility GIS layer. No facilities fall in the tsunami zone in the City; as such no maps or tabular analysis is presented.

Community Lifelines
Tsunami inundation presents a threat to life and property in the City, including impacts to community lifelines. Community lifelines that would be vulnerable to flooding include:
➢ Safety and Security – Search and rescue teams may be called on to perform riskier duties during a tsunami event. Police, Fire, EMS, and Public Works personnel are often called on to respond during flood emergencies. During large events, these services may become stretched. ➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter –Floodwater is often contaminated with sewage, which can lead to illness and affect clean drinking water. Those who are displaced by tsunami may need to be provided with both clean drinking water, as well as food.
➢ Health and Medical – Loss of life and injuries can occur during significant tsunami events. A large tsunami flood event may make locating and rescuing affected individuals extremely difficult; many Packet Page No. 919
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may we washed out to the Bay. As well associated flooding may complicate the ability to transport the injured possibly requiring workarounds or rerouting of injured to other facilities. Public health can also be at risk. Floodwaters generated from a tsunami can become contaminated, which can lead to illness and affect clean drinking water. Floodwaters can also pick up large amounts of debris which can further injure those that get caught up in the floodwaters.
➢ Energy – Floods can cause power grid issues and lead to power outages. During tsunami flood events gas lines may break or otherwise be damaged from erosion and debris in floodwaters. ➢ Communications – Communication systems in these areas can be damaged. An influx of service calls to dispatch centers for reporting of flooding, power outages, or other issues can occur. Messaging systems need to be deployed during these times to let the public know about closures of roads, beaches, and coastal areas as well as any requirements for evacuations or sheltering. ➢ Transportation – Transportation networks can be affected, such as flood and debris damage to bridges, railways and roads. This can cause road closures and cut off entire areas. These closures can affect response personnel (EMS, Fire, Police) as well as cause additional traffic issues for residents. Life safety can also be an issue on roads flooded by a tsunami. ➢ Hazardous Material – Hazardous material facilities can be affected by tsunami flooding. Releases during these times can cause public health concerns, contaminate drinking water, and can cause impacts to natural systems and the environment.
➢ Water Systems – Tsunami flooding can affect the ability for water and wastewater systems to operate, especially in areas where pipes and critical infrastructure are located within tsunami evacuation zones.

During a tsunami event, many community lifelines in the City have some level of vulnerability, but it is unlikely that any of these lifelines would be overwhelmed.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
A tsunami event can affect natural, historic and cultural resources located within the coastal areas of the City within the Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone. Wildlife habitats and wetland areas can be damaged or destroyed by floodwaters. Contaminated floodwaters can pollute rivers and habitats. Silt and sediment can destroy natural areas. Trees can be uprooted by high-velocity water flow. Historic and cultural resources may also be affected. Generally, the impacts are associated with damage to historic structures within the tsunami inundation areas, but other cultural resources such as those associated with Native Americans and old tribal areas can also be disturbed, damaged and lost during extreme tsunami events.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Tsunami events can cause direct damage to economic assets such as businesses and commercial centers located in affected areas. Based on the hazard parcel analysis, numerous commercial and industrial parcels as well as government/institutional use parcels are located in these coastal areas. Cargill Salt is in this area.

The facility doesn’t generate a significant amount of sales tax. The Silliman Center and the Sr. Center are also in these areas. Impacts to the City would be more connected to loss of employment.

During extreme events, the economy may slow while recovery efforts are prioritized. Business revenue may be reduced during extended events. Community activities and events in these coastal areas may be cancelled or rescheduled.

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Impacts from Tsunami
Coastal areas located within Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zones could be significantly affected by a tsunami. Tsunamis can cause loss of life, damage to property and critical facilities and infrastructure, and adversely impact the environment and local economies. Tsunami inundation can result in flooding, erosion and scouring, water contamination, and spread of disease due to standing water.

Natural resource areas, marsh areas, and wetlands lie along the coastal areas, and could be negatively impacted by tsunami inundation. Water quality issues can also occur due to contamination of floodwaters.

Loss of wetlands and marsh lands from erosion and wetland migration due to tsunami inundation can reduce the natural filtration provided by wetland plants, also increasing contributing to water quality issues.

Healthy coastal ecosystems can be degraded or lost.

These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual t0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts.

Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. If a tsunami impacts the City, there is potential that those facilities closer to shore may be impacted more severely than those located outside of tsunami evacuation areas. Future development that continues to occur in tsunami evacuation areas will increase possible impacts to the City.

Future Development
The City considers tsunami coastal evacuation zones in their future land use planning and in the siting, designing and construction of new public or private developments.

Future development areas and their vulnerability to tsunami are discussed further in the below GIS analysis.

GIS Analysis
The City provided 28 future development areas which were used as the basis for the inventory of future development for the City. These were mapped in GIS. Where multiple parcels are listed, the parcels are merged to form one polygon, and the hazards assigned are based on the centroid of the polygon. Figure B-82 show the locations of the future development areas overlayed on the CGS Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zones. Table B-46 shows the details of the future development areas that are located in these zones.

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Figure B-82 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zones
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Figure B-83 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zones
Property Type / Site Number Future Development Name Site Count Residential
8 Bridgeway / Gateway 1
16 Harbor Pointe 1
20 Mowry Village 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 4
Tsunami Coastal Evacuation Zone Total 4
Source: CGS, City of Union City GIS
Wildfire
Likelihood of Future Occurrence–Highly Likely
Vulnerability–Medium
Hazard Profile and Problem Description
Wildland fire and the risk of a conflagration is an ongoing concern for the City of Newark. Throughout California, communities are increasingly concerned about wildfire safety as increased development in the foothills and mountain areas and subsequent fire control practices have affected the natural cycle of fire regimes. Wildland fires affect grass, forest, and brushlands, as well as structures. Where there is human access to wildland areas the risk of fire increases due to a greater chance for human carelessness and historical fire management practices. Historically, the fire season extends from early spring through late fall of each year during the hotter, dryer months; however, in recent years, the risk of wildfire has become a year around concern. Fire conditions arise from a combination of high temperatures, low moisture content in the air and fuel, accumulation of vegetation, and high winds. These weather conditions can result in red flag (e.g., fire weather) days, and can result in PSPS events in the City. While wildfire risk has predominantly been associated with more remote forested areas and wildland urban interface (WUI) areas, significant wildfires can also occur in more populated, urban areas.

Wildfire Smoke and Air Quality
Smoke from wildfires is made up of gas and particulate matter, which can be easily observed in the air. Air quality standards have been established to protect human health with the pollutant referred to as PM2.5 which consists of particles 2.5 microns or less in diameter. These smaller sizes of particles are responsible for adverse health effects because of their ability to reach the lower regions of the respiratory tract.

Wildfire smoke can have negative effects to those who live in or near a fire burn area. Smoke and air pollution from wildfires can be a severe health hazard. Significant wildfires occurring in nearby northern California communities since the 2017 LHMP Update have created significant air pollution affecting area residents. City residents have been affected by wildfire smoke and poor air quality, from fires both within the East Bay area and from those much further away. During 2018 during the Camp Fire in Butte County, Packet Page No. 923
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the City experienced 13 days of the worst air quality previously experienced in the region. It was reported that during this period, residents could not see to drive or bike or hike as one could not see the trails, or trees, or cars, or other people. This in part contributed to rare, offshore winds bringing smoke into the area where it settled.

Location and Extent
Wildfire can affect all areas of the City. CAL FIRE has estimated that the risk varies across the City and has created maps showing risk variance. Following the methodology described in Section 4.3.19 of the Base Plan, wildfire maps for the City of Newark were created. Figure B-84 shows the CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone (FHSZ) in the City. As shown on the maps, FHSZs within the City range from Urban Unzoned to High.

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Figure B-84 City of Newark – CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zones Packet Page No. 925
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Wildfires tend to be measured in structure damages, injuries, and loss of life as well as on acres burned.

Fires can have a quick speed of onset, especially during periods of drought or during hot dry summer months. Fires can burn for a short period of time or may have durations lasting for a week or more.

Geographical FHSZ extent from CAL FIRE is shown in Table B-62.

Table B-62 City of Newark – CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone Geographical Extents Fire Hazard
Severity Zone
Total Acres % of Total
Acres
Improved
Acres
% of Total
Improved
Acres
Unimproved
Acres
% of Total
Unimproved
Acres
Very High 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
High 2,478.89 16.9% 1,530.64 16.0% 948.25 18.4%
Moderate 935.49 6.4% 844.18 8.9% 91.31 1.8%
NonWildland/NonUrban3,120.03 21.2% 240.25 2.5% 2,879.78 55.9% Urban
Unzoned
8,153.84 55.5% 6,922.42 72.6% 1,231.42 23.9%
Source: CAL FIRE
Past Occurrences
Disaster Declarations
There has been one state and two federal disaster declaration due to fire, as shown in Table B-63. These were from an unnamed California Forest and Brush Fire in 1970, and the Tunnel Fire in 1991.

Table B-63 Alameda County – State and Federal Wildfire Disaster Declarations 1950-2020 Disaster Type State Declarations Federal Declarations
Count Years Count Years
Wildfire 1 1970 2 1970, 1991
Source: Cal OES, FEMA
City of Newark Events
Other City wildfire related events include the following those listed below:
2017 – The City noted an event in 2017. While it did not burn in the City, smoke from North Bay & Wine Country Fire created poor air quality throughout the City. This impacted the whole city and was critical that lasted beyond a week.
2018 – The City also noted the Camp Fire in Butte County in 2018. Though Butte County is a fair distance away from Newark (over 150 miles to the northeast), smoke from the Camp Fire created poor air quality throughout the City. This impacted the whole city and was critical that lasted beyond a week.

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2020 – The City noted an event in August and September of 2020. Smoke from the SCU Complex fire created poor air quality throughout the City. With the increase of winds, the smoke from the different fires caused multiple days of unhealthy air conditions for City of Newark. This impacted the whole city and was critical that lasted beyond a week. Smoke from the August Complex and LNU Lightning Complex fires also affected the City during this time. In addition, the Coyoted Hills Area fire burned in August. This fire burned in the Coyote Hills Regional Park. Fremont Fire Department crews were able to put out the fire after it burned 4 acres. This affected air quality in the City. So much smoke blew in to Newark, people went home early and many City facilities, such as recreational facilities, were shut down. 2023 – Members of the public noted a fire event at Mayhew’s Landing on July 15, 2023. A fire started near the silo at Don Edwards Mayhew Landing. The day was hot and dry, but fortunately little wind occurred. The fire was started by either fireworks or from unsheltered individuals. The fire was burning foliage at the tall silo, only a short distance from many houses adjacent to the Refuge, along Bridgepoint Drive. Due to small bridges in the area, only a smaller fire truck was able to immediately respond. A gate had to be pushed over (as it was locked and keys were not quickly available) to get larger firefighting equipment to the blaze. An image of the fire can be seen in Figure B-85.

Figure B-85 Fire near Silo at Mayhew Landing
Source: Wayne Miller, Newark Resident.

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The Alameda County Fire Department noted the number of fire responses in the City since 2017:
➢ 2017 – 122
➢ 2018 – 141
➢ 2019 – 120
➢ 2020 – 140
➢ 2021 – 118
➢ 2022 – 164
➢ 2023* – 99
*2023 is through 8/1/2023.

Vulnerability to Wildfire
Risk and vulnerability to the City from wildfire is of concern. Wildfires that occur in the City occur from a variety of both natural and manmade causes. The City can be affected both by fires that start on or near City lands as well as those that start elsewhere and move into the City. In addition to burning large areas of land, air quality can be affected in the City by fires occurring inside the City as well as those from many miles away. As growth continues and populations increase in the City, the potential for wildfires will also increase.

The whole of the City is at some measure of vulnerability to wildfire. An assessment of a community’s vulnerability to wildfire begins with an understanding of local exposure to wildfire. This is included in the Local Concerns section below. After that section, assets at risk are discussed.

Local Concerns
There is a risk of wildfire in the adjacent hills due to the interface of residential and open space land uses.

These factors, combined with natural weather conditions common to the area, including periods of drought, high temperatures, low relative humidity, and periodic winds, can result in frequent and sometimes catastrophic fires. Any fire, once ignited, has the potential to quickly become a large, out-of-control fire.

However, the City has kept the areas to the north and east of the City as Open Space, which helps reduce the risk of wildfire.

Assets at Risk
Assets at risk from wildfire include people and populations; structures; critical facilities and infrastructure, and community lifelines; natural, historic, and cultural resources; and economic assets and community activities of value. These are discussed in the following sections.

People and Populations
All populations are at some vulnerability to wildfire. Certain vulnerable populations are at greater risk to the effects of wildfire as well as smoke and air quality issues that wildfires bring. Vulnerable populations include:
➢ Unhoused
➢ Infants and children under age five and their caregivers Packet Page No. 928
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➢ Elderly (65 and older)
➢ Individuals with disabilities
➢ Individuals’ dependent on medical equipment
➢ Individuals who exercise or recreate outdoors
➢ Individuals who work outdoors
➢ Individuals with impaired mobility
To further evaluate the impact to the residential population within the City the CAL FIRE FHSZ dataset was overlayed on the parcel layer. Those residential parcel centroids that intersect the FHSZs were counted and multiplied by the 2020 Census Bureau average household factors for the City of Newark – 2.99.

According to this analysis, there is a total population of 22,972 residents of Newark at risk to moderate or higher FHSZs. This is shown in Table B-64.

Table B-64 City of Newark – Improved Residential Parcels and Population by CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Jurisdiction
Very High High Moderate
Improved
Residential
Parcels
Population
at Risk
Improved
Residential
Parcels
Population
at Risk
Improved
Residenti
al Parcels
Population
at Risk
City of Newark 0 0 1,782 5,916 472 1,567
Source: CAL FIRE, US Census Bureau Average Household Sizes Structures
All structures in the City have some risk to wildfire. GIS was used to determine the possible impacts of wildfire within the City of Newark. The methodology described in Section 4.3.17 of the Base Plan was followed in determining structures and values at risk in CAL FIRE’s Fire Hazard Severity Zone layer.

Summary analysis results for Newark are shown in Table B-65, which summarizes total parcel counts, improved parcel counts and their structure values by fire hazard severity zone. Table B-66 breaks out the Table B-65 by adding the property use details by fire hazard severity zone for the City.

Table B-65 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) by CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Fire Hazard
Severity Zone
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Very High 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
High 2,441 1,819 $780,191,541 $1,507,491,007 $917,426,257 $3,205,108,805 Moderate 574 477 $141,642,095 $224,772,940 $149,092,441 $515,507,476 NonWildland/NonUrban33 1 $8,044,636 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $14,723,596 Urban
Unzoned
14,110 13,089 $3,260,025,941 $6,488,659,703 $4,422,870,921 $14,171,556,565 Newark Total 17,158 15,386 $4,189,904,213 $8,224,263,130 $5,492,729,099 $17,906,896,442 Packet Page No. 929
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Source: Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), CAL FIRE Table B-66 City of Newark – Count and Value of Parcels (and Structures) by CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone and Property Use
Fire Hazard
Severity Zone /
Property Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Very High
Agricultural 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Commercial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government /
Institutional
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Very High
Total
0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
High
Agricultural 8 0 $1,190,880 $0 $0 $1,190,880
Commercial 19 4 $29,382,260 $63,754,574 $63,754,574 $156,891,408 Government /
Institutional
30 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 19 16 $73,442,833 $138,528,936 $207,793,404 $419,765,173 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 2,117 1,782 $603,496,653 $1,291,756,552 $645,878,279 $2,541,131,484 Unknown 3 1 $21,533,134 $42,970 $0 $21,576,104
Utilities 8 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 237 16 $51,145,781 $13,407,975 $0 $64,553,756
High Total 2,441 1,819 $780,191,541 $1,507,491,007 $917,426,257 $3,205,108,805 Moderate
Agricultural 4 0 $516,054 $0 $0 $516,054
Commercial 4 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government /
Institutional
10 0 $27,955 $0 $0 $27,955
Industrial 5 5 $21,825,824 $36,705,968 $55,058,952 $113,590,744 Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 496 472 $86,428,299 $188,066,972 $94,033,489 $368,528,760 Packet Page No. 930
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Fire Hazard
Severity Zone /
Property Use
Total
Parcel
Count
Improved
Parcel
Count
Total Land
Value
Improved
Structure
Value
Estimated
Contents
Value
Total Value
Unknown 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 55 0 $32,843,963 $0 $0 $32,843,963
Moderate Total 574 477 $141,642,095 $224,772,940 $149,092,441 $515,507,476 Non-Wildland/Non-Urban
Agricultural 10 1 $990,946 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $7,669,906 Commercial 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Government /
Institutional
15 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Industrial 2 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Recreational 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Residential 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Unknown 1 0 $2,522,849 $0 $0 $2,522,849
Utilities 2 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 3 0 $4,530,841 $0 $0 $4,530,841
NonWildland/NonUrban Total33 1 $8,044,636 $3,339,480 $3,339,480 $14,723,596 Urban Unzoned
Agricultural 6 0 $70,464 $0 $0 $70,464
Commercial 396 313 $552,066,806 $984,558,791 $984,558,791 $2,521,184,388 Government /
Institutional
288 17 $13,282,841 $15,447,837 $15,447,837 $44,178,515
Industrial 83 75 $298,583,237 $679,132,416 $1,018,698,626 $1,996,414,279 Recreational 3 3 $1,480,029 $1,214,920 $1,214,920 $3,909,869 Residential 12,983 12,674 $2,246,519,380 $4,805,901,569 $2,402,950,747 $9,455,371,696 Unknown 17 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Utilities 77 0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Vacant 257 7 $148,023,184 $2,404,170 $0 $150,427,354
Urban
Unzoned Total
14,110 13,089 $3,260,025,941 $6,488,659,703 $4,422,870,921 $14,171,556,565 Newark Total 17,158 15,386 $4,189,904,213 $8,224,263,130 $5,492,729,099 $17,906,896,442 Source: Alameda County Parcel/Assessor Data (Source: City of Fremont, May 2023), CAL FIRE Packet Page No. 931
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-234
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure, and Community Lifelines Wildfire presents a threat to both critical facilities and infrastructure, as well as community lifelines. The following analysis identifies critical facilities and infrastructure at risk to wildfire, followed by a discussion of vulnerability of community lifelines.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Many critical facilities in the City are at risk to wildfire. An analysis was performed on the critical facility inventory in Newark in identified Cal Fire’s FHSZ mapping. Critical facilities in CAL FIRE FHSZs in the City of Newark are shown in Figure B-86 and detailed in Table B-67. Details of critical facility definition, type, name and address and jurisdiction by fire hazard severity zone are listed in Appendix F.

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Figure B-86 City of Newark – Critical Facilities in CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zones Packet Page No. 933
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Table B-67 City of Newark – Critical Facilities by Category and Type in CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Critical Infrastructure Category /
Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Critical Infrastructure Type Facility Count
High
Essential Services Infrastructure
City Facility 1
Total 1
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care 1
School 2
Total 3
High Total 4
Urban Unzoned
Essential Services Infrastructure
Bridge 1
City Facility 6
Fire Station 3
Hospital 3
Police Station 1
Total 14
High Risk Occupancy Infrastructure
Day Care 6
School 14
Total 20
Hazardous Materials Infrastructure
Chemical Facility 3
Distribution Center 1
Gas Facility 1
Paper Facility 1
Total 6
Urban Unzoned Total 40
Grand Total 44
Source: CAL FIRE, City of Newark GIS
Community Lifelines
Wildfire presents a threat to life and property, including to community lifelines in the City. Community lifelines that would be vulnerable to wildfire include:
➢ Safety and Security –Police, Fire, and EMS personnel are often called on to respond during fire emergencies. This would be especially true if a wildfire occurred in or near the City. Emergency resources may be stretched during a large event.
➢ Food, Hydration, Shelter – Shelters may need to be opened to handle those displaced by a wildfire.

Food and water would need to be provided.

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➢ Health and Medical – There may be injuries and deaths from wildfire. Patient movement from accident scenes by EMS may have to be rerouted due to fire or smoke issues. Hospitals could see an influx of injured. Public health can be at risk from air quality issues from smoke. ➢ Energy – Wildfires could impact large areas of above ground electric infrastructure, causing widespread power outages. Even the threat of wildfire can cause power outages when fire weather conditions lead to PSPS events. Fire may cause fuel transportation to be delayed, causing local shortages.
➢ Communications – Communication systems can be damaged during a wildfire. An influx of service calls to dispatch centers for reporting of wildfire, power outages, or other issues can occur. Calls to and from family and friends during a wildfire can further overwhelm communication systems such as cell towers and other infrastructure. Demand may exceed the capacity of these systems to remain operational during response efforts. Messaging systems need to be deployed during these times to let the public know about road closures or evacuation routes. ➢ Transportation – Highways and local roads may see closures. These closures can affect response personnel (EMS, Fire, Police) as well as cause additional traffic issues for residents. Evacuation routes may be affected and overwhelmed during a large event.
➢ Hazardous Material – hazardous material facilities can be affected by wildfire. A release during these times can cause additional risk to responders, as well as additional exposure to the environment. ➢ Water Systems – Water systems may be taxed during wildfires. Access to water for firefighting can also be a challenge if power outages occur in affected areas. Wastewater systems can also be affected by an increase in silt, debris ash, and other materials entering the systems.

A large wildfire event could temporarily overwhelm many facilities and community lifelines in the City.

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resources
Natural, historic, and cultural resources located within areas at risk to wildfire would be vulnerable. Should a wildfire occur in the City, the impacts to natural, historic and cultural resources could be extensive and include air pollution, contamination from water runoff containing toxic products, and other environmental discharges or releases from burned materials affecting soils, habitat areas, wildlife, and aquatic resources.

Historic and cultural resources can be affected and are often more vulnerable due to their older age, construction type, and lack of fire prevention infrastructure such as sprinklers.

Economic Assets and Community Activities of Value
Wildfires in the City can cause direct damage to economic assets such as businesses and commercial centers located in affected areas. Assets at risk likely include the Silliman Center, NewPark Mall, Senior Center, and Cargill Salt. During extreme events, the economy may slow while recovery efforts are prioritized.

Business revenue may be reduced during extended events. Community activities and events in areas affected by wildfire (and smoke and air quality issues) may be cancelled or rescheduled.

Impacts from Wildfire
Potential impacts from wildfire include loss of life and injuries; damage to structures (commercial, industrial, and residential) and other improvements, natural and cultural resources, croplands, and timber; and loss of recreational opportunities. Wildfires can cause short-term and long-term disruption to the City.

Fires can have devastating effects on watersheds through loss of vegetation and soil erosion, which may impact the City by changing runoff patterns, increasing sedimentation, reducing natural and reservoir water Packet Page No. 935
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storage capacity, and degrading water quality. Fires can also affect air quality in the City; smoke and air pollution from wildfires can be a severe health hazard. Smoke impacts may come from wildfires outside the City, as well as from within.

Although the physical damages and casualties arising from WUI fires may be severe, it is important to recognize that they also cause significant economic impacts by resulting in a loss of function of buildings and infrastructure. Economic impacts of loss of transportation and utility services may include traffic delays/detours from road and bridge closures and loss of electric power, potable water, and wastewater services. Schools and businesses can be forced to close for extended periods of time. Recently, the threat of wildfire, combined with the potential for high winds, heat, and low humidity, has caused PG&E to initiate a PSPS which can also significantly impact a community through loss of services, business closures, and other impacts associated with loss of power for an extended period. In addition, catastrophic wildfire can create favorable conditions for other hazards such as flooding, landslides, and erosion during the rainy season.

The impacts of a fire are felt long after the fire is extinguished. In addition to the loss of property in fires, the loss in vegetation and changes in surface soils alters the environment. When supporting vegetation is burned, hillsides become destabilized and prone to erosion. The burnt surface soils are harder and absorb less water. When winter rains come, this leads to increased runoff, erosion, and landslides in hilly areas.

Impacts that are not quantified, but can be anticipated in large future events, include:
➢ Injury and loss of life;
➢ Commercial and residential structural and property damage; ➢ Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure, utilities, and services; ➢ Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility; ➢ Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) to the community; and ➢ Negative impact on commercial and residential property values These impacts may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, changes in population patterns (migration, density, or the makeup of socially vulnerable populations), and changes in land use and development.

As discussed in the hazard profile section, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate this hazard over time.

While population projections for the City (as shown on Table B-14) show average annual growth rates of about 0.65% over the next 25 years, these anticipated changes in population are relatively small, which limits additional impacts. Vulnerable populations are consistent across the City (as shown on Figure B-2 to Figure B-7 above), which indicates that there will be limited additional impacts to vulnerable populations.

As described in the land use discussion at the end of Section B.4.1, the land use map from the General Plan shows very little vacant land. Future development within hazard areas generally contributes to some increase of impacts on City assets, as can be seen on Table B-68. However, the City has a development review process which includes the consideration of hazard constraints and updated building codes that should further limit the impacts of these hazards on City assets.

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Future Development
Additional growth and development within moderate or higher fire hazard severity zones in the City would place additional values at risk to wildfire. City building codes are in effect and should continue to be updated as appropriate to reduce this risk.

Future development areas and their vulnerability to wildfire are discussed further in the below GIS analysis.

GIS Analysis
The City provided 28 future development areas which were used as the basis for the inventory of future development for the City. These were mapped in GIS. Where multiple parcels are listed, the parcels are merged to form one polygon, and the hazards assigned are based on the centroid of the polygon. Figure B-87 show the locations of the future development areas overlayed on the CAL FIRE FHSZs. Table B-68 shows the details of the future development areas that are located in the moderate or higher FHSZs.

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Figure B-87 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zones
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Table B-68 City of Newark – Future Development Areas in CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zones
Fire Hazard Severity Zone / Property Type / Site Number Future Development Name Site Count High
Residential
8 Bridgeway / Gateway 1
11 Compass Bay 1
16 Harbor Pointe 1
20 Mowry Village 1
25 Sanctuary West 1
Residential Total 5
High Total 5
Moderate
Residential
14 FMC Willow - "South" of
Hetch Hetchy
1 Residential Total 1
Moderate Total 1
SOURCE: CAL FIRE, City of Newark GIS
B.5 Capability Assessment
Capabilities are the programs and policies currently in use to reduce hazard impacts or that could be used to implement hazard mitigation activities. This capabilities assessment is divided into five sections:
regulatory mitigation capabilities, administrative and technical mitigation capabilities, fiscal mitigation capabilities, mitigation education, outreach, and partnerships, and other mitigation efforts.

B.5.1. Regulatory Mitigation Capabilities
Table B-69 lists regulatory mitigation capabilities, including planning and land management tools, typically used by local jurisdictions to implement hazard mitigation activities and indicates those that are in place in the City of Newark.

Table B-69 City of Newark Regulatory Mitigation Capabilities Plans
In Place
Y/N
Does the plan address hazards? Can the plan be used to
carry out mitigation actions? When was it last updated?? Capital Improvements Plan Y While the plan doesn’t directly address hazards, it can be used to carry out mitigation actions. It was updated in 2022.

Climate Change Adaptation Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. The plan is in need of an update as it is dated 2010.

Update is being undertaken in 2024.

Community Wildfire Protection Plan N
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Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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Comprehensive/Master Plan Y City General Plan. Safety Element addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. The Safety Element was updated in 2023.

Continuity of Operations Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. Plan is dated 2016.

Economic Development Plan Y Annex to the General Plan. Mitigation actions could be carried out. Plan is dated 2013 and is the process of being updated.

Land Use Plan Y Land Use Element of the General Plan. Implementation actions will be carried out. Plan is dated 2013.

Local Emergency Operations Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. Plan is dated 2016.

Stormwater Management Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. Plan is dated 2019.

Transportation Plan N
Other (describe)
Land Use Planning and Ordinances Y/N
Is the ordinance an effective way to reduce hazard
impacts?
Is the ordinance adequately administered and enforced?
Acquisition of land for open space and
public recreation use
N
Building code Y Building code is an effective and efficient way to reduce hazard impacts. Code is enforced in the City.

Flood insurance rate maps Y FEMA floodplains are enforced as part of the floodplain ordinance.

Floodplain ordinance Y Floodplain ordinance is enforced and is an adequate way to reduce hazard impacts.

Natural hazard-specific ordinance
(stormwater, steep slope, wildfire)
Y City has a stormwater ordinance that can be used to reduce hazard impacts. It is enforced.

Subdivision ordinance Y City has a subdivision ordinance, updated in 2023, that can be used to reduce hazard impacts by choosing siting. It is enforced.

Zoning ordinance Y City has a zoning ordinance, updated in 2018, that is used to reduce hazard impacts by regulating land use throughout the city. It is enforced.

Other N
How can these capabilities be expanded and improved to reduce risk? The Climate Action Plan needs to be updated and improved. That will help to reduce the risk in the City of Newark by identifying additional impacts and policies to implement for mitigation. The CAP update is underway in 2024.

Plans
In Place
Y/N
Does the plan address hazards? Can the plan be used to
carry out mitigation actions? When was it last updated?? Capital Improvements Plan Y While the plan doesn’t directly address hazards, it can be used to carry out mitigation actions. It was updated in 2022.

Climate Change Adaptation Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. The plan is in need of an update as it is dated 2010.

Update is being undertaken in 2024.

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Community Wildfire Protection Plan N
Comprehensive/Master Plan Y City General Plan. Safety Element addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. The Safety Element was updated in 2023.

Continuity of Operations Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. Plan is dated 2016.

Economic Development Plan Y Annex to the General Plan. Mitigation actions could be carried out. Plan is dated 2013 and is the process of being updated.

Land Use Plan Y Land Use Element of the General Plan. Implementation actions will be carried out. Plan is dated 2013.

Local Emergency Operations Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. Plan is dated 2016.

Stormwater Management Plan Y Plan addresses hazards and can be used to carry out mitigation actions. Plan is dated 2019.

Transportation Plan N
Other (describe)
Land Use Planning and Ordinances Y/N
Is the ordinance an effective way to reduce hazard
impacts?
Is the ordinance adequately administered and enforced?
Acquisition of land for open space and
public recreation use
N
Building code Y Building code is an effective and efficient way to reduce hazard impacts. Code is enforced in the City.

Flood insurance rate maps Y FEMA floodplains are enforced as part of the floodplain ordinance.

Floodplain ordinance Y Floodplain ordinance is enforced and is an adequate way to reduce hazard impacts.

Natural hazard-specific ordinance
(stormwater, steep slope, wildfire)
Y City has a stormwater ordinance that can be used to reduce hazard impacts. It is enforced.

Subdivision ordinance Y City has a subdivision ordinance, updated in 2023, that can be used to reduce hazard impacts by choosing siting. It is enforced.

Zoning ordinance Y City has a zoning ordinance, updated in 2018, that is used to reduce hazard impacts by regulating land use throughout the city. It is enforced.

Other N
How can these capabilities be expanded and improved to reduce risk? The Climate Action Plan needs to be updated and improved. That will help to reduce the risk in the City of Newark by identifying additional impacts and policies to implement for mitigation. The CAP update is underway in 2024.

Source: City of Newark
City of Newark General Plan (2013)
The City of Newark General Plan Program serves as the blueprint for future growth and development and provides comprehensive planning for the future. It encompasses what the City is now, and what it intends to be, and provides the overall framework of how to achieve this future.

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Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-244
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
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The General Plan includes a Safety Element that focuses on safety issues to be considered in planning for the present and future development of the City. Identified hazards include wildfire, geologic/seismic, flooding, and other natural and man-made hazards (such as hazardous materials). Mitigation-related actions and objective summaries are as follows:

Land Use Element
➢ GOAL LU-1 Maintain a desirable quality of life in Newark by preserving a small town, neighborhoodoriented atmosphere and sustaining a balanced mix of land uses. ✓ Policy LU-1.2 Growth Focus Areas. Achieve a future growth pattern which includes new neighborhoods on vacant land along the southern and western edges of the city, and infill development in transit-served areas such as Old Town and the Greater NewPark Mall Area. Zoning and development review decisions should recognize these areas as the priority locations for growth and change over the next 20 years.

Conservation and Sustainability Element
➢ GOAL CS-1 Protect Newark's natural environment, landscape, and physical features. ✓ Policy CS-1.4 Soil Erosion. Identify and eliminate erosion problems on public and private lands.

The potential for erosion should be considered as a design and engineering factor in new development.
➢ GOAL CS-2 Conserve Newark's wetlands and baylands.
✓ Policy CS-2. 5 Development Near Wetlands. Manage land use and development on upland sites in a manner that minimizes off-site impacts to nearby wetlands. ➢ GOAL CS-3 Conserve and enhance Newark's water resources. ✓ Policy CS- 3.1 Protection of Water Resources. Ensure that land use decisions consider the availability of water for domestic and non-domestic uses, potential impacts on groundwater quality and groundwater recharge capacity, and potential off-site impacts on water quality. ✓ Policy CS- 3.2 Water Conservation Standards. Promote water conservation through development standards, building requirements, irrigation requirements, landscape design guidelines, and other applicable City policies and programs.
➢ GOAL CS-5 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Newark and make reduction of the City's carbon output a high priority.
✓ Policy CS- 5.8 Planning for Sea Level Rise. Require proposed development in lowlying areas to comply with applicable City of Newark standards for construction in flood hazard zones.

Safety Element
➢ GOAL SAF-2 A community that protects and enhances the availability, conservation, and health of water resources for long-term needs.
✓ Policy SAF-2.4 Drought Awareness. Collaborate with public agencies and community organizations to raise awareness of long-term climate and drought impacts and encourage emergency planning efforts to consider drought.

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✓ Policy SAF 2.9 Long-Term Water Supply. Explore for expanding water desalination projects to help ensure long-term supply of water and build local resiliency against long-term droughts. ➢ GOAL SAF-3 A resilient and healthy community that adapts to changing climate conditions and mitigates the effects of extreme weather impacts.
✓ Policy SAF 3.1 Urban Heat Island Effect. Develop standards and requirements for municipal projects that can incorporate natural cooling techniques to reduce the urban heat island effect. ✓ Policy SAF 3.2 Cooling Amenities. Explore the need for additional cooling centers in the southern and eastern areas of the community and reduce barriers to access existing centers. ✓ Policy SAF 3.3 Household Cooling. Explore and educate residents on programs and solutions for helping households with cooling during extreme heat periods, including new or replacement air conditioning, and other household cooling mechanisms where air conditioning is not feasible, such as improved insulation, tree canopy, urban greening, cool roofs, cool pavements, cool paints and materials, and other mechanisms to help reduce extreme heat impacts for households. ✓ Policy SAF 3.4 Parks and Open Spaces. Identify potential for expanding existing parks or creating new parks in the community that are accessible by all residents in under-resourced locations, including the southwestern and eastern areas of the community, where access to existing parks is low.
✓ Policy SAF 3.5 Urban Forest Management. Plan for the sustainable growth and management of the urban forest to help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and extreme heat impacts. ✓ Policy SAF 3.6 Urban Greening. Prioritize urban greening where the tree canopy is relatively lower than other parts of the city, including near the center of the community between Central and Mowry Avenue.
✓ Policy SAF 3.7 Health and Safety. Coordinate with local health providers, schools, and community organizations to share information and resources regarding extreme heat and heat-related illnesses. ✓ Policy SAF 3.8 Heat and Active Transportation. Identify active transportation routes in need of amenities to protect against extreme heat, and prioritize bikeways, walkways, and trails near schools, community centers, and commuter routes.
➢ GOAL SAF-4 Reduced risks to life and property associated with geologic hazards such as seismically induced surface rupture, ground shaking, ground failure, tsunamis, seiches, dam failure, and liquefaction.
✓ Policy SAF 4.1 Earthquake Safety in New Construction. Continue to require new development to meet structural integrity standards which minimize the potential for damage during earthquakes. ✓ Policy SAF 4.2 Seismic Retrofits. Continue to encourage the retrofitting of existing structures to reduce the potential for damage during earthquakes.
✓ Policy SAF 4.3 Earthquake Awareness. Inform Newark residents and businesses of steps they can take to reduce earthquake-related hazards.
✓ Policy SAF 4.4 Infrastructure Resilience. Maintain standards for roads and infrastructure that consider geologic hazards, including subsidence and liquefaction. ✓ Policy SAF 4.5 Evaluate Critical Facilities. Work with private property owners of critical facilities that are prime targets for structural retrofits as identified in the MJHMP (e.g., churches, hotels, hospitals, other gathering facilities) to evaluate the ability of the buildings to withstand earthquakes and to address any deficiencies identified to improve earthquake safety.

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✓ Policy SAF 4.6 Evaluate Critical Public Facilities. Evaluate public facilities that are critical to health and safety, including emergency response (e.g., police and fire stations, and water and sewer facilities) for their ability to withstand earthquakes, and prioritize addressing any deficiencies identified to improve earthquake safety.
✓ Policy SAF 4.7 Require Geotechnical Investigation in High-Risk Liquefaction Zones. Require geological and geotechnical investigations in areas with high potential for earthquake-induced liquefaction as part of the environmental and development review process. ➢ GOAL SAF-5 A community with sustainable development practices that reduce risks to life and property associated with flooding.
✓ Policy SAF 5.1 Planning to Avoid Flood Hazards. Monitor flood-prone areas in Newark and use this data for land use, transportation, and infrastructure capital improvement and planning purposes.

Flood-resistant construction techniques and minimum building elevations shall be required to reduce flood hazards.
✓ Policy SAF 5.2 Maintaining Drainage Patterns. Prohibit development, grading, and land modification activities that would adversely affect Newark's drainage system or create potential erosion impacts.
✓ Policy SAF 5.3 Residential Development in the Flood Plain. Limit development within low-lying areas at high risk from flooding. Require any new residential development, including streets and other surface improvements, to be constructed above the 100-year flood elevation. ✓ Policy SAF 5.4 Non-Residential Development in the Flood Plain. Limit development within lowlying areas at high risk from flooding. Require that any new non-residential development, including commercial and industrial uses, be flood-proofed or constructed on pads elevated above the 100- year flood elevation.
✓ Policy SAF 5.5 Storm Drain Maintenance. Manage and maintain the storm drainage system to avoid flooding and reduce the negative effects of stormwater runoff. ✓ Policy SAF 5.6 Mitigating Downstream Flood Impacts. Create standards to ensure that the design of new development reduces the potential for downstream flooding, including measures for maximizing porous pavement and on-site drainage retention. ✓ Policy SAF 5.7 Flood Control Improvements. Work with Alameda Flood Control District (ACFCD) & Water Control District (WCD) on improvements to the storm drain, flood control channel, and levee system to ensure that these systems continue to protect Newark neighborhoods and business districts from flooding.
✓ Policy SAF 5.8 Sea-Level Rise. Evaluate the effects of rising sea level on the potential for flooding in low-lying areas, and monitor sea-level rise modeling for anticipated impacts. Consider compounding impacts from sea-level rise, including storm surges and extreme tides. ✓ Policy SAF 5.9 Regional Planning for Sea-Level Rise. Participate in regional planning and adaptation efforts to address sea-level rise impacts to low-lying areas. Information on flood hazards related to sea-level rise should be used to ensure that flood risk is reduced. ✓ Policy SAF 5.10 Wetlands Preservation. Protect wetlands and natural open space from development by creating setback and buffer zones, and increase awareness of natural flooding benefits provided by wetlands.
✓ Policy SAF 5.11 Green Infrastructure. Identify green technologies and natural systems that can be incorporated into planning and development practices to address flooding hazards and provide community co-benefits.

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✓ Policy SAF 5.12 Impervious Surfaces. Continue to identify opportunities for retrofitting impervious surfaces and increasing natural land cover to provide flooding mitigation and community co-benefits.
✓ Policy SAF 5.13 Roadway Maintenance. Identify risks to critical roadways and plan for the sustainable management and maintenance of roadways, prioritizing those that serve as evacuation routes and connect to essential services, emergency response, and critical facilities. Coordinate with surrounding local and regional agencies, including the County and ACFCD&WCD, on roadway maintenance for stormwater and flooding mitigation.
➢ GOAL SAF-6 A community protected from the risk of flood and dam inundation hazards with reliable drainage infrastructure and flood-ready development practices. ✓ Policy SAF 6.1 Dam Safety. Advocate for dam safety and maintenance at the Calaveras, Del Valle, James H. Turner, Middlefield, and Patterson Dams and take the precautions necessary to protect Newark properties from related flood hazards in the event of dam failure. ✓ Policy SAF 6.2 Critical Facilities and Services. Ensure that public facilities and services in flooding and dam inundation zones (such as police and fire stations, and water and sewer facilities) are designed to maximize their resilience and ability to function during and after a flood event. ✓ Policy SAF 6.3 New Development. Require development projects to submit hydrologic and drainage studies to ensure that new development in Newark is designed to mitigate for dam inundation and is not located within hazard zones.
✓ Policy SAF 6.4 Flooding Resource Education. Empower communities within dam inundation zones to access flood hazard mitigation and protection resources. ✓ Policy SAF 6.5 Dam Failure in Emergency Plans. Ensure that city emergency response plans include contingencies for catastrophic dam failure.
➢ GOAL SAF-7 A city where life and property are protected from urban wildfire hazards ✓ Policy SAF 7.1 Fire Hazard Reduction. Explore wildfire fuel reduction planning programs to reduce the quantity of flammable material in Newark, including in those areas in Newark adjacent to the San Francisco Bay.
✓ Policy SAF 7.2 Interagency Coordination. The City shall coordinate with ACFCD and neighboring fire agencies to plan for and coordinate future fire prevention and suppression needs. ✓ Policy SAF 7.3 Adequacy of Access. Require adequate access and clearance for fire equipment, fire suppression personnel, and evacuation for new development. ➢ GOAL SAF-9 Fast, efficient, and coordinated response to natural and man-made emergencies and disasters.
✓ Policy SAF 9.1 Complete Circulation System. Provide for a traffic circulation system that assures the City's capacity to deliver emergency services. This should include measures to ensure that all areas of the city can be accessed by emergency vehicles in the event a grade-level railroad crossing is blocked or otherwise inaccessible.
✓ Policy SAF 9.2 Awareness of Preparedness Programs. Increase public awareness of City emergency preparedness programs and resources, including the CERT program. ✓ Policy SAF 9.3 Hazard Awareness. Promote public awareness of hazards, along with the resources available to help homeowners make their homes safer and be better prepared for an emergency.

Individuals and businesses should have access to up-to-date information that allows them to Packet Page No. 945
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collaborate with regional agencies and community-based organizations to expand communications, to improve hazard preparation and response, and to be able to make informed decisions about potential safety hazards and the level of risk they are willing to accept. ✓ Policy SAF 9.4 Standard Emergency Management System (SEMS) Plan. In cooperation with the ACFD, maintain and regularly update emergency plans for floods, earthquakes, fires, hazardous materials, and other disasters. Plans should be consistent with SEMS protocol. ✓ Policy SAF 9.5 Interagency Coordination. Cooperate with other public agencies, nearby cities, community groups, and private enterprise in developing comprehensive disaster preparedness, assistance, and post-disaster recovery plans in order to maximize mutual aid response. ✓ Policy SAF 9.6 Utility Resilience. Work with local gas, electric, cable, water, sewer, and other utility providers to maintain their facilities and ensure their ability to function (or be quickly restored) during and following a disaster.
✓ Policy SAF 9.7 Technology. Support the use of communication technologies to transmit information to other agencies and the public during emergencies, including:
• Nixle emergency alert system.
• Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS).
• Social media operated by Alameda County Fire Department, Newark Police Department and other public safety agencies and municipalities.
• Other systems to provide outreach to residents without telephone or Internet service. ✓ Policy SAF 9.8 Expanding Outreach. Ensure that emergency preparedness information is available in multiple languages, consistent with Newark's demographics. ✓ Policy SAF 9.9 Critical Facilities. Ensure that public facilities that are critical to health and safety (such as police and fire stations, and water and sewer facilities) are designed to maximize their resilience and ability to function during and after a natural disaster. ✓ Policy SAF 9.10 Evacuation Planning. Using the methodology and conclusions from the Evacuation Planning analysis in Appendix B, consider the following when formalizing potential or imminent evacuation routes:
• Increasing capacity through the use of contraflow lanes or shoulders. • Managed traffic control, including turn restrictions and route or ramp closures, to maximize outflows from evacuation areas.
• Faster clearing of fire-induced road closures.
• Prohibiting or restricting street parking on high hazard days. • Continually improving communication systems and strategies that improve disaster alerts. • Instigating dynamic route guidance and monitoring.
• Phase evacuations.
• Vehicle volume reduction during evacuations, such as encouraging household to use only one vehicle to evacuate.
• Close monitoring of power issues that could affect traffic signals and slow down evacuations. ✓ Policy SAF 9.11 Resident Evacuation. To improve emergency preparedness, inform residents of shelter locations and evacuation routes and procedures for storing or taking valued items before large-scale evacuations.
✓ Policy SAF 9.12 Residential Care and Assisted Living Facility Planning. Require all residential care and assisted living facilities to produce an emergency action plan, to ensure these Packet Page No. 946
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facilities are well prepared for a disaster and have alternative access plan and evacuation routes to protect the vulnerable during a disaster.
✓ Policy SAF 9.13 Private Sector Collaboration. Encourage the involvement of the private sector in disaster response and post-disaster recovery efforts. ✓ Policy SAF 9.14 First Responder Collaboration. Continue to collaborate with ACFD and Newark Police Department to ensure effective response and quick recovery following an incident ✓ Policy SAF 9.15 Natural Hazards Education Programming & Events. Establish a natural hazards public education program and events to develop comprehensive public outreach for emergency preparedness during natural hazards and implementing risk reduction strategies for Newark residents.

City of Newark Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (2013) The City of Newark Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan provides strategic guidance designed to assist policymakers and City staff in the preventing of, preparing for, mitigating of, responding to, and recovering from natural, civil, and technological disasters. It is comprised of five volumes:
➢ Emergency Operations Plan
➢ Standard Operating Procedures
➢ Functional Annexes
➢ All-Hazards Planning Assumptions and Considerations
➢ Tools and Supporting Documents
City of Newark Capital Improvement Plan (2022)
The City of Newark’s two-year budget is comprised of the Biennial Budget, the Capital Improvement Plan (CIP), and the Five-Year Forecast. In preparing the CIP, the Five-Year Forecast provides significant guidance by establishing priorities for the City, identifying special needs, and establishing the future direction of the City. The purpose of the Biennial CIP is to identify and prioritize capital improvement projects for funding. Capital improvement projects include street and park construction and rehabilitation projects, construction and/or repairs to City facilities, acquisitions of new equipment that are not part of a department’s operating budget, feasibility studies to identify and quantify future projects, and some major equipment replacement purchases. By their nature, capital improvement projects generally tend to be special, one-time “events” designed to address a significant community need. Major capital projects can often take several years to complete, with both funding and construction planned in several specific phases.

Generally, all projects as defined above, which involve expenditures of $5,000 or more, are included in the CIP. There are some special types of projects or purchases costing more than $5,000 that are not included in the CIP. Such projects include equipment normally replaced through the Equipment Replacement fund, such as the routine vehicle replacement program, and leasing of property or vehicles.

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Ordinances
Building and Construction Ordinance (Title 15)
A certain document, entitled "2022 California Administrative Code," Chapters 1 through 13 inclusive, published by the International Code Council and amended and adopted by the state of California as the 2022 edition California Administrative Code, is adopted by reference as the building code of the city pursuant to the provisions of California Government Code Section 50020 et seq. Chapters 15.02 through

15.28 of this title shall be known as the "city of Newark building regulations ordinance," may be cited as such, and will be referred to herein as this article.

Chapters 15.02 through 15.28 of this title shall be known as the "city of Newark building regulations ordinance," may be cited as such, and will be referred to herein as this article. (Ord. No. 471, § 1, 11-14- 2013; Ord. No. 540 , § 2(Exh. A), 5-25-2023). The following codes are adopted:
➢ Building Code (Chapter 15.08) – 2022 California Building Code, Volumes 1 and 2," including Appendix Chapter F relating to rodent proofing, Appendix Chapter I relating to patio covers, published by the International Code Council and amended and adopted by the state of California as the 2022 edition California Building Code, is adopted by reference as the building code of the city pursuant to the provisions of California Government Code Section 50020 et seq., except as modified in this chapter which includes all items adopted by BSC, SFM, HCDl , HCD2, HCDI/AC, and DSA/AC of the adoption matrices. (Ord. No. 539 , § 2, 11-10-2022)
➢ Residential Code (Chapter 15.09) – A certain document, entitled 2022 California Residential Code published by the International Code Council and amended and adopted by the state of California as the 2022 edition California Residential Code, is adopted by reference as the residential code of the city pursuant to the provisions of California Government Code Section 50020 et seq., adopt chapters 1 through 10, chapter 44, and appendix AK except as modified in this chapter including. (Ord. No. 539 , § 1, 11-10-2022)
➢ Electrical Code (Chapter 15.12) – adopts the 2022 California Electrical Code. ➢ Plumbing Code (Chapter 15.16) – adopts the 2022 California Plumbing Code. ➢ Fire Code (Chapter 15.17) – adopts the 2022 California Fire Code. ➢ Energy Code (Chapter 15.22) – adopts the 2022 California Energy Code. ➢ California Green Building Standards Code (Chapter 15.23) – adopts the 2022 California Green Building Standards Code.

Floodplain Ordinance (Chapter 15.40)
The legislature of the State of California has in Government Code Sections 65302, 65560 and 65800 conferred upon local government units authority to adopt regulations designed to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare of its citizenry. Therefore, the city council of the City of Newark does hereby adopt the following floodplain management regulations. (Ord. No. 435, § 1, 6-25-2009). This chapter shall apply to all special flood hazard areas within the jurisdiction of the city.

Located within special flood hazard areas established in Section 15.40.032 are areas designated as floodways. Since the floodway is an extremely hazardous area due to the velocity of floodwaters which carry debris, potential projectiles, and erosion potential, the following provisions apply:

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➢ Prohibit encroachments, including fill, new construction, substantial improvements, and other development unless certification by a registered professional engineer or architect is provided demonstrating that encroachments shall not result in any increase in flood levels during the occurrence of the base flood discharge.
➢ If Section 15.40.055(A) is satisfied, all new construction and substantial improvements shall comply with all other applicable flood hazard reduction provisions of Section 15.40.050.

New construction and substantial improvement of any structure shall have the lowest floor, including basement, elevated to or above the base flood elevation. Residential structures shall be elevated to or above the base flood elevation or to a minimum of six inches above the building pad which shall be at a minimum elevation of eleven and one-quarter feet on the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD) or the equivalent North America Vertical Datum (NAVD), whichever affords the greater degree of flood damage protection.

Nonresidential structures may meet the standards in subdivision (C)(3) of this section. Upon the completion of the structure the elevation of the lowest floor including basement shall be certified by a registered professional engineer or surveyor to be properly elevated. Such certification shall be provided to the building official.

New construction and substantial improvement of any structure in Zone AO shall have the lowest floor, including basement, elevated above the highest adjacent grade at least as high as the depth number specified in feet on the FIRM, or at least two feet if no depth number is specified. Nonresidential structures may meet the standards in subdivision (C)(3) of this section. Upon the completion of the structure the elevation of the lowest floor including basement shall be certified by a registered professional engineer or surveyor, to be properly elevated. Such certification shall be provided to the building official.

The building official is hereby appointed to administer and implement this chapter by granting or denying building permits in accordance with its provisions. This ordinance contains provisions for flood hazard reduction by the building official:
➢ Standards of construction.
➢ Standards for utilities.
➢ Standards for manufactured homes.
➢ Standards for coastal high hazard areas.
➢ Standards for recreational vehicles.

Grading and Excavation (Chapter 15.50)
The purpose of this chapter is to safeguard life, limb, property, and the public welfare by regulating grading on private property. This chapter sets forth rules and regulations to control excavation, grading and earthwork construction, including fills and embankments; establishes the administrative procedure for issuance of permits; and provides for approval of plans and inspection of grading construction. This chapter sets forth rules and regulations to control excavation, grading and earthwork construction, including fills and embankments; establishes the administrative procedure for issuance of permits; and provides for approval of plans and inspection of grading construction.

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Subdivision Ordinance (Title 16)
This title is adopted to supplement and implement the Subdivision Map Act and may be cited as the "subdivision ordinance of the city of Newark." (Ord. 143 Art. I § 1, 1977) The purpose of this title is to regulate and control the division of land and each part thereof within the city; to supplement the provisions of the Subdivision Map Act; and to set forth the procedure to be followed in securing the official approval of the planning director, city engineer, public works director, city manager, planning commission and city council regarding divisions of land. Subdivision improvements and their regulations are discussed.

The intent of this title is to promote the public health, safety and general welfare; to promote orderly growth and development within the city; to coordinate lot design, street patterns, rights-of-way, traffic circulation, utilities and public facilities with the general plan and any specific plans; to assure that areas dedicated for public purposes will be properly improved initially so as not to be a future burden upon the community; to preserve natural resources and prevent environmental damage; to maintain suitable standards to ensure adequate, safe building sites; and to prevent hazard to life and property.

Zoning Ordinance (Title 17)
Title 17 of the Newark Municipal Code shall be known and cited as the "Newark zoning ordinance," "zoning ordinance of the City of Newark," "zoning ordinance," or "ordinance." (Ord. No. 503, § 1(Exh. A), 1-25- 2018)
The purpose of this title is to implement the city's general plan and to protect and promote the public health, safety, peace, comfort, convenience, prosperity and general welfare. More specifically, this title is adopted to achieve the following objectives:
➢ Provide standards for the orderly growth and development of the city, and guide and control the use of land to provide a safe, harmonious, attractive, and sustainable community. ➢ Achieve the arrangement of land uses depicted in the Newark general plan, consistent with the goals and policies of the general plan.
➢ Enhance the appearance of the city
➢ Preserve and enhance the quality of life and character of residential neighborhoods. ➢ Promote economic growth and the creation of jobs.
➢ Promote and support a multi-modal transportation system. ➢ Facilitate the appropriate location of community facilities, institutions and parks and recreational areas. ➢ Allow for public participation in government decision-making regarding land use and development in a manner consistent with state law.
➢ Define duties and powers of administrative bodies and officers responsible for implementation of this title.

This title implements the goals and policies of the Newark general plan by regulating the use of land and structures within the city.

B.5.2. Administrative/Technical Mitigation Capabilities Table B-70 identifies the City department(s) responsible for activities related to mitigation and loss prevention in Newark.

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Table B-70 City of Newark’s Administrative and Technical Mitigation Capabilities Administration
In
Place
Y/N
Describe capability
Is coordination effective?
Staff
Is staffing adequate to enforce regulations?
Is staff trained on hazards and mitigation?
Is coordination between agencies and staff effective?
Chief Building Official Y Staff is adequate, trained, and coordinates sufficiently.

Civil Engineer, including dam and levee
safety
N
Community Planner Y Staff is adequate, trained, and coordinates sufficiently.

Emergency Manager Y Staff is adequate, trained, and coordinates sufficiently.

Floodplain Administrator Y Staff is adequate, trained, and coordinates sufficiently.

GIS Coordinator Y Staff is adequate, trained, and coordinates sufficiently.

Planning Commission Y Staff is adequate, trained, and coordinates sufficiently.

Other
Technical Y/N
Has capability been used to assess/mitigate risk in the past?
Grant writing
Hazard data and information Y
GIS analysis N
Mutual aid agreements Y
Other
How can these capabilities be expanded and improved to reduce risk? The City’s GIS is in the process of being upgraded to allow for various analyses by staff and specialty consultants, thereby significantly improving the City’s capacity to assess risk. Consideration may be given to a dedicated grant writer which would improve opportunities for the City to obtain necessary funding for risk mitigation.

Source: City of Newark
B.5.3. Fiscal Mitigation Capabilities
Table B-71 identifies financial tools or resources that the City could potentially use to help fund mitigation activities.

Table B-71 City of Newark’s Fiscal Mitigation Capabilities Funding Resource
In Place
Y/N
Has the funding resource been used in past
and for what type of activities?
Could the resource be used to fund future
mitigation actions?
Capital improvements project funding Y All funding resources are to support specific programs and projects
Community Development Block Grant Y City has access to. Hasn’t been used in the past for mitigation but could be used in the future.

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Funding Resource
In Place
Y/N
Has the funding resource been used in past
and for what type of activities?
Could the resource be used to fund future
mitigation actions?
Federal funding programs (non-FEMA) Y Received funds for American Rescue Plan.

Fees for water, sewer, gas, or electric services N
Impact fees for new development Y Public Safety, Community Service Impact, Traffic Impact, Housing Impact, Park,
Development Maintenance & Art in Public
Place fees
State funding programs Y We have Quiet zone & broadband projects but were not specific for mitigation actions
Stormwater utility fee Y We have stormwater quality control and storm drain fees
Other
How can these capabilities be expanded and improved to reduce risk? The City will be seeking CDBG, BRIC, and other state and federal grants for mitigation purposes.

Source: City of Newark
B.5.4. Mitigation Education, Outreach, and Partnerships Table B-72 identifies education and outreach programs and methods already in place that could be/or are used to implement mitigation activities and communicate hazard-related information.

Table B-72 City of Newark’s Mitigation Education, Outreach, and Partnerships Program/Organization
In Place
Y/N
How widespread are each of these in your
community?
Community newsletters Y Multiple agencies in the City used a newsletter to distribute information.

Hazard awareness campaigns (such as Firewise,
Storm Ready, Severe Weather Awareness Week,
school programs, public events)
N
Local news Y City has partnership with multiple local news organizations, stations, and print companies.

Organizations that interact with underserved and
vulnerable communities
N
Social media Y Social media feeds are often used to pass on hazard information.

Other
How can these capabilities be expanded and improved to reduce risk? Our Office of Emergency Services (OES) has been created and has budgeted to develop a marketing and communication program to focus on Community preparedness. This will include sharing information through the City’s newsletter and social media posts. We are also developing outreach programs for underserved and vulnerable communities including providing PEP & fire extinguisher trainings for the hearing impaired and their family, Adult independent communities and offering this training in multiple languages through interpreters. We will also be reaching out to HOA’s, faith based and community-based organizations to offer preparedness training.

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Source: City of Newark
B.5.5. Other Mitigation Efforts
The City has many other completed or ongoing mitigation projects/efforts that include the following:

The City has been in the process of updating multiple documents related to hazard mitigation, including the Safety Element, Housing Element, and other documents.

The City has a Hazard Air Quality Program (last updated in 2021) that they follow during times of poor air quality. The purpose of this Administrative Regulation (the Air Quality Program) is to protect the health and safety of City employees. The primary objective of this program is to avoid employee illnesses and injuries. The program establishes procedures and provides information necessary to ensure that all City employees recognize hazardous air quality conditions to ensure their own safety and the safety of others.

This has occurred during times of wildfire smoke in the past.

B.6 Mitigation Strategy
B.6.1. Mitigation Goals and Objectives
The City of Newark adopts the hazard mitigation goals and objectives developed by the Planning Team and described in Chapter 5 Mitigation Strategy.

B.6.2. NFIP Mitigation Strategy
The City of Newark joined the NFIP in the Emergency Phase on April 22, 1974, and the Regular Phase on December 1, 1978. As a participant of the NFIP, the City of Newark has administered floodplain management regulations that meet the minimum requirements of the NFIP. The management program objective is to protect people and property within the City. The City of Newark will continue to comply with the requirements of the NFIP in the future.

The City of Newark Public Works Department provides public outreach activities which include map information services, public awareness, public hazard disclosure, and flood protection information. This information is readily available to the public and consists of current and accurate flood mapping. In addition, the Public Works Department provides information about our stormwater management program and up-to-date information related to the maintenance of its drainage system.

The NFIP’s Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. As a result, flood insurance premium rates are discounted to reflect the reduced flood risk resulting from the community actions meeting the three goals of the CRS which are to reduce flood losses, facilitate accurate insurance rating, and promote the awareness of flood insurance. The City of Newark is not a current participant in the CRS program.

More information about the floodplain administration in the City of Newark can be found in Table B-73.

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Table B-73 City of Newark Compliance with NFIP
NFIP Topic Comments
Staff Resources
Who is responsible for floodplain management in your
community? Do they serve any roles other than Community Floodplain Administrator (FPA)?
Building Official in conjunction with the Principal
Engineer
Is the Community FPA or NFIP Coordinator a Certified
Floodplain Manager?
Not yet
Is floodplain management an auxiliary function? Yes
Provide an explanation of NFIP administration services
(e.g., permit review, GIS, education or outreach, inspections, engineering capability)
Through the entitlement phase for tracts and the
building permit review do the floodplain awareness
happen
What are the barriers to running an effective NFIP program in the community, if any?
GIS not updated, current permit tracking software not
update (going through updating now), manpower
Insurance Summary
How many NFIP policies are in the community? What is the total premium and coverage?
43 policies
$26,795 in premiums
$13,671,000 in coverage
How many claims have been paid in the community? What
is the total amount of paid claims? How many of the claims were for substantial damage?
5 claims
$0.00 in claims paid
0 substantial damage claims
How many structures (residential and non-residential) are exposed to flood risk within the community?
1% annual chance flood zone: 285 2,080 structures

0.2% annual chance flood zone: 2,080 structures
Are there Repetitive Loss (RL) and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties (SRL) structures in the community?
0 RL properties
0 SRL properties
Describe any areas of flood risk with limited NFIP policy coverage
Areas on the borders of the flood control channels
How does the community teach property owners or other
stakeholders about the importance flood insurance?
The City responds to property owner inquiries and will
provide information related to flood insurance based on the current FIRM. Webiste information is pending.

What digital sources (like the FEMA Map Service Center, National Flood Hazard Layer) or non-regulatory tools does the community use?
FIRM, Firmettes, other FEMA documentation.

Compliance History
Is the community in good standing with the NFIP? Y
Are there any outstanding compliance issues (i.e., current violations)?
N
How does the community identify substantially
damaged/improved structures? What is the process to make sure these structures are brought into compliance?
When a disaster happens, Building is notified to
conduct a site inspection and follow the FEMA
documentation reporting.

When was the most recent Community Assistance Visit
(CAV) or Community Assistance Contact (CAC)?
CAV 10/16/2015
Is a CAV or CAC scheduled or needed? N
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NFIP Topic Comments
Regulation
When did the community enter the NFIP? 4/22/1974 (Emergency) 12/1/1978 (Regular)
Are the FIRMs digital or paper? Digital
Has the community adopted the NFIP minimum floodplain
management criteria via local regulation? Date of current local regulation?
Currently looking at updating, last update 2009
Has the community adopted the latest effective FIRM? Date adopted?
Not sure if our firm was adopted, but 2009
How does the community enforce local floodplain
regulations and monitor compliance?
Through the building permit and tract improvement
process.

Do floodplain development regulations meet or exceed
FEMA or State minimum requirements? If so, in what ways? We are in compliance with the NFIP process as the
state code meets the required minimums, we are
looking at adopting a stricter section of the code.

How are Letters of Map Change (LOMCs) tracked and
compiled?
Through the entitlement process and we have a binder
of executed LOMC’s
Provide an explanation of the permitting process. Permits applied for reviewed by internal and external plan reviewers. Comments generated based on the
plans submitted, including freeboard requirements.

Community Rating System
Does the community participate in CRS? If so, what is the community's CRS Class Ranking?
N
What categories and activities provide CRS points and how can the class be improved?
N/A
Does the plan include CRS planning requirements? N/A
Source: City of Newark, NFIP CIS Report for the City of Newark B.6.3. Mitigation Actions
The planning team for the City of Newark identified and prioritized the following mitigation actions based on the risk assessment. Background information and information on how each action will be implemented and administered, such as ideas for implementation, responsible office, potential funding, estimated cost, and timeline are also included. The following hazards were considered a priority for purposes of mitigation action planning:
➢ Climate Change
➢ Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise
➢ Dam Failure
➢ Drought & Water Shortage
➢ Earthquake
➢ Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance
➢ Floods: Localized Stormwater
➢ Severe Weather: Extreme Heat
➢ Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms
➢ Tsunami
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After review by the City it was determined that the following hazard was a low priority for mitigation actions:
➢ Wildfire
While wildfire is discussed in the actions below, there is no direct mitigation action for wildfire. Actions for the City in this Plan are shown on Table B-74.

Table B-74 City of Newark Mitigation Actions
Action Title
New
Action/
Previous
Action
Address
Current
Development
Address
Future
Development
Continued
NFIP
Compliance
Mitigation Type
City of Newark Actions
Multi-Hazard Actions
Action 1. Integrate Local Hazard
Mitigation Plan into Safety Element of
General Plan
New Action X X Prevention
Action 2. Enhance Public
Education and Awareness of Natural
Hazards and Public Understanding of
Disaster Preparedness
New Action X X Public Information
Action 3. Continuously adopt the
most current building standards and
include appendices to mitigate hazards
such as but not limited to Floods,
Wildfires, and Earthquake.

New Action X X X Prevention
Action 4. Hardening and Retrofit of
Existing Facilities
New Action X X Prevention
Emergency Services
Property Protection
Action 5. Critical Facilities Back-Up
Power
2017 Action X X Prevention
Emergency Services
Property Protection
Action 6. Update and enhance the
GIS data systems and mapping for
water-related climate hazards /
Mapping Water-Related Climate
Hazards
New Action X X Prevention
Climate Change Actions
Action 7. Sea Level Rise Resiliency
Plan
2017 Action X X X Prevention
Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Flood 1%/0.2%, Localized Flooding, Severe Weather Heavy Rains and Storm Actions
Action 8. Maintain good standing
under NFIP and create public outreach
program and awareness
New Action X X X Prevention
Public Information
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Action Title
New
Action/
Previous
Action
Address
Current
Development
Address
Future
Development
Continued
NFIP
Compliance
Mitigation Type
Action 9. Partner with Alameda
County Flood Control and Water
Conservation District (ACFCD) to
identify mitigation option for various
projects
2017 Action X X X Prevention
Property Protection
Structural Projects
Natural Resource
Protection
Action 10. Alameda County Flood
Control and Water Conservation Water
District (ACFCD) Line H and Line I
Improvements
2017 Action X X X Property Protection
Structural Projects
Natural Resource
Protection
Action 11. Install storm drainage
improvements at Lindsay Tract
2017 Action X X X Property Protection
Structural Projects
Natural Resource
Protection
Action 12. Develop a Storm Drain
Master Plan
2017 Action X X X Prevention
Property Protection
Structural Projects
Natural Resource
Protection
Action 13. Ensure Emergency
Action Plans from Dam partners has
current emergency contacts in their
plans and that we participate in
exercises conducted by our partners
New action X X Prevention
Property Protection
Structural Projects
Natural Resource
Protection
Earthquake and Tsunami Actions
Action 14. Complete railroad
overcrossing at Central Avenue
2017 Action X X Structural Projects
Action 15. Establish Tsunami zone
& evacuation route signage in City’s
designated areas and education program
New action X X Prevention
Property Protection
Natural Resource
Protection
Wildfire, Drought, and Severe Weather Extreme Heat Actions Action 16. Replace Eucalyptus
Groves with non-hazardous tree species
2017 Action X X Prevention
Property Protection
Natural Resource
Protection
Action 17. Urban Forest Master Plan
development
2017 Action X X Prevention
Property Protection
Natural Resource
Protection
Packet Page No. 957
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-260
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Multi-Hazard Actions
Action 1. Integrate Local Hazard Mitigation Plan into Safety Element of General Plan Hazards Addressed: Multi-hazard (Climate Change, Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance, Floods: Localized Stormwater, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, Tsunami, Wildfire) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Issue/Background: Local jurisdictional reimbursement for mitigation projects and cost recovery after a disaster is guided by Government Code Section 8685.9 (AB 2140). Specifically, this section requires that each jurisdiction adopt a LHMP in accordance with the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 as part of the Safety Element of its General Plan. Adoption of the LHMP into the Safety Element of the General Plan may be by reference or incorporation.

Other Alternatives: No action
Existing Planning Mechanisms through which Action will be Implemented: Safety Element of General Plan
Responsible Office: City of Newark Planning Department
Cost Estimate: Jurisdictional board/staff time
Potential Funding: City budgets
Benefits (avoided Losses): Incorporation of an adopted LHMP into the Safety Element of the General Plan will help jurisdictions maximize the cost recovery potential following a disaster.

Schedule: As soon as possible, but to completed in conjunction with or upon LHMP Adoption Priority (H, M, L): High
Action 2. Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Hazards and Public Understanding of Disaster Preparedness
Hazards Addressed: Multi-hazard (Climate Change, Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance, Floods: Localized Stormwater, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, Tsunami, Wildfire) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Issue/Background: The City plays a key role in public outreach/education efforts to communicate the potential risk and vulnerability of their community to the effects of natural hazards. A comprehensive multi-hazard public education program will better inform the community of natural hazards of concern and actions the public can take to be better prepared for the next natural disaster event.

Packet Page No. 958
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-261
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Project Description: A comprehensive multi-hazard outreach program will ascertain both broad and targeted educational needs throughout the community. The City will work other agencies as appropriate to develop timely and consistent annual outreach messages in order to communicate the risk and vulnerability of natural hazards of concern to the community. This includes measures the public can take to be better prepared and to reduce the damages and other impacts from a hazard event. The public outreach effort will leverage and build upon existing mechanisms, will include elements to meet the objectives of Goal 3 of this LHMP Update, and will consider:
➢ Using a variety of information outlets, including websites, local radio stations, news media, schools, and local, public sponsored events;
➢ Creating and distributing (where applicable) brochures, leaflets, water bill inserts, websites, and public service announcements;
➢ Displaying public outreach information in County office buildings, libraries, and other public places and events;
➢ Developing public-private partnerships and incentives to support public education activities.

Other Alternatives: Continue public information activities currently in place.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action Will Be Implemented: Existing City outreach programs will be reviewed for effectiveness and leveraged and expanded upon to reach the broader region.

Responsible Office: City of Newark
Priority (H, M, L): High
Cost Estimate: Annual costs to be determined, and will depend on the scope and frequency of activities and events as well as volunteer participation
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Increase residents’ knowledge of potential hazards and activities required to mitigate hazards and be better prepared. Protect lives and reduce damages, relatively low cost to implement.

Potential Funding: City budgets
Timeline: Ongoing/Annual public awareness campaign
Action 3. Continuously adopt the most current building standards and include appendices to mitigate hazards such as but not limited to Floods, Wildfires, and Earthquake.

Hazards Addressed: Multi-Hazard (Climate Change, Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance, Floods: Localized Stormwater, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, Tsunami, Wildfire) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Packet Page No. 959
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-262
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Issue/Background: The building construction standards are updated and forced to adopt the plain standards, by adopting certain appendices that help mitigate special hazards such and WUI, Flood, Resource protection we can strengthen the resiliency in the community.

Project Description: By ordinance and council approval adopt the most current edition of the state adopted construction standards with appendices that mitigate hazards, every three years and 90 days prior to forced adoption.

Other Alternatives: Adopt the current standards with no appendices Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Ordinance creation and adoption.

Responsible Office/Partners: Building Inspection division, Engineering, and Environmental Services Cost Estimate: Staff Time
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Increase to resiliency in the community mitigating multi hazards, such as WUI, Flood, Resource protection, and sea level
Potential Funding: SB1473 funds to help offset staff time Timeline: Ongoing/Annual
Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Action 4. Hardening and Retrofit of Existing Facilities Hazards Addressed: Multi-hazard (Climate Change, Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance, Floods: Localized Stormwater, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, Tsunami, Wildfire) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 6, 7
Issue/Background: Currently some of the Facilities owned by Newark are going through an assessment and study on reusability and need as to functions. Some of the structures need updating and retrofitting for earthquake as well as mitigation of flooding, other hazards of concern, and accessibility.

Project Description: Facilities Assessment to verify the need of the facilities along with the number of upgrades and retrofitting required for continued use of the facility. Facility Master Plan to be completed in 2024.

Other Alternatives: No upgrading or retrofit of existing structures Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Ordnance/Resolutions, CIP projects list, RFQ/RFP
Packet Page No. 960
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-263
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Responsible Office/Partners: City Manager’s Office / Building Inspection Division Cost Estimate: Consultant $250,000, Staff Time
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Creating a list of opportunities to enhance safety within the structures or have them replaced to a safer standard.

Potential Funding: Community Development Maintenance Fund Timeline: Longterm, Facility Master Plan to be completed in 2024. Project implementation to occur over 1-5 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Action 5. Critical Facilities Back-Up Power
Hazards Addressed: Multi-hazard (Climate Change, Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance, Floods: Localized Stormwater, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, Tsunami, Wildfire) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 6, 7
Issue/Background: Some critical facilities, including Fire Station Nos. 27 and 29, require upgrades to back-up power systems. Additional needs are anticipated to be identified with the Facilities Master Plan document currently being prepared.

Project Description: This project provides a final evaluation and implementation of back-up power system upgrades at all City-owned critical facilities. Initial evaluations are to be provided through the current Facilities Master Plan. Prior system inspections and evaluations have been completed for the initial phase of implementation currently underway.

Other Alternatives: No viable alternatives.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Facilities Master Plan; Capital Improvement Plan
Responsible Office/Partners: Public Works Department- Maintenance Division; Alameda County Fire Department
Cost Estimate: $400,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Ensure minimum electrical system operability at critical facilities following events resulting in power outages
Potential Funding: Capital Funds; Emergency Service Facilities Impact Fees; FEMA HMGP or BRIC Packet Page No. 961
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-264
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Timeline: First phase currently underway with contract execution for upgrades at Fire Station Nos. 27 and 29 with targeted completion by January 2024. Additional phases to be established following completion of Facilities Master Plan.

Project Priority (H, M, L): M
Action 6. Update and enhance the GIS data systems and mapping for all hazards, including waterrelated climate hazards / Mapping Water-Related Climate Hazards Hazards Addressed: Multi-hazard (Climate Change, Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Floods: 1%/0.2% annual chance, Floods: Localized Stormwater, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, Tsunami, Wildfire) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 6, 7
Issue/Background: GIS systems have not been updated and datasets are not current.

Project Description: Update datasets with current GIS hazards data.

Other Alternatives: No action.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: ESRI, and City’s IT Program
Responsible Office/Partners: Information Technology Department and Public Works – City of Newark Cost Estimate: $16,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Reduced risk of flooding to people and property.

Potential Funding: Existing budgets. FEMA or Cal OES grants: HMGP.

Timeline: Ongoing, 1-5 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): Low
Packet Page No. 962
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-265
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Climate Change Actions
Action 7. Sea Level Rise Resiliency Plan
Hazards Addressed: Climate Change; Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 5, 6
Issue/Background: The City of Newark has not yet prepared a comprehensive document to analyze the potential impacts of sea level rise and the development of mitigation options to ensure resiliency against those impacts.

Project Description: Preparation of a complete Sea Level Rise Resiliency Plan to analyze potential short- , medium-, and long-term impacts of seal level rise on the Newark community and the development of potential mitigation measures for all such impacts. The project includes identification of stakeholders to partner with at various government levels and development of policies and objectives for comprehensive local and regional solutions
Other Alternatives: No viable alternatives.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: General Plan; Capital Improvement Plan;
Responsible Office/Partners: Public Works Department – Environmental Services Division Cost Estimate: $250,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Identification of potential sea level rise impacts over various time horizons and development of mitigation measures to minimize hazardous impacts.

Potential Funding: Community Development Maintenance Funds Timeline: June 2025
Project Priority (H, M, L): High
Packet Page No. 963
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-266
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Flood 1%/0.2%, Localized Flooding, Severe Weather Heavy Rains and Storm Actions
Action 8. Maintain good standing under NFIP and create public outreach program and awareness Hazards Addressed: Flooding (Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Flood 1%/0.2%, Localized Flooding, Severe Weather Heavy Rains and Storm) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Issue/Background: NFIP requires specific rules to be followed to maintain good standing, updating currently adopted construction within the flood plain to align to the rules and regulations with NFIP, adopting appendix G of the California Building Code (CBC). Consider joining the the CRS.

Project Description: Update our current flood plain construction ordinance to meet the goals of the NFIP and allow Newark to apply for CRS if Newark so chooses.

Other Alternatives: Update the ordinance to be aligned with the NFIP requirements Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Create and adopt the ordinance.

Responsible Office/Partners: Building Inspection Division/Engineering.

Cost Estimate: Staff time
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Maintain good standing in the NFIP which is a federal requirement for flood insurance and discounts.

Potential Funding: City Budgets
Timeline: Short term and Ongoing, 1-5 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): High
Action 9. Partner with Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District (ACFCD) to identify mitigation option for various projects
Hazards Addressed: Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Flood, Dam Failure, Levee Failure Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Issue/Background: The ACFCD owns and maintains the flood control systems that run through the City.

The ACFCD maintains the flood control systems to ensure that the systems continue to protect residents from floods.

Packet Page No. 964
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-267
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Project Description: Staff will coordinate with the ACFCD to identify mitigations to increase flood protection for Newark residents.

Other Alternatives: The City can partner on ACFCD projects to prioritize the ones focused in providing additional flood protection for Newark residents.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: ACWD Capital Improvement Program
Responsible Office/Partners: City of Newark Public Works Department and Alameda County Flood Control District
Cost Estimate: Unknown at this time; costs to be developed by ACWD Benefits (Losses Avoided): Additional flood protection for Newark residents Potential Funding: ACFCD Capital Improvement Program/Maintenance; City Budgets, FEMA - HMGP Timeline: Short term and ongoing; 1-3 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Action 10. Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation Water District (ACFCWCD) Line H and Line I Improvements
Hazards Addressed: Flood
Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Issue/Background: Line H and Line I are two flood control systems owned and maintained by ACFCWCD that run through City of Newark. The 100-year flood event (1% annual chance flood) for Line H and the 500-year flood event (0.2% annual chance flood) for Line I are not contained within the channel. The homes adjacent to Line H and Line I are at flooding risk as a result of the flood events not being contained in the channels.

Project Description: Staff will coordinate with ACFCWCD to identify mitigations for Line H and Line I to increase flood protection for the homes adjacent to these lines.

Other Alternatives: The City can partner with ACFCWCD projects related to Line H and Line I if the projects are prioritized.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: ACFCWCD Capital Improvement Program
Responsible Office/Partners: City of Newark Public Works Department and ACFCWCD Cost Estimate: Unknown at this time; costs to be developed by ACFCWCD Packet Page No. 965
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-268
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Mitigations that can be implemented on Line H and Line I to eliminate flood risk will benefit the homes adjacent to these two flood control systems.

Potential Funding: ACFCWCD Capital Improvement/Maintenance Funding; FEMA HMGP or BRIC funds
Timeline: Medium, 1-5 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Action 11. Install storm drainage improvements at Lindsay Tract Hazards Addressed: Flood (Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Dam Failure, Flood 1%/0.2%, Localized Flooding, Severe Weather Heavy Rains and Storm) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Issue/Background: Lindsay Tract encompasses George Avenue between Sycamore Street and Cherry Street, Magnolia Street between Diary Avenue and Sycamore Street, Olive Street between Dairy Avenue and its northern cul-de-sac terminus, and Mulberry Street between Dairy Avenue and its norther cul-de-sac terminus. Portions of these streets do not have underground storm drain piping systems to convey street runoff. Street drainage is reliant on surface street gradients to drain to the nearest curb inlets. Additionally, lack of curb and gutter improvements contribute to localized flooding of these streets during heavy rain events.

Project Description: Installation of storm drain improvements, which includes installation of underground storm drain conveyance systems, curb and gutter to reduce the runoff ponding on the street surface.

Other Alternatives: Repave only without addressing drainage issues.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Capital Improvement Plan
Responsible Office/Partners: City of Newark Public Works Department Cost Estimate: $10M
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Elimination of localized flooding.

Potential Funding: Local Transportation Sales Tax, State Gas Tax, FEMA PDM, HMGP Timeline: Long term, 1-5 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): High
Packet Page No. 966
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-269
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Action 12. Develop a Storm Drain Master Plan
Hazards Addressed: Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise, Flood, Localized Flood, Heavy Rain and Storms
Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Issue/Background: Heavy rain events during the winter months lead to localized flooding due to inefficiencies and restrictions in the system. An analysis will provide information to help identify mitigation actions to reduce flood related impacts.

Project Description: Development of a Stormwater Master Plan will analyze the conditions of the City’s existing storm drain system, performance, and operations. The results of the analysis will determine deficiencies in the system that will help in prioritizing improvements and eliminate the deficiencies and localized flooding.

Other Alternatives: N/A
Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Newark General Plan; Capital Improvement Plan; FEMA BRIC grant
Responsible Office/Partners: City of Newark Public Works Department and Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District.

Cost Estimate: $350,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Eliminate the threat of localized flooding where deficiencies are found.

Potential Funding: Community Development Maintenance Fund, FEMA - HMGP Timeline: By 2026
Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Action 13. Ensure Emergency Action Plans from Dam partners has current emergency contacts in their plans and that we participate in exercises conducted by our partners Hazards Addressed: Dam Failure (and associated flooding) Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Issue/Background: Failure of any of the identified dams that put the City at risk if they fail and have the potential for flash flood for our City.

Project Description: The City of Newark will continue to review the Dam EAP’s sent to us by our partners and make updates as needed. We will also proactively send updates to our partners if there is any changes Packet Page No. 967
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-270
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
to our Emergency contacts in their EAP. We will also participate in all workshops, TTX or meetings that our partners conduct in support of the EAP.

Other Alternatives: None
Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Working with our partners through email, phone call, workshops, and exercise to ensure understanding of the EAP’s and affirming City POC.

Responsible Office/Partners: Office of Emergency Services, Police and Public Works Cost Estimate: $0
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Life and property
Potential Funding: General Funds
Timeline: On-Going
Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Packet Page No. 968
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-271
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Earthquake and Tsunami Actions
Action 14. Complete railroad overcrossing at Central Avenue Hazards Addressed: Earthquake
Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Issue/Background: Provide an overcrossing at Central Avenue to prevent isolation during seismic event or substantial train derailment. There is currently no east-west grade separation structure in Newark.

Project Description: Construction of a 942 feet 4-lane bridge with 7-span overhead structures over the existing Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) train tracks on Central Avenue.

Other Alternatives: No alternatives over UPRR train tracks in case of damage to the train tracks from a seismic event.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Traffic Impact Fee Nexus Study; Newark General Plan; Capital Improvement Plan Responsible Office/Partners: City of Newark Public Works Department Cost Estimate: $40,000,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Access over the UPRR tracks for emergency responders in case damages prevent use of UPRR tracks during a seismic event.

Potential Funding: FEMA - HMGP, PDM, Local Transportation Sales Tax (Measure BB/Measure B); Timeline: Long; Construction estimated to begin 2025
Project Priority (H, M, L): High
Action 15. Establish Tsunami zone & evacuation route signage in City’s designated areas and education program
Hazards Addressed: Tsunami, Coastal Flooding, 1% and 0.2% Localized Flooding, Dam Failure Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Issue/Background: Currently the City does not have signage in our designated Project Description: The City of Newark will develop designated evacuation routes and will identify areas to place Tsunami zone signs and will also place evacuation route signs as well.

Other Alternatives: None
Packet Page No. 969
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-272
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Will use zonehaven in partnership with police, public works and fire to identify zones within the Tsunami zone and develop evacuation routes for community members. We will also look at locations to place signs for both identifying Tsunami zone and to show evacuation routes.

Responsible Office/Partners: Office of Emergency Services/Police/Public Works Cost Estimate: $25,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Life and property
Potential Funding: Grants, General Funds
Timeline: 3-5 years
Project Priority (H, M, L): M
Packet Page No. 970
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-273
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Wildfire, Drought, and Severe Weather Extreme Heat Actions Action 16. Replace Eucalyptus Groves with non-hazardous tree species Hazards Addressed: Wildfire, Extreme Heat, Drought, Severe Weather: Heavy Rains and Storms, High Winds
Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Issue/Background: The City of Newark owns and maintains two separate groves of eucalyptus trees totaling approximately 5 acres. Eucalyptus trees are non-native species that can be stressed during periods of high heat and drought thus leaving them more vulnerable to failure to severe weather events, particularly significant storms and wind events. Although wildfires are not common in the Newark area, these groves present a potential hazard if a local wildfire is encountered.

Project Description: A phased program to remove remaining large stands of eucalyptus trees at Sisk Grove, Jarvis Grove and at other City parks and streets is underway. Development of Sisk Grove for largerscale recreational uses is part of a long-term specific plan. Jarvis Grove may be considered for commercial uses at some time in the future. It's has a General Plan/Zoning designation of Conservation/Open Space. if the City wants to get rid of this land, it has to be offered to affordable housing developers first, per state law.

Other Alternatives: Keep remaining stands of mature eucalyptus trees.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: Urban Forest Master Plan; Newark General Plan; NewPark Place Specific Plan; Responsible Office/Partners: Public Works Department Maintenance Division; Community Development Department
Cost Estimate: $800,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Reduction of potential severe weather (windstorm) and wildfire hazard.

Potential Funding: Park Impact Fees, Capital Funds; FEMA HMGP; Private Development Timeline: Underway on a limited annual tree removal basis; Full timeline is approximately 10 years Project Priority (H, M, L): Medium
Action 17. Urban Forest Master Plan development
Hazards Addressed: Drought, Wildfire, Severe Weather: Extreme Heat Goals Addressed: 1, 2, 4, 5
Packet Page No. 971
Tri-City City of Newark Annex B-274
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Issue/Background: Trees within the City are vulnerable to a variety of hazards, including drought and extreme heat which can leave them more vulnerable to disease and hazards such as extreme storm and weather events. Dead and diseased trees also become a fuel source for wildfires. The City has not previously developed a complete Urban Forest Master Plan. Current planning and program documents are outdated and do not provide a clear vision for the City’s future urban forest. Efforts have been made to reduce hazards associated with certain tree species, but a comprehensive plan is needed for Citywide pruning and maintenance, to encourage proper tree maintenance on private properties, and to address tree health and hazard related concerns.

Project Description: Preparation of a complete Urban Forest Master Plan that includes an analysis and recommendations of City policies, ordinance, and documents; assessment of the City’s tree planting and maintenance programs; updated tree inventory for parks, streets and private property; identification and inclusion of local stakeholders; outreach to private property tree owners; reductions of hazards associated with trees.

Other Alternatives: Utilize current tree inventory only.

Existing Planning Mechanism(s) through which Action will be implemented: General Plan; Capital Improvement Plan, Community Development Department
Responsible Office/Partners: Public Works Department – Maintenance Division Cost Estimate: $250,000
Benefits (Losses Avoided): Reduced tree losses due to severe weather; Increased tree canopy for reduced temperatures and slowing of climate change
Potential Funding: Community Development Maintenance Funds Timeline: June 2025
Project Priority (H, M, L): High
Packet Page No. 972
Tri-City A-1
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Appendix A Planning Process
A.1 Tri-City Step 1: Organize to Prepare a Plan
(a). Involvement of Community Land Use and Comprehensive Planning In addition to attending meetings, providing draft text for inclusion in the plan, reviewing plan documents, and coordinating input from other departments and stakeholders, Tri-City planners also provided information on development since the last plan, mapping and details on future development areas, input on current mitigation capabilities, coordination with other planning mechanisms, and input on capabilities including in-progress modifications to various City plans, ordinances, and associated documents specific to each city’s floodplain management program.

Tri-City Planners
➢ Joel Pullen, Planning Manager, City of Fremont, Community Development Department ➢ Matthew Farrell, City of Newark, Chief Building Official / Floodplain Manager, Public Works Department
➢ Coleman Frick, City of Union City, Sr. Planner, Economic and Community Development Department Other planners to the process included Jeanine Foster and Chris Morrison, professional planners with Foster Morrison, the consultant for this LHMP Update, as well as other planners and staff from the incorporated communities and other participating jurisdictions involved in future land use development decisions for the Tri-City Planning Area.
(b). Staff of City Departments on Planning Committee with Expertise on CRS Step 7 Activities
In order to promote the integration of CRS into this planning process, the representatives from each city were selected based on their areas of expertise relative to the CRS mitigation categories as detailed in Table A-1.

Table A-1 Tri-City LHMP Staff Capability with Six Mitigation Categories Jurisdiction/Departments
PreventionProperty ProtectionNatural Resource ProtectionEmergency ServicesStructural Flood Control ProjectsPublic InformationOther City of Fremont
Alec Tune, Emergency Services Manager, City of
Fremont, Fire Department/OES

X X X X X
Packet Page No. 973
Tri-City A-2
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Jurisdiction/Departments
PreventionProperty ProtectionNatural Resource ProtectionEmergency ServicesStructural Flood Control ProjectsPublic InformationOther Homira Shafaq, Floodplain Manager, City of
Fremont, Public Works Department

X X X X X X
Joel Pullen, Planning Manager, City of Fremont,
Community Development Department

X X X X
City of Newark
Richard Martinez, Emergency Coordinator, City of
Newark, City Manager’s Office

X X X X X
Matthew Farrell, Chief Building Official / Floodplain
Manager, Public Works Department

X X X X X X
City of Union City
Richard Martinez, Emergency Coordinator, City of
Union City, City Manager’s Office

X X X X X
Farooq Azim, City Engineer, Public Works
Department

X X X X X X
Coleman Frick, Sr. Planner, Economic and
Community Development Department

X X X X
Lists of Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Invitees
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title McGee Shackelford Karena City of Fremont City Manager's Office City Manager Stott Brian City of Fremont City Manager's Office Assistant City Manager
Briggs Christina City of Fremont City Manager's Office Assistant City Manager
Bosques Geneva City of Fremont City Manager's Office
- Communications
Communications &
Legislative Affairs
Director
Golden Cheryl City of Fremont City Manager's Office
- Communications
Communications
Manager
Fierro Rocio City of Fremont City Attorney's Office Senior Deputy City Attorney II
Schwarz Steven City of Fremont City Attorney's Office
- Risk Management
Risk Manager
Wolf Suzanne City of Fremont Community Services Community Services Director
Beranek Kim City of Fremont Community Services Deputy Director Barajas Juan City of Fremont Community Services Parks Superintendent Packet Page No. 974
Tri-City A-3
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Morris Wayne City of Fremont Community
Development
Deputy Director
Schoenholz Dan City of Fremont Community
Development
Director
Pullen Joel City of Fremont Community
Development
Planning Manager
West Gary City of Fremont Community
Development
Building Official
Wage David City of Fremont Community
Development
Code Enforcement
Officer
DiFranco Rachel City of Fremont Community
Development
Sustainability
Manager
Kapur Kranit City of Fremont Community
Development
Sustainability
Coordinator
Lazaro Donovan City of Fremont Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Director
Ware Vanessa City of Fremont City Manager's Office Economic Development
Coordinator
Persselin David City of Fremont Finance Director
Myat Hein City of Fremont Finance Accounting Division
Manager
Diaz Zoraida City of Fremont Fire Fire Chief
Mozdean Heather City of Fremont Fire Deputy Fire Chief
Kong Jason City of Fremont Fire Battalion Chief
Miller Greg City of Fremont Fire - Prevention Deputy Fire Marshall Tune Alec City of Fremont Fire - Office of
Emergency Services
Emergency Services
Manager
Taylor Sanford City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
IT Services Director
Yu David City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Infrastructure
Services Manager
Leon John City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
GIS Manager
Chan Ron City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
GIS Specialist
Hayes Tim City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Systems
Analyst/Programmer
(GIS)
Wun Ruby City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Data Coordinator
Chew Ed City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Mapping Specialist
Packet Page No. 975
Tri-City A-4
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Larsen Hans City of Fremont Public Works Public Works
Director
Khandan Bahmani City of Fremont Public Works City Engineer Veloso Noe City of Fremont Public Works Assistant City
Engineer
Kishani Dilip City of Fremont Public Works Principal Engineer (CRS)
Shafaq Homira City of Fremont Public Works Floodplain Manager King Kelly City of Fremont Public Works Deputy Director, Maintenance &
Business Operations
Edwards Jeff City of Fremont Public Works Street Maintenance Manager
Kendrick Pat City of Fremont Public Works Building Maintenance Manager
Washington Sean City of Fremont Police Police Chief
Brede Lance City of Fremont Police Deputy Chief
McCormick Paul City of Fremont Police Lieutenant
Gee Amy City of Fremont Police Public Affairs
Manager
Caldera Arquimides City of Fremont Human Services Deputy Director Grimsich Karen City of Fremont Human Services Aging & Family Services
Administrator
Aguilar Mirabel City of Fremont Public Works Senior Civil Engineer Martinez Richard City of Newark City Manager's Office Emergency Coordinator
Hovorka Lenka City of Newark City Manager's Office Assistant City Manager
Fajeau Soren City of Newark Public Works Director
Leontiades Mike City of Newark Public Works Acting Building Official
Farrell Matthew City of Newark Public Works Chief Building Official
Connolly Tonya City of Newark Public Works Maintenance
Superintendent
Macias Jolie City of Newark Police Captain
Simon Brian City of Newark Police Lieutenant
Turner Steven City of Newark Community
Development
Director
Fong Peter City of Newark IT IT Analyst
Beireis Peter City of Newark Community and
Recreation
Senior Recreation
Supervisor
Packet Page No. 976
Tri-City A-5
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Lee Krysten City of Newark Finance Director
Del Rosario Gloria City of Newark Finance Accounting Manager Fredstrom Karl City of Newark Police Police Sergeant
Luepke Jeff City of Newark Fire Division Chief
Libby David City of Newark
(affiliated volunteer)
Fire Volunteer
Coordinator
Fajeau Soren City of Newark Public Works Director
Hannon Michael City of Newark City Manager's Office Mayor Cianciarulo Dan City of Newark City Manager's Office Senior Landscape Inspector
Diana Cangco City of Newark Public Works Principal Civil Engineer
Phan Jennifer City of Union City City Manager's Office Deputy City Manager Souza Travis City of Union City Police Captain
Martinez Richard* City of Union City City Manager's Office Emergency Coordinator
Welihinda Dishna City of Union City City Manager's Office Website coordinator Campbell Carmela City of Union City Economic
Development
Director
Ayupan Marilou City of Union City Public Works Director Hahn Corina City of Union City Community &
Recreation Services
Director
Block Andy City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Environmental
Manager
Mai Uyen City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Sustainability
Analystjose
Calderon Bob City of Union City Public Works Interim
Superintendant
Azim Farooq City of Union City Public Works City Engineer Tommy (Wai Chee) Cho City of Union City Public Works Principal Civil Engineer
Roman Paul City of Union City Public Works Streets Supervisor Tran Trieu City of Union City Public Works Engineer II
Frick Coleman City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Senior Planner
Venook Chuck City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Chief Building
Official
Thomas Derrick City of Union City Fire Divison Chief
Packet Page No. 977
Tri-City A-6
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Vallejo Mario City of Union City IT Director
Valvokus Chris City of Union City Supervisor
Gutierrez Jose City of Union City Public Works Supervising Construction
Inspector
Wheeler Paul City of Hayward Fire Department Emergency Services Officer
Reed Jacob Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
O&M - Emergency
and Security Services
Supervisor
Abellar Caroline Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
Park Daniel Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
Information
Technology Services
IT/GIS Analyst
Ippangunta Rekha Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
ETS - Project
Engineering
Division Manager
Wickham Mike Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
O&M - Production Division Manager
Niesar Thomas Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
WR - Waster Supply
and Planning
Division Manager
Oam Sydney Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
F - Financial Analysis Supervisor
Gonzales Sharene Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
OGM - Public Affairs Supervisor
Stevenson Dan Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
O&M - Facilities
Maintenance
Division Manager
Arends Kurt Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
O&M Department Manager
Lai Linda Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD)
Engineer Tech
Terrazas Karoline Union Sanitary
District (USD)
Business Services Organizatonal
Performance
Manager**
Ghossain Sami USD Technical Services Manager
Chau Raymond USD Technical Services Manager
Rodriguez Jose USD Collection Services Manager
Packet Page No. 978
Tri-City A-7
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Cabrera DJ Alameda County
Sheriff's Office
Office of Emergency
Services
Senior Emergency
Services Coordinator
Holm Lars Eric Alameda County
Voluntary
Organizations Active
in Disasters (ALCO
VOAD)
Chair
Holm Lars Eric Alameda County 2-1-
1/Eden Information
& Referral (Eden
I&R)
Disaster Preparedness
Coordinator
Halog Ron ALCO VOAD Vice Chair
Casimere Lincoln Alameda County Fire
Department
Emergency Services Emergency
Preparedness
Manager
Cowan Rowena Fremont Unified
School District
Human Resources -
Risk Management
Risk Manager
Ampon Nick Fremont Unified
School District
Facilities &
Construction
Senior Project
Manager
Rodgers Jason New Haven Unified
School District
Maintenance,
Operations,
Transportation &
Facilities
Director
Lam Marcus New Haven Unified
School District
Administration Director of Pupil
Services
Condon Susan Newark Unified
School District
Maintenance,
Operations &
Transportation
Director
Peralta Ben Ohlone Community
College District
Campus Police
Services
Police Officer
Tsang Moses Alameda County
Flood Control &
Water Conservation
District
Capital Projects
Delivery
Principal Civil
Engineer
Leonard Greg Alameda County
Public Works Agency
Atkins Erika Alameda County
Library
Facilities, Fleet, and
Courier
Facilities Manager
Ross Robert California
Department of Water
Resources
Delta Field Division,
Project Operations
Center
Power Dispatcher
Manager
Josh Gale San Francisco Public
Utilities Commission
Emergency Planning
& Security
Director of
Emergency Planning
Atkinson Sarah SPUR Earthquake Resilience
Policy Manager
Jackson Kerry AC Transit Protective Services
Manager
Packet Page No. 979
Tri-City A-8
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Sheehan Brian Alameda County Fire
Department
Battalion Chief
Bolaffi-Angst Mimi Bay Area Rapid
Transit
Director of Security
Programs
Khari Helae East Bay Regional
Park District
Public Safety
Division, Fire
Department
Assistant Fire Chief
Guzman Ben East Bay Regional
Park District
Public Safety
Division, Police
Department
Lieutenant
Stallard Barry Pacific Gas & Electric Emergency
Management &
Public Safety
Public Safety
Specialist, Senior
Wade Clint California
Department of
Education
California Schools for
the Deaf & Blind
Chief of Facilities
Paleo Robert California
Department of
Education
California School for
the Blind
Facilities Engineer
Charles-Ellington Toshia California
Department of
Education
California Schools for
the Deaf & Blind
Business Manager
Goldstein Gloria Kaiser Permanente
Medical Center,
Fremont
Orlando Maximilian Bay Area Community
Health
Workplace Safety
Coordinator
O'Connell Daniel Washington Hospital
Healthcare System
Safety & Security
Director
Williams Dwight Washington Hospital
Healthcare System
Safety & Security
Supervisordiana
Stoeffl Monika California Resiliency
Alliance
Executive Director
Wong Kane American Red Cross Coordinator
Leung Cindy American Red Cross
Orre Edgar California
Department of
Forestry & Fire
Protection
Santa Clara Unit Unit
Forester/Division
Chief
LaMar - Haas Victoria California Governor's
Office of Emergency
Services
Local Mitigation
Planning Unit
Program Manager
LaDuke Yvette California Governor's
Office of Emergency
Services
Tsunami Program Tsunami Planning
Coordinator
Packet Page No. 980
Tri-City A-9
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Palmer Matt California Governor's
Office of Emergency
Services
Tsunami Program Senior Emergency
Services Coordinator
Becker Todd California Governor's
Office of Emergency
Services
Tsunami Program Earthquake and
Tsunami Program
Specialist
Kerns Alison Federal Emergency
Management Agency,
Region IX
Garcia Brian National Weather
Service
National Weather
Service SF Bay
Area/Monterey
Warning
Coordination
Meteorologist
Wein Anne U. S. Geological
Survey
Ousley D'Anne California Earthquake
Authority
Janiele Maffei California Earthquake
Authority
Executive Assistant
(to Janiele Maffei,
CEA Chief Mitigation
Officer)
Yeh Silvia Friends of Children
with Special Needs
FCSN Executive
Business Director
Miller Cheryl Diablo Fire Safe
Council
Executive Director
Manalo Ramses ACFCWCD Assitant Engineer
Lake Carter Lam Research VP, GWS
Airth Jeff Fremont Resident Citizen
Ames Liz Union City Resident BART Director
Harris Caroline Newark Resident
Sokale Jana Newark Resident
Merrill Nina Santa Clara Valley
Water District
Valley Water Senior Water
Resources Specialist
Stark David
Smith Tom Resident
Guio Lee Resident CERT Coordinator
Union City
Jaclyn Mardoske San Francisco Bay
Conservation &
Development
Commission
Adapting to Rising
Tides Program
Senior Climate
Adaptation Planner
Tom Smyth Fremont Resident
Shashi Rattan Fremont Resident
Jeanne Jones Fremont Resident
Additional Persons (Meeting Attendees)
Packet Page No. 981
Tri-City A-10
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Foster Jeanine Foster Morrison – Consultant
Morrison Chris Foster Morrison – Consultant
Guitierez Alejandro Foster Morrison – Consultant
Howell Brenna Foster Morrison – Consultant
Campbell Corina City of Fremont Fremont Fire Business Manager Do Donna City of Fremont Finance –
Bolaffi-Angst Mimi Bart Director of Security
Havorka Lenka City of Newark Assist. City Manager
Fajeau Soren City of Newark Public Works Director
Zatarain Garry Resident Newark Cert Cert Team Lead
Lee John – Regional Center of
East Bay
Emergency
Coordinator
Miller Wayne Resident – –
Ledesma Juan – Valley Water Program Supervisor
Medina Yamel – Fremont Cert Volunteer
Earthy John – Red Cross Preparedness Lead
Additional Persons (Meeting Support)
Rivera Megan City of Fremont Fire Department Administrative Assist.

Ward Christina City of Fremont – –
Venkan Ram Deepa City of Fremont – –
Gordon Helen City of Newark – –
Planning Committee Participant List
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title City of Fremont
Fierro Rocio City of Fremont City Attorney's Office Senior Deputy City Attorney II
Schwarz Steven City of Fremont City Attorney's Office
- Risk Management
Risk Manager
Beranek Kim City of Fremont Community Services Deputy Director Morris Wayne City of Fremont Community
Development
Deputy Director
Pullen Joel City of Fremont Community
Development
Planning Manager
West Gary City of Fremont Community
Development
Building Official
Kapur Kranit City of Fremont Community
Development
Sustainability
Coordinator
Packet Page No. 982
Tri-City A-11
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Lazaro Donovan City of Fremont Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Director
Ware Vanessa City of Fremont City Manager's Office Economic Development
Coordinator
Persselin David City of Fremont Finance Director
Diaz Zoraida City of Fremont Fire Fire Chief
Mozdean Heather City of Fremont Fire Deputy Fire Chief
Miller Greg City of Fremont Fire - Prevention Deputy Fire Marshall Tune Alec City of Fremont Fire - Office of
Emergency Services
Emergency Services
Manager
Leon John City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
GIS Manager
Chan Ron City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
GIS Specialist
Hayes Tim City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Systems
Analyst/Programmer
(GIS)
Wun Ruby City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Data Coordinator
Chew Ed City of Fremont Information
Technology Services
Mapping Specialist
Veloso Noe City of Fremont Public Works Assistant City
Engineer
Kishani Dilip City of Fremont Public Works Principal Engineer (CRS)
Shafaq Homira City of Fremont Public Works Floodplain Manager Washington Sean City of Fremont Police Police Chief
Brede Lance City of Fremont Police Deputy Chief
McCormick Paul City of Fremont Police Lieutenant
Gee Amy City of Fremont Police Public Affairs
Manager
Grimsich Karen City of Fremont Human Services Aging & Family Services
Administrator
Aguilar Mirabel City of Fremont Public Works Senior Civil Engineer Rivera Megan City of Fremont Fire Department Administrative Assist.

Venkan Ram Deepa City of Fremont Fire Executive Assistant Schoenholz Dan City of Fremont Community
Development
Director
Chew Ed City of Fremont GIS Mapping Specialist
Campbell Corina City of Fremont Fremont Fire Business Manager Packet Page No. 983
Tri-City A-12
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Do Donna City of Fremont – –
City of Newark
Martinez Richard City of Newark City Manager's Office Emergency Coordinator
Hovorka Lenka City of Newark City Manager's Office Assistant City Manager
Farrell Matthew City of Newark Public Works Chief Building Official
Connolly Tonya City of Newark Public Works Maintenance
Superintendentsheeh
Macias Jolie City of Newark Police Captain
Turner Steven City of Newark Community
Development
Director
Fong Peter City of Newark IT IT Analyst
Lee Krysten City of Newark Finance Director
Del Rosario Gloria City of Newark Finance Accounting Manager Fredstrom Karl City of Newark Police Police Sergeant
Libby David City of Newark
(affiliated volunteer)
Fire Volunteer
Coordinator
Fajeau Soren City of Newark Public Works Director
Diana Cangco City of Newark Public Works Principal Civil Engineer
Havorka Lenka City of Newark – Assist. City Manager
Fajeau Soren City of Newark Public Works Director
City of Union City
Martinez Richard* City of Union City City Manager's Office Emergency Coordinator
Campbell Carmela City of Union City Economic
Development
Director
Block Andy City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Environmental
Manager
Mai Uyen City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Sustainability
Analystjose
Azim Farooq City of Union City Public Works City Engineer Tommy (Wai Chee) Cho City of Union City Public Works Principal Civil Engineer
Tran Trieu City of Union City Public Works Engineer II
Frick Coleman City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Senior Planner
Packet Page No. 984
Tri-City A-13
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Venook Chuck City of Union City Economic &
Community
Development
Chief Building
Official
Vallejo Mario City of Union City IT Director
Valvokus Chris City of Union City Supervisor
Gutierrez Jose City of Union City Public Works Supervising Construction
Inspector
Alameda County Water District
Reed Jacob Alameda County
Water District
O&M - Emergency
and Security Services
Supervisor
Abellar Caroline Alameda County
Water District
Park Daniel Alameda County
Water District
Information
Technology Services
IT/GIS Analyst
Ippangunta Rekha Alameda County
Water District
ETS - Project
Engineering
Division Manager
Lai Linda Alameda County
Water District
Engineer Tech
Union Sanitary District
Terrazas Karoline Union Sanitary
District (USD)
Business Services Organizatonal
Performance
Manager**
Chau Raymond USD Technical Services Manager
Rodriguez Jose USD Collection Services Manager
Other Agencies, Stakeholders, and the Public
Cabrera DJ Alameda County
Sheriff's Office
Office of Emergency
Services
Senior Emergency
Services Coordinator
Casimere Lincoln Alameda County Fire
Department
Emergency Services Emergency
Preparedness
Manager
Rodgers Jason New Haven Unified
School District
Maintenance,
Operations,
Transportation &
Facilities
Director
Peralta Ben Ohlone Community
College District
Campus Police
Services
Police Officer
Sheehan Brian Alameda County Fire
Department
Battalion Chief
Wade Clint California
Department of
Education
California Schools for
the Deaf & Blind
Chief of Facilities
Packet Page No. 985
Tri-City A-14
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Charles-Ellington Toshia California
Department of
Education
California Schools for
the Deaf & Blind
Business Manager
O'Connell Daniel Washington Hospital
Healthcare System
– Safety & Security
Director
Williams Dwight Washington Hospital
Healthcare System
– Safety & Security
Supervisordiana
Wong Kane American Red Cross – Coordinator
Garcia Brian National Weather
Service
National Weather
Service SF Bay
Area/Monterey
Warning
Coordination
Meteorologist
Wein Anne U. S. Geological
Survey
– –
Manalo Ramses ACFCWCD – Assistant Engineer
Airth Jeff Fremont Resident – Citizen
Ames Liz Union City Resident – BART Director
Harris Caroline Newark Resident – –
Sokale Jana Newark Resident – –
Stark David Bay East Association
of Realtors
Pubic Affairs –
Guio Lee Resident – CERT Coordinator
Union City
Jaclyn Mardoske San Francisco Bay
Conservation &
Development
Commission
Adapting to Rising
Tides Program
Senior Climate
Adaptation Planner
Jeanne Jones Fremont Resident – –
Bolaffi-Angst Mimi BART – Director of Security
Miller Wayne Resident
Lee John – Regional Center of
East Bay
Emergency
Coordinator
Zatarain Garry Resident Newark Cert Cert Team Lead
Ledesma Juan – Valley Water Program Supervisor
Medina Yamel – Fremont Cert Volunteer
Rawat Rishika Greenbelt Alliance – Resilience Fellow
Yen Sylvia Friends of Children
with Special Needs
– –
Dufour Francesca Alameda County Fire
Department
Fire ACFD Aide
Earthy John – Red Cross Preparedness Lead
Consultant Team
Foster Jeanine Foster Morrison – Consultant
Packet Page No. 986
Tri-City A-15
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Last Name First Name Jurisdiction Agency/Division Position Title Morrison Chris Foster Morrison – Consultant
Guitierez Alejandro Foster Morrison – Consultant
Howell Brenna Foster Morrison – Consultant
Packet Page No. 987
Tri-City A-16
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Kickoff Meeting
Kickoff Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Fremont Subject: RE: Project Kickoff: Local Hazard Mitigation Plan **Clarification regarding date: Tuesday, May 23**
as corrected below.

Alec Tune

EMERGENCY SERVICES MANAGER
City of Fremont | Fire Department
3300 Capitol Ave. Bldg. A, Fremont, CA 94538
(510) 494-4256 | [email protected]
Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | Nextdoor | Website | Nixle | MyFremont From: Alec Tune <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, May 9, 2023 3:49 PM
To: Karena McGee Shackelford <[email protected]>; Brian Stott <[email protected]>; Christina Briggs <[email protected]>; Geneva Bosques <[email protected]>; Cheryl Golden <[email protected]>; Steven Schwarz -Risk <[email protected]>; Suzanne Wolf <[email protected]>; Kim Beranek <[email protected]>; Juan Barajas <[email protected]>; Wayne Morris <[email protected]>; Joel Pullen <[email protected]>; Gary West <[email protected]>; David Wage <[email protected]>; Rachel DiFranco <[email protected]>; Donovan Lazaro <[email protected]>; Hein Hein Myat <[email protected]>; Zoraida Diaz <[email protected]>; Heather Mozdean <[email protected]>; Greg Miller <[email protected]>; Alec Tune <[email protected]>; Sanford Taylor <[email protected]>; David Yu <[email protected]>; John Leon <[email protected]>; Tim Hayes <[email protected]>; Hans Larsen <[email protected]>; Khandan Bahmani <[email protected]>; Noe Veloso <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Homira Shafaq <[email protected]>; Kelly King <[email protected]>; Jeff Edwards <[email protected]>; Pat Kendrick <[email protected]>; Lance Brede <[email protected]>; Amy Gee <[email protected]>; Arquimides Caldera <[email protected]>; Karen Grimsich <[email protected]>; Cabrera Jr. Domingo S. Sheriff <[email protected]>; Rowena Cowan <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Ben Peralta <[email protected]>; Atkins, Erika, Library <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Gale, Josh <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Daniel_O'[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; tcharles-ellington@csdfcde.ca.gov; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Cc: CLT Only <[email protected]>; FFD_Command Staff <[email protected]>; Donna Do <[email protected]>; Megan Rivera <[email protected]>; RichM <[email protected]>; Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>; Jacob Reed <[email protected]>; Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]>; jeanine.foster <[email protected]> Subject: Project Kickoff: Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Good Afternoon: Packet Page No. 988
Tri
-CityA-17
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Good Afternoon:

The City of Fremont is partnering with the Cities of Newark and Union City, Alameda County Water District, and Union Sanitary District to develop a new Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). The new plan will meet all requirements to update to the City of Fremont’s 2016 LHMP, while better integrating critical utilities, neighboring jurisdictions, and other community stakeholders into our planning to reduce natural disaster risk.

The purpose of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP project is to reduce the impact that various natural hazards pose to residents, businesses, public and private property, and critical infrastructure in Fremont and across the Tri-City area (“the Planning Area”). The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) requires that local governments maintain a FEMA-approved LHMP in order to be eligible for certain grant funding to protect communities against potential future disaster-related losses. Additionally, the planning process presents an opportunity to enhance each cities’ floodplain management programs by developing a framework to reduce the cost of flood insurance to residents and business who are required (or who elect) to maintain flood insurance. Each cities’ flood insurance program is rated under FEMA’s National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Community Rating System (CRS). Visit my.fremont.gov for more information about the project.

You have been selected to participate in the development of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP as a member of the Planning Committee. City, District, agency, and other stakeholders’ participation is essential to developing a meaningful and high-quality plan for our community, while meeting State and Federal requirements. Participation on the Planning Committee will include: • Attending and participating in five Planning Committee meetings (over the next 10 months) • Contributing pertinent data or other information to the project, as needed • Reviewing and providing comments on drafts of the plan Project kickoff will occur at our first Planning Committee meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role.

Tuesday, May 23, 2023 (1:30 - 4:00 pm)
Downtown Event Center
Capitol Room
3500 Capitol Avenue
Fremont, CA 94538
A calendar invitation will follow by email shortly. Please kindly respond to the meeting invitation to RSVP.

Please feel free to reach me with any questions. Looking forward to your participation! Best,
Packet Page No. 989
Tri
-CityA-18
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Alec Tune
Alec Tune

EMERGENCY SERVICES MANAGER
City of Fremont | Fire Department
3300 Capitol Ave. Bldg. A, Fremont, CA 94538
(510) 494-4256 | [email protected]
Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | Nextdoor | Website | Nixle | MyFremont Packet Page No. 990
Tri-City A-19
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Kickoff Meeting Invite to Planning Committee Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Newark From: Rich Martinez <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, May 10, 2023 10:46 AM
To: Lenka Hovorka; Soren Fajeau; Steven Turner; Jolie Macias; Krysten Lee; Brian R. Simon; Matthew Farrell; Tonya Connolly; Peter Beireis; Peter Fong; Gloria Del Rosario; Ben Peralta; [email protected]; libbydavid4; Jeffrey Luepke - ACFD Cc: Jeanine Foster
Subject: Tri-City LHMP Kickoff Planning Committee Meeting #1 When: Tuesday, May 23, 2023 1:30 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Fremont Downtown Event Center (3500 Capitol Ave, Fremont, Ca 94538) Good Morning:

City of Newark is partnering with the Cities of Fremont and Union City, ACWD District, and USD to develop a new Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). The new plan will meet all requirements to update to the 2017 Union City/Newark Multi-Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan.

The purpose of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP project is to reduce the impacts that various natural hazards pose to residents, businesses, public and private property, and critical infrastructure across the Tri-City area (“the Planning Area”). The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) requires that local governments maintain a FEMA-approved LHMP in order to be eligible for certain grant funding to protect communities against potential future disaster-related losses. Additionally, the planning process presents an opportunity to enhance each cities’ floodplain management programs by developing a framework to reduce the cost of flood insurance to residents and business who are required (or who elect) to maintain flood insurance. Each cities’ flood insurance program is rated under FEMA’s National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Community Rating System (CRS). Visit my.fremont.gov for more information about the project.

You have been selected to participate in the development of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP as a member of the Planning Committee. City, District, agency, and other stakeholders’ participation is essential to developing a meaningful and high-quality plan for our community, while meeting State and Federal requirements. Participation on the Planning Committee will include:
• Attending and participating in five Planning Committee meetings (over the next 10 months)
• Contributing pertinent data or other information to the project, as needed • Reviewing and providing comments on drafts of the plan Project kickoff will occur at our first Planning Committee meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role.

You have been selected to participate in the development of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP as a member of the Planning Committee. City, District, agency, and other stakeholders’ participation is essential to developing a meaningful and high-quality plan for our community, while meeting State and Federal requirements. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Please join us for our Project Kickoff and first Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role. Please see the agenda attached. Packet Page No. 991 Tri
-CityA-20
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Please join us for our Project Kickoff and first Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role. Please see the agenda attached.

Tuesday, May 23, 2023 (1:30 - 4:00 pm)
Downtown Event Center
Capitol Room
3500 Capitol Avenue
Fremont, CA 94538
Questions? Please feel free to reach Rich Martinez, Project Manager, at 510.427.7772 or [email protected]
Regards,
Rich
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Packet Page No. 992
Tri-City A-21
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Kickoff Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Union City From: Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, May 10, 2023 10:30 AM
To: Jennifer Phan; Marilou Ayupan; Andy Block; Cliff Feldman; Mario Vallejo; Travis Souza; Corina Hahn; Bob Calderon; Chuck Venook; Coleman Frick; Casimere, Lincoln, ACFD; Farooq M. Azim Cc: Jeanine Foster; Marcus Lam; Leung, Cindy; Thomas, Derrick, ACFD Subject: Tri-City LHMP Kickoff & Planning Committee #1
When: Tuesday, May 23, 2023 1:30 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Fremont Downtown Event Center (3500 Capitol Ave, Fremont, Ca 94538) Good Morning:

City of Union City is partnering with the Cities of Fremont and Newark, ACWD District, and USD to develop a new Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). The new plan will meet all requirements to update to the 2017 Union City/Newark Multi-Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan.

The purpose of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP project is to reduce the impacts that various natural hazards pose to residents, businesses, public and private property, and critical infrastructure across the Tri-City area (“the Planning Area”). The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) requires that local governments maintain a FEMA-approved LHMP in order to be eligible for certain grant funding to protect communities against potential future disaster-related losses. Additionally, the planning process presents an opportunity to enhance each cities’ floodplain management programs by developing a framework to reduce the cost of flood insurance to residents and business who are required (or who elect) to maintain flood insurance. Each cities’ flood insurance program is rated under FEMA’s National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Community Rating System (CRS). Visit my.fremont.gov for more information about the project.

You have been selected to participate in the development of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP as a member of the Planning Committee. City, District, agency, and other stakeholders’ participation is essential to developing a meaningful and high-quality plan for our community, while meeting State and Federal requirements. Participation on the Planning Committee will include:
• Attending and participating in five Planning Committee meetings (over the next 10 months)
• Contributing pertinent data or other information to the project, as needed • Reviewing and providing comments on drafts of the plan Project kickoff will occur at our first Planning Committee meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role.

You have been selected to participate in the development of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP as a member of the Planning Committee. City, District, agency, and other stakeholders’ participation is essential to developing a meaningful and high-quality plan for our community, while meeting State and Federal requirements. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Please join us for our Project Kickoff and first Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role. Please see the agenda attached.

Tuesday, May 23, 2023 (1:30 - 4:00 pm)
Packet Page No. 993
Tri-City A-22
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Kickoff Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the Alameda County Water District
Jacob Reed, ACWD project lead, provided direct invitations to ACWD staff as appropriate. A written invitation was not available to include.

Please join us for our Project Kickoff and first Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role. Please see the agenda attached.

Tuesday, May 23, 2023 (1:30 - 4:00 pm)
Downtown Event Center
Capitol Room
3500 Capitol Avenue
Fremont, CA 94538
Questions? Please feel free to reach Rich Martinez, Project Manager, at 510.427.7772 or [email protected]
Packet Page No. 994
Tri-City A-23
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Kickoff Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the Union Sanitary District
From: Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, May 15, 2023 3:18 PM
To: Jose Rodrigues; Raymond Chau
Cc: Jeanine Foster
Subject: Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #1 (Kickoff) When: Tuesday, May 23, 2023 1:30 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Downtown Event Center, Capitol Room, 3500 Capitol Ave, Fremont CA 94538 Good Afternoon:

You have been selected to participate in the development of the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP as a member of the Planning Committee. City, District, agency, and other stakeholders’ participation is essential to developing a meaningful and high-quality plan for our community, while meeting State and Federal requirements. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Please join us for our Project Kickoff and first Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The kickoff meeting will explain the LHMP development process and your role. Please see the agenda attached.

Tuesday, May 23, 2023 (1:30 - 4:00 pm)
Downtown Event Center
Capitol Room
3500 Capitol Avenue
Fremont, CA 94538
Questions? Please feel free to reach out.

Packet Page No. 995
Tri-City A-24
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Kickoff Meeting Agenda
Packet Page No. 996
Tri-City A-25
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Kickoff Meeting Sign-in Sheets
Packet Page No. 997
Tri
-CityA-26
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 998
Tri-City A-27
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Risk Assessment Meeting
Risk Assessment Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Fremont
From: Megan Rivera <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, July 11, 2023 8:46:41 AM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) To: Karena McGee Shackelford <[email protected]>; Brian Stott <[email protected]>; Christina Briggs <[email protected]>; Geneva Bosques <[email protected]>; Cheryl Golden <[email protected]>; Rocio Fierro <[email protected]>; Steven Schwarz -Risk <[email protected]>; Suzanne Wolf <[email protected]>; Kim Beranek <[email protected]>; Juan Barajas <[email protected]>; Dan Schoenholz <[email protected]>; Wayne Morris <[email protected]>; Joel Pullen <[email protected]>; Gary West <[email protected]>; David Wage <[email protected]>; Rachel DiFranco <[email protected]>; Kranti Kapur <[email protected]>; Donovan Lazaro <[email protected]>; Vanessa Ware <[email protected]>; David Persselin <[email protected]>; Hein Hein Myat <[email protected]>; Zoraida Diaz <[email protected]>; Heather Mozdean <[email protected]>; Jason Kong <[email protected]>; Greg Miller <[email protected]>; Alec Tune <[email protected]>; Sanford Taylor <[email protected]>; David Yu <[email protected]>; John Leon <[email protected]>; Tim Hayes <[email protected]>; Ruby Wun <[email protected]>; Ed Chew <[email protected]>; Hans Larsen <[email protected]>; Khandan Bahmani <[email protected]>; Noe Veloso <[email protected]>; Dilip Kishnani <[email protected]>; Homira Shafaq <[email protected]>; Kelly King <[email protected]>; Jeff Edwards <[email protected]>; Pat Kendrick <[email protected]>; Sean Washington <[email protected]>; Lance Brede <[email protected]>; Paul McCormick <[email protected]>; Amy Gee <[email protected]>; Arquimides Caldera <[email protected]>; Karen Grimsich <[email protected]>; Cabrera, Domingo S., Sheriff <[email protected]>; [email protected] <paul.wheeler@haywardca.gov>; Lincoln.Casimere <[email protected]>; Rowena Cowan <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; bperalta <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; tcharles[email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; Daniel O'Connell <Daniel_O'[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; Wong, Kane <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; Rich Martinez <[email protected]>; Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>; Jacob Reed <[email protected]>; Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]>; Jeanine Foster <[email protected]> Subject: Tri-City LHMP Planning Committee Meeting #2 (Risk Assessment) When: Thursday, August 17, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM.

Where: Newark Library | 37055 Newark Blvd, Newark, CA 94560 ALERT: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe. Report to City of Newark IT Help Desk if found suspicious.

Good Afternoon: Packet Page No. 999
Tri
-CityA-28
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Good Afternoon:

In May, we kicked off the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project. That meeting provided an overview of the project and was used to identify a list of natural hazards (e. g., earthquake, wildfire, flood, sea level rise, etc.) to include in the LHMP. Since then, Foster Morrison Consulting has been collecting data and preparing a risk assessment – which will consist of a written profile and analysis of each identified natural hazard, supported by technical, historical, and authoritative data. The risk assessment will become a part of the new LHMP.

Please join us for our second Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The purpose of this meeting is to share draft risk assessment materials – including mapping, data, and other information – and invite your feedback. Please see the agenda attached.

Thursday, August 17, 2023 (1:00 - 4:00 pm)
Newark Library
37055 Newark Blvd.**
Newark, CA 94560
**access to parking and the facility via Civic Terrace Ave.** Questions? Please feel free to reach Alec Tune, Project Manager, at 510.494.4256 or [email protected]. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Packet Page No. 1000
Tri-City A-29
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Risk Assessment Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Newark
From: Rich Martinez <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, July 13, 2023 3:28 PM
To: Lenka Hovorka; Soren Fajeau; Steven Turner; Jolie Macias; Krysten Lee; Brian R. Simon; Matthew Farrell; Tonya Connolly; Peter Beireis; Peter Fong; Gloria Del Rosario; bperalta; scondon; libbydavid4; Jeffrey Luepke - ACFD; Diana Cangco
Cc: Jeanine Foster
Subject: Tri-City LHMP Planning Committee Meeting #2 (Risk Assessment) When: Thursday, August 17, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Newark Library (37055 Newark Blvd, Newark, CA 94560) Good Afternoon:

In May, we kicked off the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project. That meeting provided an overview of the project and was used to identify a list of natural hazards (e. g., earthquake, wildfire, flood, sea level rise, etc.) to include in the LHMP. Since then, Foster Morrison Consulting has been collecting data and preparing a risk assessment – which will consist of a written profile and analysis of each identified natural hazard, supported by technical, historical, and authoritative data. The risk assessment will become a part of the new LHMP.

Please join us for our second Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The purpose of this meeting is to share draft risk assessment materials – including mapping, data, and other information – and invite your feedback. Please see the agenda attached.

Thursday, August 17, 2023 (1:00 - 4:00 pm)
Newark Library
37055 Newark Blvd.**
Newark, CA 94560
**access to parking and the facility via Civic Terrace Ave.** Questions? Please feel free to reach Richard Martinez, Project Manager, at 510.427.7772 or [email protected] . For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Packet Page No. 1001
Tri-City A-30
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Risk Assessment Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Union City
From: Ricardo Martinez
Sent: Wednesday, July 12, 2023 10:24:03 AM
To: Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>; Jennifer Phan <[email protected]>; Mario Vallejo <[email protected]>; Corina Hahn <[email protected]>; Farooq M. Azim <[email protected]>; Coleman Frick <[email protected]>; Chuck Venook <[email protected]>; Chris Valuckas <[email protected]>; Tommy (Wai Chee) Cho <[email protected]>; Trieu Tran <[email protected]>; Lt. Brian Baumgartner <[email protected]>; Casimere, Lincoln, ACFD <[email protected]>; Paul Roman <[email protected]>; Jose Gutierrez <[email protected]>; Cliff Feldman <[email protected]> Cc: Thomas, Derrick, ACFD <[email protected]>; Marilou Ayupan <[email protected]>; Carmela Campbell <[email protected]>; Jason Rodgers <[email protected]>; Servin, Ian <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>; Lee Guio <[email protected]>
Subject: Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional LHMP Planning Committee Meeting #2 When: Thursday, August 17, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM.

Where: Newark Library (37055 Newark Blvd, Newark, CA 94560) Good morning:

In May, we kicked off the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project. That meeting provided an overview of the project and was used to identify a list of natural hazards (e. g., earthquake, wildfire, flood, sea level rise, etc.) to include in the LHMP. Since then, Foster Morrison Consulting has been collecting data and preparing a risk assessment – which will consist of a written profile and analysis of each identified natural hazard, supported by technical, historical, and authoritative data. The risk assessment will become a part of the new LHMP.

Please join us for our second Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The purpose of this meeting is to share draft risk assessment materials – including mapping, data, and other information – and invite your feedback. Please see the agenda attached.

Thursday, August 17, 2023 (1:00 - 4:00 pm)
Newark Library
37055 Newark Blvd.**
Newark, CA 94560
**access to parking and the facility via Civic Terrace Ave.** Questions? Please feel free to reach Rich Martinez, Project Manager, at 510.675.5363 or [email protected]. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov Packet Page No. 1002
Tri-City A-31
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Risk Assessment Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the ACWD Jacob Reed, ACWD project lead, provided direct invitations to ACWD staff as appropriate. A written invitation was not available to include.

Risk Assessment Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the USD From: Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, May 15, 2023 2:19 PM
To: Karoline Terrazas; Jose Rodrigues
Cc: Jeanine Foster
Subject: Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #2 (Risk Assessment) When: Thursday, August 17, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Newark Library | 37055 Newark Blvd, Newark, CA 94560 EXTERNAL EMAIL: BE CAREFUL BEFORE CLICKING ANY LINKS OR ATTACHMENTS Good Afternoon:

In May, we kicked off the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project. That meeting provided an overview of the project and was used to identify a list of natural hazards (e. g., earthquake, wildfire, flood, sea level rise, etc.) to include in the LHMP. Since then, Foster Morrison Consulting has been collecting data and preparing a risk assessment – which will consist of a written profile and analysis of each identified natural hazard, supported by technical, historical, and authoritative data. The risk assessment will become a part of the new LHMP.

Please join us for our second Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The purpose of this meeting is to share draft risk assessment materials – including mapping, data, and other information – and invite your feedback. Please see the agenda attached.

Thursday, August 17, 2023 (1:00 - 4:00 pm)
Newark Library
37055 Newark Blvd.**
Newark, CA 94560
**access to parking and the facility via Civic Terrace Ave.** Questions? Please feel free to reach Alec Tune, Project Manager, at 510.494.4256 or [email protected]. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov Packet Page No. 1003
Tri-City A-32
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Risk Assessment Meeting Agenda
Packet Page No. 1004
Tri-City A-33
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Risk Assessment Meeting Sign in Sheets Packet Page No. 1005
Tri
-CityA-34
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1006
Tri-City A-35
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Mitigation Strategy Meetings
Mitigation Strategy Meetings Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Fremont
From: Megan Rivera <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, August 31, 2023 11:55 AM
To: Megan Rivera; Karena McGee Shackelford; Brian Stott; Christina Briggs; Geneva Bosques; Cheryl Golden; Rocio Fierro; Steven Schwarz -Risk; Suzanne Wolf; Kim Beranek; Juan Barajas; Dan Schoenholz; Wayne Morris; Joel Pullen; Gary West; David Wage; Rachel DiFranco; Kranti Kapur; Donovan Lazaro; Vanessa Ware; David Persselin; Hein Hein Myat; Zoraida Diaz; Heather Mozdean; Greg Miller; Alec Tune; Sanford Taylor; David Yu; John Leon; Tim Hayes; Ruby Wun; Ed Chew; Hans Larsen; Khandan Bahmani; Noe Veloso; Dilip Kishnani; Homira Shafaq; Kelly King; Jeff Edwards; Pat Kendrick; Sean Washington; Lance Brede; Paul McCormick; Amy Gee; Arquimides Caldera; Karen Grimsich; Cabrera, Domingo S., Sheriff; [email protected]; [email protected]; Rowena Cowan; [email protected]; Ben Peralta; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Daniel O'Connell; [email protected]; Wong, Kane; [email protected]; victoria.lamar[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Rich Martinez; Ricardo Martinez; Jacob Reed; Karoline Terrazas; Jeanine Foster; Mirabel Aguilar; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Cc: Stallard, Barry; Jose Rodrigues; Nina Merrill; ReceptionDesk@BCDC; Goldzband, Larry@BCDC; Scharff, Greg@BCDC; Goeden, Brenda@BCDC; Noble, Angela@BCDC; Zeppetello, Marc@BCDC; Plater, Brent@BCDC; Buehmann, Erik@BCDC; Ron Halog; Lars Eric Holm; McGrath, Delia@DWR; Ron Chan; Hallenbeck, Todd@BCDC; Gomez, Grace@BCDC; [email protected]; Cochran, Taleen@BCDC; John Lee; Hawkins, Ava@BCDC; Dwight Williams; [email protected]; Daniel Park; Linda Lai; Caroline.Abellar; Thomas Niesar; Girum Awoke; Mike Casey; Corina Campbell; Laura Hidas; Jimmy Chen Subject: Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan When: Tuesday, September 19, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Alameda County Water District | 43885 S. Grimmer Blvd. Fremont, CA 94538 Good Afternoon,
Packet Page No. 1007
Tri
-CityA-36
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Thanks to all who participated in the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project’s Planning Committee Meeting 2 on August 17. Your input is greatly appreciated and will be used in the Risk Assessment portion of the new plan.

Please join us for our next two Planning Committee Meetings, as follows (**updated -- see agenda attached and FEMA Mitigation Ideas resource).

Tuesday, September 19, 2023 (1:00 – 4:00 pm) – we will be briefly revisiting the risk assessment data developed to date. We will also be establishing updated LHMP goals and objectives.

Alameda County Water District
Board Room
43885 S. Grimmer Blvd.

Fremont, CA 94538
Wednesday, September 20, 2023 (9:00 am – 12:00 pm) – we will be working to identify and discuss potential mitigation actions and projects for reducing the Tri-City Planning Area’s risk and vulnerability to identified hazards and disasters.

Same location as above
Our final Planning Committee Meeting will be held in Fremont on Thursday, January 25, 2024 (9:00 – 11:30 am).

Questions? Please feel free to reach Alec Tune, Project Manager, at 510.494.4256 or [email protected]. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Packet Page No. 1008
Tri-City A-37
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Mitigation Strategy Meetings Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Newark
From: Richard Martinez <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, September 12, 2023 4:25 PM
To: Lenka Hovorka <[email protected]>; Steven Turner <[email protected]>; Soren Fajeau <[email protected]>; Jolie Macias <[email protected]>; Peter Fong <[email protected]>; Diana Cangco <[email protected]>; Matthew Farrell <[email protected]>; Tonya Connolly <[email protected]>; Brian R. Simon <[email protected]>; Krysten Lee <[email protected]>; Gloria Del Rosario <[email protected]>; Jeffrey Luepke - ACFD <[email protected]>; Lincoln.Casimere <[email protected]>; bperalta <[email protected]>; scondon <[email protected]>; Peter Beireis <[email protected]>; zghost <[email protected]>; Carmelisa Lopez <[email protected]>
Cc: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: FW: REMINDER: Tri-City LHMP Mitigation Strategy Meetings Hi All,
In advance of next week’s Tri-City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) Mitigation Strategy meetings, please see below:

Prep for next week’s working meetings
Identify and bring your mitigation project ideas to the meetings! These are the two most important meetings for this LHMP project:
✓ Tuesday, September 19 (1:00 - 4:00 pm) - we will be briefly revisiting the risk assessment data developed to date. We will also be establishing updated LHMP goals and objectives.
✓ Wednesday, September 20 (9:00 am – 12:00 pm) - we will be working to identify and discuss potential mitigation actions and projects for reducing the Tri-City Planning Area’s risk and vulnerability to identified hazards and disasters.

Meeting Location (For both September 19th and 20th meetings):

Alameda County Water District
Board Room
43885 S. Grimmer Blvd.

Fremont, CA 94538
Please make sure everyone attends that has mitigation actions and projects to include in the LHMP for all identified priority hazards.

Attached is a FEMA publication – Mitigation Ideas & Agenda for both Tuesday & Wednesday meetings
Take a look – it is easy to skim through and will give you mitigation ideas, by hazard. What fits for the Tri-City LHMP? Packet Page No. 1009
Tri
-CityA-38
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Take a look – it is easy to skim through and will give you mitigation ideas, by hazard. What fits for the Tri-City LHMP?
Agency and stakeholder participation and coordination is a requirement of an approved LHMP, as is the inclusion of any hazard data, information, and mitigation projects your department or agency may want to see included in the plan. Your continued participation and input is critical to the success of this project!
I know many of you will be attending the City Management, Supervisory meeting on Tuesday we will plan to see you all on Wednesday. Those who can make both days we will see you there.

Please let me know if you have questions.

Regards,
Richard
City of Union City – Contracted by City of Newark
Packet Page No. 1010
Tri-City A-39
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Mitigation Strategy Meetings Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the City of Union City
From: Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, August 28, 2023 2:22 PM
To: Ricardo Martinez; Jennifer Phan; Mario Vallejo; Farooq M. Azim; Jose Gutierrez; Paul Roman; Coleman Frick; Cliff Feldman; Chuck Venook; Tommy (Wai Chee) Cho; Lt. Brian Baumgartner; Casimere, Lincoln, ACFD; Ben Peralta; [email protected]; Lee Guio Cc: Jeanine Foster; Chris Valuckas
Subject: LHMP Planning meeting #3
When: Tuesday, September 19, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Alameda County Water District (43885 S Grimmer Blvd, Fremont, CA 94538) Good Afternoon,
Thanks to all who participated in the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project’s Planning Committee Meeting 2 on August 17. Your input is greatly appreciated and will be used in the Risk Assessment portion of the new plan.

Please join us for our next two Planning Committee Meetings, as follows. In these meetings, we’ll dive even deeper into our risks (including new seismic hazard modelling performed by the Consultant, Foster Morrison) and then develop a list of Mitigation Strategies. Mitigation strategies include potential capital investments, policies, or other initiatives to reduce long-term community risk. Agenda to follow.

Tuesday, September 19, 2023 (1:00 – 4:00 pm)
Alameda County Water District
Board Room
43885 S. Grimmer Blvd.

Fremont, CA 94538
Wednesday, September 20, 2023 (9:00 am – 12:00 pm)
Same location as above
Our final Planning Committee Meeting will be held in Fremont on Thursday, January 25, 2024 (9:00 – 11:30 am).

Questions? Please feel free to reach Richard Martinez, Project Lead, at 510.675.5363 or [email protected] For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Please remember any work or meeting related to this project that you use 1110-1201-20100-51110. If this code is not on your timesheet, please let me know and I will ask Kalpana & Lety to add this to your timesheet. All hours are in-kind services that will work towards our share for this project cost.

Regards,
Richard
Packet Page No. 1011
Tri-City A-40
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Mitigation Strategy Meetings Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the ACWD
Packet Page No. 1012
Tri
-CityA-41
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1013
Tri
-CityA-42
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1014
Tri-City A-43
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Mitigation Strategy Meetings Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public from the USD From: Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, May 15, 2023 2:19 PM
To: Karoline Terrazas; Jose Rodrigues
Cc: Jeanine Foster
Subject: Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #2 (Risk Assessment) When: Thursday, August 17, 2023 1:00 PM-4:00 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Newark Library | 37055 Newark Blvd, Newark, CA 94560 EXTERNAL EMAIL: BE CAREFUL BEFORE CLICKING ANY LINKS OR ATTACHMENTS Good Afternoon:

In May, we kicked off the Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project. That meeting provided an overview of the project and was used to identify a list of natural hazards (e. g., earthquake, wildfire, flood, sea level rise, etc.) to include in the LHMP. Since then, Foster Morrison Consulting has been collecting data and preparing a risk assessment – which will consist of a written profile and analysis of each identified natural hazard, supported by technical, historical, and authoritative data. The risk assessment will become a part of the new LHMP.

Please join us for our second Planning Committee Meeting, as follows. The purpose of this meeting is to share draft risk assessment materials – including mapping, data, and other information – and invite your feedback. Please see the agenda attached.

Thursday, August 17, 2023 (1:00 - 4:00 pm)
Newark Library
37055 Newark Blvd.**
Newark, CA 94560
**access to parking and the facility via Civic Terrace Ave.** Questions? Please feel free to reach Alec Tune, Project Manager, at 510.494.4256 or [email protected]. For more information about the project, visit my.fremont.gov.

Packet Page No. 1015
Tri-City A-44
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Mitigation Strategy Meeting Agenda
Packet Page No. 1016
Tri-City A-45
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Mitigation Strategy Meeting Sign in Sheets – September 19th Packet Page No. 1017
Tri-City A-46
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Mitigation Strategy Meeting Sign in Sheets – September 20th Packet Page No. 1018
Tri-City A-47
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Meeting for CRS Activity 610 and Planning Committee (CRS Steering Committee) LHMP Development (CRS Activity 510)
CRS Meeting Activity 610 Invite
The CRS Meeting invite was done via phone calls and internal emails. As such, there was no meeting invite record digitally.

CRS Meeting Activity 610 Agenda
Packet Page No. 1019
Tri-City A-48
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
CRS Meeting Activity 610 Sign in Sheet
Packet Page No. 1020
Tri-City A-49
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
CRS Meeting Activity 510 Invite
From: Alec Tune <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, October 17, 2023 10:18 AM
Cc: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>; Rich Martinez <[email protected]>; Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>; Joel Pullen <[email protected]>; Homira Shafaq <[email protected]>; Megan Rivera <[email protected]> Subject: Community Rating System (Flood Risk) Steering Committee Good Afternoon:

Thank you for your interest in the Tri-City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) project’s National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) – Community Rating System (CRS) Steering Committee. The Committee consists of public and private stakeholders, including city officials, residents, and businesses. As a member of the Committee, your participation will help inform our strategy for reducing flood risk to the community, and will contribute to the flood planning element of the new Tri-City LHMP. Additional information regarding the Committee is attached.

You are cordially invited to attend our CRS Steering Committee Meeting on Tuesday, October 24 (6:00 – 7:30 pm) at the Fremont Fire Department offices.

Fremont Fire Department – Administration
3300 Capitol Avenue, Building “A”
Fremont, CA 94538
** Parking is available to the rear of City Hall Building A (on the side of the building facing away from Capitol Avenue, i. e., the southeast side of the building). Enter through the rear doors to the building. Signs will be posted.**
Please RSVP to Megan Rivera at [email protected] or 510.494.4217. Please feel free to reach me or Megan with any questions.

CRS Steering Committee members are also invited to attend our final Tri-City LHMP Planning Committee Meeting on January 24, 2024 (9:00 – 11:30 am), to be held in Fremont. Details to follow.

Packet Page No. 1021
Tri-City A-50
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
CRS Meeting Activity 510 Agenda
Packet Page No. 1022
Tri-City A-51
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
CRS Meeting Activity 510 Sign in Sheet
Final Planning Committee Meeting
Final Meeting Invite to Planning Committee, Stakeholders, and Public The project leads for the Cities of Newark and Union City, and ACWD provided direct invitations to their staff as appropriate. Written invitations not available to include. Also, the outreach efforts conducted for the final public and planning committee meetings were done through websites, a newspaper advertisement, and through social media efforts that were used to inform and invite all Planning Committee and the public to attend either or both of these final LHMP meetings.

Packet Page No. 1023
Tri-City A-52
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Meeting Invite from City of Fremont
Final Meeting Invite from USD
From: Megan Rivera <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, May 31, 2023 11:16 AM
To: Megan Rivera; Alec Tune; Jeanine Foster; Jacob Reed; Ricardo Martinez; Rich Martinez; Karoline Terrazas
Subject: Planning Committee Meeting #5
When: Thursday, January 25, 2024 9:00 AM-11:30 AM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Downtown Event Center: Capitol Room | 3500 Capitol Ave. Fremont, CA 94538 Planning Committee Meeting #5
Thursday, January 25, 2024 (9:00 - 11:30 am)
Downtown Event Center
Capitol Room
3500 Capitol Ave.

Fremont, CA 94538
From: Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, May 15, 2023 2:20 PM
To: Karoline Terrazas; Jose Rodrigues
Cc: Jeanine Foster
Subject: Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #5 (Draft Review- Final) When: Thursday, January 25, 2024 9:00 AM-11:30 AM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Downtown Event Center: Capitol Room | 3500 Capitol Ave. Fremont, CA 94538 Planning Committee Meeting #5
Thursday, January 25, 2024 (9:00 - 11:30 am)
Downtown Event Center
Capitol Room
3500 Capitol Ave.

Fremont, CA 94538
Packet Page No. 1024
Tri-City A-53
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Final Meeting Agenda
Packet Page No. 1025
Tri-City A-54
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Planning Committee Final Meeting Sign in Sheet
Packet Page No. 1026
Tri
-CityA-55
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1027
Tri-City A-56
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
A.2 Tri-City Step 2: Involve the Public
Multiple efforts were made to engage the public during the creation of this plan, including direct outreach efforts such as phone calls, emails, direct mailings, and face-to-face meetings, in addition to the broader outreach efforts such as e-newsletters, website postings, newspaper advertisements and articles, and leveraging other community events to communicate and invite participation in the LHMP Update project.

A key element of public participation is including members of the public and other public-type stakeholders on the LHMP Planning Committee.
a) List of LHMP Planning Committee Members
The LHMP Planning Committee, comprising key city, special district, and other government and stakeholder representatives and the public, developed the plan with leadership from the five participating jurisdictions and facilitation by Foster Morrison. The non-local government members of the Steering Committee (citizens and other outside stakeholders) provided representation on the Planning Committee.

The list of Planning Committee members is shown in Section A.1.c of this Appendix. b) and c) Public Meetings
In addition to an advertisement and newspaper article for public participation, notices of meetings were sent directly to all persons on the Planning Committee invite list and also to other agency and key stakeholders with an interest in the Tri-City Planning Area. The majority of these people reside in Fremont, Newark, Union City or in surrounding communities. The formal public meetings for this project are summarized in the following table. Outreach backup and other information associated with the public meetings follow the table.

Meeting Type Meeting Topic Meeting Date Meeting Locations Early Public Kickoff
Meeting #1
1) Intro to DMA, CRS and
mitigation planning
2) 2024 LHMP Update Process
May23, 2023 George M. Silliman,
Community Activity
Center, Newark
Early Public Kickoff
Meeting #1
1) Intro to DMA, CRS and
mitigation planning
2) 2024 LHMP Update Process
July 13, 2023 Age Well Center at
Lake Elizabeth,
Fremont
Risk Assessment Public
Meeting
1) Overview of the Risk
Assessment Data and process
August 17, 2023 Kennedy Youth
Center, Union City
Final Public Meeting 1)Presentation of Draft LHMP
and solicitation of public and
stakeholder comments
January 24, 2024 Fremont Main
Library, Fremont
Packet Page No. 1028
Tri-City A-57
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
General Public Outreach Information
Packet Page No. 1029
Tri
-CityA-58
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1030
Tri-City A-59
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (Paid Ad – 5/16/2023 Tri-City Voice) Packet Page No. 1031
Tri-City A-60
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Press Release
Packet Page No. 1032
Tri
-CityA-61
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1033
Tri-City A-62
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (Fremont Connection E-Newsletter) Packet Page No. 1034
Tri-City A-63
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (Facebook from 5/19/2023) Packet Page No. 1035
Tri-City A-64
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (Fremont Instagram 5/19/2023) Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (LinkedIn 5/19/2023) Packet Page No. 1036
Tri-City A-65
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (Nextdoor 5/19/2023) Packet Page No. 1037
Tri-City A-66
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (Twitter 5/19/2023) Packet Page No. 1038
Tri-City A-67
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Outreach (My Fremont)
Packet Page No. 1039
Tri-City A-68
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meeting Agenda
Packet Page No. 1040
Tri-City A-69
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Early Public Kickoff Meetings –Sign-in Sheets: May 23
Packet Page No. 1041
Tri-City A-70
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Risk Assessment Meeting Outreach Flyer/Press Release Packet Page No. 1042
Tri-City A-71
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Risk Assessment Meeting – Invitation on City of Fremont (City Manager) Website Packet Page No. 1043
Tri-City A-72
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Risk Assessment Meeting – Public Agenda
Packet Page No. 1044
Tri-City A-73
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Risk Assessment Meeting Sign in Sheets
Packet Page No. 1045
Tri-City A-74
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting Outreach Paid Ad (Tri-City Voice 1/16/2024) Packet Page No. 1046
Tri-City A-75
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting Outreach on Facebook
Packet Page No. 1047
Tri-City A-76
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting Outreach on Twitter
Packet Page No. 1048
Tri-City A-77
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting Outreach on Instagram
Packet Page No. 1049
Tri-City A-78
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting Outreach at USD Service Counter
Packet Page No. 1050
Tri-City A-79
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting – Public Agenda
Packet Page No. 1051
Tri-City A-80
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Final Public Meeting Sign in Sheets
Packet Page No. 1052
Tri-City A-81
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
(d) Other Public Outreach Efforts
Public Outreach Activity Description
MyFremont LHMP Update
Website May 2023 –
February 2024
MyFremont housed the official Tri-City 2024 LHMP Update webpage. Information on the Plan update process and location of documents, and all Planning Committee and public meeting locations were posted on the MyFremont website. This website also included a link to the Survey.

Public Outreach Flyer for
Kickoff Meeting
May 2023
An initial public outreach flyer was developed for the initial public and planning committee kick off meetings and updated throughout the project.

Public Outreach Flyer in
Newark Community Centers
May 2023
Public outreach flyer posted in the 3 Newark community centers. This included the Clark W. Redeker Newark Senior Center, the George M. Silliman Community Activity Center, and the Newark Community Center.

Union City Bike to Work
Day
May 18, 2023
In Union City held a bike to workday on 5/18/2023 - the City provided a hand out and the Public Outreach Flyer was included the flyer in the 150 bags that were distributed.

Newark Swearing-In
Ceremony for new County
Supervisor Vasquez
May 2023
Richard Martinez attended the swearing in ceremony held in Newark for new County Supervisor Vasquez. As part of that ceremony, he did outreach for the LHMP Kickoff planning committee and public meetings and had the Public Outreach Flyers handed out.

ACWD posting of LHMP
Flyer in their Lobby
May/June 2023
The public outreach flyer was posted in late May/June 2023 in the ACWD lobby to let customers and visitors to the District know of the LHMP kickoff meeting and how they can be involved.

City of Fremont Website
Fremont.gov
July – February 2024
The City of Fremont Website has been providing coverage of the LHMP project. It is one of three highlighted initiatives on the City’s Main pagefremont.gov. Additionally, all upcoming Planning Committee and Public Meeting dates appear on the City’s calendar (at https://www.fremont.gov/residents/city-calendar), and are highlighted on the main page for the City Manager’s Office,
https://www.fremont.gov/government/departments/city-manager.

City of Newark Website The City of Newark developed a Tri-City 2024 LHMP webpage to keep their citizens informed on the LHMP plan development process and how to be involved. This website linked to the MyFremont LHMP webpage.

City of Union City Website The City of Union City developed a Tri-City 2024 LHMP webpage to keep their citizens informed on the LHMP plan development process and how to be involved.

This website linked to the MyFremont LHMP webpage.

Alameda County Water
District Website
ACWD has a link to the Tri-City LHMP on their website at https://www.acwd.org/125/Emergency-Preparedness.

Union Sanitary District
Website
The Union Sanitary District developed a Tri-City 2024 LHMP webpage to keep their citizens informed on the LHMP plan development process and how to be involved.

This website linked to the MyFremont LHMP webpage.

City of Newark
Facebook
May 20 & 23, 2023
The City of Newark posted on Facebook to remind everyone of the Tri-City 2024 LHMP kickoff meeting.

City of Union City
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
May 19, 20, 33, & 23, 2023
The City of Union City posted on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to remind everyone of the Tri-City 2024 LHMP kickoff meeting.

Packet Page No. 1053
Tri-City A-82
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Outreach Activity Description
Tri-City 2024 LHMP
Public Outreach Survey
August 2023 – January 2024
A public survey was posted on the MyFremont website inviting the public to comment on how concerned and prepared the five participating jurisdictions and individuals are for a possible natural disaster, including flood events. The Survey was advertised through a variety of mechanisms throughout the Plan development process. This included utilizing a QR code embedded in the Public Outreach Flyer. See https://www.my.fremont.gov/tri-city-hazard-plan
Union City CERT table at
the South Alameda Buddhist
Bizarre Event
June 25, 2023
The public outreach flyer was included at the Union City CERT table at the South Alameda Buddhist Bizarre Event promoting the LHMP and how the public can get involved.

Union Sanitary District
Public Outreach
July 2023
The Union Sanitary District placed the public outreach flyer at their from permit counter promoting the LHMP and how the public can get involved.

City of Newark
Social Media and City
Website LHMP Survey
Outreach
August 2023
The City of Newark promoted the LHMP Survey on both the City website and through social media.

City of Fremont
Social Media Posting
Facebook, August 8, 2023
The City of Fremont promoted the LHMP Public Meeting #2 on the Risk Assessment on both the City website and through social media outreach, including Facebook.

City of Fremont
Social Media Posting
Twitter, August 8, 2023
The City of Newark promoted the LHMP Public Meeting #2 on the Risk Assessment on both the City website and through social media, including Twitter.

City of Fremont
Social Media Posting
Nextdoor, August 9, 2023
The City of Newark promoted the LHMP Public Meeting #2 on the Risk Assessment on both the City website and through social media, including Nextdoor.

City of Newark
Social Media and City
Website LHMP Outreach
August 2023
The City of Newark promoted the LHMP Public Meeting #2 on the Risk Assessment on both the City website and through social media.

City of Union City
Social Media and City
Website LHMP Outreach
August 2023
The City of Union City promoted the LHMP Survey on both the City website and through social media.

City of Union City
Social Media and City
Website LHMP Outreach
August 2023
The City of Union City promoted the LHMP Public Meeting #2 on the Risk Assessment on both the City website and through social media.

Fremont’s Citywide weekly enewsletter to residents, The Fremont CONNECTION
August 18, 2023
Fremont’s Citywide weekly e-newsletter to residents, The Fremont CONNECTION August 18, 2023 promoted the LHMP survey.

City of Fremont, Facebook
LHMP Survey Promotion
August 18, 2023
The City of Fremont promoted the LHMP survey on Facebook.

City of Fremont, LinkedIn
LHMP Survey Promotion
August 18, 2023
The City of Fremont promoted the LHMP survey on LinkedIn.

Packet Page No. 1054
Tri-City A-83
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Outreach Activity Description
Newark Days
September 14-17
The public outreach flyer was included at the Newark CERT table at Newark Days promoting the LHMP and how the public can get involved.

Union City Community
Outreach at Our Lady of the
Rosary on Saturday October
7, 2023
The public outreach flyer for the LHMP was developed into a sign and index size cards to hand out at the Union City Community Outreach at Our Lady of the Rosary on Saturday October 7, 2023
MyFremont LHMP Update Website May 2023 – February 2024
Packet Page No. 1055
Tri-City A-84
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Outreach Flyer for Kickoff Meeting - May 2023
Packet Page No. 1056
Tri
-CityA-85
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1057
Tri-City A-86
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Outreach Flyer in Newark Community Centers - May 2023 Union City Bike to Work Day - May 18, 2023
See image above under heading Public Outreach Flyer in Newark Community Centers - May 2023.

Newark Swearing-In Ceremony for new County Supervisor Vasquez - May 2023 See image above under heading Public Outreach Flyer in Newark Community Centers - May 2023.

From: Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, May 24, 2023 2:58 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>; Jacob Reed <[email protected]>; Alec Tune <[email protected]>; RichM <[email protected]>; Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]>
Cc: Caroline Abellar <[email protected]>
Subject: RE: weblink to Planning Committee Meeting #1
Hi All,
Once I get the new flyer, I will replace the one I have. I have had posted in the Newark community centers but I can have those replaced with the new one and I can get pictures taken and sent in.

Jeanine, last week I had flyers handed out at two events, one in each City. In Union City it was a bike to workday on 5/18 our City provided a hand out and I included the flyer in the 150 bags that were distributed. In Newark they held the swearing in ceremony for new County Supervisor Vasquez and did community outreach there and I had flyers handed out. In both cases I did not have pictures taken of the flyers. Moving forward I will do so.

Regards,
Richard
Packet Page No. 1058
Tri-City A-87
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
ACWD posting of LHMP Flyer in their Lobby - May/June 2023 Packet Page No. 1059
Tri-City A-88
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Fremont Website (Fremont.gov) - July – February 2024 City of Newark Website
Packet Page No. 1060
Tri-City A-89
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Union City Website
Alameda County Water District Website
Packet Page No. 1061
Tri-City A-90
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Union Sanitary District Website
Packet Page No. 1062
Tri-City A-91
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Newark Facebook – May 20 & 23, 2023
Packet Page No. 1063
Tri
-CityA-92
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1064
Tri-City A-93
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Union City Facebook, Twitter, Instagram - May 19, 20, 33, & 23, 2023 Packet Page No. 1065
Tri-City A-94
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Tri-City 2024 LHMP Public Outreach Survey August 2023 – January 2024 Packet Page No. 1066
Tri-City A-95
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Union City CERT table at the South Alameda Buddhist Bizarre Event - June 25, 2023 Packet Page No. 1067
Tri-City A-96
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Union Sanitary District Public Outreach - July 2023
Packet Page No. 1068
Tri
-CityA-97
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Packet Page No. 1069
Tri-City A-98
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Newark Social Media and City Website LHMP Survey Outreach - August 2023 Packet Page No. 1070
Tri-City A-99
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Fremont Social Media Posting - Facebook, August 8, 2023 Packet Page No. 1071
Tri-City A-100
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Fremont Social Media Posting - Twitter, August 8, 2023 Packet Page No. 1072
Tri-City A-101
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Fremont Social Media Posting - Nextdoor, August 9, 2023 Packet Page No. 1073
Tri-City A-102
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Newark Social Media and City Website LHMP Outreach – August 2023 City of Union City Social Media and City Website LHMP Outreach - August 2023 NEED
City of Union City Social Media and City Website LHMP Outreach - August 2023 NEED
Packet Page No. 1074
Tri-City A-103
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Fremont’s Citywide weekly e-newsletter to residents, The Fremont CONNECTION - August 18, 2023
Packet Page No. 1075
Tri-City A-104
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Fremont, Facebook LHMP Survey Promotion - August 18, 2023 Packet Page No. 1076
Tri-City A-105
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
City of Fremont, LinkedIn LHMP Survey Promotion- August 18, 2023 Packet Page No. 1077
Tri-City A-106
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Newark Days - September 14-17
Packet Page No. 1078
Tri-City A-107
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Union City Community Outreach at Our Lady of the Rosary on Saturday October 7, 2023 Packet Page No. 1079
Tri-City A-108
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Public Comments Received
Table of Contents
Comment Number Comment Date Mechanism Commentor Organization 1, 2, 3, 4 7-12-2023 MyFremont Donna
Liz Ames (twice)
jsandoe
–
–
–
5 8-17-2023 Email Liz Ames BART Director
Tri-City Ecology vice
chair
Save Our Hills chair
6 1-23-2024 Email Anne Wein USGS
7 1-23-2024 Email Cora Chiu –
8 1-24-2024 Email Steve Skala Fremont Resident
9 1-24-2024 Email Carin High Citizens Committee
to Complete the
Refuge
10 1-24-2024 In Person Director Weed ACWD/Resident
11 2-11-2024 Email Florence Tsang Union City
12 2-15-2024 Email Jessica Yang & Alex
Buga
Newark Residents
13 2-16-2024 Email Jessica Yang Newark Resident
14 2-16-2024 Email Erin Pang Save the Bay
Greenbelt Alliance
SPUR
15 2-16-2024 Email Wayne Miller Newark Resident
16 2-16-2024 Email Alexandr Buga Newark Resident
17 2-16-2024 Email Carin High & Jana
Sokale
Citizens Committee
to Complete the
Refuge
18 2-16-2024 Email Cora Chiu –
19 2-17-2024 Email Rosalynn Liu Fremont Resident
20 10/19/2022 Email Kelly Mission Peak
Conservancy
Packet Page No. 1080
Tri-City A-109
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Comment Number Comment Date Mechanism Commentor Organization 21 2/26/2024 Email Josh Sonnenfeld Alameda Creek
Alliance
California Native
Plant Society - East
Bay Chapter
Center for Biological
Diversity
Citizens Committee
to Complete the
Refuge
Golden Gate Bird
Alliance
Greenbelt Alliance
Mission Peak
Conservancy
Ohlone Audubon
Society
San Francisco
Baykeeper
San Francisco Bay
Wildlife Society
Santa Clara Valley
Audubon Society
Save The Bay
Sierra Club, San
Francisco Bay
Chapter
SPUR
Packet Page No. 1081
Tri-City A-110
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Comment 1, 2, 3, and 4
notification each time survey response was submitted). Sorry about that.

Here they are (I’ll handle the first one in green; the one in yellow should be addressed – for Fremont – in our Hazardous Materials Area Plan, and I’d imagine in similar plans for Newark and Union City – by the local “Certified Unified Program Agency”):

Why doesn’t Fremont have a designated place to go for disaster like other cities have. Such as a community center or other designated place? donna, 16 Nov 2023, 20:06
donna, 16 Nov 2023, 20:06
How can we use modeling scenarios to ensure coordination and alignment with the Tri-City and County to create a southern SF bay master plan based on sea level rise projections and flooding? How can we use modeling scenarios to stimulate conservation approaches and coordinate climate education programs for better collaboration between cities, counties and research institutes?
liz ames, 13 Jul 2023, 17:01
With limitations on funding to protect and expand critical infrastructure and ecosystems, the actions should serve the whole including the Tri-City and county. Deficiencies in addressing flood control, transportation, water supply, various underground infrastructure warrants a master plan as a project outcome. This outcome should be based on earthquake, flooding, water and food availability, ecosystem survival and sea level rise modeling scenarios. We must break the cycle of project-by-project damage and costly reconstruction. Without a larger picture of the climate’s historic impacts -we will not be prepared to consolidate resources during the time and money we have available to us and our future generations. Please coordinate with the county’s plan and create a holistic master plan and strategy. Appreciate your work to reduce and manage risk so we are not scrambling for funds between cities and counties.
liz ames, 13 Jul 2023, 16:28
Are the risks associated with train derailment within the scope of this effort.

Fremont, Newark, and Union City all have active rail lines, several of which cross Alameda Creek. Many of the trains running on these lines carry hazardous chemicals.
jsandoe, 12 Jul 2023, 21:23
Packet Page No. 1082
Tri-City A-111
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Comment 5
From: liz ames <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, August 17, 2023 12:38 PM
To: Alec Tune <[email protected]>
Cc: Harris Caroline <[email protected]>; Jana Sokale <[email protected]>; Elizabeth Ames <[email protected]>
Subject: Tri-City multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) comments - critical infrastructure and biodiversity protection and conservation Look forward to climate adaption and hazard prevention through smart land use planning as we should be planning for a much longer timeline than 5 -years to achieve climate change adaption to our tri-city area. More communities are being caught by surprise and are unprepared to plan ahead for this climate crisis on a local and regional level.

LHMP timeline and strategy
A 5-year short-range planning the LHMP effort should be phased for a longer timeline akin to proposed City General Plans that forecast 20 to 30 years ahead or longer. The typical city 20-30 year land use forecasting model is not sufficient to adapt to hazards in some cases based on emerging climate science.

Biodiversity in CA calls for conservation -these efforts are not evaluated in the LHMP. California is home to more plants and species than any state in the nation making CA a world hot spot.

CDFA - OEFI - Biodiversity (ca.gov)
california-biodiversity-action-plan.pdf (californiabiodiversityinitiative.org) SLR threat to our San Francisco Bay Estuary, the 2nd largest in the nation.

Saving Tidal Marshes in the San Francisco Bay | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit Sea Level Rise CA scenario for 2100 is currently up to 10 feet per guidance document used the the CA coastal Commission.

California Coastal Commission Sea Level Rise Policy Guidance Appendix B report in 2018
Long range planning for Alameda Creek
Land uses must be reevaluated to achieve a climate resilient plan for Alameda Creek. Areas of conservation include restoring natural streams entering into Alameda Creek Watershed and habitat for endangered steelhead trout and wildlife corridors.

Historic Conservation Agreement Signed for Apperson and Sunol Quarries With Center for Biological Diversity and Alameda Creek Alliance
Unlock Alameda Creek (Alameda County) — Bay Area: Resilient By Design Challenge (resilientbayarea.org)
Long range planning for critical infrastructure such as roads can embrace wildlife corridors and more Creating a plan for roads used as wildlife corridors along interstates and highways is also recommended which could be used for people as well
Road Ecology Center (ucdavis.edu)
Packet Page No. 1083
Tri
-CityA-112
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Eco-Logical / Crediting | Road Ecology Center (ucdavis.edu) improving habitat and project selection Transportation Wildlife Corridors – Alameda County Resource Conservation District (ACRCD) Planning for new critical infrastructure and opportunity conservation sites will minimize hazardous development and the need for rebuilding in areas not suited for development.

If LHMP includes short and long-term social, environmental and economic stability goals, our near and long-term development and conservation futures will be less entangled and more collaborative. We live in one of the most important biodiverse locations in the nation and in the world and look forward to working with you.

Liz Ames
BART Director
Tri-City Ecology vice chair
Save Our Hills chair
Packet Page No. 1084
Tri-City A-113
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Comment 6
From: Wein, Anne <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, January 23, 2024 2:34 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: TRi-city LHMP
Hi Jeanie
I poked my nose into the plan.

It is looking good!
I did not have to much time available right now. I just have one comment.

I appreciated the perspective of climate change influences on hazards.

I may have missed it but I did not see recognition of the interaction between liquefaction and sea-level rise. This is a question that HayWired engagement partners were asking. Our response is in a storymap that may be of interest:
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b5f973b6e4da45258c0b5a5368ca26f7 Regards
Anne Wein
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 158 (mailing)
350 N. Akron Rd. (physical)
Moffett Field, CA 94035
650-439-2463
650-521-3367 (cell)
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Comment 7
From: Cora Chiu <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, January 23, 2024 4:56 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: Tri-city (fremont Newark, Union city) hazard mitigation I would like to suggest:
* do not allow houses build in the flood zone
* do not allow men made disaster destroy our natural habitat * protect our wetlands
Cora Chiu
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Comment 8
Language from Attachment
Review of draft Local hazard Mitigation Plan Annex A: City of Fremont By Steve Skala, resident of Fremont 1/24/24
Short-Term Flooding
I’m not sure if we have adequately captured risk of localized flooding from heavy rain atmospheric events.

Note that such events are expected to become more frequent with climate change and we just had a devastating heavy rain event in SanDiego this week that was described in the news as a 1000 year event with 3-4 inches of rain in one day. Fremont is highly dependent upon the Alameda County Flood Control District (ACFCD) drainage system to protect the city from localized flooding. I think Fremont and the hazard preparation process should review possible rain events using the San Diego event as a guide and determine the impact on ACFCD infrastructure and if that infrastructure will be overwhelmed. If ACFCD infrastructure is overwhelmed, there will be significantly more risk areas for local flooding than shown in Figure A-75. In principle, there can be local flooding along any of the ACFCD channels. Additionally, I don’t think the document fully captures risk to energy infrastructure. In particular, if ACFCD infrastructure is overwhelmed, there is a high possibility of flooding and water damage to underground electrical utilities, mostly from flooding transformers. We may need a mitigation that can deenergize parts of the electric grid that are vulnerable if a catastrophic local rain event shows risk of overwhelming some of ACFCD’s infrastructure.

Earthquake
A note for a graphical error, the map on figure A-53 has the Hayward Fault pretty far off from it’s actual location. The Hayward Fault is much closer to 680 in the area of 262 than is shown. Note that the fault is also shown to be a considerable distance from Tule Pond.

Figure A-60, Haywired Scenario 7.0 magnitude Number of Ignitions (50 MPH Winds) seems inaccurate.

Many recent examples of wildfire have shown complete destruction of neighborhoods that have similar From: Steve Skala <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, January 24, 2024 4:20 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: comment for City of Fremont Hazard Mitigation Plan Hello Ms. Foster,
You’re listed as a contact point to receive comments regarding the draft Tri-City Local Hazards Mitigation Plan. I have comments from the Annex A - City of Fremont attached.

Regards,
Steve Skala
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housing density as all of Fremont in a strong wind. I presume a 50 MPH wind will be comparable to the winds that have driven recent wildfire urban disasters. If a 50 MPH wind will result in significant fire spread, then an earthquake event that has more ignition sources than the fire department can quickly control will result in significant loss to affected neighborhoods. The report ran a Monte Carlo simulation, but I could not find the number of ignitions sources that were presumed in the model. I will suggest that impacts will be much more significant than shown in figure A-60 if we have 100 homes that catch fire in a major earthquake and there is a 50 MPH wind. I don’t know the number of expected fires from an earthquake, but Fremont does not have high rates of automatic gas shutoff values installed in buildings. I also don’t know if the electric grid will be automatically deenergized and thus we may have ignition sources from various electrical shorts either in utility poles or in buildings. It seems to be very plausible to have 100 ignitions started in Fremont from a major earthquake and that I think with a 50 MPH wind can cause significant impacts until there is further adoption of mitigations like automatic utility shutoffs are in place.

There are a few other risks from a major earthquake that are associated from prolonged periods without electricity. There are, 1) certain people in nursing homes and assisted living facilities may run out of medical oxygen. Most people on oxygen have electric-driven concentrators and backup supplies of bottled oxygen are not sufficient to cover prolonged electric outages. We may want to consider a mitigation of requiring some level of local power backup at relevant facilities or have portable generators on hand that can be quickly deployed. 2) a major earthquake happening coincidentally with a heat event will place heatvulnerable people at a large risk due to extended periods without power. This mitigation will require local shelters to have electric microgrids or other electric backup sufficient to provide needed cooling.

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Comment 9
Comment 10
John Weed (City of Fremont resident and Directory of ACWD) noted in the January 24th public meeting and a follow up phone call that the Mission Hills Fault should be addressed more comprehensively in the LHMP. Director Weed provided a fault map related to the Mission Fault prepared for Ohlone College.

Director Weed also provided a USGS landslide study specific to the 1998 Mission Peak landslide and landslide susceptibility mapping (dated 2000) specific to the Mission Ridge area. Director Weed also asked a question of Fremont’s previous participation in a BCDC (San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission) project in where Fremont was to establish a shoreline area.

From: C/H High <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, January 24, 2024 5:25 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: quick questions for you
Hi Jeanine,
I hope you are doing well. I have a couple of quick questions (for now) regarding the Tri-City LHMP process.
• For tonight's meeting is there a formal public comment process and if so, how much time will be allotted to each speaker?
• What is the process moving forward. There appears to be quite large gaps in the information currently available within the draft plan and each of the annexes. I assume updates may be provided during tomorrow's meeting regarding the status of supplying that information.

However, this leaves the public at a disadvantage in terms assessing whether all the risks have been identified, what mitigation measures are proposed, etc. for example the city of Fremont, despite what I believe is a commendable response, has yet to provide Tables 15 and 16. Will there be an opportunity to review and comment on the document once all of the yellow highlighted items are submitted and incorporated into the document? If not, in some cases, we will only be able to hazard guesses (sorry) regarding whether the risks are being adequately addressed.
• Can documents such as the San Francisco Bay Shoreline Adaptation Atlas: Working with Nature to Plan for Sea Level Rise Using Operational Landscape Units be referenced in the potential mitigation measures? And if it can, could inclusion of that document and the potential adaptation opportunities identified for further consideration result in funding implementation of nature-based solutions projects (once planning has occurred and they are shovel ready)? Or would there have to be more specific proposals under consideration for implementation? This is a lot of information to digest in a short period of time. I'm glad we have until February 16th, but am concerned even then we won't have all the substantive information.

Regards,
Carin High
Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge
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Comment 11
From: Florence Tsang <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, February 11, 2024 12:12 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: TriCity LHMP Public Review Draft Comments
Hi Jeanine,
I do regret getting involved in this late in the game, but first I appreciate all the work in these documents with all the groups involved.

I'm a registered architect living in Union City, and my kids both go to school with NHUSD. My concerns right now are mostly with the Mitigation Strategies:
- All the items left blank in Fremont's LHMP update.
- All the action items that currently have no existing mechanisms through which action will be implemented.

I do hope that I'm not alone, but I'm seeing opportunities residents and the greater community can assist with in these efforts, especially with Action Item 24 in the Union City LHMP update. Is there someone from Public Works or NHUSD I can reach out to who may be leading this effort? NHUSD is capable of mobilizing parent volunteers as I'm witnessing through Guy Emanuelle's Mandarin Immersion program. I also work at an architecture firm in Oakland with close to 50 people called Pyatok. We specialize in affordable housing but we're also concerned about climate change, its impact on communities, and building resiliency measures. I feel if there is a need for an architect or a team of architects and engineers to assist with conducting the feasibility study through Public Works or NHUSD, I'm curious to know. Then if it would help, I would like to start coordinating efforts with the leaders involved.

Thank you,
--
Florence Tsang,
Architect, AIA GA
33018 Carrara Terrace
Union City, CA 94587
510.304.6148
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Comment 12
From: Jessica Yang <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, February 15, 2024 5:07 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Cc: Rich Martinez <[email protected]>; Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>; Jacob Reed <[email protected]>; Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]>; Alec Tune <[email protected]>; Megan Rivera <[email protected]> Subject: Re: Tri-City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hi Jeanine,
It was great to meet you on January 24th, 2024 evening at the Fremont Library. Alex and I live in Newark next to the Don Edwards wetland park. We consider the Bay Area our home and are greatly concerned about its future with only 10% wetland natural habitats for wildlife remaining. In addition we find that many of the city land use policies allowing further development on top of bay lands hazardous areas for future residents. A neighbor in one of those new developments reported cracked and uneven foundations due to standing water. This is just one example of how the city’s decision to allow developers to build and sell homes in wetland areas as a liability for Newark residents city taxpayers. We believe the Tri-City Hazard Mitigation Plan can help better inform decision makers of the Land Zoning city council.

I have some feedback on the goals.

Could you please update Goal 3, Goal 7 and add Goal 8?
GOAL 3 (Improved): Promote public education, awareness, and understanding of how to prevent natural hazards and the risk and vulnerability
natural hazards present to quality of life, property, environment, and the economy .

Goal 7 (Improved): Build earthquake resiliency, prevent and reduce earthquake impacts, and mitigate undesirable earthquake
outcomes such as landslides by restricting housing development on at risk hill sides.

GOAL 8 (New): Build flooding resiliency, prevent and reduce flood impacts and mitigate undesirable flooding through wetland preservation and estuary restoration.

Thank you,
Jessica Yang & Alex Buga
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Comment 13
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From: Jessica Yang <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, February 16, 2024 11:46 AM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Cc: Rich Martinez <[email protected]>; Ricardo Martinez <[email protected]>; Jacob Reed <[email protected]>; Karoline Terrazas <[email protected]>; Alec Tune <[email protected]>; Megan Rivera <[email protected]> Subject: Re: Tri-City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hi Jeanine,
Wonderful to hear. Here’s my last public comment with regards to that Actions. See below.

Thank you
Fremont Action 28. Prevent and protect against landslide and property loss by enforcing laws to stop new housing developments on earthquake zones landslide risk areas.

Fremont Action 35. In areas of new condo, apartment, single family home developments, require fire lane open spaces between houses blocks.

Newark Action 14. Replace Eucalyptus Groves with native tree species that grow to the height of the existing Eucalyptus Groves. Currently, the Eucalyptus groves are home to monarch butterflies, turkey vultures, white egrets.

Replacements of these large old trees should be conducted slowly to prevent further habitat loss while young new trees are introduce.

Or just don’t remove these Eucalyptus Trees as they are currently home to native wildlife.

Fremont Action 18- Mitigate flooding impacts by restoring wetlands at Newark Site 4 where the current pick and pull is located. Instead of allowing Developers to build high density housing at the former wetlands site. Restoring wetlands as our natural flood protection brings back some of the flood waters and slowing the rate that water re-enters the stream channel, wetlands can reduce the severity of downstream flooding and erosion. This is also an act of Natural Resource Protection for the sensitive native wildlife in this area.

Newark Action 2 - Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Packet Page No. 1093
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Fremont Action 9- Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Union City Action 2 - Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Newark Action 11 - Install storm drainage improvements at Lindsay Tract in a way it is beneficial to restoration the natural environment. The drainage solution would involve bioswales or bioretention ponds.

Union City Action 16 - Requires all new homes to not be built on liquefaction soils in union city.

USD Action 1 - Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Packet Page No. 1094
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Comment 14
A 15page pdf was attached and is included below.

From: Erin Pang <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, February 16, 2024 7:14 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>; Alec Tune <[email protected]> Cc: Victor Flores <[email protected]>; Rishika Rawat <[email protected]>; [email protected] Subject: Tri-City LHMP Comment Letter from SPUR, Greenbelt, and Save The Bay Hi Jeanine and Alec,
Please find attached SPUR, Greenbelt, and Save The Bay’s joint comment letter on the Tri-City LHMP draft. Thank you for the opportunity to give input.

Once you have a chance to review the letter, we’d appreciate the opportunity to meet with you or someone on your team to answer any questions you may have and to get your thoughts on our recommendations. Please let us know if you’re available! All the best,
Erin Pang

POLICY ASSOCIATE
[email protected] | 510-463-6809 | www.saveSFbay.org
Pronouns: she, her
Protect and Restore San Francisco Bay
For People and Wildlife
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Comment 15
A 20 page pdf was attached and is included below.

From: Wayne Miller <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, February 16, 2024 8:41 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: Comments on the draft LHMP, from Wayne Miller, Newark, CA Dear Jeanine,
Thank you for all your work in presenting the LHMP to the public regarding the various jurisdictions and their potential to participate in the Plan, although not required.

Attached are my comments, 20 pages, in a pdf (LHMP=Comments-W.Miller-2-16-

24.pdf) for your review.

I, amongst others in environmental groups have some questions and concerns about additional agencies that should be included and contribute to the Plan.

A regional plan has often been discussed, where cities cooperatively work together with all agencies, landowners and the public to produce a viable plan, in addressing the impacts of climate change/disruption and the potential hazards that can befall the public at large.

Sincerely,
Wayne W. Miller, Newark, CA
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Comment 16
From: Alexander Buga <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, February 16, 2024 9:49 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: Subject: Tri-City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Hi Jeanine,
I live in Newark and I own a home in Newark. Here are some comments with regards to that Actions. See below.

Fremont Action 28: it's better to not allow building housing in the area where there is land slide Hazard.

Newark Action 7: Add to the Sea level rise resiliency plan to stop building new housing at the areas of sea level rise.

Newark Action 14: I believe replacing Eucalyptus tree should be done with minimal impact to wild life.

Namely, these large mature trees are home for big bird like vultures and egrets, and also small bird like huminbirds where they get food, and shelter. My concern with young tree is that many of them will die before they get mature and it could be waste of money. Also it takes a decade for a tree to become big enough so the birds can shelter there.

Union city Action 15. It's better to stop or not allow building new housing in liquefaction areas.

Newark Action 2 Multi Hazard public education on how to build communities that can coexist with nature, and also protect natural resources.

Fremont Action 9 Multi Hazard public education on how to build communities that can coexist with nature, and also protect natural resources.

Union city Action 2 Multi Hazard public education on how to build communities that can coexist with nature, and also protect natural resources.

USD Multi Hazard Action 1 public education on how to build communities that can coexist with nature, and also protect natural resources.

Regards,
Alexandr Buga
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Comment 17
A 10 page pdf was attached and is included below.

From: C/H High <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, February 16, 2024 11:32 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Cc: Jana Sokale <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject: Comments submitted on behalf of the Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge regarding the Tri-city Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and Annexes Dear Ms. Foster,
Please find attached comments submitted on behalf of the Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge (CCCR) regarding the Tri-city Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and Annexes.

Thank you for the opportunity to provide comments.

At your convenience we would appreciate acknowledgement of receipt of this email. We also request that we be kept informed of any future opportunities to review and comment on the LHMP.

Respectfully submitted,
Carin High & Jana Sokale
CCCR
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Comment 18
From: cora chiu <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, February 16, 2024 11:55 PM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: Tri-City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hi Jeanine,
Here’s my last public comment with regards to that Actions.

Fremont Action 35. In areas of new condo, apartment, single family home developments, require fire lane open spaces between houses blocks.

Newark Action 14. Replace Eucalyptus Groves with native tree species that grow to the height of the existing Eucalyptus Groves. Currently, the Eucalyptus groves are home to monarch butterflies, turkey vultures, white egrets.

Replacements of these large old trees should be conducted slowly to prevent further habitat loss while young new trees are introduce.

Or just don’t remove these Eucalyptus Trees as they are currently home to native wildlife.

Fremont Action 18- Mitigate flooding impacts by restoring wetlands at Newark Site 4 where the current pick and pull is located. Instead of allowing Developers to build high density housing at the former wetlands site. Restoring wetlands as our natural flood protection brings back some of the flood waters and slowing the rate that water re-enters the stream channel, wetlands can reduce the severity of downstream flooding and erosion. This is also an act of Natural Resource Protection for the sensitive native wildlife in this area.

Newark Action 2 - Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Fremont Action 9- Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Union City Action 2 - Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Packet Page No. 1139
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Newark Action 11 - Install storm drainage improvements at Lindsay Tract in a way it is beneficial to restoration the natural environment. The drainage solution would involve bioswales or bioretention ponds.

Union City Action 16 - Requires all new homes to not be built on liquefaction soils in union city.

USD Action 1 - Enhance Public Education and Awareness of Natural Resources protection strategies for Hazards mitigations. (Ie not building homes in sea level rise risk areas, landslide areas, preservation of wetlands… fire corridors) Thanks!
Cora Chiu
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Comment 19
Comment 20
From: Rosalynn Liu <[email protected]>
Sent: Saturday, February 17, 2024 2:05 AM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: Regarding Tri-City Multi-Jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Dear Ms. Foster,
Thank you for your & your colleagues' efforts on the Tri-City Multi-Jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. I am a resident of Fremont, CA, and I simply wanted to request that those working on this plan try to work toward preserving as much of the wetlands in this region as much as possible, particularly in light of the risk of rising sea levels in coming years due to climate change.

Thanks so much for your consideration, and sorry for this comment coming a bit late! Sincerely,
Rosalynn Liu
From: Kelly <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, October 19, 2022 12:53 PM
To: Christina Briggs <[email protected]>; Raj Salwan <[email protected]>; [email protected]
Cc: Alec Tune <[email protected]>; Donna Do <[email protected]>; Suzanne Wolf <[email protected]>; William Yragui <[email protected]>; Joel Pullen <[email protected]>; David Wage <[email protected]>; Clifford Nguyen <[email protected]>; Jim O'Connor <[email protected]>; Dennis Waespi <[email protected]>; Jason Rosenberg <[email protected]>; Bronwen Lacey <[email protected]>
Subject: Mitigation plan ought to discourage further development in hazardous areas Ms. Briggs, Councilmember Salwan, and Mr. Alvarado:

On October 18, 2022, the city council voted to accept $190,000 to update its hazard mitigation plan. The revised plan ought to incorporate hazards that are already known to the city such as landslide inventories, earthquake faults, and (modest) tsunami hazards.

The state of California has mapped some of the known hazards, as shown below.

The city should discourage further development of housing in the hazardous foothills near Mission Peak, Weibel Dr, Ohlone College, Vineyard Heights, and Avalon Heights. Any housing that is permitted must be held to stricter standards for vertical seismic acceleration. The areas at the highest risk should be designated for parklands and recreational use instead of housing. — Kelly
Mission Peak Conservancy
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Link to staff report #4714 and meeting agenda
http://fremontcityca.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_Meeting.aspx?ID=1859 Geological report on the Mission Fault (1999)
J. David Rogers 1 and Patrick L. Drumm
UM-Rolla Dept. of Geological Engineering
Our evaluation of exposed outcrops at the base of Mission Ridge (described earlier under "Mission fault studies") suggested that the Mission fault does not lie at the base of the ridge, as suggested by Hall (1956, 1958) and others who succeeded him. The sharp break in slope appears to be stratigraphically controlled, at the gradational contact between overturned sequences of the Orinda/Cierbo formation and older Briones sandstone, which is much more resistant. Graymer, Jones, Brabb and Helley (1994) suggested that the Mission fault is located about 500 to 600 feet downslope of the contact (Fig. 2), which appears to be supported by our more recent work.

In order to evaluate the potential impact of uplift along the Mission fault on the subject landslide complex, a series of 14 cross sections were drawn through the headscarp graben area (Fig. 6), and small increments of downslope translation were modeled along with even smaller increments of vertical uplift along the Mission fault, assuming its underlying position to be about 500 feet downslope of Mission Ridge. One of the interesting aspects of this model was the compressional flower structure that is suggested to develop above the fault, within the landslide. A similar "step" in the prototype landslide"s basal slip surface appears to exist, as evidenced by the marked backward rotation of the headscarp with simple translation for several hundred feet downslope, wherein the basal slip surface(s) steepen markedly, downslope of the prominent "secondary ridge" forming the southwest side of the landslide headscarp graben.

In addition, recent uplift along the Mission fault could also account for the prominent "secondary ridge", which parallels Mission Ridge, about 500 feet southwest, along the strike of the Mission fault. Although this is conjecture, based upon geometric relationships and assumed rates of offset and uplift, such a model does appear to replicate the physical aspects of the field situation. If such a model were true, the ongoing movement and uplift along the Mission fault is one of the primary mechanisms reac tivating the landslide, probably every few hundred or few thousand years.

Reference (May 8,
1999) https://web.mst.edu/rogersda/hazard_mitigation_techniques/landslides/fremont/MP.htm#BM1998 _MISSION_PEAK_LANDSLIDE
Packet Page No. 1146
Tri-City A-175
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Comment 21
From: Josh Sonnenfeld <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, February 26, 2024 11:30 AM
To: Jeanine Foster <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Joint comment letter from climate & conservation groups on Draft Tri-City Multijurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Hi Ms. Foster -
Just wanted to confirm you received this joint comment letter on the Draft Tri-City Multi-jurisdiction Local Hazard Mitigation Plan?
Thank you,
Josh Sonnenfeld
On Fri, Feb 16, 2024 at 9:05 AM Josh Sonnenfeld <[email protected]> wrote:

Dear Ms. Foster,
On behalf of 14 organizations representing thousands of residents in Newark, Fremont and Union City, with expertise in climate resilience and conservation, I am submitting the attached joint letter in response to the Draft Tri-City Multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Specifically, the letter urges the significant strengthening of the sea level rise and coastal resilience sections of the draft plan by embracing the critical importance of protecting and restoring our wetlands and baylands as a critical action that can protect the region’s residents and property from future flooding.

I would be grateful if you could confirm receipt of our letter -- and thank you in advance for your consideration of our comments.

Sincerely,
Josh Sonnenfeld
On behalf of:

Alameda Creek Alliance
California Native Plant Society - East Bay Chapter
Center for Biological Diversity
Citizens Committee to Complete the Refuge
Golden Gate Bird Alliance
Greenbelt Alliance
Mission Peak Conservancy
Ohlone Audubon Society
San Francisco Baykeeper
San Francisco Bay Wildlife Society
Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society
Save The Bay
Sierra Club, San Francisco Bay Chapter
SPUR
Packet Page No. 1147
Tri-City A-176
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
A.3 Tri-City County Step 3: Coordinate with other Agencies This planning step credits coordinating with other agencies and key stakeholders and incorporating other plans and other agencies’ efforts into the floodplain management plan or LHMP. Other agencies and organizations were contacted to determine if they have studies, plans and information pertinent to the floodplain management plan, to determine if their programs or initiatives may affect the community’s programs, inviting them to participate in the planning process, and otherwise asking them to support the community’s efforts in this LHMP Update. Coordination efforts with these other agencies and stakeholders are documented in Table A-2 below.

Table A-2 List of Agencies and Key Stakeholders Coordinated with Through the 2024 LHMP Tri-City Update Process
Agency Name/ Contact Date Mechanism Contacted
via
Mail/email
Contacted
via Phone
Contacted
Face-to
Face/Virtual
Meeting
Topics
Discussed
CA DWR / Michael Gill 7/7/2023 X FM reached
out to obtain
NFIP
Community
Information
System Data
to support the
LHMP
Update
process
USGS / Anne Wein 6/27/2023 X X FM reached
out to discuss
the
earthquake
hazard and
earthquake
Hazus
scenarios for
the Tri-City
Planning Area
USGS / David Wald 6/30/2023 X X FM reached
out to discuss
the
earthquake
scenario
selection for
the Tri-City
Planning Area
Packet Page No. 1148
Tri-City A-177
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Agency Name/ Contact Date Mechanism Contacted
via
Mail/email
Contacted
via Phone
Contacted
Face-to
Face/Virtual
Meeting
Topics
Discussed
Cal OES Tsunami Program /
Yvette Duke
6/27/2023 X FM reached
out to discuss
Tsunami and
Earthquake
hazards in for
the Tri-City
LHMP
Cal OES Tsunami Program /
Yvette Duke
5/10/2023 X Alec Tune,
Fremont
Project Lead,
reached out to
invite Yvette
Duke to our
Planning
Committee
Meetings
California Geological Survey
Tsunami Unit / Nick Graehl,
Engineering Geologist
7/11/2023 X Alec Tune,
Fremont
Project Lead,
reached out to
invite Nick
Graehl to our
Planning
Committee
Meetings
California Geological Survey
Tsunami Unit / Nick Graehl,
Engineering Geologist
7/17/2023 X FM reached
out to Nick
Graehl to see
if he could
help obtain a
downloadable
version of
their landslide
data in GIS
and discuss
other data
they may have
to support the
LHMP risk
assessment.

Santa Clara Valley Water
District /Nina Merrill, Sr.

Water Resources Specialist
7/17/2023 X Alec Tune,
Fremont
Project Lead,
reached out to
invite Nina
Merrill to our
Planning
Committee
Meetings
Packet Page No. 1149
Tri-City A-178
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Agency Name/ Contact Date Mechanism Contacted
via
Mail/email
Contacted
via Phone
Contacted
Face-to
Face/Virtual
Meeting
Topics
Discussed
[email protected] 7/31/2023 X FM reached
out to Cal
DWR see if
they could
help us obtain
the LFPZ
data from
their web
viewer as their
LFPZ tool
did not seem
to be working.

Independent Living
Resources of Solano and
Contra Costa Counties and
Voluntary Organizations
Active in Disasters / Ron
Halog
7/8/2023 X X Alec reached
out to Ron
Halog at a
meeting and
by follow up
email to invite
him to be part
of the
planning
committee to
our Tri-City
LHMP
Update
project
Independent Living
Resources of Solano and
Contra Costa Counties and
Voluntary Organizations
Active in Disasters / Ron
Halog
7/7/2023
and
8/8/2023
X FM reached
out to Ron
Halog to see
if their were
other
individuals
support
vulnerable
populations
that should be
invited to our
Tri—City
LHMP
Update
project
meetings and
be part of the
planning
committee
Packet Page No. 1150
Tri-City A-179
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Agency Name/ Contact Date Mechanism Contacted
via
Mail/email
Contacted
via Phone
Contacted
Face-to
Face/Virtual
Meeting
Topics
Discussed
Alameda County Public
Health / Chen, Benjamin,
Public Health, Family Health
Services Division
8/9/2023 X FM followed
up with a
group of
individuals
working with
various AFN
and
vulnerable
population
groups to
invite them to
participate in
our LHMP
planning
committee
meetings.

EDENIR / Lars Eric Holm 8/9/2023 X FM followed
up with a
group of
individuals
working with
various AFN
and
vulnerable
population
groups to
invite them to
participate in
our LHMP
planning
committee
meetings.

Community Resources for
Independent Living /
Michael Galvan, CRIL
Hayward
8/9/2023 X FM followed
up with a
group of
individuals
working with
various AFN
and
vulnerable
population
groups to
invite them to
participate in
our LHMP
planning
committee
meetings.

Packet Page No. 1151
Tri-City A-180
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
March 2024
Agency Name/ Contact Date Mechanism Contacted
via
Mail/email
Contacted
via Phone
Contacted
Face-to
Face/Virtual
Meeting
Topics
Discussed
Community Resources for
Independent Living /
Alejandra Hacker, CRIL
Hayward
8/9/2023 X FM followed
up with a
group of
individuals
working with
various AFN
and
vulnerable
population
groups to
invite them to
participate in
our LHMP
planning
committee
meetings.

Regional Center of East Bay/
John Lee
8/9/2023 X FM followed
up with a
group of
individuals
working with
various AFN
and
vulnerable
population
groups to
invite them to
participate in
our LHMP
planning
committee
meetings.

Community Resources for
Independent Living / Dawna
Smylie, CRIL Hayward
8/9/2023 X FM followed
up with a
group of
individuals
working with
various AFN
and
vulnerable
population
groups to
invite them to
participate in
our LHMP
planning
committee
meetings.