Santa Monica City Council
August 27, 2024

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Packet Pg. 1126 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
70 Figure 59. Organics (loss on ignition) analysis on sand samples (18 July 2018).

Figure 60. Average percent organics in sediment samples by survey date (dry samples only).

0.25%

0.32%

0.19%

0.31%

0.27%

0.30%

0.22%

0.33%

0.31%

0.33%

0.28%

0.33%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%
Control Restoration
Percent Loss on Ignition
Average Percent Organics in Sediment
13-Dec-2016 24-Mar-2017 13-Sep-2017 24-May-2018 16-Nov-2018 21-May-2019

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Packet Pg. 1127 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
71 Photo Point
Photo point survey methods are described in detail in SOP 7.2 Level 2 Photo Point (TBF 2015a).

Photographs can be used as qualitative assessments of seasonal variation and changes following restoration activities. Seventeen photographs were taken at nine stations on 13 and 17 December 2016; 13 and 25 January, 4 February, 24 March, 25 April, 21 August, and 13 September 2017; 11 January, 8 March, 13 April, 24 May, 15 August, and 19 December 2018; 22 February, 25 April, 21 May, 1 August, and 11 November 2019; 2 February, 24 July, 27 August, and 30 October 2020; 21 May and 13 August 2021. Quarterly photos were reported for six representative photo point stations (Appendix A) as the best representations of the overall site changes over time.

Photo points show slow gradual growth of individual plants in the first year (2016-17) and a noticeable increase in cover in the second (2018), third (2019) and fourth (2019-20). In Year 5 (2020-21), vegetation cover continued its upward trajectory in establishment, with photos depicting a much more vegetated community throughout the entire restoration area. The permanent photo stations are established to document the restoration site over quarterly periods. Additionally, dune topography is continuing to become more complex over time with an increase in amount and size of vegetated dune hummocks, as well as continued sand deposition along the fence perimeter (Photo Point 2A and 6A). Also notable is the change in sand grain size, with an increase in coarser sand and fine pebbles (darker substrate) surrounding the dune hummocks (most noticeable in Photo Point 1A and 9B).

See Appendix A for quarterly photos from six representative photo point stations.

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Packet Pg. 1128 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
72 Figure 61. Representative site photographs from 21 May 2021 and 17 August 2021 looking north.

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Packet Pg. 1129 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
73 Figure 62. Representative photos of the restoration area on 21 May 2021 looking south.

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Packet Pg. 1130 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
74 Adaptive Management, Maintenance, and Site Use
Adaptive management was implemented based on the success of the project as interpreted by TBF, the beach managers, the City of Santa Monica, California Coastal Commission staff, and an advisory group of scientists. The monitoring components and resulting data have been integral in an evaluation of the project. TBF, with the help of our volunteer internship program and several dedicated students from LMU’s CRI, have undertaken a hands-on, community-level maintenance strategy without the use of mechanized equipment, including trash removal and invasive species removal. Site checks, invasive plant removal, and trash collection have occurred at least quarterly (twice monthly for the first few months), since the project was implemented. These efforts continued for a duration of five years after the project began in 2016. Evaluation of the project was conducted annually via an annual report, including a summary of monitoring data results, and was provided to the City, California Department of Parks and Recreation, and the Commission, and made publicly available on TBF’s website (www.santamonicabay.org).

As a part of adaptive management, site visits were conducted quarterly (or more frequently) to visually assess the restoration progress and evaluate the need for maintenance activities. The overall condition of the restoration area was noted, along with detailed observations including presence of invasive species re-growth or environmental stressors (e.g., prolonged dry periods). Photographs were taken to document any observations of concern. If non-native invasive vegetation was found, adaptive management steps such as weed removal by hand or with hand tools were performed. Thus far, one annual non-native species, European sea rocket, has invaded the project area to a very minimal extent, with no seedlings observed after 2017 and minimal coverage across Years 1-5 (Figure 15 and Figure 16).

Hand removal appears to be an effective means of management within the site, as no European sea rocket was found along any transects in all Year 4 surveys, and only a handful of individuals were observed and subsequently pulled throughout the entirety of the restoration area. In Year 5, no sea rocket was observed in August 2021 following hand removal of small amount removed in May 2021. The areas where it was present do not appear to be directly negatively affecting the native vegetation; however, it continues to be thoroughly monitored and removed in case it is pulling nutrients or water from adjacent native species. It is likely to continue sprouting in small amounts because there are source seed populations along the bike path and back dune areas adjacent to the project site, and an assumed pre-existing seed bank in the sand of the project area.

New adaptive management options are under consideration following Year 5, including the potential for supplemental seeding to increase the diversity and cover of vegetation on site, installation of additional small lengths of sand fence within the project area to further promote dune growth, and removal of portions of perimeter fencing to be replaced with symbolic post and rope fencing. Options will be outlined in the revised adaptive management plan to be included in the CDP amendment application.

Considerations such as stakeholder and agency input, scientific recommendations, and timing implementation to avoid disturbance to western snowy plovers are under ongoing evaluation.

Trash continues to be very low within the restoration area. Interestingly, there is often more trash that is picked up in the sand immediately adjacent to the restoration plot (tiny pieces), in beach areas that are frequently groomed. It is likely that the large grooming rakes either miss or bury some of the smaller

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Packet Pg. 1131 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
75 tiny bits of plastic and polystyrene foam that are frequently found adjacent to and within the project area. Frequently seen trash items include cigarette butts, small bits of plastic, plastic straws, polystyrene foam, candy wrappers, and bits of coffee cups. Infrequently seen items include things like flip-flops, Frisbees, tennis balls, and a bike tire.

Figure 63. TBF staff and Marymount High School interns picking up trash as a part of adaptive management on 13 August 2021.

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Packet Pg. 1132 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
76 Site Use
An important goal of the pilot restoration project is to evaluate whether heavy recreational use of beaches in Los Angeles and natural habitats to benefit birds and wildlife can coexist. Human use data from this project may serve to inform other similar efforts in southern California. One goal of the project was to encourage another, less frequently seen, use of Los Angeles beaches, which is to allow people and families the chance to interact with natural habitats along the beach. As such, the restoration area is not fenced off completely from the public (the shoreward side is left fully open). Recreating inside the project area is only discouraged during western snowy plover breeding season (a federally threatened species). However, sightings of this rare species also bring birdwatchers and other tours to the area.

Monitoring of plovers was conducted by the Santa Monica Audubon Society and several local ornithologists and followed protocols by USFWS. Santa Monica Audubon Society and other Audubon partners continues to provide vital updates to the project team regarding plover activity and other bird use of the site and they are an important partner on the monitoring for this project.

Human use data from the site visits suggest that both locals and visitors are interacting positively with the site in ways that include everything from jogging through it along the symbolic pathway, surfing next to it, and birdwatching along the perimeter. Frequent human uses of the area include walking, jogging, biking along the adjacent bike path, sunbathing, walking dogs, surfing, paddle boarding, and skim boarding (Figure 64). Additional uses include birdwatching and fishing. Dogs have occasionally been observed just outside the site, which could potentially deter birds like western snowy plovers from using the site. Many people have questions as they interact with TBF staff collecting data for surveys such as:
“Why is the vegetation here?” “Is this better for birds?” “Will this help with climate change?” All of these questions and many more are answered by staff, and all interactions have been overwhelmingly positive. It appears that both locals and visitors alike are responding encouragingly to the restoration area, which bodes well for the future of the site and its ability to answer other goals such as whether or not it can increase coastal resilience against climate change stressors like wave erosion and sea level rise. It is heartening when most people suggest expanding into a larger area. The site has also provided many opportunities to teach students about beach ecology and coastal resilience. Several students from LMU’s CRI have conducted independent research, and many more have visited the site since implementation. In May 2019, two new educational interpretive signs were deployed at the entrance and along the symbolic pathway of the restoration area. Based on TBF’s interactions with people reading the signs, they have been both enjoyed and appreciated for additional context about the site and its importance. We are extremely grateful to the community as well as visitors for their support of this project, and we look forward to continuing discussions about nature-based coastal resilience.

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Packet Pg. 1133 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
77 Figure 64. Human use of the restoration site [top: a family using the symbolic pathway through the middle of the restoration area (15 August 2020); second: summer beach visitors setting their chairs and towels around the restoration area (15 August 2020); third: beach visitors reading one of the interpretive signs in the restoration area (21 May 2021); bottom: fisherman fishing oceanward of the restoration area (13 August 2021).

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Packet Pg. 1134 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
78 Conclusions and Recommendations
The first five years following the pilot project implementation had a number of valuable successes and learning experiences. As the project was meant to be an experimental pilot for the region, no specific, quantitative success criteria were set; however, the project can be evaluated against its ability to meet the project goals and objectives. The project positively engaged the public, created new partnerships and outreach connections, restricted grooming in an approximately 3-acre area, allowed vegetation to grow and sand hummocks to form along fence lines, provided comprehensive science-based monitoring data to inform soft-scape beach restoration solutions, supported wildlife, and is bringing back a rare coastal habitat type to the Los Angeles region.

Additionally, the increased functions within the restoration habitat area included benefits to several notable species. Nesting of the federally threatened western snowy plover had not been recorded in the Los Angeles region for almost 70 years, and the first nest for the Los Angeles region was found within the restoration area in 2017 and contained three eggs. Though no nests have been identified in subsequent years, plovers were repeatedly identified during bird surveys or on-site activities throughout all survey years and have been identified as roosting throughout the year. The presence of plovers throughout breeding and wintering seasons on site suggests that the possibility of future nests by plovers in the area is likely, and the site is now an important plover roosting area.

Furthermore, two native plant species that were not seeded, woolly heads and pink sand verbena, were identified as germinating in the project area. It is possible that there was either an existing seed bank for these species already along Santa Monica Beach, or that they were transported by wind, waves, birds, or humans. Neither species was identified in areas adjacent to the project site. Vegetation surveys also indicate ongoing natural re-seeding and germination by existing plants occurring throughout the site.

Another addition to the restoration project area was dune beetles, which provide an increased layer of the food web available to foraging birds and wildlife. Dune beetles were confirmed using a sieving technique by UCSB researchers, monitoring partners of TBF. Specimens were not collected for specieslevel identification but may potentially be collected in the future.

Data suggest that the restoration area is considerably different from both the control sites and from itself over time as compared to the baseline surveys, especially for increased vegetation and sand morphology, though (as expected) vegetation cover remains relatively low after the fifth growing season. It is likely that the vegetation community will continue to establish, but will probably remain quite patchy, with expanses of bare ground in between plant hummocks, as is the trend for natural coastal strand and foredune habitat types which are highly dynamic systems. Elevation remains a good indicator that the restoration area is considerably different from both the baseline and control surveys, with multiple protocols indicating an increase in elevation within the restoration area. Much of the perimeter fence has dunes over three feet in height, with an increase in elevation across the site, especially the southern half. Future research will be conducted opportunistically and is planned in partnership with scientists from University of California, Santa Barbara and Coastal Restoration Consultants, Inc. Future site assessments will continue to inform adaptive management actions and the recommendations for the permanent feature CDP application.

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Packet Pg. 1135 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
79 One suggestion for future projects with a similar set of existing uses is to have a similar set of strong public outreach components prior to the initiation of the project and to directly engage local stakeholder groups. A significant effort was made to reach out to local residents, stakeholder groups, interested parties, beachgoers, and all of the agencies and organizations who provide some input to beach management in the area. This effort went far beyond requirements for the permits and included setting up stakeholder meetings to answer questions, incorporating feedback on project planning from the public, and working with the City of Santa Monica to announce the project in public meetings and to all of the user groups such as lifeguards, police, maintenance workers, and other City and County groups. Additionally, much of the credit for the aforementioned results also goes to the City of Santa Monica for their efforts to engage the public, take a leadership role on permitting, and for their ongoing support and vision. We also strongly recommend engaging Tribal partners and incorporating recommendations, suggestions, and elements into restoration planning.

Another suggestion for future projects along beaches is to incorporate many of the same or similar monitoring methods that will allow for comparisons between-projects. This will allow for an evaluation across multiple scales and in different areas with different levels of sand accretion or erosion, wave patterns, weather patterns, and vegetation growth over time. Other, more passive restoration projects could also be evaluated, such as restricting grooming to other areas of the beach.

With the process in motion to establish this site as a permanent feature of the coastline, via a CDP amendment, TBF and the City of Santa Monica have also begun the early planning and outreach stages to initiate a second Santa Monica Beach restoration project at a nearby location. Please visit TBF’s website (www.santamonicabay.org) for updates and for future outreach and stakeholder engagement opportunities.

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Packet Pg. 1136 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
80 Literature Cited
Conway, C. 2008. “Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocols.” Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Wildlife Research Report 01.

Johnston, K.K., Medel, I.D., Anderson, S., Stein, E., Whitcraft, C., and Crooks, J. 2015b. California Estuarine Wetland Monitoring Manual (Level 3). Prepared by The Bay Foundation for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. pp 297.

Johnston, K.K. and M. Grubbs. 2016. Santa Monica Beach Restoration Pilot Project Implementation and Monitoring Plan. Plan prepared by The Bay Foundation for the California Coastal Commission, City of Santa Monica, and California Department of Parks and Recreation. 22 pages.

Johnston, K., M. Grubbs, and R. Abbott. 2017. Santa Monica Beach Restoration Pilot Project: Year 1 Annual Report. Report prepared by The Bay Foundation for City of Santa Monica, California Coastal Commission, Metabolic Studio, US Environmental Protection Agency, and California Department of Parks and Recreation. 68 pages.

Johnston, K., M. Grubbs, and R. Abbott. 2018. Santa Monica Beach Restoration Pilot Project: Year 2 Annual Report. Report prepared by The Bay Foundation for City of Santa Monica, California Coastal Commission, Metabolic Studio, US Environmental Protection Agency, and California Department of Parks and Recreation. 67 pages.

TBF. 2015a. Level 2 Photo Point Standard Operating Procedures (SOP 7.2). Unpublished protocols. The Bay Foundation, Los Angeles, CA. 30 June 2015.

TBF. 2015a. Vegetation Mapping Standard Operating Procedures (SOP 3.5). Unpublished protocols. The Bay Foundation, Los Angeles, CA. 30 June 2015.

TBF. 2015b. Vegetation Cover Surveys Standard Operating Procedures (SOP 3.2). Unpublished protocols.

The Bay Foundation, Los Angeles, CA. 30 June 2015.

TBF. 2015c. Vegetation Seed Bank Standard Operating Procedures (SOP 3.4). Unpublished protocols. The Bay Foundation, Los Angeles, CA. 30 June 2015.

TBF. 2015d. Bird Abundance and Activity Standard Operating Procedures (SOP 5.1). Unpublished protocols. The Bay Foundation, Los Angeles, CA. 30 June 2015.

Dugan, J.E., D.M. Hubbard, and G. E. Davis. 1990. Sand Beach and Coastal Lagoon Monitoring Handbook.

Channel Islands National Park California. Prepared for the National Park Service, Ventura, California. 50 pp.

Dugan, J.E., D.M. Hubbard, M. McCrary, M. Pierson. 2003. “The response of macrofauna communities and shorebirds to macrophyte wrack subsidies on exposed sandy beaches of southern California.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 58S: 25-40.

Dugan, J.E., Hubbard, D.M., Rodil, I.F., Revell, D.L., and Schroeter, S. 2008. Ecological effects of coastal armoring on sandy beaches. 2008. Marine Ecology. 29(1): 160-170 Dugan, J.E., D.M. Hubbard. 2010. “Loss of coastal strand habitat in southern California: the role of beach grooming.” Estuaries and Coasts, 33(1): 67-77.

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81 Dugan, J.E., D.M. Hubbard, K.J. Nielsen, J. Altstatt, and J. Bursek. 2015. Final Report: Baseline Characterization of Sandy Beach Ecosystems along the South Coast of California. Prepared for the South Coast Marine Protected Area Baseline Program. 134 pp.

Federal Register Vol. 77 No. 118. Part III. Department of the Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service. 50 CFR Part 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for the Pacific Coast Population of the Western Snowy Plover; Final Rule. 143 pp.

Gilburn, A.S. 2012. “Mechanical grooming and beach award status are associated with low strandline biodiversity in Scotland.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 107:81-88 Grifman, P.M., J.F. Hart, J. Ladwig, A.G. Newton Mann, M. Schulhof. 2013. “Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study for the City of Los Angeles.” USCSG-TR-05-2013.

Goossens, D. Z. Offer, and G. London. 2000. Wind tunnel and field calibration of five aeolian sand traps.

Geomorphology 35: 233-252.

Hsu, S.A. 1981. Models for Estimating Offshore Winds from Onshore Meteorological Measurements.

Boundary Layer Meteorology, Vol 20, pp. 341-351.

Hubbard, D.M., J.E. Dugan, N.K. Schooler, S.M. Viola. 2013. Local extirpations and regional declines of endemic upper beach invertebrates in southern California. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.06.017
Martin, K. 2006. Introduction to Grunion Biology. www.grunion.org. 4 pp.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center, 2012. Incorporating Sea Level Change Scenarios at the Local Level, a companion report for Technical Considerations for Use of Geospatial Data in Sea Level Change Mapping and Assessment.

Nordstrom, K.F., Jackson, N.L., and Korotky, K.H. 2011. “Aeolian transport across beach wrack.” Journal of Coastal Research. 1(59):211-217
Nordstrom, K.F., Jackson, N.L., Korotky, K.H., and Puleo, J. 2011. “Aeolian transport rates across raked and unraked beaches on a developed coast.” Earth Surfaces, Processes, and Landforms. 36:779- 789
Nordstrom, K.F., Jackson, N.L., Freestone, A.L., Korotky, K.H., and Puleo, J. 2012. “Effects of beach raking and sand fences on dune dimensions and morphology.” Geomorphology. 179:106-115 Schlacher, T.A, Dugan, J., Schoeman, D.S., Lastra, M., Jones, A., Scapini, F., McLachlan, A., and Defeo, O. 2007. “Sandy beaches on the brink.” Diversity and Distributions. 13:556-560 United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2007. “Recovery Plan for the Pacific Coast Population of the Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus).” In 2 volumes. Sacramento, California. xiv + 751 pages.

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Packet Pg. 1138 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
82 7.A.b
Packet Pg. 1139 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-1. Photo Point 1A on (A) 17 December 2016; (B) 24 March 2017; (C) 21 August 2017; (D) 13 September 2017.

A B
C D

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Packet Pg. 1140 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-2. Photo Point 1A on (E) 11 January 2018; (F) 8 March 2018; (G) 15 August 2018; (H) 19 December 2018.

G
E F
H

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Packet Pg. 1141 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-3. Photo Point 1A on (I) 22 February 2019; (J) 15 May 2019; (K) 1 August 2019; (L) 5 February 2020.

I J
K L

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Packet Pg. 1142 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-4. Photo Point 1A on (M) 24 July 2020; (N) 27 August 2020; (O) 30 October 2020; (P) 21 May 2021.

M N
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Packet Pg. 1143 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A
– Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
Figure A-5. Photo Point 1A on (Q) 13 August 2021. Q

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Packet Pg. 1144 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-6. Photo Point 2A on (A) 1 January 2017; (B) 25 April 2017; (C) 21 August 2017; (D) 16 December 2017.

A B
C
/
D
/

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Packet Pg. 1145 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-7. Photo Point 2A on (E) 3 March 2018; (F) 24 May 2018; (G) 15 August 2018; (H) 19 December 2018.

G H
E F

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Packet Pg. 1146 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-8. Photo Point 2A on (I) 22 February 2019; (J) 15 May 2019; (K) 1 August 2019; (L) 5 February 2020.

I J
K L

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Packet Pg. 1147 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-9. Photo Point 2A on (M) 24 July 2020; (N) 27 August 2020; (O) 30 October 2020; (P) 21 May 2021.

M N
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Packet Pg. 1148 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A
– Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
Figure A-10. Photo Point 2A on (Q) 13 August 2021. Q

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Packet Pg. 1149 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-11. Photo Point 4A on (A) 17 December 2016; (B) 4 February 2017; (C) 21 May 2017; (D) 13 September 2017.

A B
C D

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Packet Pg. 1150 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-12. Photo Point 4A on (E) 11 January 2018; (F) 8 March 2018; (G) 24 May 2018; (H) 15 August 2018.

E F
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Packet Pg. 1151 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-13. Photo Point 4A on (I) 22 February 2019; (J) 15 May 2019; (K) 1 August 2019; (L) 5 February 2020.

I J
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Packet Pg. 1152 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-14. Photo Point 4A on (M) 24 July 2020; (N) 27 August 2020; (O) 30 October 2021; (P) 21 May 2021.

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Packet Pg. 1153 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A
– Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
Figure A-15. Photo Point 4A on (Q) 13 August 2021. Q

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Packet Pg. 1154 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-16. Photo Point 4C on (A) 17 December 2016; (B) 4 February 2017; (C) 21 May 2017; (D) 21 August 2017.

A
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B

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Packet Pg. 1155 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-17. Photo Point 4C on (E) 11 January 2018; (F) 8 March 2018; (G) 24 May 2018; (H) 15 August 2018.

E F
G H

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Packet Pg. 1156 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-18. Photo Point 4C on (I) 22 February 2019; (J) 21 May 2019; (K) 1 August 2019; (L) 5 February 2020.

I J
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Packet Pg. 1157 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-19. Photo Point 4C on (M) 24 July 2020; (N) 27 August 2020; (O) 30 October 2021; (P) 21 May 2021 .

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Packet Pg. 1158 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A
– Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
Figure A-20. Photo Point 4C on (Q) 13 August 2021. P

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Packet Pg. 1159 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-21. Photo Point 6A on (A) 17 December 2016; (B) 24 March 2017; (C) 21 May 2017; (D) 13 September 2017.

A B
C D

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Packet Pg. 1160 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-22. Photo Point 6A on (E) 11 January 2018; (F) 13 April 2018; (G) 15 August 2018; (H) 19 December 2018.

E F
G H

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Packet Pg. 1161 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-23. Photo Point 6A on (I) 22 February 2019; (J) 21 May 2019; (K) 1 August 2019; (L) 5 February 2020.

I J
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Packet Pg. 1162 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-24. Photo Point 6A on (M) 24 July 2020; (N) 27 August 2020; (O) 30 October 2021; (P) 21 May 2021.

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Packet Pg. 1163 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A
– Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021
Figure A-25. Photo Point 6A on (Q) 13 August 2021. Q

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Packet Pg. 1164 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-26. Photo Point 9B on (A) 17 December 2016; (B) 24 March 2017; (C) 21 May 2017; (D) 24 August 2017.

A
C D
1 B

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Packet Pg. 1165 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-27. Photo Point 9B on (E) 11 January 2018; (F) 8 March 2018; (G) 24 May 2018; (H) 15 August 2018.

E
G H
F

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Packet Pg. 1166 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-28. Photo Point 9B on (I) 22 February 2019; (J) 25 April 2019; (K) 1 August 2019; (L) 5 February 2020.

I
K
J
L

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Packet Pg. 1167 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Appendix A – Photo Point, Year 5 Annual Report, December 2021 Figure A-29. Photo Point 9B on (M) 24 July 2020; (N) 27 August 2020; (O) 21 May 2021; (P) 13 August 2021.

M N
O P

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Packet Pg. 1168 Attachment: SaMo-Beach-Project-Year-5_FINAL (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase Agreement No. 10309 (CCS)

CONTRACTUAL SERVICES AGREEMENT
This Contractual Services Agreement (“Agreement”), entered into as of _________________ (“Execution Date”), by and between the CITY OF SANTA MONICA, a municipal corporation (“City”), and The Bay Foundation, a 501(c)(3) environmental organization (“FOUNDATION”), is made with reference to the following:

RECITALS:

A. The City is a municipal corporation duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the State of California with the power to carry on its business as it is now being conducted under the statutes of the State of California and the Charter of the City.

B. FOUNDATION is an environmental organization with a mission to improve water quality, conserve and rehabilitate natural resources, and protect the Bay’s benefits and values.

FOUNDATION is qualified to do business, and is doing business, in the State of California.

FOUNDATION represents it has the background, knowledge, experience, and expertise necessary to provide the services set forth in this Agreement.

C. FOUNDATION and the City have worked previously on a climate and coastal adaptation project in pursuit of a vibrant, safe, and resilient local environment. The funds for the current project are from the Refugio Oil Spill Trustee Agencies and the result of mitigation from impacts to Santa Monica State Beach resulting from the Refugio Oil Spill. The approach of this project is to increase coastal adaptation to sea level rise and erosion through the establishment of dune forming native vegetation creating a ‘living shoreline’ that is habitat for wildlife, enhances the beach visitor experience, and enables community engagement. FOUNDATION endeavors and is committed to creating an integrated living shoreline to protect and prepare the iconic coastline of the City for the future.

D. The City and FOUNDATION desire to enter into an agreement for the FOUNDATION to provide contractual services to the City as set forth herein, upon the terms and conditions set forth below.

NOW, THEREFORE, it is mutually agreed by and between the undersigned parties as follows:

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

1. Term. This Agreement begins on the Execution Date and terminates on July 7th, 2027, unless sooner terminated in accordance with Section 14.

1.1 Options to renew. Upon the expiration of the Term, the City shall have, at its sole and complete discretion, five (5) options to extend the term by additional one year periods. The City will notify the FOUNDATION of the exercise of the option, if any, through written letter sent by the City Manager or his/her designee.

2. FOUNDATION Services. FOUNDATION will perform all of the services (“Services”) described in Exhibit A, Scope of Services. FOUNDATION will complete the Services in accordance with Exhibit B, Budget.

3. City Services. The City agrees to:

DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0 1/18/2024

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3.1 Make available to FOUNDATION any currently existing documents, data or information required for the performance of the Services.

3.2 Designate a representative authorized to act on behalf of City.

3.3 Promptly examine and render findings on all documents submitted for staff review by FOUNDATION.

4. Compensation. The City will not compensate FOUNDATION for services described in Exhibit A, Scope of Services. FOUNDATION agrees to bear, at its sole cost and expense, all of the fees and costs for the implementation, maintenance and repair of the SaMo2 Beach Dune Restoration Project. FOUNDATION will utilize the not to exceed amount of Grant Funds from the Refugio Oil Spill Trustee Council outlined in Exhibit B, Budget to complete services outlined in Exhibit A.

5. Long Term Operation and Maintenance. City agrees to perform and fund the operation and maintenance of the SaMo2 Beach Dune Restoration Project upon termination of this Agreement and any and all related extensions.

6. Notices. All notices, demands, requests or approvals to be given under this Agreement, must be in writing and will be deemed served when delivered personally, by email, or on the third business day after deposit in the United States mail, postage prepaid, registered or certified, addressed as follows:

6.1 All notices, demands, requests or approvals to the City:

Office of Sustainability and the Environment
City of Santa Monica
1685 Main Street, Third Floor
Santa Monica, California 90401
Attention: Nico Predock, Sustainability Analyst
Re: Phase 2 Beach Dune Restoration CSA
with a copy to:

Santa Monica City Attorney’s Office
1685 Main Street, Third Floor
Santa Monica, California 90401
Attention: City Attorney
Re: Phase 2 Beach Dune Restoration CSA

6.2 All notices, demands, requests or approvals to FOUNDATION:

Tom Ford, CEO8117 W. Manchester Ave. #750
Playa Del Rey, CA 90293
Re: Phase 2 Beach Dune Restoration CSA
with a copy to:

Tracy J. Egoscue, General Counsel
3834 Pine Ave
Long Beach, CA 90807
DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1170 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 [email protected]

7. Independent Parties. Both parties to this Agreement will be acting in an independent capacity and not as agents, employees, partners, or joint venturers of one another. Neither the City nor its officers or employees will have any control over the conduct of FOUNDATION or any of FOUNDATION’s agents, employees, or subcontractors, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.

8. Integrated Agreement. This Agreement represents the full and complete understanding of every kind or nature whatsoever between the parties. Any preliminary negotiations and agreements of any kind or nature are merged into this Agreement. No oral agreement or implied covenant may be held to vary the provisions of this Agreement. This Agreement may be modified only by written agreement signed by City and FOUNDATION, and approved as to form by the City Attorney.

9. Insurance. Prior to commencing work, FOUNDATION must procure, maintain and pay for insurance against claims for injuries to persons or damage to property that may arise from or in connection with the performance of the Services by FOUNDATION or FOUNDATION’s agents, representatives, employees or subconsultants for the duration of this Agreement. FOUNDATION must obtain insurance that, at a minimum, meets the requirements for insurance set forth in Exhibit C, Insurance Requirements and Verifications.

10. Defense and Indemnification.

10.1 FOUNDATION agrees to defend, indemnify, protect, and hold harmless the City, its agents, officers, boards and commissions, and employees (collectively, “City”) from and against any and all liability, claims, demands, damages, or costs, including but not limited to attorney’s fees, or payments for injury to any person or property (collectively, “Losses”) caused or claimed to be caused by the act, errors, and/or omissions of FOUNDATION, or FOUNDATION’s employees, agents, officers, and subcontractors. FOUNDATION’s responsibilities under this Section 10.1 include liability arising from, connected with, caused by, or claimed to be caused by the active or passive negligent acts or omissions of the City, which may be in combination with the acts or omissions of FOUNDATION, its employees, agents or officers, or subcontractors; provided, however, that FOUNDATION’s duty to defend, indemnify, protect and hold harmless shall not include any Losses arising from the sole negligence or willful misconduct of the City.

11. Prohibition Against Transfers.

11.1 FOUNDATION may not assign, hypothecate, or transfer this Agreement or any interest therein directly or indirectly, by operation of law or otherwise without the prior written consent of City. Any attempt to do so without the City’s consent will be null and void, and any assignee, hypothecatee or transferee acquires no right or interest by reason of such attempted assignment, hypothecation or transfer.

11.2 The sale, assignment, transfer or other disposition of any of the issued and outstanding capital stock of FOUNDATION or of any general partner or joint venturer or syndicate member of FOUNDATION, if a partnership or joint venture or syndicate exists, which results in changing the control of FOUNDATION, will be construed as an assignment of this Agreement. Control means 50% or more of the voting power of the corporation.

DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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12. Permits and Licenses. FOUNDATION, at its sole expense, must obtain and maintain during the term of this Agreement all required business and professional permits, licenses and certificates.

13. Waiver. A waiver of any breach of this Agreement may not be deemed a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same or any other term, covenant, or condition of this Agreement.

14. Default and Termination.

14.1 If FOUNDATION fails or refuses to perform any of the provisions of this Agreement, and if the default is not cured within a period of thirty (30) days after the City’s written notice of default specifying the nature of the default, City may immediately terminate this Agreement by written notice to FOUNDATION.

14.2 The City has the option, at its sole discretion and without cause, of terminating this Agreement by giving ten days’ written notice to FOUNDATION.

15. Compliance with Law. FOUNDATION must comply with all laws of the State of California and the United States, and all ordinances, rules and regulations enacted or issued by City.

16. Discrimination. FOUNDATION may not discriminate in the provision of services hereunder because of race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, sex, age, sexual orientation, marital status, AIDS or disability.

17. Nuisance. FOUNDATION may not maintain, commit, or permit the maintenance or commission of any nuisance in connection with the performance of services under this Agreement.

18. Records.

18.1 FOUNDATION must maintain records in sufficient detail to permit an evaluation of the Services and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. FOUNDATION must clearly identify all records and make them readily accessible to the City. At the City’s request, FOUNDATION must provide records in an electronic format and, if necessary, access to any proprietary software to view such electronic records.

19. Work Product; Reports.

19.1Any work product prepared or caused to be prepared by FOUNDATION or any subcontractor for this Agreement will be the property of City. No work product given to or prepared by FOUNDATION or any subcontractor pursuant to this Agreement may be made available to any individual or organization, with the exception of the grantor funding government agencies, by FOUNDATION without prior written approval by City.

19.2 At the City’s request, FOUNDATION must furnish reports concerning the status of the Services.

19.3 An annual report on the project will be provided by FOUNDATION to the Refugio Oil Spill Trustee Council that summarizes the results of work conducted each year.

20. Standard of Care. FOUNDATION agrees to provide all Services, including services performed by any subconsultant, in a manner consistent with the level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of FOUNDATION’s profession currently practicing in the same locality under similar conditions.

DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1172 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3

21. (Intentionally Left Blank)

22. Governing Law. The laws of the State of California, without regard to any choice of law provisions, will govern this Agreement.

23. Venue and Jurisdiction. The City and FOUNDATION agree that the Services will take place in Los Angeles County. Any litigation arising out of this Agreement may only be brought in either the United States District Court, Central District of California, or the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, West District, as appropriate. The parties agree that venue exists in either court, and each party expressly waives any right to transfer to another venue. The parties further agree that either court will have personal jurisdiction over the parties to this Agreement.

24. Survival of Provisions and Obligations. Any provision of this Agreement, which by its nature must be exercised after termination of this Agreement, will survive termination and remain effective for a reasonable time. Any obligation that accrued prior to termination of this Agreement will survive termination of this Agreement.

25. Execution in Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts with the same effect as if both parties hereto had executed the same document. All counterparts shall be construed together and shall constitute a single modification. Any signature to this Agreement transmitted electronically through DocuSign or PDF shall be deemed an original signature and be binding upon the parties hereto (it being agreed that such electronic signature shall have the same force and effect as an original signature).

26. Exhibits. The following exhibits are incorporated by reference into this Agreement as though fully set forth herein.

Exhibit A Scope of Services
Exhibit B Budget
Exhibit C Insurance Requirements
In witness whereof, the parties have caused this Agreement to be executed the day and year first above written.

ATTEST:
______________________________

DENISE ANDERSON-WARREN
City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
______________________________

LANE DILG
City Attorney

CITY OF SANTA MONICA,
a municipal corporation
By: ______________________________

RICK COLE
City Manager
FOUNDATION Corporation
#VENDOR
By: ________________________________
DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

DOUGLAS SLOAN
City Attorney
1/16/2024
Tom Ford
Santa Monica Bay Restoration Foundation D.B.A.The Bay Foundation CEO
1/17/2024
David White
1/18/2024
City Manager
1/30/2024
Nikima Newsome
Interim City Clerk

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Packet Pg. 1173 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Exhibit A
Scope of Services
Refugio Beach Oil Spill
Project Proposal – September 7, 2021
Modified Scope – August 21, 2023
Project Title:

Santa Monica Dune Restoration (SHORE-3)
Project Description:

Goal The project goal is to create nearly five acres of coastal habitat located on Santa Monica Beach, California (Fig. 1). We intend to transform a section of the existing beach into a sustainable coastal strand and foredune habitat, thereby improving coastal resilience to sea level rise. Additionally, the initiative will lead to a significant buildup of sand volume, culminating in the formation of a dune system characterized by increased elevation and enhanced biological complexity.

Partners: The Bay Foundation (lead), City of Santa Monica (land managers), California Department of Parks and Recreation (landowners), Santa Monica Audubon Society (stakeholders) Outcomes:
 Improved ecosystem functions and naturalized coastal processes of sandy beach, coastal strand, and dune habitats in Santa Monica
 Expanded habitat for shorebirds, like the western snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus nivosus).  Increased coastal resilience to the effects of sea level rise and intensified storm erosion.  Increased biodiversity
 Greater public understanding of sandy coastal habitats and engagement with the site  Public enjoyment and education.

Objectives: 1) Protect approximately five acres of habitat from grooming; 2) provide vital habitat for wildlife and native dune species; 3) increase the resilience of the shoreline through the restoration of sandy beach and foredune habitat; and 4) engage and educate the public about sand dunes; and 5) provide a model for the region to inform scalability.

Project Narrative: The project will create nearly five acres of coastal strand and foredune habitat, which was largely extirpated from the region. This habitat will provide vital refuge for invertebrates, birds, and rare DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1174 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 coastal vegetation species, including for the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover. The project will result in a nature-based defense against flooding and coastal erosion, with the dunes serving as a buffer against storm surge and sea level rise. The resulting vegetated dune system will reduce beach erosion, preserve recreational beach activities, and aid in the protection from flooding of coastal infrastructure, such as the bike path, residential structures, and Pacific Coast Highway.

The site is owned by the California Department of Parks and Recreation and managed by City of Santa Monica. Both are proposed partners on this project and are in full support of its implementation. The Bay Foundation has a successful history of implementing similar projects in the Santa Monica Bay region with the expertise to effectively implement the project. A similar TBF project in Santa Monica is 7 years postimplementation and has been notably successful, including increased biodiversity, increased western snowy plover habitat, and increased community engagement. This project will be among the few in the region that support more natural functions and habitats.

Tasks & Timeline:

The four tasks of this project will be conducted over five years (Table 1). All planning and design components (Task 1), such as meetings and coordination with project partners, public engagement in project design, pre-restoration monitoring, finalizing project design, development of a comprehensive Restoration and Monitoring Plan, and permitting will occur in Years 1 and 2.

Project implementation (Task 2) is anticipated to take place in Year 2, following approval of permit applications. Adaptive management, monitoring, and maintenance (Task 3) will begin in Year 2, following project implementation, and will continue throughout Years 3-5. Project management (Task 4) will be ongoing throughout the duration of the project (Years 2-5). Please note, delays may alter the project timeline.

Refugio 5 YR Activities Breakdown by Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Planning, Design, and Permitting √ √
Implementation √ √
Adaptive Management, Monitoring, Maintenance √ √ √ √
Project Management √ √ √ √ √
Task Task Description
Planning, Design,
and Permitting
During Year 1, TBF and project partners, including City of Santa Monica, will finalize planning and design of the project, including meetings with key project partners; targeted outreach to community stakeholders via a diverse strategy of public meetings, press releases, newsletters, websites, and social media; design development by a design subcontractor for interpretive signage; the finalization of a comprehensive Restoration and Monitoring Plan; and completion of permits, including Coastal Development Permit DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1175 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (CDP), , CEQA exemption, and other jurisdictional permits deemed necessary.

Implementation
Project implementation will occur as specified in the final comprehensive Restoration and Monitoring Plan. It will include delineating the boundaries and public access pathways, restricting mechanized equipment in the area; seeding and planting appropriate native vegetation; and sand fencing.

Implementation will be initiated at the end of Year 1, with the bulk of this task during Year 2.

Adaptive
Management,
Monitoring,
Maintenance
Baseline (pre-restoration) surveys and post-restoration scientific monitoring will be conducted to assess restoration progress and identify the need for maintenance and adaptive management actions. Baseline surveys will be conducted in Year 1, and subsequent years will include post-restoration monitoring. Ongoing evaluation of the project, as-needed adaptive management actions, and annual progress reporting will begin the year after implementation.

Project
Management
Project management will include invoicing, subcontract management, budgeting, and miscellaneous administrative tasks spanning all project Years.

Permitting & Timeline:

Obtained: N/A
Pending: Coastal Commission Coastal Development Permit, State Parks Scientific Collecting Permit, (Note:
no California Department of Fish and Wildlife Scientific Collecting Permit is needed for this project). Permits will be obtained prior to implementation in Fall/Winter of Year 2.

Deliverables: (performance reports-quarterly/annually, Period of Performance) An annual report on the project will be provided to the Trustee Council that summarizes the results of work conducted each year. An MOU will be completed between TBF and City of Santa Monica specifically for this project. The Restoration and Monitoring Plan and final permits will also be submitted and publicly available on TBF’s website.

Information for Recipient:

In addition to the overall project proposal, multi-year project implementers should provide Annual Scope of Work (SOW) that include: (i) changes or deviations from the SOW (ii) a budget showing actual amounts spent the prior year and any carryover funds; and (iii) a budget for the coming year.

Draft SOWs (including draft Annual SOWs) shall be provided to the Trustees for review and comment prior to finalization. Implementers should note that the Trustees may have comments on draft SOWs and request revisions prior to finalization and so should allow sufficient time for this process.

DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1176 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Project Maps and Photos:

The project location is Santa Monica, CA (locator coordinates: 34.022500, -118.511944; Fig 1). The site consists of an existing snowy plover enclosure (0.60 acres) and an additional 4.2 acres of mechanically groomed beach. The plover enclosure has several small plant hummocks with naturally recruited CA native vegetation (Fig 2, right). Non-native European Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima, Brassicaceae) is also present. The fence is managed by Audubon Society, with no other management.

Figure 1. Planned restoration footprint for the Santa Monica Dune Restoration project, roughly outlining the two shoreline polygons and two polygons adjacent to the bike path. Note the existing snowy plover enclosure, and the open pathway from Parking Lot 9N to the ocean.

DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1177 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Figure 2. Site photographs with views from the plover enclosure toward the bike path (left) and immediately adjacent to the plover enclosure (right). Note the existence of vegetation on the protected side of the sand fencing, relative to the frequently groomed area (left).

Trustee Council Project Officer:

Bruce Joab, Senior Environmental Scientist, Supervisor, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 916- 826-0166, [email protected]
Project Contacts:

Alexandra Tower, The Bay Foundation, 310-216-9824, [email protected] Tom Ford, CEO, The Bay Foundation, 310-216-9827, [email protected] Project Proposal prepared by:

Alexandra Tower 10/26/2023
Name Date
Coastal Adaptation Program Director
Title
DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1178 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Exhibit B
Budget

1. FOUNDATION agrees to bear, at its sole cost and expense, all of the fees and costs for the implementation, maintenance and repair of the project, including, but not limited to, vegetation planting, sand fencing, interpretative signage, maintenance, community outreach and educational outreach.

The budget is divided into categories, with most of the project costs allocated to staff time for the different tasks and the largest portion allocated to Task 3, which covers the longest timeframe and includes adaptive management actions, site maintenance, and scientific monitoring to assess trajectories towards established success criteria. Materials will include native plant seeds and container stock, monitoring supplies, sand fencing and wooden stakes, interpretive signage, etc.

TBF has a federally approved overhead (indirect) rate of 20% and is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization.
*Not to Exceed Amount
Task
No. Task TBF Personnel
Materials /
Travel
Subcontractor
(Design) Subtotal
1 Planning, Design,
and Permitting $39,718 $6,870 $ 20,000 $ 66,588
2 Implementation $28, 138 $51,000 - $ 79,138
3 Adaptive
Management,
Monitoring,
Maintenance
$53,650 $22, 063 - $75,713
4 Project Management $27,548 $ 1,000 - $ 28, 548
Overhead (@ 15%) $22, 358 $12,140 $3,000 $37,498
TOTAL $ 171,411 $ 93,073 $23,000 $287,484*
DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1179 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Planning, Design, and Permitting√
Implementation√√
Adaptive Management, Monitoring,
Maintenance
√√
Project Management√√√
Total Budget by Year $85,000 $116,000$86,484
DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1180 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Exhibit C
Insurance Requirements
Contractual Services Agreement Insurance Requirements
Contractor shall procure and maintain for the duration of the Agreement insurance against claims for injuries to persons or damages to property that may arise from or in connection with the performance of the work hereunder by the Contractor, its agents, representatives, employees or subcontractors.

Minimum Scope and Limits of Insurance
Coverage shall be at least as broad as:

1. Commercial General Liability (CGL): Insurance Services Office Form CG 00 01 covering CGL on an “occurrence” basis, including products and completed operations, property damage, bodily injury and personal and advertising injury, with limits of no less than $1,000,000 per occurrence.

If a general aggregate limit applies, either the general aggregate limit shall apply separately to this project/location (Insurance Services Office Form CG 25 04) or the general aggregate limit shall be twice the required occurrence limit.

2. Automobile Liability: Insurance Services Office Form CA 00 01 covering Code 1 (any auto), or if Contractor has no owned autos, Code 8 (hired) and Code 9 (non-owned), with limits of no less than $1,000,000 per accident for bodily injury and property damage.

3. Workers’ Compensation: Workers’ Compensation insurance as required by the State of California, with Statutory Limits and Employers’ Liability Insurance with limits of no less than $1,000,000 per accident for bodily injury or disease (see footnote #1).

If the Contractor maintains broader coverage or higher limits than the minimums shown above, the City of Santa Monica requires and shall be entitled to the broader coverage or higher limits maintained by the Contractor. Any available insurance proceeds in excess of the specified minimum limits of insurance and coverage shall be available to the City of Santa Monica.

Other Insurance Provisions

1. The insurance policies are to contain, or be endorsed to contain, the following provisions a. Additional Insured Status: The City of Santa Monica, its officers, officials, employees and volunteers are to be covered as additional insureds on the CGL policy with respect to liability arising out of work or operations performed by or on behalf of Contractor including materials, parts, or equipment furnished in connection with such work or operations. CGL coverage can be provided in the form of an endorsement to the Contractor’s insurance (at least as broad as Insurance Services Office Form CG 20 10 11 85, or if not available, through the addition of both CG 20 10, CG 20 26, CG 20 33, or CG 20 38 and CG 20 37). b. Primary Coverage: For any claims related to this Agreement, the Contractor’s insurance shall be primary coverage as least as broad as Insurance Services Office Form CG 20 01 04 13 as respects the City of Santa Monica, its officers, officials, employees and volunteers. Any DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1181 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 insurance or self-insurance maintained by the City of Santa Monica, its officers, officials, employees or volunteers shall be in excess of the Contractor’s insurance and shall not contribute with it.
c. Notice of Cancellation: Each insurance policy required herein shall state that coverage shall not be cancelled except after notice has been given to the City of Santa Monica. d. Waiver of Subrogation: Contractor hereby grants to the City of Santa Monica a waiver of any right of subrogation which any insurer of said Contractor may acquire against the City of Santa Monica by virtue of payment of any loss. Contractor agrees to obtain any endorsement that may be necessary to affect this waiver of subrogation, but this provision applies regardless of whether or not the City of Santa Monica has received a waiver of subrogation endorsement from the insurer.

The Workers’ Compensation policy shall be endorsed with a waiver of subrogation in favor of the City of Santa Monica for all work performed by the Contractor, its employees, agents and subcontractors.

Self-Insured Retentions
Self-insured retentions must be declared to and approved by the City of Santa Monica. The City of Santa Monica may require the Contractor to purchase coverage with a lower retention or provide satisfactory proof of ability to pay losses and related investigations, claim administration, and defense expenses within the retention. The policy language shall provide, or be endorsed to provide, that the self-insured retention may be satisfied by either the name insured or the City of Santa Monica.

Acceptability of Insurers
Insurance is to be placed with insurers authorized to conduct business in California with a current A.M. Best rating of no less than A:VII, unless otherwise acceptable to the City of Santa Monica.

Verification of Coverage
Contractor shall furnish the City of Santa Monica with original certificates and amendatory endorsements (or copies of the applicable policy language effecting coverage provided by this clause).

All certificates and endorsements are to be received and approved by the City of Santa Monica before work commences. However, failure to obtain required documents prior to the work beginning shall not waive the Contractor’s obligation to provide them. The City of Santa Monica reserves the right to require complete, certified copies of all required insurance policies, including the endorsements required herein, at any time.

Failure to Maintain Insurance Coverage
If Contractor, for any reason, fails to maintain insurance coverage which is required pursuant to this Agreement, the same shall be deemed a material breach of contract. The City of Santa Monica, at its sole option, may terminate this Agreement and obtain damages from the Contractor resulting from said breach.

Subcontractors
DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

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Packet Pg. 1182 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 Contractor shall require and verify that all subcontractors maintain insurance meeting all the requirements stated herein. All exceptions must be approved in writing by the Risk Manager.

Footnotes
# 1: Workers’ Compensation insurance coverage is not required if the Contractor does not have employees. The Contractor must, however, execute the City’s Workers’ Compensation Coverage Exemption Declaration Form.

DocuSign Envelope ID: 9D5204E4-D751-4BFC-B9CB-78483CF9F0E0

7.A.c
Packet Pg. 1183 Attachment: City_of_Santa_Monica_CSA_Bay_Foundation_SaMo2_1-9-24_FINAL.docx (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 1685 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401 • (310) 458-8411 santamonica.gov • @ctityofsantamonica • @santamonicacity Commission on Sustainability, Environmental Justice,
and the Environment
10/26/2023
California Coastal Commission
301 E. Ocean Blvd., Suite 300
Long Beach, CA 90802
(562) 590 5071
I am pleased to convey support for the SaMo2 Beach Dune Restoration Project. The goal of this project is to restore a section of Santa Monica’s existing beach into a sustainable coastal strand and foredune habitat resilient to sea level rise.

As one of the first cities to adopt a comprehensive Sustainable City Plan, Santa Monica has proven to be a leader in developing policies and programs to maximize environmental benefits and eliminate negative environmental impacts. Adopted in 2019, the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan sets goals to enhance natural systems to prevent damage from coastal flooding and increase resilience of public and private assets in the coastal flood zone.

Beach nourishment and dune creation has been identified in the CAAP as a priority action to achieve the City’s coastal resilience goals.

The SaMo2 beach dune restoration project directly ties to the City’s coastal adaptation and resilience goals. This project will foster collaboration between various stakeholders to balance the City’s priorities of maintaining coastal access and implementing low-cost natural solutions to improve resilience to sea level rise. I encourage California Coastal Commission’s support to ensure the success of the SaMo2 Beach Dune Restoration Project.

Sincerely,
Dean Kubani
Chair, Commission on Sustainability, Environmental Justice, and the Environment

7.A.d
Packet Pg. 1184 Attachment: BeachDune2.0 Letter of Support (1) (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

CLIMATE

ACTION &

ADAPTATION
PLAN
A 2030 COMMUNITY PLAN

TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSIONS
& BECOME CLIMATE RESILIENT

CITY OF SANTA MONICA

FINAL DRAFT
ADOPTED MAY 2019

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Breeze BikeShare
Chamber of Commerce
Climate Action Santa Monica
ClimateResolve
Community Corporation of Santa Monica
County of Los Angeles
EcoMotion
Heal the Bay
Los Angeles Regional Collaborative for Climate
Action & Sustainability
Mid-City Neighbors
Northeast Neighbors
North of Montana Association
Office of Representative Richard Bloom
Office of Senator Ben Allen
RAND
Southern California Association of Governments
Santa Monica College
Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District
Santa Monica Travel & Tourism
Southern California Edison
Southern California Gas Company
Southern California Regional Energy Network
SustainableWorks
The Energy Coalition
UCLA Luskin Center for Policy Innovation
USC Sea Grant

STEERING COMMITTEE & PARTNERS
Gleam Davis , Mayor
Terry O’Day, Mayor Pro Tempore
Ana Maria Jara
Kevin McKeown
Greg Morena
Sue Himmelrich
Ted Winterer
Pam O'Connor (1994-2018)

CITY COUNCIL
Mark Gold, Chair
Erik Neandross, Vice Chair
Garen Baghdasarian
Robert Lempert
Susan Mearns
David Pettit

TASK FORCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Mario Fonda-Bonardi, Chair
Leslie Lambert, Vice Chair
Amy Nancy Anderson
Nina Fresco
Shawn Landres
Richard McKinnon
Jason Parry

PLANNING COMMISSION
Grace Sadye Phillips, Chair
Thomas Cleys, Vice Chair
Hans Baumann
Robin Carmichael
Gloria Garvin
Armando Martinez
Ellis Raskin

URBAN FOREST TASK FORCE
Barry Engelman, Chair
Kathryn G. Kietzman, Vice Chair
Leigh Alan Brumberg
Barbara Jane Browning
Elliot Goldberg
Paula Fern
Lynn Strother
Willa Faye Wells

COMMISSION FOR THE SENIOR

COMMUNITY
Marielle Krisel, Chair
Nanci Linke-Ellis, Vice Chair
Glenda Berg
Dee Capelli
June Carol Hagan, PhD
Thomas John Hill
Christy Hobart
Kathryn Kosmeya-Dodge
Lauri Ringer
Kelly S. Siegel
Delbert A Whetter, JD, MBA

DISABILITIES COMMISSION
Credit: Justin Han

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Garrett Wong, Sr. Sustainability Analyst
Dean Kubani, Chief Sustainability Officer
Shannon Parry, Sustainability Administrator
Ariana Vito
Drew Lowell-Johnstone
James Velez-Conway
Andrew Basmajian
Amanda Grossman
Karl Bruskotter
Thomas Fleming
Karina Sandique
Salvador Gonzalez
Neal Shapiro
Russell Ackerman
Angela Von Slomski
Jennifer Simmons
Jessica Hanna
Mikhael Matossian (15/16)
Delia Tyrell (16/17)
Samantha Rosenbaum (16/17)
Michael Consunji (17/18)
Maansi Shah (17/18)
Yuval Pearl (18/19)

CIVICSPARK FELLOWS

PRIMARY AUTHOR

OFFICE OF SUSTAINABILITY &

THE ENVIRONMENT
DNV-GL
Global Green
Raimi & Associates
Fehr & Peers
Francie Stefan, Mobility Manager
Colleen Stoll
Jing Yeo, Planning Manager
Liz Bar-El
Cary Fukui
Peter James
Rachel Kwok
Roxanne Tanemori

CONSULTANTS

PLANNING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT
Susan Cline, Director
Delana Gbemekama, Communications & Marketing Coordinator Sergio Ramirez, Principal Administrative Analyst
Chris Celsi, Resource Recovery & Recycling Manager
Chris Dishlip, Facilities Maintenance Manager, Acting City Architect
Alex Nazarchuk, Water Resources Manager
Matthew Wells, Public Landscape Manager
Rick Valte, City Engineer

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
Cover: City of Santa Monica. Pg. 2: Eric Staudenmaier, Stefan Corbel, Justin Han, Iwan Baan for Community Corporation of Santa Monica, City of Santa Monica. Pg 5: Downtown
Santa Monica, Pg 6: William Short. Pg 10:  William Short; Pg 12: Kristina Sado, Justin Han.; Pg 13: City of Santa Monica, Gabor Ekecs,  WeWork. Pg 17: City of Santa Monica; Pg 20:

Iwan Baan for Community Corporation of Santa Monica; Pg 25: Terra24. Pg 29: Kristina Sado; Pg 35: City of Santa Monica; Pg 41: Santa Monica Daily Press. Pg 42: Justin Han. Pg 46:

City of Santa Monica; Pg. 50: Justin Han. Pg. 51: City of Santa Monica. Pg. 53: Kristina Sado; Pg. 54: Climate Cents. Pg 57:

Justin Han. Pg. 58: Justin Han, Pg. 55: City of Santa Monica

PHOTO CREDITS
Credit: William Short

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CONTENTS

T A B L E O F
9 7
19 35
58 63

INTRODUCTION

P A THWAY TO C AR BON NEU TR A LI TY

ZERO NE T C AR BON BUI LDINGS

ZERO WAS TE

SUS T AIN A B LE MO BI LI TY

CLIMATE ACTION

OUR C LIM A TE A C TION VISION

C LIM A TE RE ADY COMMUNI TY

WA TER SE L F-SU F FI CIEN CY

CO AS T A L F LOODING PREP AREDNESS

CLIMATE ADAPTATION

LOW C AR BON FOOD & E COSYS TEMS

C LIM A TE CH ANGE IN S AN T A MONI C A

C LIM A TE LE ADERSHIP

DEVE LOPING THE P L AN

P L AN A T A G L AN CE

IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN

CONCLUSION

HOW TO RE AD THE P L AN
10 12
11 13
14 16
17 20
29 25
36 46
42 50
53 COMMUNI TY THEMES
6 LETTER FROM THE MAYOR

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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LETTER FROM THE MAYOR
In recent years, California has experienced historic drought, higher average temperatures, heat waves, and devastating wildfires and mudslides. Climate change is no longer a threat in a distant future. It is here now. And it will get worse unless we act.

Climate change is a global issue that requires all governments to act, no matter their size. Unfortunately, it appears that not every level of government recognizes the problem or is willing to act on it.  Accordingly, cities have emerged as front-line leaders in the fight against climate change.

Santa Monica has long been a leader in promoting sustainability and tackling climate change. In 2016, we reduced our carbon emissions 20% below 1990 levels, a goal the State of California seeks to achieve by 2020.

We have the tools to achieve carbon neutrality and meet the Paris Climate Agreement by 2050 or sooner, and still our toolkit is expanding. New developments in the energy and mobility industries are pushing the City to innovate and adapt to these new opportunities which will help Santa Monica reach its goals.

This Climate Action & Adaptation Plan looks ahead to the ambitious goals and transformation we need to achieve and lays the groundwork for embracing innovation and disruption. By achieving the objectives laid out in the plan, we will achieve an 80% reduction in our emissions below 1990 levels by 2030. This will give us momentum to achieve carbon neutrality well before 2050.

In addition to reducing emissions, we also recognize the need to adjust to our changing climate and prepare for more frequent and intense climate change impacts. This plan also provides a pathway to enhance our community resilience and infrastructure to be climate ready.

The next few years are critical to reducing our carbon emissions so we can avoid the worst climate change impacts. This transformation will disrupt the status quo and require community investment in the goal and a willingness to change behaviors. This plan is a call to action for our government, businesses, and residents.

Great challenges offer great opportunities. We must be bold, ambitious, and daring. We know that this transition to a carbon-free future will improve our quality of life, our community wellbeing, and our prosperity. We invite you to join us and participate in this communitywide effort.

GLEAM DAVIS, MAYOR
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Cities are on the front lines when it comes to climate
change. Cities are also leading the world in reducing
carbon emissions through aggressive policies and
adoption of clean technologies.

Santa Monica’s Climate Action & Adaptation Plan (Plan)
builds off of its success and legacy as a sustainable
community to move closer to carbon neutrality, by
establishing an interim goal of reducing carbon emissions 80% below 1990 levels by 2030.

The Plan is the product of collaboration and engagement with the public, businesses, stakeholder groups, and
subject matter experts from academia, industry and
interdepartmental staff representatives. It provides an ambitious, community-focused platform to advance
policies that enhance quality of life and wellbeing,
embrace smart city innovation and improve social equity.

The Plan focuses on eight objectives in three sectors to reduce emissions: Zero Net Carbon Buildings, Zero Waste and Sustainable Mobility. Early action is required to avoid significant cost and social and environmental risks to our community. In addition to California's policies, like the Low Carbon Fuel Standard and the Renewable Portfolio
Standard, these actions are estimated to achieve the
Plan's estimated 80% reduction.
7 Between 1990 and 2015, Santa Monica reduced its
emissions by 276,324 metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalents (mtCO2e) to achieve 20% below 1990 levels at a rate of 0.8% per year. In order to achieve an 80%
reduction by 2030, Santa Monica would need to reduce
total emissions by about 929,693 mtCO2e, at a rate of over 4% per year, significantly increasing the scale and speed of reductions. This 'bending of the carbon curve' is
essential to meeting the Paris Climate Agreement and
avoiding worsened climate change impacts.

The Plan provides a roadmap to advance the goals across programmatic and departmental lines. In many cases, the actions described also require new community and
regional partnerships to develop and test new strategies that will build on Santa Monica’s leadership role in
sustainability and innovation. These key actions identify what can be accomplished within the next decade to
continue progress toward the goal of achieving carbon
neutrality by 2050 or sooner.

Observed Emissions
80% below 1990 levels
20% below 1990 levels
Climate Action
Reductions

SANTA MONICA'S PATH TO CARBON NEUTRALITY
Annual Carbon Emissions (MMtCo2e)
STATE POLICIES 50% of total reductions
Renewable Portfolio Standard
Low Carbon Fuel Standard
Building Energy Standards
ZERO NET CARBON BUILDINGS 21% of total reductions
Achieve 100% renewable grid electricity
Install 100 MW of local solar energy
Reduce fossil fuel use 20% in existing buildings
Discourage fossil fuels in new buildings
ZERO WASTE 3% of total reductions
Divert 95% of materials from landfills
SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY 26% of total reductions
Convert 50% of local trips to foot, bike, scooter &
skateboard
Convert 25% of commuter trips to transit
Convert 50% of vehicles to electric or zero emission

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1191 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) 8 Even if all emissions were eliminated today, we would still see climate change impacts in the future. The chart above shows the anticipated changes, hazards and
impacts Santa Monica may face.

Not everyone will experience climate change the same.

The people who are older, have chronic respiratory
illnesses, are lower on the socio-economic spectrum, or speak English as a second language are likely to be
impacted the hardest by climate change and may be
the least able to adapt and prepare.

The Plan lays out a framework for enhancing Santa
Monica’s resilience to climate change through four
sectors: Climate Ready Community,  Water SelfSufficiency, Coastal Flooding Preparedness and Low Carbon Food & Ecosystems. The Plan identifies areas in
local government, community building and support to
augment by including climate change considerations
and adaptation measures.

Increased Temperature
Fluctuations in
Precipitation
Sea Level Rise
Extreme Heat Events
Worsened Air Quality
Increased Drought
Increased Wildfire
Increased Coastal Flooding

GRADUAL CLIMATE CHANGES LOCAL CLIMATE HAZARDS
Heat-related illness or death
Power outages
Asthma & respiratory impacts
Water shortages
Increased utility rates
Property loss & damage
School & business disruption
Transportation impacts
Increased beach tourism & congestion
Crop loss & increased food prices

DIRECT IMPACTS
Through the last two adopted Capital Improvement
Program budgets, Santa Monica has already committed
to spending $383M on climate action and adaptation
projects. Staff estimate that implementation of the plan will cost an additional $800M-$1B over the next 10-12
years, with some projects and programs still not fully
conceived.

The investment by the community to support the Plan
will be many times greater than the City's own costs. The City will need to provide support to residents and
businesses in need of funding to decarbonize their
buildings, vehicles and lifestyles. At the same time, it should discourage carbon-emitting activities through
fee-based systems or carbon taxes to shift community
investment away from fossil fuels to clean technologies.

In order to ensure full implementation of the plan, an
interdepartmental team of city staff in collaboration
with civic leaders must be assembled to maintain
momentum and ensure accountability. Staff will provide
annual progress reports, conduct biennial greenhouse
gas inventories and prepare an update to the plan after 5 years.

This plan provides a pathway to accelerate our historical success to eventually make climate change history. It is also a call to action to residents, community institutions and businesses to take an active part in our transition to a low carbon future and clean economy.

In this process, we will foster a vibrant economy,
increase our resiliency and support Santa Monica’s vision for a livable and sustainable community for generations to come.

Increase community resilience to
climate change
Protect vulnerable groups from
impacts
Integrate climate change impacts
into City planning, operations &
infrastructure projects
Achieve water self-sufficiency by 2023
Enhance natural systems to prevent
damage from coastal flooding
Increase resilience of public and
private assets in coastal flood zone
Increase self-reliance through local
food production
Reduce or sequester carbon emissions
from food production, consumption,
waste and landscape management
and natural processes

CLIMATE READY

COMMUNITY
WATER SELFSUFFICIENCY

COASTAL

FLOODING

PREPAREDNESS

LOW CARBON
FOOD &

ECOSYSTEMS

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1192 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Cities are uniquely threatened by climate
change and are uniquely positioned to do
something about it.

INTRODUCTION
Cities are on the front lines when it comes to climate change impacts. Cities also have significant roles to play in the fight against climate change.

Santa Monica has long held ambitious sustainability goals and took early actions to meet them. We are on track to becomea water self-sufficient community by 2023 anda zero waste community by 2030. We are also on track to keep peak hour vehicle trips at or below 2009 levels, as targeted in the City's General Plan. All of these efforts contribute to our carbon reduction goals.

Since 1990 we have seena 20% reduction in our carbon emissions. At the same time, we increased local employment by over 50%, demonstrating thata cleaner and more prosperous economy is possible.

An 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 will requirea massive shift in our lifestyles and investments. Deep emissions reductions will need to be achieved ata scale and pace unlike the City has seen before. This plan provides a road map to transition to low-carbon lifestyles and technologies and significantly reduce our fossil fuel consumption.

Even if all emissions were eliminated today, we would still see climate change impacts in the future. This plan also outlinesa strategy to build resilience by developing strategies to prepare, adapt and respond to unavoidable impacts.

By achieving the objectives of this plan, we will be joininga global movement of communities doing their part to fight climate change. Ultimately, the benefits of our actions will be local: we will improve our quality of life and ensurea stable climate for generations to come.

CHANGES BETWEEN
1990-2015
JOBS
UP 51%

EMISSIONS
DOWN 20%
9 In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 or sooner, we are committing to an interim goal of 80% reduction of emissions below 1990 levels by 2030.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1193 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) It is 2030, we have reduced our carbon emissions
80% below 1990 levels. All of our electricity comes
from renewable sources. Mobility options are zero
carbon, shared and active, reducing congestion and
air pollution. Nearly all of our waste is reused,
repurposed or recycled.

There is a culture of awareness and action. We
utilize smart city technology and principles to
advance efficiency in our energy and transportation
systems and infrastructure.

Our prosperous economy and quality of life have
benefited from this transformation. We are
connected, equitable and resilient.

OUR CLIMATE

ACTION VISION

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CLIMATE LEADERSHIP

PLEDGE &

COMMIT REPORT

LEAD, ADVOCATE &

COLLABORATE
Santa Monica has committed to meeting the goals of the
Paris Climate Agreement to limit global warming below 2 degrees Celsius and pursue action to limit warming to 1.5 degrees. C40's Deadline 2020 Commitment offers a
global pathway of city-level, inclusive climate action, that would put cities on a trajectory consistent with the
ambitions of the Paris Agreement from now until the end of the century.

Meeting this increased ambition requires
transformational actions to reduce transportation
emissions, improve building energy efficiency,  increase the supply of green energy, and change consumption
Former Mayor Ted Winterer signing the C40 Deadline
2020 Commitment at the 2018 Global Climate Action
Summit in San Francisco. (Credit: Chris Menges)
patterns, while strengthening the ability to deal with the impacts of climate change through adaptation.

Santa Monica is committed to pursuing aggressive action and publicly reporting our efforts to increase awareness and maintain accountability.

We publicly report our progress and actions through
various platforms and collaborate with local governments around the world to advance best practices in
sustainability and climate action.
10 7.A.e
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DEVELOPING THE PLAN
This plan was developed over a 3-year period using extensive analysis, modeling, stakeholder input, and community engagement to ensure buy-in and feasibility.

A Steering Committee representing City staff, local
institutions, community groups and regional experts
provided guidance and feedback throughout the
project

STEERING COMMITTEE
City staff and consultants modeled various scenarios of future carbon emissions, taking into account population changes and statewide policies. The team developed
strategies to estimate the potential carbon reductions of Santa Monica’s future efforts. These measures were
prioritized by the Steering Committee.

EMISSIONS ANALYSIS
Presentations were given at 19 community and
business meetings reaching approximately 300
people. These included various meetings of
neighborhood associations, community
organizations, church groups, business improvement
districts and business events.

Climate Action Santa Monica, a grassroots climate
organization, leads the ‘Climate Corps’ program
offering summer internship and volunteer
opportunities for students and young adults, The
Climate Corps gauge resident and visitors' concerns
about climate change issues and support for the City’s
climate policies.

COMMUNITY PRESENTATIONS

CLIMATE CORPS YOUTH PROGRAM
Augmented reality viewers were installed on the
Santa Monica Pier, providing residents and visitors a
view into a future with sea level rise. Over 10,000
participants were surveyed on their climate change
concerns and adaptation preferences.

SEA LEVEL RISE AUGMENTED REALITY
In 2016, Santa Monica held its first ever Community
Climate Action Summit, inviting residents, visitors and businesses to contribute to the plan. Over 250
individuals participated in the day-long event filled
with expert speakers, interactive workshops, open
discussion and exhibitors. Following on the success of
the Community Climate Action Summit, the City held
ClimateFest in May 2018. The event featured local
experts on climate policy and provided accessible
resources for individual climate action. Over 600
people attended, interacting with various themes of
the plan.

COMMUNITY CLIMATE ACTION SUMMIT
& CLIMATEFEST
12 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1196 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Vulnerable groups are often the least able to access resources and least likely to have a seat at the table when policies are developed. In the transition to a low-carbon future, we must create a future that is accessible to all Santa Monicans.

The policies outlined in this plan will use an equity lens to prioritize the needs of low-income communities and communities of color ensuring the just distribution of the benefits while addressing unequal burdens from climate change.

The people who are the most impacted by climate change and the least likely to be engaged in civic affairs tend to be older, people of color, lower on the socio-economic spectrum, and/or don’t speak English as their native language. Rising temperatures and worsening air quality disproportionately impact these vulnerable populations. Additionally, each of these communities have different needs.

Policy-making and program design must address both the systems that worsen climate change and inequality while reducing the disproportionate impact of climate change on the vulnerable.

Resilience is the ability of a community to withstand chronic stressors or sudden shocks, and grow and thrive beyond; and is a function of both wellbeing and sustainability. Wellbeing and environmental stewardship go hand in hand when fostering a more resilient city and improving quality of life.

Santa Monica’s Wellbeing Index measures individual and community wellbeing to help improve peoples' lives. The Wellbeing Index and the Sustainable City Plan have been integrated into The Framework for a Sustainable City of Wellbeing to guide City decision-making and investments using performance-based metrics.

By strengthening our social connections, mobility systems, buildings and infrastructure, Santa Monica will enhance its ability to withstand and recover from earthquakes, drought and heatwaves.

This plan recommends that the City adopt a Smart City Strategy to advance technologies in City infrastructure and leverage public-private partnerships that foster community goals.

Smart technologies, such as cloud-based sensors for buildings, traffic signals and waste bins, can allow local governments to provide services faster and more efficiently while reducing energy use and carbon emissions.

Smart technologies and infrastructure will create opportunities to improve resource efficiency and performance, while enhancing customer service, safety and wellbeing in the digital age.

SUSTAINABILITY, WELLBEING & RESILIENCE

EQUITY IN CLIMATE ACTION

SMART CITY INNOVATION
Climate change and climate action affects all levels of City government and community issues. A plan that addresses climate change and community resilience is a plan that creates a more livable community.

COMMUNITY THEMES
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PATHWAY TO CARBON NEUTRALITY
Santa Monica's carbon emissions are generated primarily from fossil fueled transportation and energy use in
buildings.

The City conducted a greenhouse gas (carbon) emissions
inventory to evaluate the impact of the 15x15 Climate
Action Plan (CAP). At the end of 2015, Santa Monica’s
annual emissions had declined by 20% compared to
1990 levels, exceeding the City’s 15% target. The 15x15 CAP actions and State level policies, such as increased renewable energy generation and vehicle fuel efficiency, resulted in the decline.

SANTA MONICA'S
CARBON EMISSION SOURCES (2015)

BUILDING

ENERGY USE

LANDFILLED
WASTE

AVIATION
FUEL

VEHICLE

TRANSPORTATION
30%
3%
2%
64%
Currently, per capita emissions is approximately 11.1
mtCO2e (metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent). If
Santa Monica reduces its emissions to 80% below 1990
levels, per capita emissions would be 2.3 mtCO2e.

A dramatic transformation of our building energy and
transportation systems will be necessary to achieve this significant reduction.

Between 1990 and 2015, Santa Monica
reduced its emissions by 276,324 mtCO2e
to achieve 20% below 1990 levels at a
rate of 0.8% per year.

In order to achieve an 80% reduction by
2030, Santa Monica would need to
reduce total emissions by about 929,693
mtCO2e, at a rate of over 4% per year,
significantly increasing the scale and
speed of reductions. This 'bending of the
carbon curve' is essential to meeting the
Paris Climate Agreement and avoiding
worsened climate change impacts.

These charts (this page and next)
illustrate the relative impact each
Climate Action sector in contributing to
the 2030 target.

BENDING THE CARBON
CURVE
Carbon Emissions (millions mtCO2e)
Observed Emissions
80% below 1990 levels
20% below 1990 levels

SANTA MONICA'S PATH TO CARBON NEUTRALITY
Climate Action
Reductions
(see next page)
14 Annual Carbon Emissions (MMtCo2e)

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Packet Pg. 1198 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) If left unabated, population and economic growth by 2030 would increase Santa Monica’s emissions.

STATE POLICIES
California's ambitious climate policies (such as
the Renewable Portfolio Standard and vehicle
fuel efficiency standards) are expected to
reduce Santa Monica’s emissions by an
estimated 33% below 1990 levels by 2030.

ZERO NET CARBON BUILDINGS
Achieve 100% renewable grid electricity
Install 100 MW of local solar energy
Reduce fossil fuel use 20% in existing buildings
Discourage fossil fuels in new buildings

ZERO WASTE
Divert 95% of materials from landfills

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY
Convert 50% of local trips to foot, bike,
scooter & skateboard
Convert 25% of commuter trips to transit
Convert 50% of vehicles to electric or zero
emission

BUSINESS-AS-USUAL
21%
50% 3%
26%
Projected Carbon Emissions (mtCO2e)

SANTA MONICA

PROJECTED CARBON EMISSIONS

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS

ZERO WASTE

SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY

STATE POLICIES

CLIMATE ACTION

REDUCTIONS
232,035 mtCO2e
27,847 mtCO2e
289,837 mtCO2e
547,786 mtCO2e
Target: 80% below 1990 levels

BUSINESS-AS-USUAL
15 (metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent or mtCO2e)

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PLAN AT A GLANCE
The CAAP is a guiding document that provides overarching policy direction to achieve the interim goal of an 80% reduction in emissions by 2030 and to increase Santa Monica's resilience to climate change hazards and impacts. This plan supports and enhances many existing plans and initiatives within the City. The CAAP also suggests new plans and actions to supplement ongoing efforts and create new initiatives.
16 CLIMATE ADAPTATION

ZERO NET
CARBON

BUILDINGS
Convert 50% of local trips to foot, bike, scooter
& skateboard
Convert 25% of commuter trips to transit
Convert 50% of vehicles to electric or zero
emission

SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY
ZERO WASTE Divert 95% of materials from landfills
WATER

SELF-SUFFICIENCY

COASTAL

FLOODING

PREPAREDNESS

LOW CARBON
FOOD &

ECOSYSTEMS

CLIMATE ACTION

SECTOR OBJECTIVES

SECTOR OBJECTIVES

SUPPORTING EFFORT
Achieve 100% renewable grid electricity
Install 100 MW of local solar energy
Reduce fossil fuel use 20% in existing buildings
Discourage fossil fuels in new buildings
Zero net energy for new residential
construction (2017)
Mandatory solar for new commercial
construction (2017)
Land Use & Circulation Element
(2010)
Bike Action Plan (2011)
Pedestrian Action Plan (2016)
Electric Vehicle Action Plan (2017)
Plastic Bag Ban (2011)
Zero Waste Strategic Operations
Plan (2014)
Disposable Food Serviceware
Ordinance (2018)
All Hazards Mitigation Plan (2015)
Santa Monica Organizations Active
in Disaster (2018)
Water Neutrality Ordinance (2017)
Sustainable Water Master Plan (2018)
Local Coastal Program Land Use
Plan (2018)
Urban Forest Master Plan (2015)

SUPPORTING EFFORT
Increase community resilience to climate
change
Protect vulnerable groups from impacts
Integrate climate change impacts into City
planning, operations & infrastructure projects
Achieve water self-sufficiency by 2023
Enhance natural systems to prevent damage
from coastal flooding
Increase resilience of public and private assets
in the coastal flood zone
Increase self-reliance through local food
production
Reduce or sequester carbon emissions from
food production, consumption, waste and
landscape management and natural
processes

CLIMATE READY

COMMUNITY
The CAAP is not an element of the City’s General Plan or a regulatory document for the purposes of streamlining the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) process. Any policy or ordinance described in the CAAP must be developed and adopted through a public review process.

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Packet Pg. 1200 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

HOW TO READ THE PLAN

STRATEGIES & ACTIONS

COST TO CITY
The general approach, programs, policies and steps that help achieve each Objective.

Cost to the City represents the direct costs that may be borne by the City, currently not allocated or budgeted
within the existing operating budget, to implement the
programs, policies and steps. Costs include consultants, new programs, incentives and grants, and infrastructure. Does not consider potential for outside sources of funds.

High Capital Cost; Requires large one-time
investment or sustained investment; outside
sources of funding necessary
Medium Cost; Potential funding through Capital
improvement Program, may be supported with
outside funding
Low or No Cost; potential funding from existing
budget
ZNC1: Implement a Community Choice Energy (CCE)
Program
OSE
R
G
Initiated

SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ENERGY
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
CPA
Implement CCE in Santa Monica, offering the highest
amount of cost-competitive renewable energy. Develop
programs to incentivize new local renewable-energy
projects. Adopt rates to achieve 100% renewable energy
by 2025.

Large Reduction
Medium Reduction
Small Reduction
Marginal
Reduction

CARBON REDUCTION POTENTIAL
Each Action displays a potential reduction in carbon
emissions. Reduction potential was approximated relative to each sector and is presented using a 1 to 4 scale.

PARTNERS
City division, non-City entity or community sector
responsible for supporting implementation,
collaboration, evaluation and reporting of action.

LEAD
City division responsible for leading implementation,
collaboration, evaluation and reporting of action.

ASD
BBB
BM
BSD
CCS
CED
CPD
CRD
EDD
FD
FIN
FacMD
FMD
HD
HSD
ISD
MD
OEM
OSE
OWB
PLD
PWD
RRR
WRD
= Architecture Services Division
= Big Blue Bus
= Beach Manager
= Building & Safety Division
= Community & Cultural Services Department
= Civil Engineering Division
= City Planning Division
= Community Recreation Division
= Economic Development Division
= Fleet Division
= Finance Department
= Facilities Maintenance Division
= Farmers Market Division
= Housing Division
= Human Services Division
= Information Systems Department
= Mobility Division
= Office of Emergency Management
= Office of Sustainability & the Environment
= Office of Civic Wellbeing
= Public Landscape Division
= Public Works Department
= Resource Recovery & Recycling Division
= Water Resources Division

CITY DEPARTMENTS & DIVISIONS
= Local businesses, property owners
= California Department of Transportation
= California Coastal Commission
= California Energy Commission
= Clean Power Alliance of Southern California
= California Public Utilities Commission
= Los Angeles County Metropolitan
Transportation Authority
= Metropolitan Water District
= Local environmental/sustainability organizations
= South Coast Air Quality Management District
= Southern California Edison, Southern California
Gas Company
= Santa Monica College, Santa Monica-Malibu
Unified School District, private schools, teachers
Business
Caltrans
CCC
CEC
CPA
CPUC
Metro
MWD
Nonprofits
SQAMD
Utilities
Schools

NON-CITY PARTNERS

COMMUNITY BENEFITS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 Details on next page.

STATUS OR TIMEFRAME
Near term = 0-2 years
Mid term = 2-5 years
Long term = 5+ years
17 13

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Packet Pg. 1201 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

COMMUNITY BENEFITS
Actions and policies that prevent and prepare for climate change also reduce pollution, improve public health and support a local green economy that benefits the entire community. This plan will seek to achieve not only the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, but also address community concerns such as systemic inequities, sources of negative public health issues and community cohesion. Nearly all of the Actions in this plan generate additional community benefits and support the City's Framework for a Sustainable City of Wellbeing (Framework).

Advances Smart City Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings, Local
Investment and Jobs
Enhances Environmental Quality
Meets Paris Climate Agreement
Action has high carbon reduction potential
to reduce emissions necessary to meet 1.5C
global warming limit of the Paris Climate
Agreement.

Action supports deployment of smart
city technology in City operations and
private sector.

Action requires investment in local
projects and programs, creating local
green jobs. Action may also yield cost
savings from utilities, transportation costs
or avoided waste. May support Economic
Opportunity outcomes and metrics from
the Framework.

Action has potential to foster green
spaces & infrastructure and/or improve air
quality, habitat & biodiversity, May
support Place & Planet outcomes and
metrics from the Framework.

Potential to Address Equity
G
City Government Leadership
R
Enhances Community Resilience
Improves Public Health & Safety
Action has potential to reduce
environmental injustice or be designed
and implemented to prioritize unequally
burdened and vulnerable populations.

Action has potential to increase resilience
of buildings & infrastructure and/or
people through social networks and
increased capacity.

Action has potential to improve public
health through improved environmental
quality, increased access to healthy food,
reduced pollution. Action may also
improve public safety through energy
resilience, and protected pedestrian &
biking infrastructure. May support Health
and Safety outcomes and metrics from the
Framework.

City of Santa Monica will implement action
in City operations to demonstrate
leadership to the community and beyond.

Credit: William Short

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1202 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

CLIMATE ACTION

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS
Achieve 100% renewable grid
electricity
Install 100 MW of local solar energy
Reduce fossil fuel use 20% in
existing buildings
Discourage fossil fuels in new
buildings
ZERO WASTE Divert 95% of materials from
landfills

SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY
Convert 50% of local trips to foot,
bike, scooter & skateboard
Convert 25% of commuter trips to
transit
Convert 50% of vehicles to electric
or zero emission

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1203 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS
2030 OBJECTIVES
Achieve 100% renewable grid electricity
Install 100 MW of local solar energy
Reduce fossil fuel use in existing
buildings by 20%
Discourage use of fossil fuels in new
buildings

OF TOTAL

REDUCTIONS
21%

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1204 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS
Buildings generate 30% of Santa Monica's total
carbon emissions from their use of energy.

Electricity is generated from a mixture of fossil fuel
and renewable energy sources, and natural gas is
used for cooking, water and space heating.

In 2017, Santa Monica became the first city in the
world to require that newly constructed homes
generate as much energy as they consume. This
Zero Net Energy (ZNE) requirement still allowed for
the use of natural gas.

In 2019, Santa Monica started to receive 100%
renewable energy from the Clean Power Alliance.

This action has the potential to reduce the city's
emissions by 19% from present day. (See next page)
As the grid supply of electricity becomes cleaner,
the next carbon source to eliminate is natural gas.

The majority of natural gas is consumed by
residents for cooking, and space and water heating.

In order to “decarbonize’ our buildings over time,
switching natural gas systems to electric powered
by renewable energy is essential. This is also known
as fuel switching or building electrification.

Electric appliances for water and space heating can
be cost effective and efficient, while providing
health and safety benefits through reduced indoor
air pollution. Targeted incentives, regulations and
educational resources will be essential to
transforming the way we heat our buildings and
water.

Where fuel switching is not viable, the City could
explore alternative and renewable sources of gas —
like landfill gas and waste-to-energy gas— or
requiring the use of offsets or in lieu fees for carbon reduction projects.

Reducing building energy use remains a priority to
reduce costs and increase the resilience of
buildings. Currently less than 2% of Santa Monica’s
electricity needs are met by solar systems on local
rooftops. Increasing local solar will require
addressing energy efficiency as well as advanced
systems like district energy heating and cooling
systems, microgrids and battery storage.

While new construction provides opportunities for
innovation, the greatest potential for emissions
reductions lies in the buildings that are already
standing.

In order to reduce energy use and carbon emissions
in buildings, building owners first need to
understand their energy use. In 2018, the California
Energy Commission implemented AB 802
requiring buildings over 50,000 square feet to
benchmark their energy use. The City will
implement similar requirements for buildings over
20,000 square feet and include carbon reduction
targets for specific sectors.

In addition to regulations to disclose energy use and
carbon emissions, public-private partnerships will be
essential to increase the scale and speed of
improving energy performance in existing buildings.

The City will work with small and large property
owners to increase the demand for sustainable
energy retrofit services. Working together will
reduce the costs to individual property owners.

Web-based technologies and smart appliances will
also provide an opportunity to promote energyefficient behaviors and advance smart grid technology. Individuals and businesses could soon
be able to respond in real time to price signals for
beneficial energy behaviors.

TRANSFORMING THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

GETTING TO ZERO NET CARBON

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS

OF COMMUNITY

EMISSION SOURCES
(2015)
30% BUILDINGS

CONTRIBUTE
21 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1205 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) WHAT IS ENERGY RESILIENCE?
What does it mean to be "energy resilient”? Although there are many definitions of the concept, they all share the fundamental idea that energy supply should always meet energy demand and that energy supply needs to be constant – there can be no interruptions in the service.

Solar generates energy that can be used in buildings or fed back into the utility grid saving utility costs. But what happens during a power outage? To assume that a solar system would still work during a power outrage would be wrong.

Solar systems also need to be equipped with battery storage and a disconnect switch, which would allow buildings to store energy generated by the solar system, and then safely disconnect from the utility grid during a power outage, in order to operate independently.

What about natural gas? Gas-fired furnaces, boilers and space heaters produce heat by burning fuel oil or natural gas.

However, they too rely on electricity to distribute heated fluid or heated air. The control systems for these appliances may also require electricity. Some gas water heaters still rely on electricity and would only be able to supply the hot water remaining in the reservoir during a power outage.

Having the ability to generate, store and use energy independent of the utility grid, particularly during power outages that may be caused by extreme heat, wildfire or earthquakes, can help improve community resilience. If you already own a solar system, consider enhancing it with battery storage.

Diagram from EnergySage
1 Energy generated by solar panels is transmitted through the inverter into the battery for storage. 2 3
Energy from the battery passes through the inverter to the electric panel, which then supplies the building.

During a power outage, a disconnect switch (not pictured here) would disconnect the building electric panel from the utility meter and the utility grid.
1 2
3 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1206 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) ZNC2: Adopt a Sustainable Energy Master Plan
CPD, ASD Near Term
ZNC3: Pilot and Promote Distributed Energy Resources

ASD, CPA,
SCE
Ongoing
ZNC4: Increase Local Solar for Residential and
Commercial Tenants

ACTIONS
OSE
OSE
OSE CPA, SCE Near Term
Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
ZNC1: Implement a Community Choice Energy (CCE)
Program
OSE
R
G
Initiated

SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ENERGY
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
CPA
Implement CCE in Santa Monica, offering the highest
amount of cost-competitive renewable energy. Develop
programs to incentivize new local renewable-energy
projects. Adopt rates to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2025.

R
G
Develop a plan identifying citywide energy needs; and
systems or programs that meet local energy needs and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions at the neighborhood or
district level. Potential projects include microgrids, district energy systems, and community solar.

Pilot technologies like energy storage, vehicle-to-grid charging stations, web-enabled devices and microgrids
within City facilities evaluate their ability to reduce utility costs and carbon emissions.

R
G
Develop and advocate for programs and resources tailored to addressing the barriers faced by residential and
commercial tenants to installing renewable energy that
benefits their leased spaces.

R
G
Cost to City
In February 2019, Southern California took a big step toward a clean energy future. The Clean Power Alliance of Southern California (CPA) started serving Santa Monica residents, along with 30 cities and the counties of Ventura and Los Angeles, with electricity sourced from a higher content of renewable energy sources. Santa Monica’s residents and businesses (in May 2019) receive a default 100% renewable electricity.

CPA is the largest Community Choice Energy (CCE) program in California. CCE allows local governments to aggregate the buying power of individual customers to get alternative energy on a community-wide scale. CCE will play a critical role in accelerating the adoption of clean energy by creating programs that will support local renewable energy, building electrification and electric vehicles.

ZNC5: Adopt a Carbon Reduction Ordinance for
Existing Buildings
OSE Near Term

CPD, EDD,
Business,
Utilities,

CPA, CEC
R
G
Adopt a Carbon Reduction Ordinance to require energy
benchmarking and carbon performance of existing
buildings over 20,000 sq ft, including multifamily buildings.

Require a reduction of fossil fuel use of covered buildings by 15% in five years and elimination of fossil fuel use by 2050.

EXISTING BUILDING EFFICIENCY
CLEAN POWER COMES TO SANTA MONICA How Community Choice Energy (CCE) Works

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Packet Pg. 1207 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS
R
G
ZNC8: Adopt Carbon Neutral Construction Codes

CPD, BSD,
CEC, CCC OSE Mid Term
Require New Construction for commercial, mixed-use and
multi-family properties to achieve zero net carbon onsite or pay in-lieu carbon impact fee to offset fossil fuel use.

Require electric-ready construction for future electrification of appliances and buildings systems. Ensure that affordable housing developers have additional financing or
compliance alternatives available. Require new residential construction for single-family homes to use only electric appliances and building systems or pay in-lieu fee to
support more local renewable energy and electrification projects.

R
G
ZNC9: Convert Existing Natural Gas Equipment &
Appliances to Electric

CPA, SCE,
Business OSE Mid Term
Develop programs, resources and incentives to support
gas-to-electric conversion of appliances, hot-water
heaters and HVAC systems. Establish electrification
retrofit upon sale requirements for low-rise residential, and small multifamily and commercial buildings. Where
electrification of appliances is infeasible, or not a
customer choice, then a methane alternative such as
renewable natural gas could be an option.

R
G
ZNC10: Provide Educational & Workforce Cleantech
Opportunities
Partner with Santa Monica College and Santa Monica- OSE SCG Mid Term Malibu Unified School District to offer professional
development opportunities in the clean energy economy.

R
G
ZNC11: Create Equitable Access to Clean Energy
Programs
Partner with utilities and the Clean Power Alliance to OSE SCG Mid Term provide free home-energy audits and upgrade incentives
for low-income households and affordable housing
developers and property owners.

ESTIMATED 2030 NET ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS REDUCTIONS
ESTIMATED PERCENT OF TOTAL 2030 REDUCTIONS
232,035 mtCO2e
21%
ZNC6: Implement a Resilient Building Retrofit
Accelerator Program
R
G
ZNC7: Implement a Green Leasing Program
EDD,
Business OSE Near Term
OSE Near Term

CPD, EDD,
Business,
Utilities,

CPA, CCC
R
G
Develop an accelerator program to streamline the
delivery of energy retrofit services and technologies for public and private buildings. Reduce capital costs for
property owners by offering financing options and bulkpurchasing of technologies and services, Create partnerships to increase the speed and scale of energyretrofit measures across the city. Prioritize assistance to owners with fewer resources and less technical ability, including smaller buildings and nonprofits.

Develop a green leasing program to provide assistance
and incentives for introducing leases that support
investment in energy efficiency measures. Partner with
local stakeholders to engage commercial and residential property managers.

Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
EXISTING BUILDING EFFICIENCY Lead Timeframe

BUILDING ELECTRIFICATION

EQUITY THROUGH ENERGY

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Packet Pg. 1208 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ZERO WASTE
95% of waste is diverted from the
landfill
2030 OBJECTIVE

OF TOTAL

REDUCTIONS
3%

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1209 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ZERO WASTE
Becoming a zero waste community means
rethinking the way we consume and manage
materials and goods throughout their entire
lifecycle.

Santa Monica aims to eliminate landfilled waste
through reducing the amount of waste generated,
reducing consumption, limiting waste generation
and increasing recycling and composting.

Daily decisions to use reusable bags, bottles and
utensils can add up to a big impact. Limiting the
use of disposable goods will reduce the use of
natural resources, the strain on our waste
management infrastructure and the littering in
our neighborhoods and on our beaches.

Local regulations, like the City's single use plastic
bag and single use plastic food service ware bans,
have proven to be successful in changing and
individuals' behaviors and shifting markets away
from single use disposable products.

Education and awareness are essential to
ensuring everyone understands how they can
contribute to the solution by providing them
resources to be successful. Proper diversion
systems like collection bins and signage are also
crucial to support the needs of residents and
businesses, while ensuring proper separation of
recycling and organics streams.
“TO ROT OR NOT” MAIN STREET
PILOT
In 2016, City of Santa Monica piloted an organicsrecycling program called “To Rot or Not” on Main Street with participation of 172 businesses. This
program improved the way restaurants dispose of
their food waste by giving businesses two containers.

One is the “Rot” container which consists of materials
that breakdown naturally and can be composted. The
“Not” container is comprised of materials that cannot
breakdown naturally like aluminum, ceramics, and
sponges. These items are recycled or sorted for
landfill disposal.

This simplifies the material streams and reduces
contamination - or placement of non-recyclable or
non-compostable items in a recycling or composting
container.

ZERO WASTE
COMPOST: THE NEXT FRONTIER
Organic materials, like food scraps and yard waste,
are extremely valuable natural resources that can be
transformed into earth-enriching compost. However,
businesses and residents have historically been
provided limited options to sort and manage their
organic materials.

State regulations now require all commercial
properties and large residential properties to utilize
composting services.

To help residents and businesses, Santa Monicabased Global Green conducted waste audits, and provided food scrap pails, educational materials,
outreach and program implementation assistance for
apartment dwellers. The "Eco-Ambassador" program
is now being scaled up to include restaurants,
connecting unused food to community pantries.
3%

LANDFILLED WASTE

CONTRIBUTES

OF COMMUNITY

EMISSION SOURCES
(2015)
Eco-Ambassadors Program trains residents to
compost kitchen scraps (Source: Global Green)
26 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1210 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

ELIMINATE LANDFILL WASTE
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
ZW1: Implement Citywide Organics Recycling
RRR OSE Near Term
Require waste diversion stations (trash, recycling,
composting) in all businesses. Develop outreach and
enforcement programs to ensure commercial and
residential organics recycling citywide.

Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City
Residents and businesses have the power to influence a global system that delivers the goods, foods, services - and by extension, the carbon - that they consume. Through our purchasing and consumption habits, we can reduce these emissions occurring elsewhere. Climate change happens on a global scale, so emissions reduced in another country or region is equally important as emissions reduced locally.

There are two lenses that cities can use to look at emissions:
● A sector-based inventory attributes all emissions to the location where the emissions occur. This is the recognized global standard for emissions reporting and action.
● A consumption-based inventory includes the emissions resulting from all consumption activities of a local community of residents. It attributes all emissions to the end consumer, including all emissions released along the supply chain. This is an emerging initiative that takes broader stock of a community’s climate impacts.

Research by C40, indicates that consumption-based carbon emissions are approximately 60 percent greater than the emissions generated within city boundaries. While cities do not have direct control over the embodied emissions of most goods and products, they do have many opportunities to design and promote more sustainable urban lifestyles that can help reduce these consumption-based emissions. As work on climate action expands at the City, opportunities to reduce embodied emissions and shift to low carbon consumption patterns will be explored.

THE CARBON WE CONSUME
Overlap between consumption-based emission
inventories and sector-based emission inventories
(Source: C40)
The chart on the left shows Santa Monica's
consumption-based emissions by zip code.

The emissions were estimated using the
U.C. Berkeley Cool Climate Network
methodology and local data where
available. The household footprints include
all direct and indirect greenhouse gas
emissions resulting from the life cycle of
energy, transportation, water, waste, food,
goods and services consumed by
households in a calendar year, in this case
2015.

Generally, people with higher income tend to
spend more money on goods, services and
transportation (especially air travel). People
with lower income tend to live in smaller
dwellings, accumulate less and take public
transportation regularly.

AVERAGE CONSUMPTION-BASED CARBON EMISSIONS

PER HOUSEHOLD
Annual Carbon Emissions
(mtCO2e)

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1211 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

ELIMINATE LANDFILL WASTE
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
ZW11: Explore Waste-to-Energy Conversion
Technologies
OSE Mid Term Pilot decentralized systems that convert locally collected organic waste into usable energy or byproducts, like
compost.

RRR
ESTIMATED 2030 ZERO WASTE REDUCTIONS
ESTIMATED PERCENT OF TOTAL 2030 REDUCTIONS
27,847 mtCO2e
3%
R
G
ZW3: Institute Wet-Dry Sorting System for Businesses
RRR OSE Mid Term
Implement a wet-dry program that collects wet organic
waste separately from dry recyclable waste to more
businesses in order to increase waste diversion.

R
G ZW4: Implement Pricing Signals to Increase Diversion
RRR Mid Term Explore fees and fines to create more incentives for recycling and composting and discourage landfill waste.

R
G
ZW5: Increase Construction and Demolition Debris
Diversion Requirements
Explore fees and fines to create more incentives for RRR Mid Term recycling, composting and salvage, while discouraging
landfill waste. Provide educational resources to promote responsible demolition and deconstruction.

R
G
ZW6: Implement Material and Landfill Bans
OSE Mid Term
Ban divertible materials, such as yard waste and foods, from trash containers. Also keep out materials that cause litter, such as straws and other single-use items.

R
G
ZW7: Expand the Reuse and Repair Economy
RRR Mid Term
Expand programs like the Citywide Annual Yard Sale and
quarterly Repair Cafes to avoid wasting goods that are
lightly used or damaged. Develop new programs like
lending libraries for tools. Promote reusable wares for restaurants and individuals.

R
G
ZW8: Foster a Food Waste Prevention Network
OSE Mid Term
Convene businesses, non-profits and institutions to develop systems, networks and infrastructure to prevent food waste by fostering connections between sources of unwanted food and communities in need. Partner with local businesses, restaurants, grocery stores and non-profits to reduce food waste and recover edible food through networking and
smart phone applications.  Develop and maintain a map of fruit and nut trees to connect gleaners and foragers.

RRR, FMD,
Business,
Nonprofits
R
G
ZW9: Incentivize Reusable Containers and Packaging
OSE Mid Term
Promote and require packaging materials that are
compostable and recyclable. Incentivize grocery stores to sell bulk food to customers. Incentivize customers to bring their own reusable bags to the grocery store. Pilot
standardized to-go reusable container system for takeout.

RRR
OSE
R
G
ZW10: Support and Pilot Extended Producer
Responsibility Programs
Participate in campaigns and pilot programs that offer OSE Mid Term solutions for hard-to-recycle items, like mattresses and furniture.

RRR
R
G
ZW2: Zero Waste Outreach & Education
OSE,
Nonprofits,
Schools
RRR Ongoing
increase material sorting compliance in multiunit
dwellings and businesses through education, waste
audits, and enforcement. Recommend ways to reduce
consumption and increase composting and recycling.

REUSE ECONOMY

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1212 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY
Convert 50% of local trips to foot, bike,
scooter or skateboard
Convert 25% of commuter trips to transit
Convert 50% of personal vehicles to
electric or zero emission
2030 OBJECTIVES

OF TOTAL

REDUCTIONS
26%

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1213 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

A NEW MODEL OF MOBILITY
Vehicle transportation contributes over 60% of
Santa Monica’s total carbon emissions.

According to field observations and resident
surveys, driving alone accounts for almost twothirds of all vehicle trips. Nearly one third of residential trips are one mile or shorter.

Increasing walking and biking can make
meaningful progress toward reducing emissions
and congestion in Santa Monica.

People are looking for new travel options with
less time in the car, lower cost and more
convenience. Now more than ever, people have
many mobility choices for local trips, whether on
train, foot, by bikeshare or even by electric
scooters. Mobility services can offer a safe and
convenient experience while reducing vehicle
use and emissions.

Local policies, infrastructure and incentives need
to encourage safety, convenience and affordable
options to all members of the community. This
will help residents lead car-lite or even car-free
lifestyles which help reduce vehicle trips and
emissions. Having convenient transit options will
shift away from historical subsidies to driving
through reallocating roadway space, using
pricing incentives, and emphasizing roadway
space efficiencies.

Mobility options are increasingly diverse, and
Santa Monica can lead in creating and
encouraging options, whether privately or
publicly operated.

SAFE STREETS FOR ALL
Santa Monica has actively created new bike
lanes, revised bus routes, and made streets more
walkable. But many residents still cite a sense of
vulnerability when walking and biking, frustration
with vehicle speeds and yielding to pedestrians,
and a desire for more short-distance on demand
services to support transit use.

Creating safer streets through protected and
connected pedestrian and biking facilities will be
key to facilitating walking  and biking as primary
transportation options for people of all ages and
abilities. In 2016, the City council adopted a
Vision Zero target for roadway safety (see call
out).

SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY
In addition to shifting people out of vehicles,
vehicles that remain on the road must transition
to electric or zero-emission technologies in order
to achieve significant emission reductions.

One major barrier is the lack of charging
infrastructure available for those who live in
apartment buildings and condos.

The City’s Electric Vehicle Action Plan provides a
strategic approach to supporting electric
vehicles for residents and commuters.

Expanding charging infrastructure will be key to
providing low-carbon fuel to the masses.

In 2015, the Big Blue Bus (BBB) reduced its
emissions from petroleum-based natural gas to
100% landfill methane gas. By 2020, BBB will
initiate a transition to electric buses to further
reduce its carbon footprint.

DECARBONIZED TRANSPORTATION
Santa Monica’s 2016 Pedestrian Action Plan
included the ambitious goal to reduce and
ultimately eliminate fatal and severe injuries
from roadway crashes known as “Vision Zero.”
Reaching this goal will require thoughtful
design and actions that affect the design of the
roadways, the behavior of roadway users,
enforcement of safety rules, and outreach
efforts..

Vision Zero will affect how we design, use, and
manage roadways and prioritize the safety of
pedestrians and other low-carbon emitting
road users.

SAFETY IN NUMBERS:

GETTING TO VISION ZERO
64%

VEHICLE

TRANSPORTATION

CONTRIBUTES

OF COMMUNITY

EMISSION SOURCES
(2015)
30 7.A.e
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SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

A CAR-FREE FUTURE
Living car-free is easier now than ever with a
wide variety of shared mobility and transit
options. Continuous focus on enabling car-free
and care-lite households will continue to make
sustainable transportation achievable for more
types of needs and households. Simultaneously
this supports wellbeing through increased
physical activity and reduced household cost
burdens.

The Land Use & Circulation Element (adopted
2010, updated 2015) sought to reduce vehicle
trips and carbon emissions and proactive
transportation measures. Over time, this will
encourage reduced vehicle ownership.

Programs like the Transportation Demand
Management Ordinance have increased tripreduction requirements for medium and large employers, and there are resources to help
businesses implement trip reduction plans.

Policies to increase the cost of driving and
parking will deter solo-driving and encourage
sustainable transportation. These policies must
be implemented so as not to disproportionately
impact lower-income populations. Additionally,
the City must consider the financial impacts
from historically reliable revenue sources like
parking fees.

Autonomous vehicles could offer an electrified
and shared option for some mobility needs, but
needs to be guided by proactive sustainable
policy and carefully managed to reduce vehicle
congestion, reduce vehicle miles traveled, and
keep roadways safe for all users.

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY
32 WALKING & BIKING

TRANSIT

MOBILITY SERVICES &

DEVICES

ZERO EMISSION

VEHICLES

FOSSIL FUEL

VEHICLES
Hierarchy of Preferred Mobility Options

A CLEAN MOVING ECONOMY
Trucks used for the movement of goods across
the region and state account for roughly 2-3% of
average daily trips along the 10 freeway. The
California Department of Transportation,
estimates that truck traffic will increase by 50%
by 2025, with no additional road capacity to
accommodate them.

Additionally, short distance delivery vehicles for
retail delivery increase local congestion as ecommerce and online shopping continues to grow.

In 2009, there was a single daily internet
purchase delivery for every 25 Americans. Today,
there’s one for every eight Americans. That
traffic is anticipated to double again by 2023  .

Today’s city streets and transportation networks
simply were not designed to handle this
additional flood of packages and freight trucks,
especially with the added pressure of next-day
or, in some cases, next-hour, delivery.

While the City has limited influence over
internet retailers and delivery services, it does
have an ability to allocate facilities and curb
space to make delivery and pick-up systems
more efficient for drivers and customers.

Systems like pick up lockers can reduce idling
for delivery trucks and package theft.

The City will need to explore systems and
partnerships that will reduce vehicle congestion,
encourage appropriate use of street and curb
space and reduce emissions from delivery
vehicles.

1. Professor José Holguín-Veras, Center of Excellence for Sustainable Urban Freight Systems at New York’s Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1 7.A.e
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SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY
Mobility hubs are strategically
located transfer points that
feature facilities for multiple
transportation modes (such as
bikesharing, carsharing, and
transit) combined in one location.

MOBILITY HUB

MOBILITY DICTIONARY

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY SUSTAINABLE

MOBILITY
Provides members with access to
a vehicle for short-term – usually
by the hour – use.  Carshare
systems can publicly operated,
privately operated, or peer-topeer, one-way, round-trip, or floating in nature.

CARSHARING
Provides member with access to
a bike for short-term - usually by
the minute - use.  Bikeshare
systems can be publicly operated,
privately operated, peer-to-peer,
docked, dock-light, or dockless.

BIKESHARING
Involves adding additional
passengers to a trip that will
already take place. Such an
arrangement provides additional
transportation options for riders
while allowing drivers to fill
otherwise empty seats in their
vehicles.

CARPOOLING/

RIDE-SHARING/

VANPOOLING
Connects passengers with drivers
through online platforms who
use personal, non-commercial
vehicles.

RIDE-SOURCING/

RIDE-HAILING
Mobility solutions that are
consumed as a service. a
consumer-centric model of
people transportation. Travelers
are offered mobility solutions
based on their travel needs and
typically includes some sort of
journey planning.

MOBILITY AS A

SERVICE (MAAS)
Devices like bikes, electric bikes,
electric motor scooters, and
electric scooters are shared
among users.  They are typically
enabled by technology or mobile
app, and emerging services are
frequently run by private
companies.

DOCKLESS

MOBILITY DEVICES
Technology-enabled private
shuttle services, serve passengers
using dynamically generated
routes, usually between
designated stop locations rather
than door-to-door.

MICROTRANSIT
The landscape of mobility-as-a-service is changing almost every month. With so many options, you don't even need to own a vehicle! Before you go, know the lingo! 30 An innovative transportation
concept where all consumers can
access mobility, goods, and
services on demand by
dispatching or using shared
mobility, delivery services, and
public transportation solutions
through an integrated and
connected multi-modal network.

The most advanced forms of MOD
passenger services incorporate trip
planning and booking, real-time
information, and fare payment
into a single user interface.

MOBILITY ON
DEMAND
Sources: Shared Use Mobility Center; Susan
Shaheen, PhD
A vehicle that is capable of
sensing its environment and
moving with little or no human
input. Vehicles can feature
various levels of sophistication
and independence in
automation.

AUTONOMOUS

VEHICLES

7.A.e
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ACTIONS

A NEW MODEL OF MOBILITY
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
SM1: Adopt a New Mobility Strategy
MD Near Term
Develop and adopt policies to govern local mobility
services, designate underutilized street space, adapt to technology innovations, implement pricing strategies
and foster regional integration.

R
G
SM2: Expand & Diversify Mobility Services & Devices
MD Business Near Term
Diversify Breeze fleet to include electric bicycles and offer options for people with different access and functional needs. Partner with operators of dockless devices to
expand mobility options that are safe, convenient and
affordable, and provide options for people with different needs. Improve shared-mobility services through open
marketplace opportunities, permitting systems, dedicated infrastructure and payment platforms that integrate
multimodal planning.

R
G
SM3: Expand Mobility Infrastructure
Business Near to Mid
Term
MD
Develop strategies and projects to use curb space as mobility hubs that can serve mobility-service providers.

Integrate smart-sensing and smart-charging technologies to monitor, inform and enable activities, like congestion pricing. Create tools to maximize street capacity and
efficiency for people.

R
G
SM4: Implement Parking Policies & Pricing
MD Near Term
Continue to actively review and adjust parking prices
citywide as market rates change, and revisit parking
management and construction policies to encourage
sharing existing resources. Analyze financial impacts and develop alternatives to decreased revenue from parking fees.

R
G
SM6: Complete Streets Network
MD Ongoing
Increase the extent and quality of the complete street
network and greenways to ensure residents and visitors
alike have safe, convenient, and affordable transportation options. Create designated bike lanes that are protected to provide greater safety and assurance for all riders.

Emphasize the movement of people with greater space
dedicated to space efficient and low emission modes of
transportation. Lower speed limits to improve safety.

Expand publicly owned spaces and work with property
owners to facilitate public access.

PCD,
PWD
Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City

SAFE STREETS FOR ALL
R
G
SM5: Sustainable Goods Movement & Delivery Services
Mid to Long
Term MD
Assess the local impacts of long distance and urban
delivery systems and vehicles on street capacity,
congestion and carbon emissions. Facilitate partnerships to explore ways to reduce delivery trips, prioritize bicycle delivery and smaller vehicles, idling while loading/
unloading and emissions from delivery vehicles.

Business
R
G
SM7: Expand Safe Routes Programs
MD Ongoing Expand the Safe Routes to School program to reach more schools, including private schools, and continue to pursue a Safe Routes for Seniors program.

Schools,
Nonprofits

7.A.e
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ACTIONS

CONNECTED TRANSIT
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
R
G
SM9: Prioritize Mass Transit Services
Mid to Long
Term
MD
Support public mass transit through infrastructure and
service improvements. Dedicate lanes during rush hour
to Rapid Transit services. Advocate for regional
connectivity projects, like the Purple Line Extension and Bus Rapid Transit. Work with regional partners to expand the development of Bus Rapid Transit facilities
throughout the City.

R
G
SM10: Expand Citywide Transportation
Management Organization
MD Ongoing
Increase the scope of offerings and resources available via the TMO to employees/employers, residents, and visitors in order to increase the reach and impact of existing
transportation programs, facilities, and services.

R
G
SM11: Offer Incentives for Transit & Mobility Services
BBB Near Term
Increase ridership, mobility access and equity by
subsidizing fares for sustainable modes of transportation like transit, vanpool, carpool and micro-transit services, for youth, students, seniors and other underserved groups.

MD,
SCAQMD
ESTIMATED 2030 SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY REDUCTIONS
ESTIMATED PERCENT OF TOTAL 2030 REDUCTIONS
289,837 mtCO2e
26%
BBB,
Metro
G
SM8: Prioritize Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing
Ongoing CPD,
HD
Increase the housing-to-jobs ratio by prioritizing the
expansion and investment in affordable housing located
near dense transit hubs with limited parking, through
local zoning and incentives.

R
Nonprofits,
Business

SAFE STREETS FOR ALL
R G
SM12: Increase Charging Infrastructure for Electric
Vehicles and Electric Mobility Devices
OSE Ongoing
Expand network of off- and on-street public charging
stations to 1,000 ports by 2025. Provide charging stations that will accommodate a wide range of vehicle types
including bicycles, scooters and other mobility devices.

Provide outreach and additional incentives for renters, lower-income individuals and non-profit property owners.

Implement emerging best practices in EV technology,
including mobile charging, wireless charging, energy
storage, and web/smartphone applications.

VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION

MD, SCE,
CPA,
SCAQMD
R
G
SM14: Pilot Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Technologies
MD Mid Term
Develop protocols and policies for AV safety performance, AV City fleet vehicles, and AV commercial activities that protect all roadway users and reduce vehicle trips and
carbon emissions. Work with manufacturers to pilot
technologies on fixed routes with limited services that provide shared-ride and zero emission mobility solutions.

Consider opportunities to pilot or deploy AV technology in the Airport to park conversion, post-2028.

OSE, ISD,
Business
R
G
SM13: Expand Use of EVs in Carshare and Rideshare
Services
OSE Ongoing Develop public-private partnerships with carshare providers to provide access to electric vehicles, including neighborhood electric vehicles, to residents who may not be able to own an electric vehicle on their own.

SCAQMD
Business

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1218 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

CLIMATE ADAPTATION

CLIMATE READY

COMMUNITY
Increase community resilience to
climate change
Protect vulnerable groups from
impacts
Integrate climate change impacts
into City planning, operations &
infrastructure projects
WATER
SELF-SUFFICIENCY Achieve water self-sufficiency by 2023

COASTAL FLOODING

PREPAREDNESS
Enhance natural systems to prevent
damage from coastal flooding
Increase resilience of public and
private assets in coastal flood zone

LOW-CARBON FOOD
& ECOSYSTEMS
Increase self-reliance through local
food production
Reduce or sequester carbon
emissions from food production,
consumption, waste and landscape
management and natural processes

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1219 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

CLIMATE CHANGE

IN SANTA MONICA

THE CLIMATE HAS CHANGED
Even if we halt all carbon emissions today, the carbon
emissions currently in the atmosphere will continue to
impact the climate. Sea-level rise and coastal flooding, extreme heat, drought, and declining air-quality will
increasingly affect Santa Monica directly. Each of these hazards impacts the city’s people, buildings,
infrastructure, environment, and economy in different
ways.

Santa Monica has implemented several measures to
increase its resilience against such impacts. This section offers a comprehensive response plan to climate change.

To start, a vulnerability assessment was conducted for all major asset categories in the city in conjunction with the top climate hazards.

The initiatives of this plan will increase the community’s ability to thrive in the face of intensifying climate hazards, leading to stronger neighborhoods and improved quality
of life for all residents.

Increased Temperature
Fluctuations in
Precipitation
Sea Level Rise
Extreme Heat Events
Worsened Air Quality
Increased Drought
Increased Wildfire
Increased Coastal Flooding

GRADUAL CLIMATE CHANGES LOCAL CLIMATE HAZARDS
Heat-related illness or death
Power outages
Asthma & respiratory impacts
Water shortages
Increased utility rates
Property loss & damage
School & business disruption
Transportation impacts
Increased beach tourism & congestion
Crop loss & increased food prices

DIRECT IMPACTS
Resilience is the capacity of individuals,
communities, institutions, businesses, and
systems to survive, adapt, and grow, no matter
what kinds of chronic stresses and acute
shocks they experience.

Shocks are typically considered single-event
disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, and
floods.

Stresses are factors that pressure a city on a
daily or reoccurring basis, such as chronic
food and water shortages, an overtaxed
transportation system, or homelessness
WHAT IS RESILIENCE?
Santa Monica will need dedicated public and
private partners, as well as significant additional
resources, to advance these initiatives and
implement comprehensive climate adaptation.
36 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1220 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Santa Monica is expected to see increasing trends in
extreme-heat days with an average of nine days above
87°F by mid-century and 22 days by the end of the
century.  At the 95°F threshold, Santa Monica is
projected to see an increase from 0 to 3 extremely hot
days per year by 2100  .

Extreme-heat events in California and the Los Angeles
region are becoming more frequent, more intense, and
are longer lasting—and the trend is expected to
continue as climate change worsens.

Extreme heat can exacerbate heat-related illnesses
and deaths, while also impacting communities
indirectly through energy disruption, and spikes in
energy prices, impacting affordability.

Certain populations such as the homeless, outdoor
workers, older adults, young children and infants,
pregnant women, and people with chronic illnesses
are more susceptible to warmer temperatures and
heat-related illnesses.

For example, older adults may be at higher risk due to
reduced ability to acclimatize to changing
temperatures, diminished thirst response, and a higher
likelihood of chronic health conditions. Homeless
populations may not have access to indoor spaces to
get out of the sun and cool down.

EXTREME HEAT

AIR QUALITY
Air quality is strongly dependent on weather, and
climate change is expected to impact air quality
through warming temperatures and more frequent
episodes of stagnant air. Warmer temperatures from
climate change will increase the frequency of days
with unhealthy levels of ground level ozone.

Ozone is the main ingredient of smog. Ground-level
ozone is formed from the reaction of oxygencontaining compounds with other air pollutants in the presence of sunlight. The main sources of ozone are
trucks, cars, planes, trains, factories, farms,
construction, and dry cleaners.

Warming temperatures and lengthened growing
seasons can also lead to increased wildfires and aeroallergen levels, such as pollen, which can also worsen air quality.

According to CalEnviroScreen (right), California's
pollution and population vulnerability mapping tool,
Santa Monica concentration of ozone is higher than
53% of all census tracts in California.

A High Heat Event (HHE) is any heat event that generates public health impacts. Each local area has a unique HHE specific to its climate and the historical sensitivity of people in that area to past heat events.

Long-term preventative strategies to decrease heat impacts may include planting trees, improvements in the built
environment, rebate and home cooling programs, and efforts to strengthen social capital and connectivity at the neighborhood level.

Projected High Heat Events (Source Cal-ADAPT)
Pollution/Ozone Burden (Source CALENVIROSCREEN)
37 2
2 California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available at http://cal-adapt.org/.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1221 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Climate change is likely to increase the duration and
severity of droughts in California  . Increasing
temperatures and changing precipitation patterns
can create periods of abnormally dry weather that
can result in water-supply shortages and other
impacts.

In the present day, California already experiences
wide swings in precipitation from year to year, and
this variability is expected to continue under climate
change with fluctuations between wet years and dry
years.

Due to anticipated warmer temperatures, more
precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow, and
Southern California will have smaller windows of time
to capture stored water as snowpack.

Aside from directly impacting the availability of water, changes in the amount and frequency of precipitation
may affect hydropower production.  Likewise, changes
in weather patterns may impact growing conditions
and yields for crops.

These impacts may raise the price of basic goods and
services, increasing stress on lower-income
communities as they spend a greater proportion of
their income on food and utilities.

DROUGHT
Wildfires burning within 50 to 100 miles of Santa Monica routinely can cause air quality to be five to 15 times worse than normal, and often two to three times worse than the worst non-fire day of the year.

Although Santa Monica is not directly threatened by wildfire due to its surrounding urban buffer, the City is close to a number of mountain ranges where wildfire risks are
projected to increase due to climate change.  Wildfires stress fire and emergency management services across Los Angeles County, disrupt regional transportation and energy systems and worsen regional air quality.

While there is little Santa Monica can do to prevent wildfires directly, we support wildfire-stricken communities with firefighter assistance and emergency operations capacity, and implement protocols to protect affected workers,
school students and vulnerable populations.

WILDFIRE
Wildfires can be a significant source of air pollution in Southern California, and climate change is expected to
increase the number and extent of wildfires. Hot, dry
summers followed by hot and dry Santa Ana wind
conditions can create conditions suitable for wildfires.

Smoke clouds from the Woolsey Fire loom over Malibu.
(Credit AP Photo)
Wide Fluctuations in Precipitation Predicted
(Source: US Climate Resilience Toolkit)
3 3 Hewitt, Al. 2014. UCLA Researchers Project Southern California Rainfall Levels Through End of Century. UCLA Newsroom. Available at
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-researchers-project-southern-californiarainfall-levels-through-end-of-century.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1222 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Sea levels rise due to increased water volume
from higher water temperatures and the
melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

Sea level rise can create multiple coastal
hazards, such as beach erosion, increased
frequency and intensity of coastal storms,
permanent inundation and saltwater
intrusion. Coastal flooding caused by storms
and high tides is a temporary condition but
can have damaging consequences. Over the
longer-term, sea level rise (SLR) will
compound the effects from coastal flooding
as storms will occur on top of higher sea
levels.

In an effort to prepare for the anticipated impacts
of SLR and coastal hazards, the City, with assistance from the USC Sea Grant, the Ocean Protection Council, the
California Coastal Commission (CCC), and the State Coastal Conservancy, commissioned technical reports that
providing shoreline change projections, coastal hazard
modeling, and vulnerability assessments.

Miles of transportation and public and private utilities infrastructure, beaches, homes, businesses and
concessionaires bear some risk from SLR and coastal
flooding. The map below shows projected SLR and coastal flooding by 2100 along the coast of Santa Monica. A
significant number of public facilities and infrastructure, buildings, and other structures are likely to be affected by storm-induced flooding.

In addition, the Santa Monica Pier, a major tourist
destination in the City, could also be impacted by increased wave height and water volume.

SEA LEVEL RISE & COASTAL

FLOODING
As the level of the Pacific Ocean continues to rise, areas that would have only been temporarily flooded or
submerged during very high ‘King’ tides or El Niño
conditions, may gradually begin to be permanently
submerged or inundated.

Over the mid-term (i.e., SLR of 6 inches to 24 inches), the Santa Monica sandy beach area towards Pacific Coast
Highway is expected to see moderate inundation levels.

Some areas have been flooded in the past during severe
storms or El Niño events, and research indicates that this will become an occurrence of increasing frequency.

Over the long-term (i.e., SLR of 16 inches to 66 inches, with a possibility of a 113 inch extreme scenario ), the
coastal inundation hazard area is expected to
expand further inland, and the mean high tide line
would move closer to its location at the turn of the
20th century.

LOCAL IMPACTS OF SEA LEVEL RISE
39 4 Cayan, D. R., J. Kalansky, S. Iacobellis, D. Pierce, and R. Kopp Kopp. (2016).

Creating Probabilistic Sea Level Rise Projections to support the 4th California Climate Assessment. Prepared for the California Energy Commission. 4 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Models

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1223 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) According to analysis conducted by the Pedestrian Action Plan, the areas (shown below) in dark brown are locations where investments in pedestrian facilities would have the greatest health and sustainability benefits.

The highest percentage of Latinos living in Santa Monica (26%) live in the Pico neighborhood (90404), a portion of which is also considered a Disadvantaged Community by
CalEnviroScreen. According to the Wellbeing Index, Latino residents reported the least amount of physical activity and have lower than average fruit and vegetable consumption.

Also, the lowest reported use of outdoor space for leisure activities was among the Latino population. Residents in the 90404 zip code experience the highest asthma rate
among Santa Monica residents (12.1%).

Community health, environmental sustainability,
and social equity are important values for the City of Santa Monica and the intent of this analysis is to reflect those values in the City’s planning and decision-making process.

Climate change vulnerability is a measure of sensitivity to climate hazards and the ability to adapt to these hazards.

Both gradual climate change and climate hazards can
expose people and property to a wide range of stressinducing and hazardous situations.

Older adults, young children, and people with chronic
diseases and disabilities are more biologically sensitive to impacts from the effects of climate change, such as
droughts, extreme heat, and air quality impacts. In addition, low-income populations, including homeless populations
and communities of color, are generally more likely to be exposed to natural hazards and climate events, with greater sensitivity, yet have fewer resources to cope or adapt.

People for whom English is not a primary language are
further disadvantaged when public information, community planning and resources are not made accessible in their native language.

Seniors are particularly vulnerable to climate change
impacts as many may be isolated and living alone,
threatened by hunger, and living in or near poverty. Over 20% of the population in Santa Monica is over 60. In 2016, Meals on Wheels served 342 Santa Monica-based seniors.

Most of these seniors are home-bound, meaning they have difficulty leaving home due to frailty, age, chronic disease, recent hospitalization, and mental health issues. The aging population is more vulnerable to some climate change
impacts, like rising temperatures and worsening air quality.

Environmental inequity is another important factor in
determining population vulnerability. Communities of color and low-income people have historically born the burden of polluting industries and roadways with fewer services
available to them.

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
Influencing Factors of Vulnerability
41 EXPOSURE

SENSITIVITY ADAPTIVE

CAPACITY

VULNERABILITY

EXISTING CONDITIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

SOCIAL INJUSTICE

STRUCTURAL RACISM

INSTITUTIONAL BIAS

INCOME INEQUALITY

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1224 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Buildings in coastal flood zone
Roads and parking in coastal
flood zone
Ocean habitat
Santa Monica Pier
Parks
Water infrastructure
Energy supply and infrastructure
Urban forests
Beach habitat
Schools
General and vulnerable populations
Water supply
Sanitary water and sewer
infrastructure
Stormwater infrastructure
Beach tourism and recreation
Businesses
City-operated buildings
Bicycle infrastructure
General buildings and properties,
Local energy generation
Telecommunications
HIGH
MEDIUMHIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
The City may have limited jurisdiction control over
many of these assets. Partnerships with state and
federal agencies, private businesses, and homeowners
will be essential to adapt these assets to climate
hazards. Adaptation measures to increase the climate
resilience of these assets will take time to enact and
may require a great deal of education and
coordination with multiple stakeholders.

Although ranked lowest in vulnerability, there may be
assets that are more sensitive and/or have lower ability to adapt to climate change. For example, older homes
and private buildings may be much more sensitive to
extreme heat and air pollution intrusion due to poor
insulation and/or weatherproofing. Actions to increase
adaptation to climate change may also be limited as
building upgrades and energy-efficiency measures may
be cost-prohibitive.

The City has a number of current plans and programs
in place to address climate hazards for these highly
sensitive assets.

Population groups, such as outdoor workers and the
homeless population, are exposed to more climate
hazards and/or have less capacity to adapt and may
lack access to more protective indoor spaces. People
who live close to sources of pollution, like the freeway, are also more vulnerable due to an increased likelihood to have respiratory issues. The City's water infrastructure may be vulnerable to extreme drought limiting local
groundwater supply, or sea level rise resulting in
saltwater intrusion or flooding of stormwater systems.

Vulnerability        Community Sector                                 Description

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
The City conducted a vulnerability assessment across
various sectors of the community. The vulnerability
assessment analyzes how people, buildings,
infrastructure and the economy will be affected by
climate change.

The assessment incorporated quantitative data such as
exposure of physical assets and facilities along Santa
Monica’s coast likely be impacted by sea level rise and coastal flooding.

The assessment also utilized qualitative data
concerning the sensitivity and ability to adapt to
climate change of the key sectors, populations, or
assets. This was gathered from City staff and key
stakeholders. Based on the assessment, population
groups and assets within each sector were ranked from
highest to lowest vulnerability.
41 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1225 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

CLIMATE READY

COMMUNITY
Increase community resilience to climate change
Protect vulnerable groups from impacts
Integrate climate change impacts into City
planning, operations & infrastructure projects
2030 OBJECTIVES

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1226 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY CLIMATE READY

COMMUNITY
By identifying and working closely with our
local partners prior to an emergency, we are all
better prepared to respond when events occur.

SMOAID is coalition of businesses and service
organizations committed to preparing for
disasters and building a stronger, healthier, and
more resilient city. From 2006 - 2016, SMOAID
led to improvements in Santa Monica’s
emergency communications, preparedness
level and response potential.

In 2011, the Los Angeles Marathon, one of the
most popular marathons in the nation,
experienced rain, cold and very difficult
conditions for runners and public safety
personnel across Los Angeles.

Many participants needed immediate care
from paramedics, volunteers, and hospital staff
due to the cold and wet conditions. City staff
was prepared to meet the demands of this
emergency. The Big Blue Bus provided
busses for transporting runners out of the rain
and into climate controlled environments
and with the help of community partners, the
City was able to coordinate treatment centers
at local hotels to assist the tired, cold, and wet
participants.

The communication and coordination that
occurred is exemplary of the SMOAID model of
emergency preparedness.

As the threat of disasters, both natural and man
made, continues to increase, the City is
relaunching SMOAID to improve community
resilience and preparedness.

SMOAID : Santa Monica
Organizations Active in Disaster
Santa Monica is dedicated to protecting and
promoting the health and safety of its
residents through its adaptation actions. The
City will implement actions that can both
prepare residents for a changing climate and
build community resilience of the
community’s populations at greatest risk of
climate hazards.

Emergency management capacity can be
enhanced by including climate hazard
considerations in emergency and natural
disaster response. Considerable attention
must be paid to ensuring that such programs
and warnings are accessible to vulnerable
groups.

In order to improving the resilience of homes
and buildings, the City will work to update
building standards and provide financial and
technical assistance to property owners to
afford upgrades and retrofits.

The City itself will need to ensure that climate
change is integrated into planning processes
and project development. In order to enhance
the City's own organizational capacity to plan
for and adapt to climate change, Santa
Monica must:

Integrate climate change preparedness
planning across City operations to enhance
readiness and monitoring of climate
impacts.

Ensure that the community will be
prepared for gradual changes and climaterelated shocks, such as storms and coastal flooding, and that strategies will benefit
population groups with the greatest
climate risk.

Utilize data to assess and monitor climate
hazards and the implementation of
adaptation projects.

Design capital projects to reduce
vulnerability to climate-related events and
disasters.
43 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1227 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

CAPACITY BUILDING FOR RESILIENCE
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
CRC1: Incorporate Climate Preparedness into City
Programs & Operations
OSE OEM Near Term
Establish an interdepartmental working group to integrate climate preparedness in planning, maintenance, and
capital improvements though the development of work
plans, screening of capital improvements, and cross-sector collaboration. Update Community Emergency Response
Training (CERT) curriculum to incorporate climate-change hazards, like wildfire and heatwaves. Establish protocols for mitigating public health impacts from heat and air quality, with regional agencies and partners. Analyze vulnerability to vector and disease migration and work with public
health stakeholders to develop strategies for outreach, engagement and prevention.Define an informationdissemination network, including community-based organizations and neighborhood representatives. Establish culturally specific messages and templates, as well as
provide early warning systems in multiple commonly
spoken languages.

R
G
CRC2: Expand SMOAID Community Resilience Network
OEM OSE Near Term
Identify suitable locations for resilience hubs, cooling centers, disaster assistance and supplies. The locations will also need to develop backup power sources in the
event of a power outage. Form partnerships with
neighborhood-based organizations and businesses to
develop Neighborhood Resilience Hub Programs and
prepare residents and respond to climate change. Develop community outreach and engagement materials. Create a Climate Ambassador program and
partner with Santa Monica Malibu Unified School District to develop a school curriculum on climate change.

R
G
CRC3: Outdoor Safety Program
OEM OSE Near Term
Work with community groups and residents to determine
best methods of outreach and communication with
outdoor workers. Educate employers and workers about
existing worker rights and protections and ways to protect outdoor workers from the effects of extreme heat.

Increase access to cooling centers and water throughout the city, especially for outdoor workers, seniors, and
homeless populations. Adopt best practices and
protocols within City operations and projects to
accommodate City staff and City contractors during high temperature days and heat waves.

Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City
R
G
CRC4: Prepare for Extreme Heat
OEM OSE Near Term
Explore developing community cooling centers at City
and non-City sites. Ensure temporary shade structures are provided for community events. Ensure coastal access is maintained for those seeking relief from the heat. Develop and adopt standards for asphalt and roof surfaces that will reduce local heat island effect. Develop outreach and educational materials on passive cooling
strategies like shade trees and insulation. Increase tree canopy in vulnerable neighborhoods. Promote fossil fuel free HVAC systems, like heat pump technologies, for
buildings that install air conditioning.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1228 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
CRC6: Integrate Climate Change into Capital
Improvement Program Projects

PWD, ASD,
CED OSE Near Term
Incorporate climate impacts, risk, and uncertainty into capital improvement program projects design and
evaluation. Review updated climate assessments and
adjust infrastructure design standards and project
locations to address asset- and site-specific
vulnerabilities.

R
G
CRC7: Increase Resilience of Local Energy Infrastructure

OEM, ASD,
Utilities OSE Near Term
Partner with local utilities, regional agencies, and local jurisdictions to assess the vulnerability of energy
infrastructure. Deploy local resilient energy systems such as solar, energy storage, combined heat and power, and
fuel cells into new projects and existing facilities to prepare for heat waves, wildfire and other disruptions.

Encourage residents and local businesses to install
resilient energy systems as well.

R
G
CRC8: Enhance Regional Transportation Resilience
CalTrans,

OEM, TED,

MD, CCC
OSE Ongoing
Partner with Caltrans and neighboring jurisdictions on measures to protect critical entry and exit routes such as Pacific Coast Highway and Interstate 10. Santa Monica will work with local agencies to develop contingency plans for operations when Highway 1 and other roads are
inoperable due to coastal flooding or wildfires.

TAKE ACTION: PREPARING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change will affect communities and individuals differently. In order to be prepared for climate change, here are a few tips:

Learn about the hazards and risks associated with climate change How do you and your family adapt to extreme heat days? What is your plan if the number of extreme heat days and high temperatures increase? Understanding climate change through real impacts and practical responses can be helpful to empower yourself against such a large subject. Develop an emergency plan and preparedness kit Everyone should be prepared for an emergency and have supplies and water for up to 7 days. Make a plan with your friends and family about communicating after a disaster and prepare kits that have the necessary supplies like food, water and first aid.

Check on your elderly and vulnerable neighbors during extreme weather
Spend time getting to know those that live around you and check on them during extreme weather and emergencies. Especially if they are elderly or vulnerable.

R
G
CRC5: Climate Resilient Building Design Standards
ASD,
Business
OSE Mid Term
Develop building design guidelines for climate-resilient buildings. Conduct outreach and engagement with
building industry and trades. Adopt and implement
building-design guidelines for new and substantially
renovated buildings.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1229 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) WATER

SELF-SUFFICIENCY
Achieve water self-sufficiency by 2023
2030 OBJECTIVE
.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1230 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY
Southern California imports almost 90% of its water
needs from Northern California and the Colorado
River. Santa Monica is bucking the trend by
becoming locally self-sufficient through local water
resources like groundwater, stormwater, brackish
groundwater and even wastewater.

Santa Monica has set out to become independent
from imported water by 2023. The City’s current
sources of potable water supply include 70 percent
local groundwater, and 30 percent imported water
from Northern California and the Colorado River.

Achieving self-sufficiency means using water
produced only from local groundwater and other
local sources and maintaining a resilient system to
meet water demand. By doing this, Santa Monica
will be able to withstand intermittent rain and
prolonged periods of drought.

Achieving self-sufficiency requires both
conservation and efficiency, coupled with
increasing local water supply. Santa Monica offers
resources for property owners to convert to drought
tolerant landscaping and irrigation and install
rainwater harvesting systems.

In 2017, the City implemented a water neutrality
requirement on new construction projects, limiting
new water demand from projects that use more
water than previous ones. Fees paid in-lieu of
reducing water demand onsite go into water
efficiency projects elsewhere in the community.

Currently, the City is implementing various
components of the Sustainable Water
Infrastructure Project (next page) to significantly
expand the use of alternative sources of water, like
stormwater, wastewater and brackish water from
the beach.

Santa Monica can soon utilize water that had been
in the community all along but was previously
discharged to the ocean and piped to sewage
treatment plants. This “one water” approach
protects our community from the anticipated
fluctuations in precipitation due to climate change.

WATER

SELF-SUFFICIENCY

SANTA MONICA'S WATER SOURCES
2011
2017
2023
Local Groundwater
Imported Water
Water Conservation
Alternative Water Supply
47 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1231 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) The Sustainable Water Infrastructure Project (SWIP) is a critical component to Santa Monica's self-sufficiency goal and pushes the envelope of sustainable water management. The SWIP comprises three technical elements designed to operate in concert to conserve groundwater, reduce  wastewater, and improve beach water quality.

Element 1 provides for a modular reverse osmosis (RO) unit at the existing Santa Monica Urban  Runoff  Recycling Facility (SMURRF) located near the Santa Monica Pier. The RO-upgraded SMURRF will also leverage the recently completed Clean  Beaches Initiative Project by treating stormwater and brackish groundwater for reuse.

Element 2 provides for a new, underground Advanced Water Treatment Facility (AWTF) capable of treating up to one million gallons of wastewater per day, as well as  stormwater for immediate non-potable reuse. The advanced treated water will be used for groundwater recharge.

Element 3 provides for the installation of a 4.5 MG underground stormwater harvest tank plumbed directly to the AWTF. The tank is being consolidated from two conceptual projects beneath Memorial Park and the other beneath the Civic Auditorium parking lot.

Increasing recycled water production through the SWIP, upgrading the existing Santa Monica Urban Runoff Recycling Facility (SMURRF) and constructing a new Advanced Water Treatment Facility (AWTF) provides a drought resilient, local water supply. The increase in recycled water production from SMURRF would offset imported water purchases from Northern California by approximately 4% (approximately 560 AFY).

Recharging local groundwater aquifers in the Olympic Sub-basin to maintain sustainable yield pumping levels with purified water from the SWIP’s AWPF would offset imported water by approximately an additional 7% (approximately 1,100 AFY).

SUSTAINABLE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1232 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

WATER CONSERVATION
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City
R
G H2O1: Commercial Sector Retrofits
Develop incentives and direct install programs to retrofit OSE MWD Ongoing inefficient water fixtures in commercial properties.

R
G
H2O2: Coin Operated Laundry Program
OSE MWD Near Term
Develop incentives targeted at multiunit dwelling
property owners and laundry service vendors to replace
inefficient laundry systems with new systems.

R
G
H2O3: Increase Direct Install Program
OSE MWD Ongoing
Expand annual replacement of inefficient toilets in
multiunit dwellings and single-family homes.

R
G H2O4: Arcadia Water Treatment Plant Improvements
Increase in production efficiencies at the Arcadia Water WRD Mid Term Treatment Plant by recovering brine concentrate.

ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY
R
G
H2O5: Clean Beaches Initiative & SMURRF Repurposing
WRD Mid Term
Upgrade the Santa Monica Urban Runoff Recycling
Facility (SMURRF), that provides a drought resilient, local water supply, to increase the amount of recycled water
production. Connect SMURRF to the newly constructed
(2018) Clean Beaches Initiative 1.6 million gallon tank, to supply SMURRF with rain and brackish ground water
when urban runoff is not available.

ED
ED
R
G
H2O6: Expand Local Water Resources
WRD Long Term
Expand capacity at Arcadia Water Treatment Plant to
accommodate more water. Restore the Olympic wellfield
and develop a new well to enhance drought resilience.

ED

LOCAL GROUND WATER PRODUCTION

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1233 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

COASTAL FLOODING

PREPAREDNESS
2030 OBJECTIVES
Enhance natural systems to prevent damage
from coastal flooding
Increase resilience of public and private assets in
the coastal flood zone

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1234 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS
Santa Monica's expansive beaches provide not only an
economic boon and regional recreation, but also
protection from sea level rise.

In addition to iconic recreation and landscape, beaches are ecosystems unto themselves, providing vital habitat for local species. They are molded by wind patterns, fed by natural sediment flow and washed upon by the
ocean, changing over time.

As sea levels increase, there will be a gradual landward movement of water up the beach and the beach will
narrow. Current beach management practices may have
to change in order to adapt to these changes in order to preserve as much of the natural barrier.

No one knows exactly how much sea level rise will occur and by when. However, it is certain that Santa Monica,
like other jurisdictions along the California coast, will face new threats from sea level rise and coastal hazards that could damage or destroy coastal resources, like
beaches, and infrastructure, such as road and utility
lines, public amenities, and private developments
within the next few decades.

Santa Monica's recently adopted Local Coastal Program
Land Use Plan establishes policies and adaptation
strategies to be implemented once a certain amount of
sea level rise has occurred. As changes to shoreline
conditions occur, new policy phases would be activated, based on observed impacts.

CLEAN POWER ALLIANCE OF

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE VISUALIZING SEA LEVEL RISE
In 2016, the City installed two telescopic viewers
on the Santa Monica Pier, in partnership with
USC Sea Grant, the US Geological Survey
(USGS), and Owlized, Inc. “The Owls on the Pier”
offered passersby an augmented reality
experience into potential future scenarios of sea
level rise impacts on Santa Monica's beach. The
Owls surveyed participants on their views and
concerns about climate change and sea level
rise and their preference for climate adaptation
approaches.

Over 10,000 people visited the Owls, and more
than 2,500 of those participated in all or part of
the Owl’s survey. In addition about 1,000 people
viewed the mobile version of the Owl and
answered all or part of the survey.

COASTAL FLOODING

PREPAREDNESS

NATURAL SOLUTIONS
To improve the biodiversity and resiliency of
Santa Monica’s beaches, and to address potential
impacts of sea level rise, the City is looking at
adaptation measures that would re-introduce
a more natural beach environment. One such
measure is dune creation.

In 2016, the City implemented a dune pilot
project in the North Beach area, by suspending
beach grooming, erecting a low fence, and
seeding foliage to encourage dune growth.

Evaluation of the effects of this pilot project will
guide future efforts. Small “dunelets” also benefit
the Western Snowy Plover, by mimicking natural
beach landscapes and providing protection from
the wind.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1235 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
CF1: Resilient Buildings & Infrastructure in the
Coastal Zone
OSE CCS Mid Term
Estimate the financial costs of sea-level rise, including replacement or repair costs of resources and facilities that could be impacted by sea level rise and coastal
flooding, non-market values, like recreation and
ecosystem services. Conduct site-specific vulnerability assessments of City-owned buildings and facilities in the coastal zone. Develop guidelines and standards for
infrastructure and buildings to be flood-proofed, or be capable of accommodating temporary flooding.

R
G
CF2: Coastal Hazard Real Estate Disclosure
OSE CPD Mid Term
Establish a process requiring the disclosure during any real estate transaction within the City’s Coastal Zone of a property’s location in a hazard zone identified in the
Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan (LUP) and of the
results of any site-specific hazard analyses related to the hazards mapped in the LUP. Collaborate with the Coastal Commission and local real estate agents to develop
specific guidance and language regarding point-of-sale
disclosures. Adopt and implement a local ordinance
specifying point-of-sale disclosures.

R
G
CF3: Climate Ready Santa Monica Pier
CED Pier Long Term
Integrate the latest sea level rise projections in Pier structural assessments and design improvements.

Implement capital improvements to withstand increased wave height and on-shore flooding.

R
G
CF4: Adopt a Shoreline Management Plan

OSE, CCS,

CED, BM,
Pier,
Nonprofits
Mid to Long
Term CPD
Develop a shoreline management plan for specific high
priority areas that are most vulnerable to sea level rise hazards, Include adaptation strategies to address sea
level rise and coastal hazards and adapt to changes in wave, flooding, and erosion hazards in the short and long term for the specified area; prioritizing “soft” adaptation strategies such as managed retreat, beach nourishment,
living shorelines, and dune restoration over “hard”
adaptation strategies such as seawalls.

R
G
CF5: Beach Nourishment & Dune Creation

OSE, CCS,
Nonprofits
Mid to Long
Term BM
Dune creation shall be allowed to occur within the City’s beach areas, provided consideration is given to any
impacts on the Western Snowy Plover Special Protection
Zone (SPZ) and other SPZs that may be established in
the future where dune restoration occurs. Design and
implement additional pilot projects, utilizing green
infrastructure or eco-engineering.

R
G
CF6: Local Coastal Program Monitoring & Implementation
Nonprofits Mid to Long
Term CPD
Monitor sea level rise and coastal flooding impacts over time utilizing tidal gage data, pier scour analysis, seasonal beach width and storm flooding damage. Phase in
policies and projects identified by the Local Coastal Plan as climate change impacts increase. Update coastal
hazard maps at least every 5 years or sooner based on the best available science.

Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1236 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

LOW CARBON FOOD
& ECOSYSTEMS
2030 OBJECTIVES
Increase self-reliance through local food production
Reduce carbon emissions from food production,
consumption, waste and landscape management
and natural processes

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1237 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS
Conventional food production is one of the nation’s
largest sources of environmental degradation. The
industrialized food system is unsustainable due to its
reliance on fossil fuels for fertilizers, pesticides,
herbicides, industrial equipment, refrigeration, and
interstate transportation. Globally, one-third of
greenhouse gas emissions result from the food system
when accounting for transportation, soil degradation
and deforestation.

Fortunately, local and chemical-free food is on the
rebound as more people recognize its value and health
benefits. Meat-less or meat-free meals are becoming
more popular and accessible in restaurants and home
kitchens.

In Santa Monica, many residents are already embracing
local and low-carbon food choices. Santa Monica offers
Farmers Markets at various locations three days a week
to provide residents with locally produced, fresh, and
healthy food. All of the Farmers Markets in Santa
Monica accept CalFresh, Farmers Market WIC and
Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
checks. making healthy and low-carbon food choices
available to low-income residents.

GOING LOCAL WITH FOOD

OUR FORESTS ABOVE AND BELOW
Santa Monica’s urban forest is currently 93% stocked
with approximately 33,000 trees. A fully mature tree
can retain approximately 1 ton of carbon dioxide each
year. By fully stocking the urban forest, the City can
maximize tree canopy, cooling benefits and carbon
reductions from its trees.

One way that oceans and ocean-related ecosystems
contribute to carbon sequestration is through ocean
vegetation like sea kelp. Kelp forests are typical of Santa Monica Bay and are present in around Malibu and Palos
Verdes, but less kelp is present directly adjacent to
Santa Monica due to poor water quality and invasive
sea urchins, which eat and destroy kelp forests.

LOW CARBON FOOD
& ECOSYSTEMS
Carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon
from the atmosphere (CO2) and converting it into
organic carbon (C) in biological materials. Some
examples of natural sequestration include trees, soil,
wetlands, marshes, geologic formations or biochar.

Sequestration offers an opportunity to invest in and
restore natural ecosystems to capture and offset Santa
Monica’s remaining emissions.

Despite Santa Monica’s urbanized setting, the City has
several opportunities for sequestering, or storing,
atmospheric carbon dioxide through natural processes.

The potential to expand forested areas within the city
and the proximity to the ocean offer unique
possibilities for innovation and generation of cobenefits.

The most viable carbon sequestration strategies that
are local to Santa Monica are urban forest management
and kelp forest restoration.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Efforts are underway in the Palo Verdes area to restore the kelp forests by managing the sea urchin population. The results to date demonstrate the ability of kelp, especially fast-growing species, to both absorb carbon and to
mitigate an overabundance of nitrogen in ocean areas
adjacent to urban communities.

While currently a pilot project, this effort is uniquely relevant and would generate numerous ecological and
economic benefits in terms of fish habitat, water quality, and overall health and longevity of Santa Monica Bay.

Community gardening provides an opportunity for
residents to connect to their food, the land, and their neighbors while reducing the environmental impact of
the conventional food system.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1238 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Parks and recreation activities are central to quality of life in Santa Monica. Natural settings can provide
valuable, regenerative, passive recreation opportunities.

In addition to the documented mental health benefits,
greening in parks and public spaces would contribute
to improved human health through relief from heatisland effects and improved air quality.

Park vegetation and trees provide shade and oxygen,
which cool the streets as well as nearby homes and
buildings. A full and healthy urban forest canopy can be an effective and efficient means of sequestering carbon, while reducing pollution, the heat island effect and the need for air-conditioning.

In surveys and interviews conducted during the Parks &
Recreation Master Plan update process, respondents
emphasized that they want the park system to be
greener and include more natural spaces and green
infrastructure. The community also suggested
expanding the urban forest by planting more trees in
the City's parks.

While Santa Monica has many beloved parks and green
spaces, it is below the average for Los Angeles County
when it comes to green space per capita.

In 2017, the City of Santa Monica and the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA), reached a historic
agreement, which will lead to the eventual closure of
Santa Monica Airport (SMO) in 2028. Earlier in 2014,
Santa Monica voters supported Measure Local Control
(Measure LC) that affirms the authority of City Council to manage airport land and amends the City Charter to
require voter approval for any new development on
airport land except parks, public open space, and
public recreational facilities.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL

AT THE AIRPORT
PLANTING 1,000 TREES

C O U L D S E Q U E S T E R
688,000 LBS CO2

ENOUGH TO OFFSET

IN A FOSSIL-FUEL

VEHICLE
763,011 MI
At 227 acres, SMO has the potential of becoming one of
the largest parks in Los Angeles. With so much land, a
park at SMO could provide a unique opportunity to
transform a carbon source into a carbon sink,
sequestering carbon from the atmosphere, by
expanding Santa Monica's urban forest and fostering
healthy soils. If the City were to plan 1,000 trees within this area it could sequester 688,000 lbs of carbon
dioxide, which would be enough to offset driving over
763,000 miles in a fossil-fuel vehicle.

Ultimately, the path from Airport to park will involve a complex process to design, fund, and construct, which
will be informed by community input.

Assumes Oak tree (quercus spp) annual sequestration rate of 688 lbs (Source: Urban Forest Master Plan). Vehicle emissions equivalent estimated using the EPA Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator.

Potential Airport Acreage to be Converted Post-2028 Closure *Existing buildings and non-aviation functions will likely remain Penmar Golf Course
51 acres
Clover Park
18 acres
Potential Airport to
Park Conversion Area
227 acres*
Existing Parks
Planned Parks
Airport Park

8.3 acres
Planned Airport
Park Expansion
12 acres
55 7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1239 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min))

ACTIONS

RESILIENCE THROUGH LOCAL FOOD
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
LCFE1: Promote Low Carbon, Low Waste Lifestyles

FMD, EDD,
OWB OSE Ongoing
Promote more sustainable food and drink options through campaigns, outreach events and community resources.

Include all five pillars of the City's Sustainable Food Commitment: 1) reduce meat and dairy, 2) avoid processed foods, 3) eat organic, 4) eat local, and 5) reduce waste. Develop incentives and rewards programs to support the local food system and low carbon foods. Promote
sustainable pet food through outreach and education.

LCFE2: Increase Productivity of Public & Private Lands

CRD, HSD,
OWB,
Business,
Nonprofits
Mid Term
OSE,
PLD,
CCS
Increase food access by planting fruit and nut trees in parks and private sites through education, incentives, and rebates. Facilitate micro-agriculture operations that utilize open land and rooftops or space-efficient operations, like aquaponics. Conduct a feasibility study for repurposing underutilized parkways, vacant or abandoned properties, or the Airport to park conversion for urban farming. Target affordable housing developments, homeless-service
providers – in order to empower communities to become
self-sustaining. Support residents to start their own
gardens by providing educational and training
opportunities. Model programs from the Ishihara Park’s
demonstration and learning garden.

R
G
LCFE3: Develop a Sustainable Food Master Plan

FMD, OWB,
Nonprofits
Mid to Long
Term OSE
Develop a community plan that advances the City's
Sustainable Food Commitment, and addresses food
security through strategies such as local food cultivation, resident vending or donations of local produce at markets, food banks and shelters, and land use strategies.

R
G
R
G
LCFE4: Increase Farmers Market Low Income Patronage

HSD, OWB,
Nonprofits
Mid to Long
Term FMD Enroll all eligible residents in CalFresh and support the Farmer’s Market Match program that enhances EBT
dollar value at farmers markets.

Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City

CARBON SEQUESTRATION & HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS
R
G
LCFE5: Climate Resilient Forest & Landscape Management
PLD OSE Near Term
The updated Urban Forest Master Plan already addresses the effects of climate change and other potential threats to the urban forest. Assess pruning practices to preserve biomass and increase carbon sequestration potential. Encourage
proper tree watering, fertilizer, maintenance and protection during construction. Establish a baseline of the energy used to build and maintain the City's urban forest and landscapes and develop a plan to reduce carbon emissions through
maintenance and mulching.

R
G
LCFE7: Local Carbon Sequestration
Nonprofits Near to Mid
Term OSE
Explore opportunities to sequester carbon on all City
properties, including Woodlawn Cemetery and Airport to
park conversion and local habitat systems, like sea kelp.

R
G
LCFE6: Private Tree Preservation
PLD Near to Mid
Term
Explore policies, incentives and funding mechanisms to CPD ensure the preservation of private trees, including the City's hedge ordinance.

7.A.e
Packet Pg. 1240 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Santa Monica College (SMC) has been hosting a free
farmer’s market for students once a week during fall
and spring semesters since February 2017. The market
provides approximately 1,500 lbs of fresh produce
feeding 150 students every week, and to date,
over 50,000 lbs of fresh produce has been distributed
to over 5,300 students.

Student volunteers collect produce from vendors at the
Santa Monica Wednesday Farmer’s Market, in
partnership with Food Forward. The students then
deliver the produce and staff the market two hours per
week. SMC also supplements the program by
purchasing produce from the Westside Food Bank.

Students are only required to show a valid student ID
and bring their own bag. Creative recipes and nutrition consultations are offered to help students figure out
how to prepare healthy meals.

SMC also purchases over 10,000 lbs of non-perishable
food products from West Side Food Bank each week to
stock food in six “food pantry’s” around campus to help with the problem of food insecurity.

To minimize organic waste from food preparation, SMC
uses 400,000 worms to eat through about 300 lbs of
food scraps per week from cafeteria vendors. Over the
past 17 years, SMC has been diverted 6.25 tons of
organic waste from the landfill.

SANTA MONICA COLLEGE: ADDRESSING

FOOD SECURITY AND FOOD WASTE

COMMUNITY IN ACTION
Credit: Justin Han

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IMPLEMENTING

THE PLAN
2030 OBJECTIVES
Achieve carbon neutrality in municipal operations
Foster a climate-literate community
Develop financing resources for climate action &
adaptation projects

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ZERO NET CARBON

BUILDINGS
Climate change affects the whole community
without regard for political affiliation, jurisdictional boundary or background. Most people understand
that humans are responsible, but few feel
empowered to take action let alone know what to do.

This plan cannot be successful without the
participation and leadership of the community.

Santa Monica residents and businesses have long
demonstrated their willingness to invest their time
and resources to making Santa Monica
more prosperous and sustainable.

The challenge will be to continue to scale up lifestyle changes and adoption of clean technologies for
uninitiated individuals and under-served populations
across the entire community.

The City will partner with traditional and nontraditional stakeholders to develop resources and activate the entire community in culturally
appropriate conversations, individual actions and
community activism. Non-profits and communitybased organizations, like Climate Action Santa Monica, will be key to broadening the community
base for change.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

CITY LEADERSHIP
Santa Monica has a long history of demonstrating
leadership by adopting advanced technologies and
innovating practices to be more sustainable.

The City will seek to achieve carbon neutrality in
municipal operations by 2030 offering an example to
other local governments, organizations and
businesses to follow. This will be achieved primarily
through the electrification of Big Blue Bus, building
electrification and renewable energy.

An interdepartmental team of City staff in
collaboration with civic leaders must be assembled to
maintain momentum and ensure accountability. This
group will work to ensure all policies, projects and
programs are designed and implemented with equity
as a core principle.

Santa Monica must continue to work beyond its
borders to support and lead coalition groups of cities
and local jurisdictions mobilizing and advocating for
climate action at regional, state, national and
international levels.

IMPLEMENTING

THE PLAN
Credit: Justin Han
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CLIMATE FINANCE
Deep emissions reductions will need to be achieved
at a scale and pace unlike the City has seen
before. The success of the plan depends on
committing resources to implementation, and then
augmenting those resources with alternative
sources of funding.

The City has dedicated significant resources to meet
its sustainability and climate goals. Between the
adopted 16/18 and 18/20 fiscal year (FY) Capital
Improvement Program (CIP) budgets, the City has
already committed over $383M to climate action
and adaptation projects over the next 5 years. The
projects span municipal energy efficiency and
renewable energy projects, electric vehicles, and
pedestrian and biking improvements. This is in
addition to the City's operating budgets which
cover staff time and program expenses dedicated to
advancing low-carbon living and technologies.

O V E R T H E N E X T 5 Y E A R S ,

S A N T A M O N I C A W I L L
S P E N D O V E R $ 3 8 3 M O N

C L I M A T E A C T I O N &
A D A P T A T I O N .

T O M E E T O U R G O A L S , W E

W I L L N E E D T O A T L E A S T
D O U B L E T H A T B Y 2 0 3 0 .

New costs associated with this plan include
dedicated lanes for bikes and personal mobility
devices, electric buses, adaptation projects and
programs and more. Staff estimate that
implementation of the plan could cost roughly over
$832 million over the next 10-12 years. Additionally,
not all projects and programs have been fully
conceived or are planned at the moment. Staff will
need to leverage external funding mechanisms like
grants, low-interest loans or project financing
models to supplement City funds.

The investment by the community to support the
Plan will be many times greater than the City's own
costs. The City will need to provide support to
residents and businesses in need of funding to
decarbonize their buildings, vehicles and lifestyles.

CLIMATE ACTION &

ADAPTATION
SECTOR
SUB-SECTOR FY 16/18
16/18
FY 18/20 TOTAL
APPROVED 5-YEAR CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM BUDGETS
$11,033,075
$15,541,828
$1,552,247
$10,507,954
$21,116,000
$186,690
$2,330,000
$70,858,500
$2,124,000
$108,663,560
$31,131,412
-
-
$432,837,726
$3,127,300
$2,250,000
$65,318,436
$3,835,000
$119,696,635
$47,583,240
$1,552,247
$10,507,954
$53,953,726
$3,313,990
$4,580,000
$136,176,936
$5,959,000
Municipal Energy
Bike & Pedestrian Improvements
Roadway & Transit Improvements
Affordable Housing
Low Emission Buses
Electric Vehicles
Urban Forest
Local Water Production
Pier Hardening
Zero Net Carbon Buildings
Sustainable Mobility
Low Carbon Food
& Ecosystems
Water Self-Sufficiency
Coastal Flooding
Preparedness
TOTAL $135,160,294 $248,163,434 $383,323,728
At the same time, it should discourage carbonemitting activities through fee-based systems or carbon taxes to shift community investment away
from fossil fuels to clean technologies.

This Plan proposes the creation of a Community
Climate Action Grant program, funded by a Carbon
Development Impact Fee. The impact fee, to be
assessed on new commercial construction and
major renovation projects, would encourage lowcarbon design and sustainable modes of transit, while at the same time providing a continuous
funding mechanism for carbon reduction projects.

The City will need to focus on addressing
environmental injustices and equity issues through
any funding mechanism that redistributes wealth.

Examples include the Pico Neighborhood Wellbeing
Microgrant Program.
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ACTIONS

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
CE1: Create a Community Climate Action Network
OWB,
Nonprofits OSE Near Term
Work with the community partners to create a
community network that facilitates communication and
coordination between community members, as well as
between the City and the community. The network will
identify actions for individuals, neighborhoods and
institutions to implement and measure the impact of
grassroots activity. The network will engage the
neighborhoods and people with messages that are
relevant to them is necessary to reach people from all
backgrounds and walks of life.

CE2: Pilot Block-Level & Business Sustainability Plans
OWB,
Nonprofits OSE Ongoing
Provide a framework and tools for businesses and
communities to set goals, identify projects and gain
support for taking climate action in their neighborhoods.

CE3: Launch a Community Climate Action Grant
OSE Nonprofits Ongoing
Establish an annual micro-grant program to support local citizen-led projects and programs that will reduce
emissions, adapt to climate change and enhance equity.

CE4: Increase Climate & Eco-Literacy
Schools,
Nonprofits OSE Ongoing
Increase local awareness about the need to protect the
region’s ecosystems from a changing climate. Develop
educational curriculum, outreach materials and
information for use by educators and community based
organizations. Develop program resources in multiple
languages to reflect the diversity in Santa Monica.

Support citizen science initiatives, like local air quality monitoring.

R
G
R
G
R
G

CITY LEADERSHIP
CL2: Implement Deep Carbon Reduction Retrofits in
City Facilities
FacMD,
ASD, TED OSE Ongoing
Implement an energy portfolio manager system to
monitor real-time energy consumption and costs. Audit
facilities for energy efficiency potential and implement large-scale retrofit program across the City’s portfolio.

Pilot and implement conversions of natural gas building systems to electric-based systems, like heat pump water heaters and HVAC systems. Pilot retrofit and financing
mechanisms like performance contracting and
sustainability/energy-as-a-service. Track refrigerants in buildings and vehicles, reduce refrigerants with high
global warming potential and reduce leakage rates from
air conditioning systems.

R
G
Cost to City Carbon
Reduction
Potential
Low
Medium
High
Supports Paris
Agreement
Potential to
Address Equity G
Government
Leadership
Advances Smart City
Concepts
Potential for Cost Savings,
Local investment and Jobs
Enhances
Environmental Quality
R
Enhances
Community
Resilience
Improves Public
Health & Safety
Cost to City
CL1: Adopt a Smart City Strategy

OSE, MD,
OEM, TED ISD Near Term Adopt a Smart City Strategy to advance technologies in City infrastructure and leverage public-private
partnerships that support energy and water efficiency, mobility planning and services, public safety and communications.

R
G

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ACTIONS

CITY LEADERSHIP
Carbon Reduction
Potential
Cost
to City
Community
Benefits Partners
Status or
Lead Timeframe
R
G
CL4: Convert City Fleet Vehicles to Electric or Zero
Emission

FD, RRR,
BBB
Mid to Long
Term OSE
Pilot electric and zero emission vehicles for medium and heavy duty vehicles. Replace vehicles as technology
becomes available. Downsize and consolidate fleet
vehicles to promote vehicle sharing. Convert Big Blue Bus fleet to all-electric by 2030.

R
G
CL7: City Leadership & Collaboration
OSE Ongoing
Integrate social and racial equity into citywide planning processes and community programs. Engage with other
local governments and stakeholders at the regional, state, federal and international levels. Advocate for State and regional policies that support local targets and largescale change. Continue to share progress through reporting platforms.

CLIMATE FINANCE
R
G
CF1: Adopt a Carbon Impact Fee
OSE BSD Mid Term
Adopt an ordinance to impose a carbon impact fee on
new commercial development. The fee would be based
on the construction and operation of commercial
properties with the exception of all-electric buildings and eligible affordable housing projects. The funds generated could support the Community Climate Action Grant
program.

R
G
CF2: Explore Alternative Community Climate
Financing Options
OSE Ongoing
Study and pilot alternative financing mechanisms to
increase community investment and streamline funding
toward climate-related projects. Such ideas include carbon tax, green banks or revolving funds, crowdfunding, energy performance contracts, and sustainability-as-a-service.

FIN
CL5: Clean Tech Innovation Program
Partner with Los Angeles Cleantech Incubator and
develop program to pilot emerging technologies on City
facilities and with willing private properties. R
G OSE Business Near Term
CL3: Expand the Use of Distributed Energy Resources
FacMD,
ASD, TED OSE Ongoing
Finalize and implement the City's Resilient Energy Action Plans for critical facilities and community facilities in need of emergency backup power. Maximize all viable rooftop
and parking facility areas for onsite solar systems, battery storage and microgrids where possible. Potential projects may include: Civic Center Microgrid, Main Library-Fire
Station 1 Microgrid, distributed waste-to-energy systems, community solar at Airport (post-2028 closure).

R
G
CL6: Reduce Consumption Based Emissions
Identify goods, services and suppliers that contribute to the City’s carbon footprint. Develop a system to track, analyze and report the impacts of employee air travel to conferences, meetings and workshops, etc. Establish a
goal to reduce carbon emissions associated with
consumption and employee air travel and then develop
strategies to be implemented.

R
G OSE Business Near Term
R
G
CL8: Implementing Plans, Policies & Ordinances
OSE Ongoing
Consider and approve new plans, policies & ordinances and amendments to existing plans, policies and ordinances in a public review process to implement this plan.

PCD, RRR

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CONCLUSION
The challenge of climate change is unprecedented in
its scale and potential disruption to our way of living.

Recent climate disasters have given us a preview of
what may become the 'new abnormal.'
We must act now. No longer can we avoid hard
decisions and changes for the sake of convenience or
politics. A climate changed-future will not wait.

However, in the face of daunting headlines, we remain
hopeful and resolved. We know what to do. We have
the solutions to reduce emissions, increase efficiency, promote economic vitality, and improve our quality of
life.

This plan provides a pathway to accelerate our historical success so that we can make climate change history. It
is also a call to action to residents, community
institutions and businesses to take an active part in our transition to a low carbon future and clean economy.

In this process, we will foster a vibrant economy,
increase our resiliency and support Santa Monica’s
vision for a livable and sustainable community for
generations to come.

CLIMATE PROTECTION FOR ALL
Credit: Kristina Sado
This plan will serve as a living document, to be
updated as technologies and policies progress.

The City will maintain a reporting platform to
easily track and monitor greenhouse gases and
climate action progress. Staff will provide annual
progress reports and conduct biennial
greenhouse gas inventories to evaluate plan
effectiveness.

After five years, the City will update the plan
based on the results to ensure the goals can be
met by 2030 and beyond.

T R A C K I N G

O U R P R O G R E S S
R e g u l a r M o n i t o r i n g
A n n u a l P r o g r e s s R e p o r t s
B i e n n i a l G r e e n h o u s e G a s
E m i s s i o n s I n v e n t o r i e s
5 - Y e a r C o n s u m p t i o n
B a s e d E m i s s i o n s
I n v e n t o r y
5 - Y e a r P l a n U p d a t e

MEASURING SUCCESS
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Packet Pg. 1248 Attachment: CAAP_SantaMonica (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Santa Monica: VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TO CLIMATE CHANGE CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE ACTION + ADAPTATION PLAN | 1

Report prepared by
As a Sub-Consultant to
For the
May 2017

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Contents
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………..5

1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 7

2. Vulnerability Assessment Framework..................................................................... 9 Sectors ..........................................................................................................................10 Vulnerability Assessment ..........................................................................................10 Climate Hazards..............................................................................................................13 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding.......................................................................13 Extreme Heat ...............................................................................................................17 Drought .........................................................................................................................19 Air Quality.................................................................................................................... 23 Buildings and Properties...........................................................................................28 Populations and Public Health ................................................................................ 32 Infrastructure.............................................................................................................. 37 Ecosystems and Habitat ............................................................................................41 Economy ......................................................................................................................44

5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................46 Priority Areas...............................................................................................................46 Future Data Collection..............................................................................................49 Next Steps – Adaptation Strategies.......................................................................49

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Executive Summary
Climate change is a global issue with local impacts. Santa Monica will experience a series of overlapping challenges and opportunities, many of which relate to its coastal location.

The Santa Monica Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment identifies key city sectors and climate hazards to provide a framework for adaptation and resilience planning. This document is meant to serve as a high-level screening tool for planners, engineers, architects, program managers and community institutions to better understand the potential risks associated with climate change. This document does not specify measures to mitigate or adapt to the hazards posed by climate change.

The City’s forthcoming Climate Action & Adaptation Plan (2018) will provide strategies to mitigate climate change and reduce or adapt to impacts.

Santa Monica may experience the following climate change impacts:
• Sea Level Rise – Current projections predict a high sea level rise (SLR) scenario of 1.67 meters by 2100. While SLR on its own, would not have a significant impact on Santa Monica, coastal flooding from storms and high tide, may cause damage to coastal infrastructure including the Santa Monica Pier, bike path, and utilities associated with beach facilities. Structures like the Annenberg Beach House, as well as private homes and commercial businesses, may also see flooding during high tides and coastal storm events.
• Extreme Heat – Increased average temperatures will give rise to extreme heat events in California and the Los Angeles region. It is predicted that extreme heat events are becoming more frequent, more intensive, and longer lasting. Due to it’s coastal and temperate climate, extreme heat will not likely post a direct impact to Santa Monica. However, increased energy usage for cooling or increased local tourism by people escaping the heat may affect Santa Monica’s energy reliability, local economy and traffic. • Drought – Climate change is likely to increase the duration and severity of droughts in California. The variability in wet and dry years will continue in the future under climate change. Santa Monica has made significant progress in reducing overall water usage and increasing local production. However Santa Monica will still be vulnerable to prolonged periods of drought, coupled with intermittent precipitation. • Air quality – Climate change will impact air quality through warming temperatures and more frequent episodes of stagnant air. Wildfires also have a negative impact on air quality and are likely to increase in number and severity with climate change.

Every part of the city – whether infrastructure, buildings, businesses, residents or visitors – will experience climate change impacts differently. Some sectors and people are better resourced and equipped to withstand these impacts or adapt while some are more vulnerable and may become even more vulnerable without a means to adapt. The assessment provides a review of specific climate change exposures and sensitivity, the adaptive capacity of each sector, and a screening level vulnerability assessment for each asset.
• The buildings and properties along the coastal zone are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Additionally, older buildings and facilities are vulnerable to extreme heat and air pollution intrusion due to poor weatherproofing and may not provide

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Packet Pg. 1252 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 5 adequate shelter to residents. Older buildings, parks, and schools may be retrofitted and weather proofed to acclimate to future climate hazards. Unfortunately, coastal properties will be difficult to safeguard against sea level rise.
• Santa Monica’s mild temperature and coastal breeze may reduce the severity of the regional predictions for extreme heat and poor air quality. Because of this, the residents of Santa Monica are less sensitive to some of the impacts of climate change compared to the greater LA County. Older adults, young children, and people with chronic diseases and disabilities are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme heat and poor air quality.

Santa Monica has numerous plans, policies and spaces to protect residents, such as the hazard mitigation plan, hospitals, protections for outdoor workers, and cooling stations. • Water infrastructure, roads, and energy supply and infrastructure are most sensitive to climate change hazards like extreme heat, drought and sea level rise. Santa Monica has plans and projects in place to address water security and reuse like the SMURFF and upcoming Sustainable Water Infrastructure project. Water and energy efficiency initiatives will also help to safeguard Santa Monica’s resources. While the coastal bike path may be easy to relocate, the large roads and highways along the coast will be much more difficult to relocate and rebuild if they are threatened by sea level rise.
• Urban forests, beaches, and ocean habitats have the highest sensitivity to climate change hazards. The Santa Monica Beach Restoration project aims to protect and promote beach biodiversity and provide a natural barrier to sea level rise. Water conservation and landscape project help to prepare Santa Monica for climate change by increasing the amount of drought-friendly landscaping. The ocean habitat will be more difficult to protect against a changing climate due to its multijurisdictional nature, but organizations like Heal the Bay will continue to promote ocean protection measures across the region. • SLR and coastal flooding may erode coastal beach area and damage Santa Monica Pier businesses and concessionaires. These potential impacts may result in lost business income, reduced tax revenue, and fewer jobs for residents.

In order to address climate change, a citywide approach that focuses on both mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resiliency of City assets is necessary. The vulnerability assessment provides an introductory analysis to the strategies that will come forth in the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) by identifying the areas that are most vulnerable to climate change. The actions in the CAAP will drive the city towards its goals for Water Self-Sufficiency by 2020, Zero Waste by 2030, and Carbon Neutrality by 2050 or sooner.

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1. Introduction
Climate change is a global issue with local impacts. Communities around the world are starting to understand those impacts and are making efforts to reduce their vulnerability.

Climate change presents Santa Monica with a series of overlapping challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this Santa Monica Vulnerability Assessment is to uncover a broad range of direct and indirect climate impacts across key sectors and to help prioritize adaptation and resilience responses in future planning efforts.

Many of Santa Monica’s most significant climate change challenges and opportunities relate to its coastal location. Miles of transportation infrastructure, beaches, homes, businesses and concessionaires are at risk from sea level rise (SLR), coastal flooding and inundation. 1 Coastal climate
hazards could have significant impacts on the local economy, which generates more than $1.5 billion in tourist revenue.
2 Yet, Santa Monica’s coastal location also presents significant opportunities. More extreme heat days across the Los Angeles region could increase local beach tourism, providing increased revenue for local businesses and the City. Downtown Los Angeles is projected to experience 37 days per year hotter than 95°F by the end of the century and more people may flock to coastal locations to avoid the heat.3 While beneficial to the City’s economy, these tourists may create other cascading impacts, such as increased traffic congestion which can exacerbate air pollution and impact local emergency response.

The coastal setting will help minimize the impacts of climate hazards on the City’s most vulnerable residents. More extreme heat days can pose a serious threat to human health, resulting in an increase in emergency department visits and hospitalizations 4 and deaths.5 Santa Monica is projected
to experience three extreme heat days per year due in part to its cooler coastal location, which is significantly less than other parts of the Los Angeles region. 6 Climate change is also anticipated to worsen air quality, aiding the formation of ozone7 and increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of wildfires.8 Like extreme heat days, these can lead to more emergency department visits and hospitalizations due respiratory illnesses. 9 However, ocean
1 ESA. 2016. Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment: Technical Methods Report. Prepared for the City of Santa Monica.
2 City of Santa Monica. 2015. All Hazard Mitigation Plan. Available at https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OEM/Preparedness/SantaMonica_AHMP_FINAL_8May2014.pdf. 3 Fengpeng S, et al. 2015. A Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part II: End-of-Century Warming Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate. 28:4618-4636. 4 Knowlton, K., et. al. 2009. The 2006 California Heat Wave: Impacts on Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits.

Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(1): pp. 61-67.
5 Basu, R., Feng, W., and Ostro B. 2008. Characterizing temperature and mortality in nine California counties. Epidemiology, 19(1): pp. 138-45.
6 Fengpeng S, et al. 2015. A Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part II: End-of-Century Warming Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate. 28:4618-4636. 7 Bell, M.L., et. al. 2007. Climate Change, Ambient Ozone, and Health in 50 U.S. Cities. Climatic Change, 82: pp. 61-76 8 California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available at http://cal-adapt.org/. 9 Jaffe, D., et. al. 2008. Interannual variations in PM2. 5 due to wildfires in the western United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 12(42): pp. 2812-2818.

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breezes and policies to reduce automobile use mean that Santa Monica has some of the best air quality in the region, minimizing the potential impact on the City’s residents.

While local actions will be important to address the potential impacts of climate change, strong regional partnerships and planning are critical to address challenges beyond the City’s boundaries.

The duration and severity of droughts in California is anticipated to increase, altering the availability of imported water and recycled water.
10 Likewise warmer temperatures, less snowpack, more
wildfires, and SLR may diminish energy generation and transmission.11 The Vulnerability Study identifies key assets exposed to climate hazards, assesses the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of each sector, and assesses the vulnerability of each, as shown in Table 1. The vulnerability assessment is also aligned with the state’s objective to ensure that local jurisdictions integrate climate adaptation into their planning processes. The study’s aim is to provide a framework for CAAP measure prioritization, decision-making, and future data gathering to increase community resilience over time.

Table 1: Key Sectors and Climate Hazards Examined
Key City Sectors Climate Hazards
• Buildings and properties
• Populations and public health
• Infrastructure and utilities
• Habitat and ecosystems
• Economy
• SLR and coastal flooding
• Extreme heat
• Drought
• Air quality
The Vulnerability Study is organized as follows:
• Chapter 2 describes the vulnerability assessment framework. It outlines key steps in the assessment and the specific methods used in the assessment. • Chapter 3 compiles the “State of the Science” for four specific climate hazards: SLR and coastal flooding, extreme heat, drought, and air quality. Historic and projected trends for each climate hazard is collected and incorporated into the study. • Chapter 4 assesses vulnerabilities to these four climate hazards for five sectors. Within each sector, the vulnerability of key assets or populations is examined. For example, the infrastructure section covers transportation infrastructure, water supply and water infrastructure, and stormwater infrastructure, among others. • Chapter 5 provides a summary of the vulnerability assessment, prioritizes areas for future measure implementation, and includes recommendations about future data gathering. 10 Berg, N, et al. 2015. Twenty-Frist Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate. 28: 401 – 421.
11 Sathaye, Jayant, Larry Dale, Peter Larsen, Gary Fitts, Kevin Koy, Sarah Lewis, and Andre Lucena. 2012. Estimating Risk to California Energy Infrastructure from Projected Climate Change. California Energy Commission. Publication Number: CEC‐500‐ 2012‐057.

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2. Vulnerability Assessment Framework
The Vulnerability Assessment is a screening tool to better understand the potential impacts and vulnerabilities to climate change hazards and to begin defining future adaptation responses. The assessment focuses on a limited number of climate change hazards defined in concert with City staff and local experts.

The methodology used to develop the vulnerability assessment is based on the California Adaptation Planning Guide (CAPG), which was prepared by California Emergency Management Agency and the California Natural Resources Agency.12
The CAPG is based on California’s 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy, which summarizes the science of climate impacts, specifies comprehensive state adaptation strategies, and analyzes the impacts to a variety of sector areas.

The vulnerability assessment methodology is also consistent with Senate Bill 379. The Senate Bill requires cities and counties in California to update their General Plan safety elements and local hazard mitigation plans to incorporate climate adaptation strategies and vulnerability assessments that identify the risks climate change poses to the local jurisdictions. 13 The CAPG outlines a nine-step approach to conducting a vulnerability assessment and developing an adaptation strategy, including the following:

Vulnerability Assessment

1. Identify the climate change effects a community will experience (exposure);

2. Identify the key community structures, functions, and populations that are potentially susceptible to each climate change exposure (sensitivity)

3. Analyze how the climate change exposure will affect the community structures, functions, and populations (potential impacts);

4. Evaluate the community’s current ability to address the projected impacts (adaptive capacity);

5. Adjust the impact assessment to account for uncertainty, timing, and adaptive capacity (risk and onset);
Adaptation Strategy Development

6. Prioritize the adaptive needs by sector;

7. Identify strategies to address the highest priority adaptation needs (identify strategies);

8. Prioritize strategies based on the projected onset of the impact, projected cost, co-benefits, and other feasibility factors (prioritize);

9. Develop an implementation plan that includes phasing of strategies and a monitoring system to assess effectiveness (phasing).

The Santa Monica Vulnerability Assessment completes steps 1-5, with adaptation strategy development to come as part of the preparation of the City’s forthcoming Climate Action & 12 California Emergency Management Agency. 2012. California Adaptation Planning Guide: Planning for Adaptive Communities.

Available at http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/01APG_Planning_for_Adaptive_Communities.pdf. 13 California Legislative Information. 2015. Senate Bill No. 379. Available at https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB379.

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Adaptation Plan. Chapter 5, however, provides recommendations for adaptation strategy development and prioritization.

Sectors
This assessment analyzes climate change vulnerability for five different sectors. These sectors include: buildings and properties, populations and public health, infrastructure and utilities, economy, and habitat and ecosystems.
• Buildings and properties: This asset sector includes buildings and properties located throughout Santa Monica. Assets include publicly- and privately-owned buildings, community-based assets, parks and open space, and landscaping and vegetation. • Populations and public health: This sector includes the City’s populations overall with special attention paid to those who are most vulnerable to climate change impacts, including older adults, young children, and people with disabilities. It also summarizes the impacts of climate change on public health.
• Infrastructure and utilities: This sector focuses on water supply and infrastructure, sanitary sewer infrastructure, stormwater, transportation, and energy systems. • Habitat and ecosystems: The habitat and ecosystems sector covers coastal habitat, including the snowy plover, beaches, and urban forests.
• Economy: This sector focuses on economic assets in Santa Monica. These include businesses, tourism, and other local economic drivers.

Vulnerability Assessment
Vulnerability is the degree to which an asset or population group is susceptible to climate hazards.

The vulnerability assessment includes exposure analysis, sensitivity analysis, and adaptive capacity analysis. The following section describes each step utilized in the vulnerability analysis.

Exposure Analysis
The exposure analysis determines whether or not an asset or population is exposed to a climate hazard. For the Santa Monica Vulnerability Assessment, the climate hazards reviewed include:
extreme heat, SLR and coastal flooding, worsening air quality, and drought. SLR and coastal flooding used GIS mapping done as part of the Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment Technical Methods Report prepared by ESA. Exposure to other climate hazards was completed through a review of technical information and studies. When feasible, exposure analysis was considered for two discrete time horizons: mid-century (between 2040 and 2060) and end of century (between 2080 and 2100).

Table 2 summarizes the general trend associated with each climate hazard as well as future projections.

Table 2: Summary of Projected Trends in Santa Monica
Climate
Variable
General
Trend
Certainty Future Climate Change Projections
SLR and
Coastal
Flooding
Increasing High 5.3”-12”
by 2030

11.6”-23.8”
by 2050

36.6”-113”
by 2100

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Heat Increasing High
1 day over 95F by
2050
9 days over 87F by
2050
3 days over 95F by
2100
22 days over 87F by
2100
Drought Increasing Medium
Los Angeles is projected to see roughly the
same amount of total precipitation in the 21st
Century as it received in the last few decades of
the 20th Century. The region will continue to see
wide swings between wet and dry years.

Air Quality
Improving,
but still
consistently
fails to meet
federal
standards.

Medium
Climate change is expected to worsen air
pollution due to warmer temperatures and
regional wildfires.

Sensitivity Analysis
The sensitivity analysis captures which aspects of assets are likely to be affected by exposure to a climate hazard. For each sector’s assets, a sensitivity rating was developed to understand how sensitive it is to climate change. Asset sensitivity is affected by the timing and extent of climate hazards, as well as other factors such as biological susceptibility (such as people with respiratory diseases impacted by poor air quality), physical challenges (such as the difficulty of moving a structure from a flood-prone area), and functional qualities (such as emergency response during a flood). Assets were rated on a scale of 1-4 as follows:

1. Not sensitive to change

2. Low sensitivity to change: short-term or minor impact to the asset

3. Medium sensitivity to change: significant but reversible impact

4. High sensitivity to change: damage to asset may be irreversible.

Sensitivity rankings were based on a combination of stakeholder input and literature review.

Participants at the CAAP Stakeholder Meeting held on March 10, 2017 ranked the sensitivity for assets within a sector. Data was summarized for each sector and asset and presented later in the report.

Figure 1 is an example of an analysis completed by a meeting participant. Findings from the meeting (i.e. rankings) will be discussed by sectors in Chapter 4: Sector Vulnerability Assessment.

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Figure 1: Stakeholder Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Analysis Adaptive Capacity
Adaptive capacity analysis evaluates whether or not policies or programs exist to minimize the impact of a climate hazard on a sector’s assets. These policies and programs may help an asset or population cope with the climate hazard. These include the local programs, such as the City’s All Hazard Plan and the SLR Policy being developed as part of the Local Coastal Plan update, and regional programs, such as the air quality alert systems.

Like sensitivity, adaptive capacity was assessed using an ordinal ranking system – low, medium, and high – for each asset or population. Adaptive capacity rankings were based on a combination of stakeholder input from the March 2017 stakeholder meeting and review of existing policies and programs. Data was summarized for each sector and asset and presented later in the report.

Vulnerability Assessment
This vulnerability assessment incorporates the quantitative results regarding exposure of assets and facilities along Santa Monica’s coast for the sectors and assets that will be most likely be impacted by SLR and coastal flooding, such as infrastructure (i.e. water infrastructure, bicycling facilities, and roadways), buildings and properties (i.e. residential and commercial buildings), and the coastal ecosystem. The assessment also utilizes qualitative data concerning sector or assets’ sensitivity and adaptive capacity gathered from the stakeholder meeting in order to understand their vulnerability to climate change.

A vulnerability rating of none, low, moderate, and high is provided for each asset. Assets that have little exposure or low sensitivity to a climate hazard are delineated as having no vulnerability. Assets or populations exposes to a climate hazard and have some sensitivity to change were ranked appropriately.

𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)

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Understanding the anticipated changes to climate hazards was an essential first step in conducting the vulnerability assessment for Santa Monica. The subsequent sections in this chapter provide an overview of historical and projected trends for SLR and coastal flooding, extreme heat, drought, and air quality. As much as feasible, the historical analysis describes the nature, frequency, magnitude of the hazards in Santa Monica. Establishing an understanding of historical exposure based on a review of observed records is helpful to understand existing vulnerabilities of assets and to prioritize adaptation strategies and investments.

Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
The two primary causes of SLR are thermal expansion (as the water warms it increases in size) and the increased melting of glaciers and ice sheets. Coastal flooding is a temporary condition caused by storms and high tides. Inundation is the permanent condition caused by gradual SLR. In the short term, the primary concern is coastal flooding. However, over the longer-term, SLR will compound the effects from coast flooding as storms will occur on top of higher sea levels. This section describes historic trends, both globally and in Los Angeles, and projected SLR tends in Santa Monica.

Historic Trends in Sea Level Rise
Global sea levels began to increase between the late 19th and early 20th century.14 Sea level rose about 0.66 feet between 1700 and 1975, with the majority of that increase occurring during the 20th century, indicating that SLR is rapidly increasing. The rate of global SLR began to rapidly increase in the 1990s, global SLR rates were almost twice as high as they had been over the previous century. 15 This can be seen in Figure 2.
14 NRC (2012) Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. National Research Council (NRC), the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.: 217p. 15 Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Jevrejeva S, Levermann A, Merrifield MA, Milne GA, Nerem RS, Nunn PD, Payne AJ, Pfeffer WT, Stammer D, Unnikrishnan AS (2013) Ch. 13: Sea Level Change. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of the Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

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Figure 2: Global Mean Sea Level Change
Source: IPCC
Around Los Angeles, the mean sea level trend is 0.95 millimeters per year with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 0.24 mm/yr. based on monthly mean sea level data from 1923 to 2015, which is equivalent to a change of 0.31 feet in 100 years.16 Figure 3 below depicts this sea level trend for Los Angeles.

Figure 3: Los Angeles Mean Sea Level Trend
Source: NOAA
16 Tides & Currents. 2013. Mean Sea Level Trend: Los Angeles, California. NOAA. Available at https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=9410660.

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Models indicate that Southern California may see between 17 and 66 inches of SLR by the end of this century. SLR in the Los Angeles region is expected to match global projections, which will also potentially exacerbate coastal flooding impacts from storm surges and big-wave storms, and lead to greater loss of land. Estimates of SLR projected in Southern California and Santa Monica are shown in Table 3.
17,18
Table 3: Sea Level Rise (SLR) Projections for Southern California and Santa Monica SLR Scenario (Expected Time Period) Southern California SLR Range (inches)a
City of Santa Monica SLR
Range (inches)b
Early-Century - Current-2030 2”-12” 5.3”-12”
Mid-Century - Around 2030-2050 5”-24” 11.6”-23.8”
Late Century - Around 2050-2100 17”-66” 36.6”-113”
Source: Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment: Technical Methods Report, 2016
a Southern California SLR ranges are based on the NRC 2012 results for California coastal areas located south of Pt.

Conception, as presented in the 2015 CCC SLR Policy Guidance Document. b Santa Monica SLR Ranges are based on the NRC medium and high scenarios for Los Angeles region and used in the ESA/Terra Costa Group modeling and the Cayan et al 2016 Extreme scenario (RCP 8.5 and the 99.9% probability that the SLR will be at or below this level)
Figure 4 shows projected SLR and coastal flooding by 2100 along the coast of Santa Monica. A significant number of public facilities and infrastructure, buildings, and other structures are likely to be affected based on an analysis by ESA and CoSMoS which conducted independent studies of local sea level rise. In addition, the Santa Monica Pier, a major tourist destination in the City, will also be impacted. Vulnerable structures and facilities to SLR and coastal flooding are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4: SLR and the Santa Monica Coast
Source: ESA & CoSMoS
17 Cayan, D. R., J. Kalansky, S. Iacobellis, D. Pierce, and R. Kopp Kopp. (2016). Creating Probabilistic SLR Projections to support the 4th California Climate Assessment. Prepared for the California Energy Commission. 18 ESA. 2016. Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment: Technical Methods Report. Prepared for the City of Santa Monica.

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The assessment estimated that up to 4.3 miles of roadways and bikeways, up to 165 buildings, and up to 0.8 miles of storm drains, among other things, will likely be damaged by SLR and coastal flooding by the end of the century.
19 depicts the location and type of physical assets and facilities along Santa Monica’s coast exposed to SLR and coastal flooding and erosion.

Figure 5: Assets within SLR Flood Zone
In order to limit damage to Santa Monica’s assets and facilities, it is essential to start preparing for sea level rise. The City of Santa Monica and the Bay Foundation partnered in 2016 to pilot a transformative dune restoration project. The vision is to turn three acres of manicured sandy beach into a rejuvenated, healthy, and beautiful coastal ecosystem. This project addresses SLR and brings more aesthetic value to the Santa Monica coast. Instead of waiting until the effects of SLR and coastal erosion are great, Santa Monica is taking a proactive approach to coastal resilience by embracing a natural dune ecosystem.

Figure 6: Rendering of Dune Restoration Project Rendering Courtesy: The Bay Foundation
19 ESA. 2016. Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment: Technical Methods Report. Prepared for the City of Santa Monica.

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Packet Pg. 1264 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 17 In addition to dune restoration, Santa Monica educates the community about SLR. A temporary virtual reality viewer, called the OWL, was installed in November 2016 as an educational public engagement tool for Santa Monica Pier visitors and residents. Inside the OWL, the public was able to see how the beach and infrastructure may flood due to SLR and large coastal storms. The OWL also displayed an artistic rendering of the dune restauration project as an adaptation measure being considered by the City of Santa Monica.

Extreme Heat
Due to climate change, extreme heat events in California and the Los Angeles region are becoming more frequent, more intensive, and longer lasting. An extreme heat day is defined as a day between April and October when the maximum temperature exceeds a heat threshold. This threshold is often calculated as the 98th percentile of historical maximum temperatures between April 1 and October 31 based on observed daily temperature data. This section compiles historic and projected extreme heat events in Santa Monica.

Cooler coastal climates typically have fewer extreme heat days. Between 1961 and 1990, Santa Monica averaged four days a year with temperatures greater than 87 F.20 Between 1981 and 2000, the City average less than one day a year with temperatures higher than 95 F.21 Figure 6 depicts the number of projected extreme heat days above 87°F in Santa Monica in a high emissions scenario. At this temperature threshold, Santa Monica is expected to see increasing trends in extreme heat days with an average of nine days above 87°F by mid-century and 22 days by end of century.
22 Figure 6: Observed and Projected Extreme Heat Days above 87F in Santa Monica Source: Cal-Adapt
20 Linvneh, B. 2015. A spatially comprehensive, hydrometeorological data set for Mexico, the U.S., and Southern Canada 1950– 2013. Downloaded from CalAdapt.
21 Fengpeng S, et al. 2015. A Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part II: End-of-Century Warming Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate. 28:4618-4636. 22 California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available at http://cal-adapt.org/.

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Figure 7 geographically depicts the projected number of extreme heat days above 95F for Los Angeles County between 2081 – 2100. Los Angeles is projected to see 37 days per year greater than 95°F in this timeframe. However, since Santa Monica is close to the cooler coastal climate, a warming of 4°C is expected to only result in an increase from 0 to 3 extremely hot days per year by 2100 in the City.23
Figure 7: Projected Number of Extreme Heat Days (2081 – 2100) 24 Image source: Los Angeles Times
Urban Heat Island
Urban heat island effect can exacerbate extreme heat events in large urban areas.25 This effect describes built up areas that are hotter than surrounding nearby rural areas. Figure 8 shows the urban heat island in the Los Angeles region as measured by the CalEPA’s Urban Heat Island Index.

Intensity of this effect is color coded with green representing the smallest effect and red to white representing the greatest intensity.26 The map shows the urban heat island effect as an average daily temperature increase in degrees Fahrenheit. The index tends to increase during heat waves, meaning that urban areas are hit harder than surrounding areas. In Santa Monica and other places along the coast, urban heat island produces the smallest effect on daily temperature, as can be seen. 23 Fengpeng S, et al. 2015. A Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part II: End-of-Century Warming Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate. 28:4618-4636. 24 Lin, R. 2016. LA will Keep Getting Hotter, Scientists Say – A Lot Hotter. Los Angeles Times. Available at:
http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-extreme-heat-la-20160620-snap-story.html. 25 US Environmental Protection Agency. 2017. Climate Change and Heat Islands. Available at https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/climate-change-and-heat-islands. 26 CalEPA. Urban Heat Island Interactive Map. Available at https://www.calepa.ca.gov/climate/urban-heat-island-index-forcalifornia/urban-heat-island-interactive-maps/.

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Drought
Climate change is likely to increase the duration and severity of droughts in California. Increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can create periods of abnormally dry weather that can produce hydrologic imbalances and result in water supply shortages.

Historic Drought Events in California
Five historic drought periods in the Santa Monica area between 1928 and 2017 are described below. • 1928 – 1934: Known as the “Dust Bowl”, this drought was remembered for its length and severity.
• 1976 – 1977: The City of Santa Monica enacted a Drought Ordinance in July 1977 as a direct response to the drought conditions. The ordinance declared that the City was suffering from a drought emergency.27 Across the state, a federal report placed the economic losses of the impacts on from agriculture and ranching at more than $1 billion.28 • 1987 – 1992: Santa Monica invested in an aggressive water demand reduction program during the summer of 1988. More effort was devoted to conservation and several measures were developed as a result to reduce water waste and provided punitive measures for failing to 27 City of Santa Monica. 2015. 2015 Santa Monica Urban Water Management Plan. Available at https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/Public_Works/Water/2015_UWMP_Final_June_2016.pdf. 28 Grad, S and Harrison, S. 2015. California Retrospective: 3 Crippling Droughts that Changed California. Los Angeles Times.

Available at http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-california-retrospective-20150413-story.html.

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observe statutes. The ordinance helped the City achieve a goal of 10 percent reduction in water consumption.29
• 2007 – 2009: 2007 to 2009 were the 12th driest three-year period in the recorded history.30 • 2010 – 2017: The drought was considered as the driest period in the state’s recorded rainfall history. In 2013, California received less rain than in any year since it became a state in 1850.31 In response, Santa Monica instituted emergency drought measures with the goal of reducing water consumption to 20% below 2013 usage levels.32
Figure 9 graphically depicts worsening drought conditions in California between 2011 and 2015, during the first week in January. By January 2015, the majority of the state was designated as extreme or exceptional drought conditions.

Figure 9: California Drought Conditions during the first week of January 2011 – 2015 Source: Los Angeles Times
In response to California’s drought, Santa Monica has a variety of programs and infrastructure to ensure sustainable water management at a city-wide level. The City set the goal of water selfsufficiency, which would close the gap between total water demand and total water produced locally by 2020. Thus, the City is taking advantage of the use of groundwater resources at a sustainable level, increasing water conservation efforts, capturing and reusing rainwater and dryweather runoff, and reusing graywater.

Recently, Santa Monica enacted the Water Neutrality Ordinance, limiting the increased water demand of new developments, compared to the previous site’s use. This ordinance is aiming to maintain water use at current levels and is one strategy to achieve the City’s goal for water self-sufficiency by 2020.

For residents, there are many rebate programs offered to residents to conserve more water and promote water efficiency. Santa Monica offers rebates for residents to remove their turf and 29 City of Santa Monica. 2015. 2015 Santa Monica Urban Water Management Plan. Available at https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/Public_Works/Water/2015_UWMP_Final_June_2016.pdf. 30 Christian-Smith, J. 2011. Impacts of the California Drought from 2007 – 2009. Pacific Institute. Available at http://pacinst.org/app/uploads/2013/02/ca_drought_impacts_full_report3.pdf. 31 Rogers, P. 2014. California Drought: Past Dry Periods have Lasted More than 200 Years, Scientists Say. The Mercury News.

Available at http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/01/25/california-drought-past-dry-periods-have-lasted-more-than-200- years-scientists-say/.
32 City of Santa Monica. 2015. City Council Report: Water Shortage Response Plan and Implementation. Available at https://www.smgov.net/departments/council/agendas/2015/20150113/s2015011308-B.htm.

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Historic Trends in Precipitation
Figure 10 shows historic precipitation levels in Los Angeles, which has fluctuated over time. The overall trend line has precipitation on the decline, based on a locally estimated scatterplot smoother.33 The historic annual precipitation mean in Santa Monica, between 1950 and 2001, was 15.5 inches.34
Figure 10: Historical Precipitation Trends, Los Angeles, California, January 1940 - 2017 Source: NOAA
Drought conditions in the Santa Monica area have been recorded since the 1930’s. Data on drought conditions (Palmer Drought Severity Index) is shown in Figure 11. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is an effective measure of drought intensity. It is a standardized index that spans from -10 (dry) and +10 (wet). A value of ‘0” is defined as normal. The index can also capture the basic effect of climate change on drought through changes in potential evapotranspiration. A value of -2 indicates moderate drought, -3 indicates severe drought, and -4 indicates extreme drought. There is wide variation in the frequency and intensity of droughts since the 1930’s. 35 33 NOAA National Centers for Environmental information, Climate at a Glance: U.S. Time Series. Available at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/.
34 California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available at http://beta.cal-adapt.org/. 35 National Drought Mitigation Center. US Drought Risk Atlas. Available at http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/Data.aspx

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Figure 11: PDSI for the Santa Monica area (1935 – 2012)

Year
Source:

National
Drought
Mitigation Center
Projected Trends in Precipitation for the Region
Los Angeles can expect the same amount of total precipitation throughout the 21st Century as it received in the last few decades of the 20th century (from 1981 to 2000). In the present-day climate, the region experiences wide swings in precipitation from year-to-year, and this variability is expected to continue under climate change with fluctuations between wet years and dry years. 36 Due to anticipated warmer temperatures under climate change, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow. Southern California will have smaller windows of time to capture stored water as snowpack.37 Figure 12 shows the projected variability in precipitation of baseline compared to a future scenario (mode 1), which is expected to be minimal.38 36 Berg, N, et al. 2015. Twenty-Frist Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate. 28: 401 – 421.
37 Hewitt, Al. 2014. UCLA Researchers Project Southern California Rainfall Levels Through End of Century. UCLA Newsroom.

Available at http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-researchers-project-southern-california-rainfall-levels-through-end-ofcentury. 38 California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available at http://beta.cal-adapt.org/. Drought Severity Index

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Air Quality
Air quality is expected to worsen with increasing climate change. Air quality is strongly dependent on weather, and climate change is expected to impact air quality through warming temperatures and more frequent episodes of stagnant air. Many strategies that are used to reduce greenhouse gases will also reduce emissions of air pollution.

Historic Trends in Air Quality
Overall, Southern California has the nation’s worst smog and consistently fails to meet federal ozone standards since 1979.39 However, Santa Monica’s coastal location, ocean breezes, and vehicle reduction measures result in better air quality than other portions of the Los Angeles region. The number of days above the ozone standard, however, has been steadily declining since the 1980’s in the South Coast Air Basin, as shown in Figure 13. However, in the summer of 2016, Southern California experienced its worst smog since 2009. By August 2016, ozone had exceeded federal standards on 91 days since the beginning of the year, compared to 67 days over the same period the previous year.
40 39 CalEPA. 2017. Air Quality and Meteorological Information (AQMIS2). Available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/aqmis2/display.php?year=2017&report=AREAMYR&o3pa8=SC&param=OZONE&ptype=aqd. 40 Barboza, T. Aug. 11, 2016. SoCal Hit with Worst Smog in Years as Hot, Stagnant Weather Brings Surge in Hospital Visits. Los Angeles Times. Available at http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-summer-smog-20160805-snap-story.html.

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Figure 13: Days above Ozone Standard – South Coast Air Basin Image source: Los Angeles Times
Figure 14 shows the number of days exceeding the federal ozone standard in the Los Angeles region.

It illustrates the significant differences among non-attainment days across the entire region, including few days in Santa Monica.41
Figure 14: Number of Days Exceeding Federal Ozone Standard in 2013 Source: UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability 41 UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. 2016. 2015 Environmental Report Card for Los Angeles County.

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Packet Pg. 1272 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 25 Figure 15. Santa Monica Tree Planting Priority Model
The single largest zone of pollution is the Santa Monica Municipal Airport, yet its impact on the surrounding Sunset Park neighborhood only spans a small portion of the city. The central city zone has the highest concentrations of air pollution from truck routes and the 10 freeway.42 Santa Monica has also been designated as nonattainment areas for ozone, PM2.5, and PM10. 43 Figure 15 shows diesel particulate matter percentiles for census tracts in Santa Monica compared to the rest of the state. As is shown, parts of Santa Monica are in the highest percentiles for diesel particulate matter concentration, due in part to proximity to Interstate 405 and 10.44 Diesel particulate matter affects lung function, the immune system, and can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory diseases.45 Diesel engine exhaust is also classified as cancer-causing by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and is linked to increased risk of lung cancer.46 According to the Wellbeing Project, 15% of Santa Monica residents suffer from asthma, higher than Los Angeles County’s average of 12%.
42 Santa Monica Tree Planting Priority Model.
43 Cal EPA. 2016. Area Designations Maps/ State and National. Available at https://www.arb.ca.gov/desig/adm/adm.htm. 44 CalEPA. 2017. CalEnviroScreen 3.0. Available at https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-30. 45 US Environmental Protection Agency Region 1: EPA New England. Diesel Particulate Matter. Available at https://www3.epa.gov/region1/eco/airtox/diesel.html,
46 American Cancer Society. 2015. Diesel Exhaust and Cancer: What is Diesel Exhaust? Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/diesel-exhaust-and-cancer.html.

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Figure 156: Diesel Particulate Matter Percentile for Santa Monica Source: CalEnviroScreen 3.0
Wildfire Impacts on Air Quality
Wildfires can be a significant source of air quality pollution in Southern California, and climate change is expected to increase the number and extent of wildfires. Hot, dry summers followed by hot and dry westerly wind conditions can create conditions suitable for wildfires. There is a potential for wildland / urban interface fires in Southern California, although Santa Monica has historically been unaffected by the direct fire impacts.
47 Wildfires burning within 50 to 100 miles of a city routinely caused air quality to be 5 to 15 times worse than normal, and often 2-3 times worse than the worst non-fire day of the year. 48 Emissions from wildlife can lead to excessive levels of PM, CO, VOCs, and ozone.49 47 City of Santa Monica. 2015. 2015 Santa Monica All Hazards Mitigation Plan. Available at https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OEM/Preparedness/SantaMonica_AHMP_FINAL_8May2014.pdf. 48 Kenward, A, et al. 2013. Wildfires and Air Pollution: The Hidden Health Hazards of Climate Change. Climate Central.

Available at http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/WildfiresAndAirPollution.pdf. 49 Phuleria, HC, et al. 2005. Air Quality Impacts of the October 2003 Southern California Wildfires. Journal of Geophysical Research. 110(D7).

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Figure 167: Projected Increase in Wildfire Burn Areas
& Diesel Particulate Matter Percentile for Santa Monica Source: Cal-Adapt
Although the wildfire risk in Santa Monica is non-existent, the City is within close proximity to a number of mountainous ranges where wildfire risks are projected to increase due to climate change.

For example, increased fire risks in both the low and high emissions scenarios are predicted for areas in the Santa Monica Mountains just outside the City, as shown in

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Packet Pg. 1276 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 29 Figure 16.
50 Additionally, wildfire risk may also stress fire and emergency management services across Los Angeles County.

Projected Trends in Air Quality
Overall, climate change is projected to result in increased air pollution. Increasing temperatures from climate change is expected to increase ozone formation, since its formation is dependent on temperature among other factors. Ozone formation tends to increase with higher temperatures, strong sunlight, and a stable air mass. Warming temperatures and lengthened growing seasons can lead to increased wildfires and aeroallergen levels, such as pollen, which can also worsen air quality.

Researchers project that warmer temperatures from climate change will increase the frequency of days with unhealthy levels of ground-level ozone.51
50 California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available at http://cal-adapt.org/. 51 US Environmental Protection Agency. 2017. Climate Impacts on Human Health. Available at https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-impacts-human-health.

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4. Sector Vulnerability Assessments
This chapter provides vulnerability assessment for the five sectors examined: buildings and properties, populations and public health, infrastructure, ecosystems and habitats, and economy.

Each sector includes a description of key assets or populations, defines specific climate change exposures and sensitivity, describes the adaptive capacity of each sector, and provides a screening level vulnerability assessment for each asset.

Assets and population groups by key sectors are shown in Table 4. Although each asset is categorized within a particular sector, climate hazards will likely result in ripple effects that cross sector and jurisdictional boundaries. For example, Highway 1 flooding could impact intercity travel and emergency response services.

Table 4: Assets and Populations by Key Sectors
Key Sectors Assets and Populations
Buildings and properties
• Buildings and properties
• City-services buildings
• Schools
• Parks
Populations and public health • General population
• Vulnerable populations
Infrastructure
• Water infrastructure
• Water supply
• Sanitary sewer infrastructure
• Stormwater infrastructure
• Roads and parking
• Bicycle infrastructure
• Energy supply and infrastructure
• Telecommunications infrastructure
Ecosystems and habitat
• Urban forests
• Beach habitat
• Ocean habitat
Economy
• Beach tourism and recreation
• Santa Monica Pier
• Businesses
Buildings and Properties
This asset sector includes buildings and properties located throughout Santa Monica. For the purposes of this analysis, buildings and properties include: buildings, city-service buildings, schools, parks, and vegetation/ landscaping. Buildings and properties include private buildings, residential homes, and multifamily housing, as well as outdoor vegetation and landscaping. City-service buildings, such as public facilities, consist of police and fire stations, hospitals, schools, and other government buildings. Other associated structures and facilities, such as parking lots and solar panels, are also included. Many of the asset categories are managed or regulated by a set of local or regional agencies, as shown in Table 5.

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Packet Pg. 1278 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 31 Table 5: Examples of Local Agencies Overseeing Buildings and Properties Key Asset Categories Examples of State, Regional, and Local Management Agencies Buildings and properties City of Santa Monica, individual owners City-services buildings City of Santa Monica
Schools Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District
Parks City of Santa Monica
Exposures and Sensitivity Analysis: Buildings and Properties The location, use, age, and quality of buildings and properties impact their vulnerability to both gradual climate change and climate hazards, as well as their capacity to adapt. Older buildings and facilities are vulnerable to extreme heat and air pollution intrusion due to poor weather proofing.

Buildings and properties closest to the coast are at greatest risk of damage from SLR and coastal flooding.

Impacts on buildings due to different SLR and coastal flooding scenarios was examined in the Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Assessment. Table 6 summarizes the number and types of buildings and public facilities exposed to SLR and storm flooding during a 100-year event. By 2080, it is likely that upwards of 160 buildings and parking lots will be exposed.

Table 6: Number of Buildings and Structures at Risk from Storm Flooding and SLR Baseline 3’ SLR by 2100 5.5’ SLR by 2100 5.5’ SLR
by 2080
2010 2030 2050 2100 2030 2050 2100 2080
Building and parking
lots
10 14 20 72 17 32 165 165
Public Facilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Source: ESA, 2016. Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment Technical Methods Report.

Table 7 summarizes potential impacts by key building and property assets and presents a sensitivity ranking. Buildings, city-service buildings, and schools were ranked as medium sensitivity. Parks were ranked as having the highest sensitivity to climate change hazards in this asset category as SLR and coastal flooding threatens beach areas and trees and plants in parks may not be drought-tolerant.

This category is likely to be sensitivity to change but the impacts are likely to be reversible.

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Table 7: Sensitivity Analysis of Building and Property Assets Potential Impacts Climate Hazard Extent Sensitivity
Rating
Buildings and properties
Damage to private buildings, businesses,
and homes or multi-family housing SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica Medium;
High in
coastal zone
Older buildings and homes more sensitive
to extreme heat and air pollution intrusion
worsening indoor air quality
Extreme heat, air quality Citywide
Damage to Annenberg Community Beach
House SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica
Higher energy use and costs to cool
buildings, leading to black and brown outs Extreme heat Citywide Increased pests and insects in buildings
due to warmer temperatures Extreme heat Citywide
Damage/ stress to vegetation and
landscaping Extreme heat, drought Citywide
Increased costs for maintenance and
water use Extreme heat, drought Citywide
City-service buildings
Overheated buildings and air pollution
intrusion Extreme heat, air quality Citywide Medium
Water and energy inefficiencies Drought, extreme heat Citywide Schools
Older schools are more sensitive to
extreme heat and air pollution intrusion
into indoor spaces
Extreme heat, air quality Citywide Medium
Parks
Damage/ stress to parkland Extreme heat, drought Citywide High
Increased costs for maintenance and
water use Extreme heat, drought Citywide
Damage to beach area SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica
Adaptive Capacity Analysis: Buildings and Properties
Many assets have existing plans, policies, and investments that either address climate impacts or can help to foster adaptation to climate change. Table 8 provides a list and description of existing asset planning documents and an adaptive capacity ranking for the buildings and properties sector.

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Packet Pg. 1280 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 33 Table 8: Adaptive Capacity Analysis for Building and Property Assets Key Asset Categories Adaptive Capacity
Rating
Description
Buildings and properties Medium; Low in the
coastal zone
• City adopted the Green Building Standards / Code
and guidelines which provide information on the
use of building systems and materials during home
construction or upgrades.
• Extensive policy and program structure make
buildings more water resilient: Santa Monica Water
Efficient Landscape and Irrigation Standards, Green
Building Ordinance, Santa Monica Saves landscape
rebate program. Relatively inexpensive to change
out landscaping and vegetation.
• Local Coastal program SLR policy will provide
guidance for buildings and properties in the coastal
zone.
• Most improvements for existing building and
property are outside the City’s control.

City-Service Buildings High • City is stalling new water and energy efficiency measures in city facilities.

Schools Medium
• Schools are outside City jurisdictional control.
• Measure BB to modernize schools in the Santa
Monica-Malibu Unified School District using
sustainable design criteria.

Parks Medium
• Santa Monica has a Park and Recreation Master
Plan; however, it has not been updated since 1997.
• City is instituting water saving measures at parks
and landscape sites.
• Santa Monica Beach Restoration Pilot Project will
create a living shoreline to support beach
adaptation.
• Santa Monica Urban Forest Master Plan mentions
drought. City provides separate urban care
instructions for watering during drought.

Several existing plans, programs, and guides provides specific information on how buildings and properties citywide can adapt to climate change. Santa Monica’s Water-efficient Landscape and Irrigation standards, Park and Recreation Master Plan, Green Building standards, Santa Monica Saves, and the Residential Green Building Guide, among others, allow buildings and properties to be more resilient to climate change.

In particular, the Local Coastal Plan has the goal of establishing land use and development policies while considering the coast as a resource. The Local Coastal Plan is currently being updated to ensure that Santa Monica’s policies reflect the physical environment of 2016. The sophisticated modeling is allowing the City to form policy that can anticipate and potentially mitigate sea level rise impacts on coastal properties.

City-service buildings have the highest capacity to adapt primarily because the City has more control over how and whether these buildings are retrofitted or weatherized with more energy efficient and weather proofing measures. For example, the City Services Building, with the Living Building Challenge certification, will be an example of an emergency center that the Santa Monica community can utilize during an extreme weather event when they need to be in a building that will still be operating during an earthquake, tsunami or extreme heat event. Using a weather system that will help capture cool air coming off the Pacific Ocean to cool the interior of the building, passive windows, solar panels for power, and batteries to store energy, the City Services Building can be

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used in any extreme event. Buildings, schools, and parks, were ranked as having medium adaptive capacity. Buildings and properties in the coastal zone have a much lower adaptive capacity.

Vulnerability Assessment: Buildings and Properties
Based on each key assets sensitivity ranking and adaptive capacity rating, a vulnerability assessment score was assigned to each asset as shown in Table 9. Buildings and city-service buildings were ranked as having low vulnerability, as the City has a number of programs, plans, and policies geared towards increasing adaptation for these sites. Schools and parks were received a medium ranking.

Buildings and properties in the coastal zone were rated as having high vulnerability as they are highly sensitive to SLR and coastal flooding, and have low capacity to adapt to these changes.

Table 9: Vulnerability Assessment
Key Asset Categories Sensitivity
Rating
Adaptive
Capacity Rating
Vulnerability
Rating
Buildings and properties Medium Medium Low
Buildings and properties in the coastal zone High Low High City-service Buildings Medium High Low
Schools Medium Medium Medium
Parks High Medium Medium
Populations and Public Health
The populations and public health sector includes all Santa Monica’s populations with special attention paid to those who are most vulnerable to climate change impacts, such as older adults, young children, people with chronic disease and disabilities, and low-income populations. It also summarizes the impacts of climate change on public health. For the purposes of this analysis, populations and public health include the general population and vulnerable population groups, such as people with disabilities or chronic medical conditions, the homeless, outdoor workers, older adults, and youth.

Exposures and Sensitivity Analysis: Populations and Public Health
Social vulnerabilities and biological sensitivities of a population can affect exposure to climate hazards and their sensitivity to impacts. Both gradual climate change and climate events can expose people to a wide range of stress-inducing and hazardous situations (i.e. emergency evacuations, more illnesses due to increased air pollution and aeroallergen concentration, increased energy costs during extreme heat events), which can result in greater negative health outcomes. Older adults, young children, and people with chronic diseases and disabilities are more biologically sensitive to impacts from the effects of climate change, such as droughts, extreme heat, and air quality impacts.

In addition, low-income populations, including homeless populations, and communities of color are generally more likely to be exposed to natural hazards and climate events, are more sensitive to these hazards, and have the least amount of resources to cope. Table 10 provides data on subpopulations at risk to climate change.

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2000* 2010** 2015***
Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent
Socioeconomic
Population below the poverty level 8,636 10% 10,018 11% 10,351 11% Unemployed population (age 16 and
over)
3,756 5% 3,960 5% 5,111 6%
Population with less than high school
degree
6,062 9% 3,552 5% 3,412 5%
Demographic
Age 5 and under 3,448 4% 3,696 4% 4,093 4%
Under age 18 12,314 15% 12,580 14% 12,629 14%
Age 65 and over 12,078 14% 13,416 15% 14,820 16%
Age 65 and over living alone 4,729 6% 5,551 6% 5,943 6% Non-White (including Hispanic or
Latino)
23,602 28% 26,819 30% 30,403 33%
Speaks English less than 'very well' 8,725 11% 7,977 9% 8,737 10% Housing and Households
Renters 51,892 64% 57,543 68% 60,446 69%
Households without a vehicle
available
4,765 11% 4,390 9% 4,821 10%
Homeless**** N/A N/A 742 N/A 738 N/A
*2000 Census Summary Files
**2010 Census Summary Files or 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates ***2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates **** Santa Monica Homeless Count
Social Equity Index
A population vulnerability index was conducted in Santa Monica to understand the geographic locations of populations impacted by overlapping social vulnerabilities. The index was calculated by overlaying different variables (population density, proximity to schools, age index, and means of transportation) to determine areas with high and low population vulnerability. The results of the analysis are shown in Figure . Areas of high population vulnerability can be seen throughout Santa Monica, however these areas are mostly located around the Montana and Wilshire corridors and in the Pico neighborhood.

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Figure 18: Vulnerability Index
Source: City of Santa Monica, Tree Planting Priority Model Households without cars, renter households, non-white and low-income households walk more on average. Results show that the highest social equity scores in the Pico and Mid City neighborhoods, with a higher score representing greater social equity disparities. Santa Monica recognizes the need to prioritize active and public transportation investments in the sectors of the community where walking may be more critical according to analysis under the Pedestrian Action Plan.

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Packet Pg. 1284 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 37 Figure 19. Population Vulnerability Age Index
Figure 19 displays two age groups – under 18 years and over 65 years of age. Downtown/Civic Center and 10 freeway corridor, an industrial pocket in the Pico neighborhood, and an area adjacent to the Ocean Park neighborhood have smaller populations of older and younger citizen. The Sunset Park neighborhood contains a notable population of both younger and older citizens, as well as pockets in Ocean Park, Northeast, and Mid-City. Yet, the greatest concentration of young/older populations is in the North of Montana neighborhood (Santa Monica Tree Planting Priority Model – not published).

Seniors are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. In California, seniors may be isolated and living alone, threatened by hunger, and/or living in or near poverty. The aging population is more vulnerable to some climate change impacts, like rising temperatures and worsening air quality.

Additionally, the aging population has different mobility needs than the rest of the population.

Over 20% of the population in Santa Monica is over 60. In 2016, Meals on Wheels served 342 Santa Monica-based seniors looking for food services. Most of these seniors are “homebound,” meaning that they have difficulty leaving home due to frailty, age, chronic disease, recent hospitalization, mental health issues, etc. Focusing on active transportation is not the right fit for many aging residents. This is where innovation in the space of public transportation and ride sharing can help make public transportation more flexible, convenient, and accessible for seniors.

Environmental inequity is an important factor in determining population vulnerability. Communities of color and low income people have historically bore the burden of polluting industries and roadways with fewer services available to them. The highest percentage of Latinos living in Santa Monica (26%) live in the Pico neighborhood (90404) which was designated by CalEnviroScreen 3.0 as a disadvantaged community. Latinos (both white and non-white) make up about 15% of the Santa Monica population. As exemplified in the City’s Wellbeing Index, Latino residents reported the least amount of physical activity and have a lower fruit and vegetable consumption. Also, the lowest rates of use of outdoor space for leisure activities were among the Latino population. Perhaps not coincidentally, the 90404 zip code the highest asthma rate among residents (12.1%).

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Table 11 summarizes potential impacts by key populations and presents a sensitivity rating. Both general and vulnerable population groups were ranked as having medium sensitivity to climate change impacts. However, it is important to note that outdoor workers, in particular, are more sensitive to climate impacts, since they work outdoors and are more exposed, often lack control over their work conditions, and employers may vary significantly in their compliance with worker protection standards.

Table 11: Sensitivity Analysis
Potential Impacts Climate Hazard Extent Sensitivity
Rating
General population
Increased morbidity and mortality due to
extreme heat events and poor air quality
Extreme heat, air quality,
drought Citywide
Medium
Decreased outdoor time and increased
indoor time, which leads to decreased
physical activity
Extreme heat Citywide
Increased vector-borne disease Extreme heat Citywide
Delays in emergency response times due
to increased traffic and visitors to the
beach during extreme heat days
Extreme heat Citywide
Increased impacts on water supply and
contamination of water supply Extreme heat, drought Citywide and regional Vulnerable populations
People with disabilities are more sensitive
to impacts from climate change
Extreme heat, drought, air
quality, SLR and coastal
flooding
Citywide
Medium
Use of electronic medical devices may be
affected in power outages
Extreme heat, wildfire, SLR
and coastal flooding Citywide
Isolated people (i.e. older adults or
linguistically isolated households) are at
greater risk to extreme heat
Extreme heat Citywide
Homeless people are more exposed during
extreme heat events, have limited shelter
and methods to cool down
Extreme heat; coastal
flooding Citywide
Impacts on low-income household due to
increased food and utility costs Drought, extreme heat Citywide Greater health impacts to outdoor
workers (i.e. construction workers,
gardeners, service workers)
Extreme heat Citywide
Increased biological susceptibility of older
adults and young children to warmer
weather
Extreme heat, drought Citywide
Increased respiratory disease and visits to
the emergency department / doctor
among youth
Air quality, extreme heat Citywide

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Packet Pg. 1286 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 39 Adaptive Capacity Analysis: Populations and Public Health Santa Monica has numerous plans and policies that address climate hazard impacts on public health.

Table 12 provides a list and description of existing strategies or actions and an adaptive capacity ranking for specific population groups and impacts on health.

Table 12: Adaptive Capacity Analysis
Key Asset Categories Adaptive
Capacity
Rating
Description
General population Medium
• City maintains numerous planning and operations
documents related to emergency management and hazard
mitigation. These include the All Hazards Mitigation Plan and the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan.
• Santa Monica maintains a CERT program.
• Hospitals, such as Providence Santa John’s Health Center and UCLA Medical Center, maintain emergency operations
and surge protocol for hazard events.
• City is part of the Los Angeles West Vector & Vector-Borne Disease Control District.
• California code requires employers to provide basic
elements to protect outdoor workers, such as water,
shade, and rest breaks, etc. (Cal Code of Regs, Title 8, §3395. Heat Illness Prevention).
• City’s Energy Savings Assistance Program provides incomequalified residents with home repairs and new energy efficient appliances.

Vulnerability populations Medium
Vulnerability Assessment: Populations and Public Health Based on each key asset sensitivity ranking and adaptive capacity rating, a vulnerability assessment score was assigned to each asset as shown in Table 13. General population and vulnerable populations were ranked as having medium vulnerability. However, within vulnerable populations, outdoor workers were ranked as having the highest vulnerability, primarily because they are so exposed and sensitive to extreme heat and air pollution from working outside.

Table 13: Vulnerability Assessment
Key Asset Categories Sensitivity
Rating
Adaptive
Capacity Rating
Vulnerability
Rating
General Population Medium Medium Medium
Vulnerable Population Medium Medium Medium
Infrastructure
This sector covers a range of infrastructure assets located within the City of Santa Monica and across the region. For the purposes of this analysis infrastructure includes: water infrastructure (physical infrastructure needed to convey, treat, and distribute water resources), water supply, sanitary sewer infrastructure, stormwater infrastructure, transportation infrastructure (roads and parking, bicycle paths), energy supply and transmission, and telephone communications. Each asset category is managed by an overlapping set of local or regional agencies, as shown in Table 14. .

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Table 14: Examples of Infrastructure Agencies
Key Asset Categories Examples of State, Regional, and Local Management Agencies Water Infrastructure City of Santa Monica
Water Supply Metropolitan Water District, California Department of Water Resources, City of Santa Monica,
Sanitary Sewer Infrastructure City of Santa Monica, Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant Stormwater Infrastructure City of Santa Monica, City of Los Angeles Roads and Parking Caltrans, City of Santa Monica
Bicycle Infrastructure City of Santa Monica
Energy Supply and Infrastructure Southern California Edison, SoCalGas Telecommunications City of Santa Monica
Exposures and Sensitivity Analysis: Infrastructure
Both gradual climate change and climate hazards will expose the City’s infrastructure and water and energy supply to additional stress in the future. This exposure will be local (e.g. SLR and coastal flooding places the City’s water infrastructure at greater risk) and regional (e.g. changes in the timing and amount of precipitation compromises the City’s imported water supply).

The Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Assessment examined infrastructure in Santa Monica vulnerable to different SLR and coastal flooding scenarios. Table 15 summarizes the number of facilities and the linear miles of different types of infrastructure to storm flooding during a 100-year event. Transportation assets, including roadways and bikeways, are the most exposed to SLR and coastal flooding, with over four linear miles of assets exposed by 2080/2100.

Table 15: Infrastructure Exposed to Storm Flooding and SLR Asset Categories Baseline 3’ SLR by 2100 5.5’ SLR by 2100 5.5’ SLR by 2080
2010 2030 2050 2100 2030 2050 2100 280
Roadway and Bikeways (linear
miles)

0.2 0.2 0.7 3.0 0.3 2.7 4.3 4.3
Water Treatment and Pump
Stations
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sanitary Sewer Lines (linear
miles)
Unk. Unk. Unk. Unk. Unk. Unk. Unk. Unk.

Stormwater Pump Stations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Stormwater Mains and Culvers
(linear miles)

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.8
Source: ESA, 2016. LA County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment Report.

Table 16 summarizes potential impacts by key infrastructure assets and presents a sensitivity rating.

Water infrastructure, roads, and energy supply and infrastructure were ranked as having the highest sensitivity to climate change hazards, suggesting that climate hazards may cause irreversible damage to a particular asset. Water supply, sanitary sewer, and stormwater ranked as having medium sensitivity to change. These assets categories were likely to be sensitivity to change but the impacts were likely to be reversible. Telecommunications infrastructure had the lowest sensitivity.

In Santa Monica, there are many key water infrastructure assets. The Santa Monica Urban Runoff Recycling Facility (SMURRF) was built to eliminate the pollution of Santa Monica Bay caused by urban runoff during dry season. SMURRF processes dry season urban runoff and the treated water goes into the purple pipes around the city to irrigate parks and public landscapes.

SMURFF is located next to the pier and provides more than just water treatment, it also educates the public about urban runoff pollution and their role in preventing it. In addition, the Sustainable

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Packet Pg. 1288 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 41 Water Infrastructure Project (SWIP) is set to begin soon to improve drought resilience, increase water supply and enhance the flexibility in managing the City’s water resources.

The SWIP takes an integrated approach to treating storm water runoff, brackish groundwater, and municipal wastewater for beneficial (non-potable) reuse. This project would help the city achieve its goal of water self-sufficiency by 2020, improve beach water quality and provide for compliance with new State non-point source pollution control regulations.

Table 16: Sensitivity Analysis of Key Infrastructure Assets Potential Impacts Climate Hazard Extent Sensitivity
Rating
Water infrastructure
Damage/ stress to supply infrastructure SLR, coastal flooding, extreme heat
Coastal Santa
Monica High
Water Supply
Salt water intrusion in groundwater basin,
e.g. City sources
SLR and coastal flooding Regional
Medium
Decreasing water supply from imported
sources, e.g. MWD
Precipitation, extreme heat,
drought
Regional
Increased water demand due to heat and
drought
Extreme heat, drought Citywide; regional
Reduced recycled water to for irrigation
and commercial use
Precipitation, extreme heat,
drought
Citywide
Additional cost to treat potable water SLR, extreme heat, drought Citywide Sanitary Sewer Infrastructure
Back-up of sanitary sewer lines,
particularly at Hyperion Plant
SLR and coastal flooding Citywide
Damage to sewer lines, pump stations, Medium
and treatment plants
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
Increased demand on infrastructure Extreme heat Citywide Stormwater Infrastructure
Potential for overflow and localized flood SLR and flooding Citywide Potential to exceed SMURRF capacity SLR and flooding Coastal Santa Medium Monica
Roads and Parking
Damage to roadways and parking SLR and flooding Coastal Santa Monica
Increase in traffic congestion due to High
increased number of visitors to the beach
during warmer weather
Extreme heat Citywide
Bicycle Infrastructure
Damage to bicycle path along the beach SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica Medium
Energy Supply and Infrastructure
Damage to powerlines; locally and
regionally
SLR and flooding, wildfires Coastal Santa
Monica; regional High Increased energy use Temperature, extreme heat Citywide; regional Potential black/brown outs Wildfires, extreme heat Citywide; region Local Energy Generation
Damage to solar panels Wildfires, extreme heat Citywide Medium Telecommunications Infrastructure
Damage to telephone poles, loss of
communications
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica Low

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In terms of bike infrastructure, Santa Monica’s Bike Action Plan has guided the city to create a complete network of high-quality bicycle facilities with the aim of increasing the number of people who use bicycles for everyday transportation, to ensure that the bicycle network is attractive to cyclists of all ages and experience levels, and to create a safe, comfortable cycling environment in the city through facility design and public education.

Adaptive Capacity Analysis: Infrastructure
Although numerous City infrastructure assets are exposed to gradual climate change and climate hazards, many sectors have existing plans, policy, and implementation programs that either address climate impacts or can be adapted to address climate change. Table 17 provides a list and description of existing asset planning documents and an adaptive capacity ranking.

Table 17: Adaptive Capacity Analysis of Infrastructure Assets Key Asset Categories Adaptive Capacity
Rating
Description
Water Supply and
Infrastructure Medium
• Adopted Urban Water Management Plan addresses
long-term supply, including 3-year drought cycles.
• Adopted Sustainable Water Master Plan guides
infrastructure, water source, and demand management
measures to increase resilience to climate change.
• Developed Water Shortage Response Plan to reduce
water demand during water shortages.

Sanitary Sewer
Infrastructure Medium
• Sanitary Sewer Management Plan provides guidance on
system update and maintenance.
• Plan does not currently address climate hazards.

Stormwater
Infrastructure Medium
• Santa Monica Watershed Management Plan guides
stormwater activities and watershed management
projects.
• City budget and capital improvement plan allocates
funds to divert and treat urban runoff and implement
water reuse.

Roads and Parking Low
• City needs to collaborate with Caltrans to minimize
flooding along the Pacific Coast Highway. Caltrans has
already conducted vulnerability assessment of roads in
District 7.
• Limited adaptation options, with little opportunity for planned retreat.

Bicycle Infrastructure High
• Bike Action Plan in place to move or modify coastal
bike infrastructure, though not currently addressed.
• New projects can be easily being incorporated into the Bike Action Plan with a relatively low cost.

Energy Supply and
Infrastructure Medium
• City facilitates numerous energy generation and
efficiency programs, including Solar Santa Monica and
Santa Monica PACE.

Telecommunications Medium • None
Several existing plans and programs provide specific resilience benefits for the City. The City’s Sustainable Water Master Plan, Stormwater Watershed Management Plan, Urban Water Management Plan, and renewable energy generation and efficiency programs, for example, address climate hazards or provide programs that make the City more resilient to climate change. Even those plans which may not address climate hazards directly, such as the Sanitary Sewer Master Plan and Bike Action Plan, could be updated to incorporate a discussion of climate impacts.

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Packet Pg. 1290 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 43 Roads received the lowest adaptive capacity ranking due to limited adaption options related to Highway 1, as well as the complexities of cross jurisdictional collaboration. Bicycle infrastructure received the highest adaptive capacity ranking due to existing plan documents and the relatively low cost of moving infrastructure.

Vulnerability Assessment: Infrastructure
Based on each key assets’ sensitivity rank and adaptive capacity rating, a vulnerability assessment rank was assigned to each asset as shown in Table 18. Roads and parking received the highest vulnerability ranking. Water supply and infrastructure, sanitary sewer infrastructure, stormwater infrastructure, and energy supply and infrastructure received a medium ranking. Bicycle infrastructure, local energy generation, and telecommunications received the lowest vulnerability ranking.

Table 18: Infrastructure Asset Vulnerability Assessment Key Asset Categories Sensitivity
Rating
Adaptive
Capacity Rating
Vulnerability
Rating
Water Infrastructure High Medium Medium
Water Supply Medium Medium Medium
Sanitary Sewer Infrastructure Medium Medium Medium
Stormwater Infrastructure Medium Medium Medium
Roads and Parking High Low High
Bicycle Infrastructure Medium High Low
Energy Supply and Infrastructure High Medium Medium
Local Energy Generation Medium Medium Low
Telecommunications Low Medium Low
Ecosystems and Habitat
This sector is comprised of natural and urban landscapes in Santa Monica. Natural landscapes include the City’s beach and nearshore ocean habitat. It also includes developed habitats within the City’s urbanized area, including urban forests, both publically- and privately-owned. These assets provide critical spaces for local flora and fauna and provide ecosystem services, such storm surge protection and stormwater capture and treatment, among many others. Parks and vegetation/ landscaping, which also provide ecosystem services, are included within the buildings and properties sector.

Exposures and Sensitivity Analysis: Ecosystems and Habitat Climate hazards will expose ecosystems and habitat located within and adjacent to Santa Monica to additional stress in the future. SLR and coastal flooding may erode coastal beach, reducing beach area and stressing local flora and fauna, such as the western snowy plover. Ocean acidification will affect marine life. Changes in precipitation, drought, and extreme heat days can reduce soil moisture, increase evaporation and increase the need to water vegetation and street trees.

The Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Assessment assessed ecosystem assets in Santa Monica vulnerable to a flooding during a 100-year event.

Table 19 summarizes the exposed area of ecosystems, including beaches, brackish wetlands, and fresh wetlands, as defined in the National Wetlands Inventory. Marine systems were classified as beaches; estuarine systems were marked as brackish wetlands; and riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine systems were marked as fresh wetlands.

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Table 19: Area of Ecosystems Exposed to Storm Flooding and SLR in Santa Monica Asset Categories Baseline 3’ SLR by 2100 5.5’ SLR by 2100 5.5’ SLR by 2080
2010 2030 2050 2100 2030 2050 2100 280
Beach (acres) 167 176 192 221 185 211 226 226
Salty wetland (acres) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fresh wetland (acres 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Source: ESA, 2016. Los Angeles County Coastal Hazard Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment Technical Methods Report.

Table 20 summarizes the potential impacts by key assets and presents a sensitivity rating. Urban forests, beach, and ocean habitats were ranked as having the highest sensitivity to climate change hazards. It is expected that climate hazards may have irreversible damage to these assets.

Table 20: Sensitivity Analysis of Key Ecosystem Assets
Potential Impacts Climate Hazard Extent Sensitivity
Rating
Urban Forests
Damage/ stress to tree health Precipitation, extreme heat, drought
Citywide
High Reduced services, including air quality,
carbon sequestration, shade
Precipitation, extreme heat,
drought
Citywide
Increased costs for maintenance and
water use
Precipitation, extreme heat,
drought
Citywide
Beach Habitat
Inundation of beach area, increased
flooding potential
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
High
Loss of natural habitat SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica
Change in migration and feeding patterns
for fauna such as the western snowy
plover
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
Reduced beach tourism related to bird
watching
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
Ocean Habitat
Change in species habitat SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica
High Impacts commercial and recreational
fishing
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
Changes to the near-shore zone SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica
Adaptive Capacity Analysis: Ecosystems and Habitat
Table 21 provides a list and description of existing asset planning documents and an adaptive capacity ranking. Several existing plans and programs provide specific adaptation benefits for the City. The City’s Urban Forest Master Plan, and Guidelines for Watering during a Drought program mitigate the potential impacts of climate change.

Santa Monica’s Urban Forest Master Plan describes the City’s urban forest, analyzes its condition and compares it growth to previous years. The plan establishes guiding principles and associated goals that result in specific strategies for addressing the needs of the urban forest. These strategies take into consideration environmental and urban conditions that fluctuate over time, and are flexible enough to account for future changes that will affect the trees of the urban forest, such as insects,

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Packet Pg. 1292 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 45 disease, climate shifts, and other factors. The Master Plan also sets guidelines for periodic tree species performance evaluations and adjustments in the use of individual species.

Table 21: Adaptive Capacity Analysis of Ecosystem and Habitat Assets Key Asset Categories Adaptive Capacity
Rating
Description
Urban Forests Medium
• Santa Monica Urban Forest Master Plan mentions
drought. City provides separate urban care instructions for watering during drought.

Beach Habitat Medium
• Santa Monica Beach Restoration Pilot Project will
create a living shoreline to support beach adaptation.
• Beach habitat areas requires cooperation of multiple
state and local agencies making restoration difficult
and time-consuming.

Ocean Habitat Low
• Ocean habitat areas requires cooperation of multiple
federal, state, and local agencies making restoration
difficult and time-consuming.

Ocean habitat received the lowest adaptive capacity ranking. Ocean habitat adaption will require cooperation among federal, state, and local agencies, increasing the time and complexity to implement projects. The beach habitat area and urban forest received a medium adaptive capacity rank. Like the ocean zone, the beach area will require cooperation among many agency partners to implement adaptive measures, such as the Santa Monica Beach Restoration Project.

Vulnerability Assessment: Ecosystems and Habitat
A vulnerability assessment score was assigned to each ecosystem and habitat asset as shown in Table 22. Ocean habitat received the highest vulnerability score, owing to the many potential impacts to marine life and habitat, and limited adaptation options the City can implement. Urban forests and beach habitat received a medium ranking.

Table 22: Ecosystem and Habitat Vulnerability Assessment Key Asset Categories Sensitivity
Rating
Adaptive
Capacity Rating
Vulnerability
Rating
Urban Forests High Medium Medium
Beach Habitat High Medium Medium
Ocean Habitat High Low High

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Economy
This sector covers economic assets in Santa Monica, including beach tourism and recreation, the Santa Monica Pier, and the businesses located within the city. These assets drive innovation and the diverse economy.

Exposures and Sensitivity Analysis: Economy
Climate change will impact Santa Monica’s economic assets, potentially generating both positive and negative impacts. Warmer temperatures and more extreme heat days regionally may be a boon to Santa Monica’s coastal businesses and beach tourism as more people flock to cooler coastal locations for recreation and shopping. While at the same time, SLR and coastal flooding may erode coastal beach area and damage Santa Monica pier businesses and concessionaires. These potential impacts may result in lost business income, reduced tax revenue, and fewer jobs for residents.

According to the Wellbeing Index, perspectives on economic opportunity were most positive in the 90402 zip code and among older people. The places of greatest economic concern were in the 90404 and the 90401 zip codes (Pico neighborhood and Downtown Santa Monica). Economic opportunity is comprised of worries about paying rent or credit card bills, worry about losing a job, and concern that children will not be able to afford Santa Monica as adults.

Table 23 summarizes potential impacts by key economic assets and presents a sensitivity rating. The Santa Monica pier ranked as having the highest sensitivity to climate change hazards, particularly SLR. It is anticipated that climate hazards may cause irreversible damage to the pier. Beach tourism and recreation and local Santa Monica businesses ranked as having medium sensitivity to change.

Table 23: Sensitivity Analysis of Key Economic Assets
Potential Impacts Climate Hazard Extent Sensitivity
Rating
Beach Tourism and Recreation
Increased demand for beach access and
recreation due to higher temperatures
Temperature, extreme heat Citywide
Medium
Increased traffic congestion as a result of
increased visitors
Temperature, extreme heat Citywide
Higher tourist revenue / lost tourism
revenue
Temperature, extreme heat,
SLR and coastal flooding
Citywide
Higher sales tax revenue / lost sale tax
revenue
Temperature, extreme heat,
SLR and coastal flooding
Citywide
Beach loss due to SLR and coastal
flooding
SLR and coastal flooding Citywide
Santa Monica Pier
Increased demand for beach access and
recreation due to higher temperatures
Temperature, extreme heat Citywide
High
Higher tourist revenue Extreme heat Citywide
Damage to the pier structure SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa Monica
Damage to pier businesses and
concessionaires. Lost economic revenue
and jobs.

SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
Businesses
Higher tourist revenue / lost tourism
revenue
Extreme heat, drought, SLR
and coastal flooding
Citywide
Medium Higher tax revenue / lost tax revenue Temperature, extreme heat, SLR and coastal flooding
Citywide

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Packet Pg. 1294 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 47 Increased costs for water and energy Precipitation, drought Citywide Lost businesses and jobs, particularly
related to ecosystem services and the
coastal zone
SLR and coastal flooding Coastal Santa
Monica
Adaptive Capacity Analysis: Economy
Table 24 provides a list and description of existing asset planning documents and an adaptive capacity ranking for the City’s economic assets. Several existing plans and programs provide specific adaptation benefits for the City, including the Local Coastal program SLR policy, the Green Business Program, and the Beach Restoration Project.

Table 24: Adaptive Capacity Analysis of Economic Assets Key Asset Categories Adaptive Capacity
Rating
Existing Planning, Policy, or Action
Beach tourism and
recreation Medium
• Local coastal Program Sea Level Policy outlines key
actions to minimize damage to the beach.
• Santa Monica Beach Restoration Pilot Project will
Santa Monica Pier Low create a living shoreline to support beach adaptation.

Businesses Medium • Santa Monica Green Business program helps businesses increase resource efficiency.

Vulnerability Assessment: Economy
A vulnerability assessment score was assigned to each economic asset as shown in Table 25. The Santa Monica Pier received the highest vulnerability score. Beach recreation and businesses received a medium ranking.

Table 25: Economic Vulnerability Assessment
Key Asset Categories Sensitivity
Rating
Adaptive
Capacity Rating
Vulnerability
Rating
Beach tourism and recreation Medium Medium Medium
Santa Monica Pier High Low High
Businesses Medium Medium Medium

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5. Conclusion
This chapter provides a summary of the vulnerability assessment, prioritizes areas for future measures, and includes recommendations about future data collection. Table 26 is a summary of the vulnerability assessment of key assets and populations in Santa Monica, which were discussed in detail in Chapter 4. The identification of assets with the highest vulnerability to climate impacts provides a basis for prioritization of adaptation strategies and actions.

Priority Areas
The rankings of the key asset categories have been organized into four groups as shown in Table 26:
• Highest vulnerability (Group 1): These assets are highly sensitive to climate change and have low adaptive capacity.
• Medium-high vulnerability (Group 2): These assets are highly sensitive to climate change, but have medium adaptive capacity.
• Medium vulnerability (Group 3): These assets have medium sensitivity and adaptive capacity. • Lowest vulnerability (Group 4): These assets have low vulnerability to climate change.

Initial climate adaptation efforts may be focused on the top three groups; however specific assets within categories in the fourth group may need to be prioritized if sensitivity is high and/or adaptive capacity is low. An example of this is the Marvin Braude Bike Trail or the Strand. This path is highly sensitive to SLR and coastal flooding; however the City has existing plans, the Bike Action Plan, and funding sources to leverage for adaptation.

Additionally, adaptation actions that would be easier to implement can and should be enacted quickly, however, some actions will require more coordination with difference stakeholders and partnerships across agencies and levels of governments to accomplish. These actions should be implemented in the near-term to ensure that adaptation strategies will be achieved.

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Packet Pg. 1296 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 49 Table 26: Summary Table of Sensitivity, Adaptive Capacity, and Vulnerability Ratings Key Asset Categories Sector Sensitivity
Rating
Adaptive
Capacity
Rating
Vulnerability
Rating
Highest Vulnerability (Group 1)
Buildings and properties in
coastal zone Buildings and Properties High Low High
Roads and Parking Infrastructure High Low High
Ocean Habitat Ecosystems and Habitats High Low High
Santa Monica Pier Economy High Low High
Medium-High Vulnerability (Group 2)
Parks Buildings and Properties High Medium Medium
Water Infrastructure Infrastructure High Medium Medium
Energy Supply and
Infrastructure Infrastructure High Medium Medium
Urban Forests Ecosystems and Habitats High Medium Medium Beach Habitat Ecosystems and Habitats High Medium Medium Medium Vulnerability (Group 3)
Schools Buildings and Properties Medium Medium Medium
General Population Populations and Public
Health Medium Medium Medium
Vulnerable Population Populations and Public
Health Medium Medium Medium
Water Supply Infrastructure Medium Medium Medium
Sanitary Sewer Infrastructure Infrastructure Medium Medium Medium Stormwater Infrastructure Infrastructure Medium Medium Medium Beach tourism and recreation Economy Medium Medium Medium Businesses Economy Medium Medium Medium
Lowest Vulnerability (Group 4)
City-service Buildings Buildings and Properties Medium High Low Bicycle Infrastructure Infrastructure Medium High Low
Buildings and properties –
generally Buildings and Properties Medium Medium Low
Local Energy Generation Infrastructure Medium Medium Low Telecommunications Infrastructure Low Medium Low
Highest Vulnerability (Group 1)
Buildings in the coastal zone, roads and parking, ocean habitat, and the Santa Monica Pier were ranked as having the highest vulnerability rating.

These assets were ranked as having the highest sensitivity and lowest adaptive capacity. Santa Monica should prioritize efforts to adapt these assets to climate change; however, the City may have limited jurisdictional control over these assets. Partnerships with state and federal agencies, private businesses, and homeowners will be essential for adaptation. This partly explains why the adaptive capacity of these assets were ranked low, as multiple entities, both private and public, manage or regulate these assets, and coordination among these stakeholders may be seen a barrier.

Additionally, some vulnerabilities, such as acidification of the ocean, is a global climate issue with limited actions the City can take to address. Adaptation measures to increase the climate resiliency of these assets will take time to enact and may require a great deal of education and coordination with stakeholders. Therefore, strategies and actions should be implemented in the near term.

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Medium-High Vulnerability (Group 2)
Parks, water infrastructure, energy supply and infrastructure, urban forests, beach habitat were ranked as having medium vulnerability, with high sensitivity and medium adaptive capacity.

These assets had high sensitivity and medium adaptive capacity, meaning that although they can be greatly impacted by climate change, the City has a number of current plans and programs in place to address many of these assets. There are also many opportunities to strengthen existing plans and programs and/or institute new actions that can decrease these assets’ vulnerability to climate change.

For some assets, there are potentially significant barriers and considerations for adapting these assets to climate impacts. For example, the City has limited control over much of the energy supply and infrastructure in Santa Monica. Therefore, partnerships with state agencies and public utilities will be needed, which will require coordination across government agencies.

The City’s planning and implementation framework for the urban forest will help to reduce the impacts of extreme heat and changes in precipitation, but will require action from City departments.

Making sure the City’s Urban Forest Master Plan and Street Tree Planting Guide align with changing climate conditions, identifying the locations of non-drought-tolerant tree species and re-planting trees, enacting more stringent planting requirements, and monitoring tree stress under changing climate conditions are a few actions the City can pursue.

Medium Vulnerability (Group 3)
General and vulnerable population groups, schools, water supply, sanitary sewer infrastructure, stormwater infrastructure, beach tourism and recreation, and businesses were ranked as medium vulnerability, with medium sensitivity and adaptive capacity rankings.

These assets were ranked as having medium sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Although seemingly uniform, there may be assets or populations within each of these categories that may be sensitive and/or have lower adaptive capacity. It would be important to identify and prioritize these subassets or population groups for adaptation. For example, storm drain outfalls in the coastal zone are very sensitive to SLR and coastal flooding. Outdoor workers, such as construction workers or landscapers, are more exposed to weather and outdoor conditions, often lack control over their work conditions, and employers may vary in their compliance with worker protection standards. Other vulnerable groups, such as the homeless populations and older adults living alone, are also more sensitive and are more likely to have less adaptive capacity. Planning structures and programs should be established to facilitate long-term adaptation of these assets and populations.

Lowest Vulnerability (Group 4)
City-services buildings, bicycle infrastructure, general buildings and properties, local energy generation, and telecommunications were ranked as lower vulnerability.

These assets were ranking as having the lowest vulnerability. Although lower in vulnerability, there may be assets within each of these asset categories that may be more sensitive and/or have lower adaptive capacity. For example, older homes and private buildings may be much more sensitive to extreme heat and air pollution intrusion due to poor weather proofing. Actions may also be limited to increase adaptation, as private homeowners and businesses may be unwilling or unable to invest in upgrades, and renters may have limited control over housing quality. Programs, such as incentives and rebates for home improvements and energy efficiency upgrades, could be implemented to target

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Packet Pg. 1298 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) CITY OF SANTA MONICA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 51 low-income homeowners and business owners. Model tenant - landlord agreements can be created so that all parties can equally share in the costs and benefits of efficiency upgrades.

Future Data Collection
More information can be gathered to help inform and prioritize the development of adaptation actions for key assets.

Develop metrics to monitor climate change-related trends Metrics can be used to monitor climate change impacts on key assets over time. These metrics could consist of the beach spatial extent, accessibility and use of the beach, economics from beach trades, number of extreme heat days, emergency room visits due to asthma or other respiratory diseases during warmer than usual weather, water usage in the City, and percent of the water supply from local groundwater sources. Metrics should also track changes in the climate hazards, including number of extreme heat days and droughts. Understanding this data can help the City evaluate implementation of actions and make adjustments in the future.

Conduct social vulnerability assessment
The City can identify the locations of vulnerable populations of greatest concern (i.e. low-income populations, older residential buildings, people with disabilities, etc.) through outreach and engagement with the community. The first step in this process would be to identify the factors that increase exposure and sensitivity to climate change and reduce people’s adaptive capacity in Santa Monica. This information can be used to inform adaptation strategies to target vulnerable populations at greatest climate risk and how they are carried out. CalEnviroScreen provides a framework for understanding multiple burden; however, the tool’s focus is environmental hazards.

Map community assets
Santa Monica can work with community members and groups to identify and map community assets that support resilience, such as schools, religious institutions, and community centers. This process can serve dual purposes of identifying trusted and valued community facilities that can be used during emergencies or disasters and prioritizing community assets for adaptation.

Next Steps – Adaptation Strategies
The Santa Monica Vulnerability Assessment completes the initial vulnerability analysis steps outlined by the California Adaptation Planning Guide (as described in Chapter 2 of this report). Adaptation strategy development will be completed as part of the preparation of the City’s CAAP roadmaps. This phase will include:

1. Identifying strategies to address the highest priority adaptation needs;

2. Prioritizing strategies based on the projected impacts, co-benefits, and other feasibility factors; and

3. Developing an implementation plan that includes phasing of strategies and a monitoring system to assess effectiveness.

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Packet Pg. 1299 Attachment: Santa_Monica_Vulnerability_Assessment (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) 1 David Yakobson
From: Ann Bowman
Sent: Monday, August 26, 2024 1:42 PM
To: councilmtgitems
Cc: Rick Valte; Nico Predock; Steven Johnson
Subject: August 27, 2024 Council Meeting - Item 7.A. - Dune Restoration P3 - SUPPORT Study Session Item 7.A. - SUPPORT
Dear Mayor Brock and Esteemed Councilmembers:

As one of your Recreation and Parks Commissioners, I enthusiastically recommend Council's support for the Phase 3 Beach Dune Restoration Project.

The Phase 3 scenario considers the need for restoring portions of the beach with the sustainability goal of protecting against Sea Level Rise, while adjusting for heavily used beach recreation areas and leaving them open for public enjoyment.

Project-specific benefits would include:
• Protection for bird species, including the Western Snowy Plover • Beautified bike path area protected from sand accumulation • Sufficient spacing for emergency vehicles and beach maintenance teams • Designated areas for interpretive experiences for the public • Maximized shoreline recreation space and access from key points such as parking areas and walkways including ADA access
Phase 3 has been planned in a very thoughtful manner. Thank you for your time and consideration of this item.

Sincerely,
Ann Bowman
Recreation and Parks Commissioner
Item 7-A
August 27, 2024
Item 7-A
August 27, 2024

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Packet Pg. 1300 Attachment: Written Comments (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (30 min)) Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3
Nico Predock, Sustainability Analyst, OSE
Alexandra Tower, Coastal Adaptation Program Director, The Bay Foundation

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Packet Pg. 1301 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Background
• Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
(2019) goals: • Enhance Natural Systems to prevent
damage from coastal flooding
• Increase resilience of public and
private assets in coastal flooding
zone
• Current focus is on low-cost natural
solutions:
• Beach Dune Restoration Pilot Project • Phase 2 (SaMo2) Project • Tonight’s Study session • Phase 3 (SaMo3) Project

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Packet Pg. 1302 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Background
• Pilot Project update
• Year 5 report, Frontiers in Marine Science paper
• Widely viewed as successful project from community & scientific perspective
• Balanced priorities of ecology and accessibility
• Dunes are growing much faster than the current rate of SLR • Proof of concept for scalability!
• Phase 2 Project update
• 5 acres installed March 2024

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Packet Pg. 1303 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Protected & seeded
in 2015

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Packet Pg. 1304 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1305 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration SaMo II Restoration Project
• $300k from Refugio Trustee Council
Goal: Create 5 acres of coastal habitat by transforming the beach into a sustainable coastal strand and foredune habitat, thereby improving coastal resilience to Sea Level Rise.

Additional Benefits:
• Improve local ecological diversity
• Provide educational and outreach opportunities
• Enhance Beach aesthetics

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Packet Pg. 1306 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1307 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1308 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration • Public Outreach
• Public + commission meetings
• Key Stakeholders
• Permitting – Coastal
Development permit
• CEQA – Exemption
• City Council Study Session
• Planning, Maintenance, Urban
Forests
• Project Construction in 3
phases
• Volunteer + additional
public engagement
• Adaptive Management
• Monitoring
• Maintenance
• Additional Beach Dune
Restoration Expansion
• Build on the vision!
• Summer 2024 • Winter 2024 • 2025-2028 • 2030 
Phase 3 (SaMo3) Timeline

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Packet Pg. 1309 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Phase 3 (SaMo3) Timeline
Month/Key Dates Action
September
• 10th
• Consent item to adopt CEQA statutory
exemption finding
• Authorize CM to amend agreement with TBF
• Submit Coastal Development Permit Application
October • Continue public outreach & education
November • Continue public outreach & education
December • California Coastal Commission December
meeting
• Install first stage of Phase 3 project

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Packet Pg. 1310 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration www.santamonicabay.org Santa Monica Dunes Project IG: @thebayfoundation

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Packet Pg. 1311 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Photo: Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Benefits of Dune Vegetation: • Helps against sea level rise & coastal erosion • Beautifies the beach • Increases plant & animal biodiversity • Provides habitat for threatened & endangered species
• Community connection & education

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Packet Pg. 1312 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Footprint Considerations • Beach vulnerability (sea level rise) • Tribal, residential, commercial & City input
• Recreation / public access / existing site
use
• Safety / maintenance / lifeguard access • Biological benefits • Aesthetics • Educational opportunities • Cost-effectiveness Photo: The Bay
F d ti

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Packet Pg. 1313 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1314 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1315 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1316 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Community Volunteers make it happen! • Implementation • Regular Maintenance

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Packet Pg. 1317 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Sample Shoreline Plant Palette
Shoreline Dune species Family Common Name
Abronia maritima Nyctaginaceae red sand verbena
Abronia umbellata Nyctaginaceae pink sand verbena
Ambrosia chamissonis Asteraceae silver beach bur
Atriplex leucophylla Chenopodiaceae
Beach
Saltbush/Seascale
Calystegia soldanella Convolvulaceae beach morning glory Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia Onagraceae beach evening primrose Eschscholzia californica var. maritima Papavaraceae
maritime California
poppy
Photos: Calflora
These plants
grow low to the
ground

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Packet Pg. 1318 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Special Thanks to All of our Partners
Black Surfer's Collective
California Audubon
California Botanic Garden
California Climate Corps
California Coastal Commission
California Coastal Dune Science Network
California Department of Fish & Wildlife
California Department of Parks &
Recreation
California Sea Grant
California State Coastal Conservancy
City of Los Angeles – Planning Dept
City of Malibu
City of Manhattan Beach
City of Santa Monica
Climate Action Network
Coastal Restoration Consultants
Cooper Ecological Monitoring, Inc.

El Segundo Blue Coalition
Gabrielino-Tongva Tribal Council
Girl Scouts Troop 71075
Growing Works - Turning Point Foundation
Heal The Bay
IO Environmental and Infrastructure, Inc.

LA County Lifeguards
LA Surfrider
Los Angeles Audubon
Los Angeles Conservation Corps
Los Angeles County, Department of Beaches
and Harbors
Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA)
Loyola Marymount University Coastal
Research Institute
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Association
Office of LA Councilwoman Traci Park
Office of LA County Supervisor Holly Mitchell
Office of LA County Supervisor Lindsey
Horvath
Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy
Patagonia
Refugio Oil Spill Trustees
Resource Conservation District of the Santa
Monica Mountains
Rios Clemente Hale Studios
Santa Monica Audubon
Santa Monica Bay Restoration Commission
U.S. EPA
University of California, Davis
University of California, Los Angeles
US Fish and Wildlife Services
USC Sea Grant
Venice Oceanarium

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Packet Pg. 1319 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1320 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Thank you!

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Packet Pg. 1321 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Questions?
Contact:

Nico Predock – [email protected]
Or
Alex Tower – [email protected]

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Packet Pg. 1322 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration Students & service learning

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Packet Pg. 1323 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration We grow & restore coastal dunes with
California native vegetation on the
beaches of the Santa Monica Bay
More soon!
Coming to
Venice
Proposed in Santa
Monica

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Packet Pg. 1324 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration

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Packet Pg. 1325 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6227 : Santa Monica Beach Dune Restoration City Council
Report
City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024
Agenda Item: 10.A
1 of 11
To: Mayor and City Council
From: David Martin, Director, City Planning
Subject: Introduction and Adoption of an Emergency Ordinance to Extend Building Permit and Construction Timelines and to Extend Timelines for Landmark Entitlements
Recommended Action
Staff recommends that the City Council:

1. Adopt a finding of no possibility of significant effect pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) (Common Sense Exemption) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines; and

2. Introduce and adopt an emergency ordinance amending (1) Santa Monica Municipal Code (SMMC) Sections 8.08.060 and 8.08.070 to increase building permit expirations for all projects, allow longer expiration timelines for building permit applications for 100% affordable housing projects, provide an increased number of extensions that can be granted by the Building Official, and allow all projects more time to complete construction; and (2) SMMC Sections 9.56.170 and 9.56.250 to align expirations and extensions of landmark entitlements with common procedures applied to other entitlements.

Summary
Staff has become aware of difficulties that projects are experiencing with current building permit application (i.e. plan check) expiration and extension timelines, particularly from affordable housing providers who often have to navigate complex funding sources and uncertain timelines that are out of their control. If standard permit application timelines are imposed, it would mean that permit applications expire and 100% affordable housing projects would be required to file new applications which would result in further delays. Staff is also generally experiencing an increased number of requests for extensions to time limits that all projects are given to complete the plan

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check process (and obtain a building permit) and also to complete construction once a building permit is issued.

In addition, staff has become aware of inconsistencies between the expiration and extension timelines for Landmark entitlements (Certificate of Appropriateness and Certificate of Economic Hardship) compared to all other entitlements, with Landmark entitlements having a significantly shorter timeframe to execute a project and a more limited time extension request.

Therefore, to address these issues, staff proposes revisions to Article 8 and 9 of the Santa Monica Municipal Code to:
• Extend building permit application expirations for all projects; • Allow additional building permit application expiration time allowances for 100% affordable housing projects;
• Provide an increased number of extensions that can be granted by the Building Official;
• Allow all projects more time to complete construction; and • Align expirations and extensions of landmark entitlements with timelines applied to all other entitlements.

These revisions will align with Council’s goals of economic recovery and addressing homelessness by providing greater flexibility and certainty to projects, especially 100% affordable housing and historic preservation projects, which the city has always strived to support.

Discussion
Building Permit Application Expirations and Extensions
The plan check process is initiated with filing of a building permit application. City staff has been made aware that building permit application expiration timelines and limits on extensions in Article 8, Building Regulations, of the Santa Monica Municipal Code (SMMC) are presenting difficulties for 100% affordable housing projects because of the complex nature and uncertainty of decisions on funding sources. These factors are out

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of the applicant’s control and can have significant impacts on project timelines because an applicant cannot obtain a building permit until funding is secured. Therefore, staff is recommending that Council adopt the below revisions to SMMC 8.08.060(h), Expiration of Application of Permit, and SMMC Section 8.08.060(i), Extensions, to provide more certainty and flexibility to 100% affordable housing projects, which would be defined as any housing project where all units are deed-restricted as affordable to 50% AMI, 80% AMI and/or Moderate-Income Households. These revisions will help address the Emergency Declaration of Homelessness and align with Council priorities of economic recovery and supporting the production of affordable housing.

In addition to revisions to support 100% affordable housing projects, staff is proposing increases to expiration timelines and the number of extensions the Building Officer can issue for all projects. Due to the challenging financing environment, staff is experiencing an increasing number of requests for plan check extensions due to the current strict expirations. These revisions will provide applicants more time to complete the plan check process and more time to complete construction before a permit expires. These revisions will align with the Council’s priority of economic recovery.

In summary, the proposed changes will result in the following:
• Revised timelines for projects to complete the plan check process and obtain a building permit:

Existing Proposed
Potential Total
Time
(Proposed)
Initial Expiration Timelines
All Building Permit Applications 1 year 18 months 18 months 100% Affordable Housing
Building Permit Applications 1 year 3 years 3 years
Allowable Extensions by Building Official
All Building Permit Applications 1 six-month
extension
Up to 3 sixmonth
extensions
3 years
100% Affordable Housing and
Coastal Zone Building Permit
Applications
1 six-month
extension
1 twelve-month
extension 4 years

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• Revised timelines for projects to complete construction once a building permit is issued
o Initial time to complete construction
▪ All building permits – 3 years (existing timelines ranged from 1 to 4 years depending on project valuation)
▪ Projects issued building permits during COVID-relief period – 5 years (existing timelines ranged from 3 to 5 years depending on project valuation)
o Extensions of time to complete construction (no changes proposed) ▪ Time to Complete Construction for all building permits– up to three 180-day extensions
▪ Time to Complete Construction for designated historic resources – up to four 180-day extensions
Proposed revisions to Section 8.08.060 and 8.08.070 are as follows:

Section 8.08.060 Permit Application
(h) Expiration of Application for Permit.
(1) A permit application shall expire if no permit is issued within 18-months one year after the date the permit application is filed, except as provided below.
(A) An application for a demolition permit for the demolition of residential buildings and structures, which are subject to the replacement project requirements of the City's Zoning Ordinance, shall expire if no permit is issued within two years following the date the application is filed.
(B) An application for a permit for a project subject to the construction rate program of the City's Zoning Ordinance shall not expire while that project remains on the waiting list for a building permit. (C) An application for a demolition permit for a building or structure in which the original permit was issued more than forty years before

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the date of filing of the demolition permit application shall expire if no permit is issued within three years following the date the application is filed.
(D) An application for a project that requires a Coastal Development Permit shall expire if no building permit is issued within three years of the building permit application filing date; however, if the project includes an approved vesting tentative map, the permit application expiration date shall be extended to be concurrent with the term of the vesting tentative map for the project.
(E) An application for a 100% affordable housing project shall expire if no building permit is issued within three years of the building permit application filing date. For the purposes of this section, 100% affordable housing projects are any housing projects where all of the dwelling units are deed restricted as affordable to 50% AMI Households, 80% AMI Households, or Moderate-Income
Households.
(2) No action may be taken on an application after expiration. Plans and other data submitted for review may thereafter be returned to the applicant or purged by the Building Officer. To obtain a permit, applicants shall submit a new application, new submittal documents and pay a new plan review fee. All applicable standards in effect at the time of the new application shall then apply to the project.
(i) Extensions. The Building Officer may grant three one six-month extensions of the 18-month one-year plan check time period set forth in subsection (h)(1) above, if the applicant demonstrates that:. The Building Official may grant one twelve-month extension of the plan check time period set forth in (h)(1)(D) and (E), above. In all cases, the applicant must demonstrate that:
(1) No changes have been made or will be made to the original plans and specifications except as required by the original plan review; and

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(2) No pertinent laws or ordinances have been amended subsequent to the date the original application was filed which would cause the development project at issue to be inconsistent with such amended provisions; and (3) Any approvals granted under Article IX of the Municipal Code are still valid and have not expired; and
(4) Circumstances beyond the control of the applicant have prevented the permit from being issued in the authorized time period.

Section 8.08.070. Permit issuance, extension and renewal. (c) Expiration. Every permit issued under the provisions of this Code expires by limitation and becomes null and void when any of the following circumstances is applicable:
(1) Failure to Start Construction. If the building or work authorized by such permit is not started within one year from the date of permit issuance; (2) Cessation of Work. If the building or work authorized is suspended or abandoned at any time after the work has started, for a period of one hundred eighty days or more;
(3) Time to Complete. In addition to subsections (1) and (2) above, every permit issued under the provisions of this Chapter expires by limitation and becomes null and void when the time allowed to complete all work authorized by the permit exceeds three years from the date of permit issuance, except as provided in subsection (A).the time periods set forth in this subsection, based on valuation. When a project is divided into separate permits for the convenience of the owner or tenants, and the work on such permits is to be done concurrently, the time allowed to complete all work on each separate permit shall be equal to the time period for the total valuation of the separate permits. (A) Except as provided in subsection (B), the time allowed to complete all work authorized by a permit shall be as follows:

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Valuation Time Allowed
Under $300,000.00 12 months
$300,001.00 to $1,000,000.00 24 months
$1,000,001.00 to $20,000,000.00 36 months
Over $20,000,000.00 48 months
(B) Notwithstanding subsection (A), the The time allowed to complete all work authorized by a permit (i) issued and active as of March 13, 2020; (ii) issued between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022; or (iii) issued pursuant to a complete application submitted between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022, shall be five years. as follows:

Valuation Time Allowed
Under $300,000.00 36 months
$300,001.00 to $1,000,000.00 48 months
$1,000,001.00 to $20,000,000.00 60 months
Over $20,000,000.00 72 months
(d) Extensions.
(1) Extensions of time from the stated periods in subsection (c) above may be permitted for good reason, provided such requests are submitted to the Building Officer in writing prior to permit expiration. The written request must demonstrate that:
(A) Due to circumstances beyond the owner's or permittee's control, construction could not be commenced, continued or completed in the authorized time period;
(B) If construction has started, substantial progress has been made; (C) The condition of the property presents no health or safety hazard; and (D) The continued delay will not create any unreasonable aesthetic impact to the neighborhood or substantial economic detriment to neighboring property owners.
(2) The time periods set forth to start construction within one-year hundred eighty days or resume construction after cessation of work for one hundred eighty days may each be extended no more than once, and the time period set forth to complete construction may be extended no more than three

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times; however, if the project includes the preservation of a designated City of Santa Monica landmark, the period to complete construction may be extended no more than four times. Each extension of time shall not exceed one hundred eighty days.

Extension of Landmark Entitlement Timelines
Staff has become aware of inconsistencies between expiration dates and the potential length of extensions for landmark entitlements (Certificate of Appropriateness and Certificate of Economic Hardship) and all other land use entitlements. Currently, landmark entitlements expire if work has not commenced within one year from the date of issuance with no additional time for projects within the Coastal Zone. Landmark entitlements are only permitted one 180-day extension.

Pursuant to Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 9.37.090(A) and (C), all other entitlements expire if not excised within two or three years (depending on project type) of the effective date, with an additional six months granted for projects within the Coastal Zone. These entitlements are afforded a first time extension of either a 6-month or 1-year extension (depending on project type). The Director can grant an additional time extension for designated historic resources.

As this appears to be an oversight, staff proposes to align landmark entitlement expirations and extensions with the expirations and extensions for all other entitlements.

Additionally, to assist current applicants that are coming up against these strict deadlines, staff proposes to apply these new expiration timelines to all landmark entitlements that are active and issued as of July 1, 2024. This revision and applicability date will help encourage historic preservation and align with the Council’s priority of economic recovery.

In summary, the proposed changes will result in the following expirations and extensions for landmark entitlements:
• 100% affordable housing and qualifying mixed-use affordable housing projects o 3 years initially (3.5 years if in Coastal Zone)

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• All Other Projects
o 2 years initially (2.5 years if in Coastal Zone)
• Extensions
o Residential uses: 1 year
o Non-residential uses: 6 months
o Designated historic resources: eligible for one more time extension Proposed revisions to Sections 9.56.170 and 9.56.250 are as follows:

Section 9.56.170 Certificate of Appropriateness/Certificate of Economic Hardship Procedure.

An application for a certificate of appropriateness or an application for a certificate of economic hardship approving any proposed alteration, restoration, construction, removal, relocation, or demolition, in whole or in part, of or to a Landmark or Landmark Parcel, or of or to a building or structure within a Historic District shall be processed in accordance with the following procedure:

H. Subject to other provisions of Sections 9.56.170 and 9.56.180 of this Chapter, a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship shall be in full force and effect from and after the date of the issuance by the Commission. Any certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship issued pursuant to this Chapter shall expire within the timeframes stipulated in Section

9.37.090(A), Expiration, for projects that are active and issued as of July 1, 2024., unless the work authorized by the certificate of appropriateness has commenced:

1. Except as provided in paragraph 2, below, one year from the date of issuance.

2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1 above, 3 years from the date of issuance for a certificate of appropriateness:
a. Issued and active as of March 13, 2020;
b. Issued between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022; or

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c. Issued in accordance with a complete application that was submitted between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022.

3. In addition, any such certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship shall also expire and become null and void if such work authorized is suspended or abandoned for a 180-day time period after being commenced.

Section 9.56.250 Extension of Certificate of Appropriateness.

The Landmarks Commission Secretary may extend the time period for exercising a certificate of appropriateness as provided for in Section 9.56.170(H) pursuant to Section

9.37.090(C), Extensions, for a period of up to 180 days upon such terms and conditions as the Secretary deems appropriate consistent with the original approval and Section 9.56.170 if the development standards relevant to the project have not changed since project approval. An extended certificate of appropriateness shall expire if the work authorized thereby is not commenced by the end of the extension period. Except as otherwise provided for in this Section, all provisions of this Code applicable to a certificate of appropriateness shall apply to an extended certificate of appropriateness.

Environmental Review
The proposed Emergency Ordinance to extend building permit expirations, allow additional expiration time allowances for 100% affordable housing projects, provide an increased number of extensions that can be granted by the Building Official, and align expirations and extensions of landmark entitlements with common procedures applied to all other entitlements are exempt from the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) of the State Implementation Guidelines (common sense exception). Based on the evidence in the record, it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the proposed changes may have a significant effect on the environment. The proposal would not result in adverse physical environmental effects as these are procedural changes. Therefore, no further environmental review under CEQA is required. Projects issued permits would be undergoing their own separate CEQA review prior to permit issuance.

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Financial Impacts and Budget Actions
There is no immediate financial impact or budget action necessary as a result of the recommended action. Staff will return to Council if specific budget actions are required in the future.

Prepared By: Ross Fehrman, Principal Planner
Approved Forwarded to Council
Attachments:

A. 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance B. Written Comments

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1 City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024 Santa Monica, California ORDINANCE NUMBER _________ (CCS)
(City Council Series)

AN EMERGENCY ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA AMENDING: (1) SANTA MONICA MUNICIPAL CODE (SMMC) SECTION 8.08.060 AND 8.08.070 TO INCREASE BUILDING PERMIT EXPIRATIONS

FOR ALL PROJECTS, ALLOW LONGER EXPIRATION TIMELINES FOR BUILDING PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR 100% AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS,

PROVIDE AN INCREASED NUMBER OF EXTENSIONS THAT CAN BE GRANTED BY

THE BUILDING OFFICIAL, AND ALLOW ALL PROJECTS MORE TIME TO COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION; AND (2) SMMC SECTIONS 9.56.170 AND 9.56.250

TO ALIGN EXPIRATIONS AND EXTENSIONS OF LANDMARK ENTITLEMENTS

WITH COMMON PROCEDURES APPLIED TO OTHER ENTITLEMENTS
WHEREAS, Santa Monica Municipal Code (SMMC) Section 8.08.060(h) provides for a general one-year expiration date for permit applications where no permit is issued within one year after the date the permit application is filed, except in certain limited circumstances where additional time is appropriate; and WHEREAS, some of those special circumstances provided for under SMMC Section 8.08.060(h) include: (1) a two-year expiration for applications for demolition permits for the demolition of residential buildings and structures, which are subject to the replacement requirements of the City’s Zoning Ordinance; (2) no expiration for permits for projects subject to the construction rate program of the City’s Zoning Ordinance while that project remains on the waiting list for a building permit; (3) a three-year expiration for applications for demolition permit for a building or structure in which the original permit was issued more than forty years before the date of filing of the demolition permit application; and (4) a three-year expiration for an application for a project that requires a Coastal Development Permit; however, if the project includes an approved vested

10.A.a
Packet Pg. 1337 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 2 tentative map, the permit application expiration date shall be extended to be concurrent with the term of the vesting tentative map for the project; and WHEREAS, under SMMC Section 8.08.060(i), the Building Officer may grant one six-month extension of the one-year plan check time period set forth in SMMC Section

8.08.060(h)(1) above, if the applicant demonstrates that: (1) No changes have been made or will be made to the original plans and specifications except as required by the original plan review; (2) No pertinent laws or ordinances have been amended subsequent to the date the original application was filed which would cause the development project at issue to be inconsistent with such amended provisions; (3) Any approvals granted under Article IX of the Municipal Code are still valid and have not expired; and (4) Circumstances beyond the control of the applicant have prevented the permit from being issued in the authorized time period; and
WHEREAS, City staff has recently been made aware that the current building permit expiration timelines and limits on extensions in SMMC Section 8.08.060, subsections (h) and (i), are presenting difficulties for 100% affordable housing projects due to such things as the complex nature and uncertainty of funding sources and tax credits; and
WHEREAS, if standard permit application timelines are imposed, permit applications would expire and 100% affordable housing projects would be required to file new applications, which would result in further delays; and WHEREAS, as these factors are out of the 100% affordable housing project’s control and can have significant impacts on project timelines and financing, revisions to

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Packet Pg. 1338 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 3 SMMC 8.08.060 subsections (h) and (i) are necessary to provide more certainty and flexibility to affordable housing providers; and
WHEREAS, the proposed revisions will also help address the Emergency Declaration of Homelessness and align with Council’s long-standing priorities of economic recovery and supporting the production of affordable housing; and WHEREAS, further, in addition to revisions to support 100% affordable housing projects, and due to various construction difficulties, staff is experiencing an increased number of requests for building permit extensions to time limits that all projects are given to complete the plan check process (and obtain a building permit) and to complete construction once a building permit is issued; and
WHEREAS, increasing the expiration timelines and the number of extensions the Building Officer can issue for all projects will provide applicants more time to complete projects that have already started the building permit process and will align with the Council’s priority of economic recovery; and
WHEREAS, staff has also recently become aware of inconsistencies between expiration dates for Landmark entitlements (Certificate of Appropriateness and Certificate of Economic Hardship) compared to all other land use entitlements, with Landmark entitlements having a significantly shorter timeframe to execute a project and a more limited time ability to obtain extension requests; and
WHEREAS, currently, landmark entitlements expire if work has not commenced within one year from the date of issuance with no additional time for projects within the Coastal Zone; and

10.A.a
Packet Pg. 1339 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 4 WHEREAS, pursuant to Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 9.37.090(A), all other non-landmark entitlements expire if not exercised within two or three years (depending on project type) of the effective date, with an additional six months granted only for projects within the Coastal Zone; and
WHEREAS, aligning landmark entitlement expirations with the allowance provided to 100% affordable housing projects will correct this inconsistency; and WHEREAS, additionally, to assist current applicants that are coming up against these strict deadlines, new expiration timelines are proposed to be applied to all landmark entitlements that have yet to be issued a building permit; and WHEREAS, these revisions will align with Council’s goals of economic recovery and addressing homelessness by providing greater flexibility and certainty to projects, especially 100% affordable housing and historic preservation projects, which the city has always strived to support; and
WHEREAS, the permits for at least one 100% affordable housing project are scheduled to expire imminently if the extension is not provided, and the project is in danger of losing potential funding due to circumstances out of its control; and WHEREAS, due to the time-sensitive nature associated with this project and the several other affordable housing projects that are currently being developed and are affected by these timelines, the City Council finds and declares that a current and immediate threat to the public health, safety, and general welfare such that this amendment qualifies for an emergency ordinance.

NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA DOES HEREBY ORDAIN AS FOLLOWS:

10.A.a
Packet Pg. 1340 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 5 SECTION 1. Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 8.08.060 is hereby amended to read as follows:

Section 8.08.060 Permit Application
(a) Application. To obtain a permit, the applicant shall first file an application in writing on a form furnished by the Building Officer for that purpose. Every such application shall identify and describe the work to be covered by the permit for which each application is made, the responsible party for the work and such other information that the Building Officer may require to show conformance to applicable laws and regulations. When an architect or engineer prepares or is required to prepare submittal documents, the application shall designate the architect and/or engineer of record. (b) Submittal Documents. When required by the Building Officer, plans, specifications, engineering calculations, diagrams, soil investigation reports, sound tests, material tests, Construction Management Plans as required by Chapter 8.98 of this Code, special inspection and structural observation programs and other data shall be submitted with each application for a permit. When an architect or engineer does not prepare such plans, the Building Officer may require the applicant submitting such plans or other data to demonstrate that State law does not require that a licensed architect or engineer prepare the plans before accepting submittal documents or permit application.

Deferral of any submittal items shall require prior approval of the Building Officer.

If the Building Officer approves the deferral of submittals to a time after permit issuance, the approved plans shall list the deferred submittals. The deferred submittal items shall not be installed until the Building Officer has approved their design and submittal documents.

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Packet Pg. 1341 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 6 (c) Investigation. Whenever work for which a permit is required by this Chapter has been commenced without first obtaining a permit, a special investigation shall be made before a permit may be issued for such work when so ordered by the Building Officer. (d) Information on Plans and Specifications. Plans and specifications shall be drawn to scale and shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the work proposed and show in detail that it will conform to the provisions of all relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regulations.
(e) Special Inspection and Structural Observation Program. When the Building Code requires special inspection and/or structural observation, the architect or engineer of record shall prepare an inspection program which shall be submitted to the Building Officer for approval prior to issuance of the building permit. The inspection program shall designate the portions of the work to have special inspection, the name or names of the individuals or firms who are to perform the special inspections and indicate the duties of the special inspectors, including any required nondestructive testing.

The Building Officer, or when approved by the Building Officer, the owner, the engineer or architect of record, or an agent of the owner, but not the contractor or any other person responsible for the work, shall employ the special inspector. When structural observation is required, the inspection program shall name the individuals or firms who are to perform structural observation and describe the stages of construction at which structural observation is to occur. The inspection program shall include samples of inspection reports and provide time limits for submission of reports. (f) Preconstruction Meetings. The Building Officer may require the permit holder to participate in a preconstruction conference prior to the completion of plan review and

10.A.a
Packet Pg. 1342 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 7 permit issuance to review the plans and specifications for adequacy and sufficiency of details and conformance to building standards and interpretations. (g) Change of Architect or Engineer of Record. If the circumstances require, the owner may designate a substitute architect or engineer of record who shall perform all the duties required of the original architect or engineer of record. In such cases, the owner shall notify the Building Officer in writing if the architect or engineer of record is changed or is unable to continue to perform the duties. The architect or engineer of record shall be responsible for reviewing and coordinating all submittal documents prepared by others, including deferred submittal items, for compatibility with the design of the building. (h) Expiration of Application for Permit.
(1) A permit application shall expire if no permit is issued within 18-months one year after the date the permit application is filed, except as provided below. (A) An application for a demolition permit for the demolition of residential buildings and structures, which are subject to the replacement project requirements of the City's Zoning Ordinance, shall expire if no permit is issued within two years following the date the application is filed. (B) An application for a permit for a project subject to the construction rate program of the City's Zoning Ordinance shall not expire while that project remains on the waiting list for a building permit.
(C) An application for a demolition permit for a building or structure in which the original permit was issued more than forty years before the date of filing of the demolition permit application shall expire if no permit is issued within three years following the date the application is filed.

10.A.a
Packet Pg. 1343 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 8 (D) An application for a project that requires a Coastal Development Permit shall expire if no building permit is issued within three years of the building permit application filing date; however, if the project includes an approved vesting tentative map, the permit application expiration date shall be extended to be concurrent with the term of the vesting tentative map for the project. (E) An application for a 100% affordable housing project shall expire if no building permit is issued within three years of the building permit application filing date. For the purposes of this section, 100% affordable housing projects are any housing projects where all of the dwelling units are deed restricted as affordable to 50% AMI Households, 80% AMI Households, or Moderate-Income Households.
(2) No action may be taken on an application after expiration. Plans and other data submitted for review may thereafter be returned to the applicant or purged by the Building Officer. To obtain a permit, applicants shall submit a new application, new submittal documents and pay a new plan review fee. All applicable standards in effect at the time of the new application shall then apply to the project. (i) Extensions. The Building Officer may grant three one six-month extensions of the 18-month one-year plan check time period set forth in subsection (h)(1) above, if the applicant demonstrates that:. The Building Official may grant one twelve-month extension of the plan check time period set forth in (h)(1)(D) and (E), above. In all cases, the applicant must demonstrate that:
(1) No changes have been made or will be made to the original plans and specifications except as required by the original plan review; and

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Packet Pg. 1344 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 9 (2) No pertinent laws or ordinances have been amended subsequent to the date the original application was filed which would cause the development project at issue to be inconsistent with such amended provisions; and
(3) Any approvals granted under Article IX of the Municipal Code are still valid and have not expired; and
(4) Circumstances beyond the control of the applicant have prevented the permit from being issued in the authorized time period.

SECTION 2. Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 8.08.070 is hereby amended to read as follows:

Section 8.08.070. Permit issuance, extension and renewal. (a) Issuance. If the Building Officer finds that the work described in an application for a permit and submittal documents conforms to the requirements of this Article, the California Building Standards Code and other pertinent laws and ordinances, and that the applicant has paid all required fees, the Building Officer shall issue a permit for the work to the applicant. When a permit is issued for which plans are required, the construction documents shall be approved in writing or by stamp.

No building permit or demolition permit shall be issued by the City for any development that requires a coastal development permit under the California Coastal Act of 1976, Public Resources Code Section 30000 et seq., until such time as a coastal development permit has been issued for such development. (b) Partial Permit. The Building Officer may issue a permit for the construction of part of a building, structure or building service equipment before the entire plans and specifications for the whole building, structure or building service equipment have been

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Packet Pg. 1345 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 10 submitted or approved, provided adequate information and detailed statements have been filed complying with all pertinent requirements. The holder of a partial permit shall proceed without assurance that the permit for the entire building, structure or building service will be granted.
(c) Expiration. Every permit issued under the provisions of this Code expires by limitation and becomes null and void when any of the following circumstances is applicable:
(1) Failure to Start Construction. If the building or work authorized by such permit is not started within one year from the date of permit issuance; (2) Cessation of Work. If the building or work authorized is suspended or abandoned at any time after the work has started, for a period of one hundred eighty days or more;
(3) Time to Complete. In addition to subsections (1) and (2) above, every permit issued under the provisions of this Chapter expires by limitation and becomes null and void when the time allowed to complete all work authorized by the permit exceeds three years from the date of permit issuance, except as provided in subsection (A).the time periods set forth in this subsection, based on valuation. When a project is divided into separate permits for the convenience of the owner or tenants, and the work on such permits is to be done concurrently, the time allowed to complete all work on each separate permit shall be equal to the time period for the total valuation of the separate permits. (A) Except as provided in subsection (B), the time allowed to complete all work authorized by a permit shall be as follows:

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Packet Pg. 1346 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 11 Valuation Time Allowed
Under $300,000.00 12 months
$300,001.00 to $1,000,000.00 24 months
$1,000,001.00 to $20,000,000.00 36 months
Over $20,000,000.00 48 months
(B) Notwithstanding subsection (A), the The time allowed to complete all work authorized by a permit (i) issued and active as of March 13, 2020; (ii) issued between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022; or (iii) issued pursuant to a complete application submitted between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022, shall be five years. as follows:

Valuation Time Allowed
Under $300,000.00 36 months
$300,001.00 to $1,000,000.00 48 months
$1,000,001.00 to $20,000,000.00 60 months
Over $20,000,000.00 72 months
(d) Extensions.
(1) Extensions of time from the stated periods in subsection (c) above may be permitted for good reason, provided such requests are submitted to the Building Officer in writing prior to permit expiration. The written request must demonstrate that:

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Packet Pg. 1347 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 12 (A) Due to circumstances beyond the owner's or permittee's control, construction could not be commenced, continued or completed in the authorized time period;
(B) If construction has started, substantial progress has been made; (C) The condition of the property presents no health or safety hazard; and
(D) The continued delay will not create any unreasonable aesthetic impact to the neighborhood or substantial economic detriment to neighboring property owners.
(2) The time periods set forth to start construction within one-year hundred eighty days or resume construction after cessation of work for one hundred eighty days may each be extended no more than once, and the time period set forth to complete construction may be extended no more than three times; however, if the project includes the preservation of a designated City of Santa Monica landmark, the period to complete construction may be extended no more than four times. Each extension of time shall not exceed one hundred eighty days.
(e) Extension Request Appeals. The decision of the Building Officer may be appealed to the Director of Planning and Community Development, who shall conduct a de novo review. Any such appeal shall be filed in writing within seven days of the decision of the Building Officer. The decision of the Director of Planning and Community Development shall be final.
(f) Renewal. Before any work authorized under an expired permit can be recommenced, the permit holder shall file an application for renewal. Such application

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Packet Pg. 1348 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 13 shall include all original submittal documents and shall identify any changes that have been made or will be made in the original plans and specifications for such work.

If the Building Officer finds that the work remaining to be completed under the permit conforms to the requirements of applicable codes and standards and other pertinent laws and ordinances, and that the applicant has paid all required fees, the Building Officer shall renew the permit for the work to the applicant. No work shall recommence until the renewal application and submittal documents are approved.

SECTION 3. Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 9.56.170 is hereby amended to read as follows:

Section 9.56.170 Certificate of Appropriateness/Certificate of Economic Hardship Procedure.

An application for a certificate of appropriateness or an application for a certificate of economic hardship approving any proposed alteration, restoration, construction, removal, relocation, or demolition, in whole or in part, of or to a Landmark or Landmark Parcel, or of or to a building or structure within a Historic District shall be processed in accordance with the following procedure:

A. Any owner of a Landmark, or of a building or structure within a Historic District, may request the issuance of a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship by properly filing with the Director an application for such certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship on a form furnished by the Department. Each application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship shall include such plans, specifications, statements of work, and any other information which are reasonably required by the Landmarks Commission to make

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Packet Pg. 1349 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 14 a decision on any such proposed work. An application shall be determined complete within 30 days after the Department receives a substantially complete application together with all information, plans, specifications, statements of work, and any other materials and documents required by the appropriate application forms supplied by the City. If, within the specified time period, the Department fails to advise the applicant in writing that his or her application is incomplete and to specify additional information required to complete that application, the application shall automatically be deemed complete.

B. The Director shall schedule a public hearing to be held within 65 days of the date on which an application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship is determined complete and shall make a preliminary recommendation to the Commission on or before the date scheduled for a public hearing as to the appropriateness and qualification of the application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship.

C. Not more than 20 days and not less than 10 days prior to the date scheduled for a public hearing, notice of the date, time, place and purpose thereof shall be given by at least one publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation, shall be mailed to the applicant, and to the owners and residential and commercial tenants of all real property within 300 feet of the exterior boundaries of the Landmark Parcel upon which a Landmark is situated in the case of any proposed work to a Landmark, or within 300 feet of the exterior boundaries of the lot or lots on which a building or structure within a Historic District is situated in the case of any proposed work to a building or structure within a Historic District, using for this purpose the names and addresses of such owners as are shown on the records of the Los Angeles County Assessor. The failure to send notice by

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Packet Pg. 1350 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 15 mail to any such real property owner where the address of such owner is not a matter of public record shall not invalidate any proceedings in connection with the proposed designation. The Commission may also give such other notice as it may deem desirable and practicable.

D. The Commission shall have up to 6 months, or one year if the project requires an Environmental Impact Report, to render a decision on the certificate application. If the Commission does not render a decision within this time period, then the certificate application shall be automatically determined approved if any required environmental review has been completed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Commission may mutually agree with the applicant for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship to extend the 6 months or one year time period in which the Commission must take action to another time period which is mutually agreeable. The time period provided for in this Section shall be extended by the time period provided for in Section 9.56.160(D) when applicable.

E. The decision of the Commission shall be in writing and shall state the findings of fact and reasons relied upon to reach the decision, and such decision shall be filed with the Director of Planning.

F. Subject to the provisions of Section 9.56.180 of this Chapter, upon the rendering of such decision to approve an application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship, the Commission shall issue the certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship within a reasonable period of time and such issued certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship may be obtained by the applicant from the Department.

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Packet Pg. 1351 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 16 G. Subject to other provisions of this Section 9.56.170 and Section 9.56.180 of this Chapter, a decision of the Commission shall be in full force and effect from and after the date of the rendering of such decision by the Commission. A certificate of economic hardship may be appealed to the City Council in the same manner and according to the same procedures as for a certificate of appropriateness.

H. Subject to other provisions of Sections 9.56.170 and 9.56.180 of this Chapter, a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship shall be in full force and effect from and after the date of the issuance by the Commission. Any certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship issued pursuant to this Chapter shall expire within the timeframes stipulated in Section 9.37.090(A), Expiration, for projects that are active and issued as of July 1, 2024., unless the work authorized by the certificate of appropriateness has commenced:

1. Except as provided in paragraph 2, below, one year from the date of issuance.

2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1 above, 3 years from the date of issuance for a certificate of appropriateness:
a. Issued and active as of March 13, 2020;
b. Issued between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022; or c. Issued in accordance with a complete application that was submitted between March 13, 2020 and December 31, 2022.

3. In addition, any such certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship shall also expire and become null and void if such work authorized is suspended or abandoned for a 180-day time period after being commenced.

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Packet Pg. 1352 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 17 I. The Commission shall have the power, after a public hearing, to amend, modify or rescind any decision to approve, in whole or in part, an application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship and to make any preliminary or supplemental designations, determinations or decisions, as additions thereto.

J. The Commission shall determine the instances in which cases scheduled for public hearing may be continued or taken under advisement. In such instances, no new notice need be given of the further hearing date, provided such date is announced at the scheduled public hearing.

K. The following rules shall limit the resubmittal of an application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship:

1. Whenever an application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship for demolition has been disapproved or deemed disapproved by the Commission, or by the City Council on appeal, no application which is the same or substantially the same as the one which has been disapproved shall be resubmitted to or reconsidered by the Commission or City Council for a period of 5 years from the effective date of the final action upon the prior application. A certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship for demolition may be re-filed at any time during the 5- year period provided that the applicant submits significant additional information which was not and could not have been submitted with the previous application. A re-filed application shall be processed in the manner outlined in this Section 9.56.170. Under this provision, should the applicant still seek to demolish the Landmark structure after the 5- year period has expired, a new and separate certificate of appropriateness or certificate

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Packet Pg. 1353 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 18 of economic hardship application would be required to be re-filed. This application shall be subject to the same conditions as the prior application.

2. Whenever an application for a certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship for other than demolition has been disapproved or deemed disapproved by the Commission, or by the City Council on appeal, no application which is the same or substantially the same as the one which has been disapproved shall be resubmitted to or reconsidered by the Commission or City Council within a period of 180 days from the effective date of the final action upon such prior application. A certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship for other than demolition may be refiled at any time during the 180-day period provided that the applicant submits significant additional information, which was not and could not have been submitted with the previous application. A re-filed application shall be processed in the manner outlined in this Section 9.56.170. Under this provision, should the applicant still seek approval for other than the demolition of a Landmark structure after the 180-day period has expired, a new and separate certificate of appropriateness or certificate of economic hardship application would be required to be re-filed. This application shall be subject to the same conditions as the prior application.

L. Under the authority of Section 9.56.060, the Commission may, by resolution, establish criteria under which the Landmarks Commission Secretary may approve certificate of appropriateness applications for minor or insignificant alterations, restorations, or construction, in whole or in part, of or to a Landmark or Landmark Parcel, or of or to a building or structure within a Historic District which would not defeat the purposes and objectives of this Chapter.

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Packet Pg. 1354 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 19 SECTION 4.Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 9.56.250 is hereby amended to read as follows
Section 9.56.250 Extension of Certificate of Appropriateness.

The Landmarks Commission Secretary may extend the time period for exercising a certificate of appropriateness as provided for in Section 9.56.170(H) pursuant to Section

9.37.090(C), Extensions, for a period of up to 180 days upon such terms and conditions as the Secretary deems appropriate consistent with the original approval and Section 9.56.170 if the development standards relevant to the project have not changed since project approval. An extended certificate of appropriateness shall expire if the work authorized thereby is not commenced by the end of the extension period. Except as otherwise provided for in this Section, all provisions of this Code applicable to a certificate of appropriateness shall apply to an extended certificate of appropriateness.

SECTION 5. Any provision of the Santa Monica Municipal Code or appendices thereto inconsistent with the provisions of this Ordinance, to the extent of such inconsistencies and no further, is hereby repealed or modified to that extent necessary to effect the provisions of this Ordinance.

SECTION 6. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid or unconstitutional by a decision of any court of competent jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Ordinance. The City Council hereby declares that it would have passed this Ordinance and each and every section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase not declared invalid or unconstitutional without regard to whether any portion of the ordinance would be subsequently declared invalid or unconstitutional.

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Packet Pg. 1355 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 20 SECTION 7. The Mayor shall sign and the City Clerk shall attest to the passage of this Ordinance. The City Clerk shall cause the same to be published once in the official newspaper within 15 days after its adoption. This Ordinance shall become effective immediately upon its adoption. Pursuant to Sections 615 and 619 of the City Charter, for the reasons stated in the recitals above, the staff report accompanying this ordinance, oral and written testimony received by the City Council, and City Council discussion, the City Council declares this ordinance to be necessary as an emergency measure for preserving the public peace, health, and safety, with the result that this ordinance shall be introduced and adopted at the same meeting and shall become effective immediately upon its adoption
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
_________________________
Douglas Sloan, City Attorney

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Packet Pg. 1356 Attachment: 2024.08.27 - Building Permit & Landmark Extension Emergency Ordinance (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + 1 David Yakobson
From: Nikki Kolhoff <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 12:03 PM
To: councilmtgitems; Council Mailbox; Gleam Davis; Phil Brock; Christine Parra; Lana Negrete; Jesse Zwick; Caroline Torosis; Oscar de la Torre Subject: City Council 8/27/24 Item 10A - Extending Permit Application and Construction Periods - OPPOSE

EXTERNAL
City Council and City Manager -
I urge you to oppose these extensions. We are being forced to overdevelop in the name of a "housing crisis". It's nonsensical to then extend the timing of these projects to EIGHT YEARS, which obviously doesn't provide housing "urgently". All it does is make it easier for developers and investors to get their entitlements and sit on them, all to the detriment of residents and the benefit of the developers/investors who then get to trickle out units over almost a DECADE.

Regards,
Nikki Kolhoff
Santa Monica Resident of 26 years
Item 10-A
August 27, 2024
Item 10-A
August 27, 2024

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Packet Pg. 1357 Attachment: Written Comments (6506 : Emergency IZO to Extend Plan Check + Construction Timelines for 100% Affordable Housing + City Council
Report
City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024
Agenda Item: 10.B
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To: Mayor and City Council
From: Anuj Gupta, Director of Transportation, Department of Transportation Subject: Introduction and first reading of an ordinance amending Santa Monica Municipal Code section 3.12.490 to establish speed limits for certain City streets pursuant to the California Vehicle Code
Recommended Action
Staff recommends that the City Council:

1. Adopt a finding of Categorical Exemption pursuant to Section 15301 (Existing Facilities) and a finding of no possibility of significant effect pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) (common Sense Exemption) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines.

2. Introduce for first reading an ordinance amending Santa Monica Municipal Code (“SMMC”) section 3.12.490 to establish speed limits for certain City streets pursuant to the California Vehicle Code (“CVC”).

Executive Summary
The City of Santa Monica has a responsibility to conduct an Engineering and Traffic Survey (“Survey”) to validate the speed limits established in Santa Monica Municipal Code (SMMC) section 3.12.490 every 5, 7, or 14 years to ensure the speed limits remain valid. The Traffic Engineering unit in the Mobility Division of the Department of Transportation (DOT) is the work unit responsible for performing the work associated with validating and updating speed limits for the City.

By adopting the recommended ordinance, the City Council will be acting under the authority granted to the City by California Vehicle Code (CVC) section 22358, which authorizes local authorities to modify local speed limits based on the results of the Survey. If adopted, this ordinance would set speed limits for surveyed street segments

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within the City, based upon the Survey conducted for the City by Fehr & Peers. The Survey was conducted from January 27 through July 29, 2024. If this ordinance is adopted, SMMC section 3.12.490 would be modified to change existing local speed limits for certain roadway segments included in the Survey.

This proposed ordinance updates and strengthens SMMC section 3.12.490 by: a) providing a reduction of the speed limit along approximately 31 miles of street segments, b) authorizing an increase of the speed limit along one street segment (approximately 0.3 miles), c) authorizing the posting of speed limits on street segments without existing posted speed limits, and d) authorizing speed reductions on additional street segments where the City has not previously surveyed.

The proposed speed limit changes support the City’s Vision Zero goal of eliminating fatal and severe injury crashes for all roadway users within the context of the CVC as recently updated by AB 43. Council adopted Vision Zero with the adoption of the Pedestrian Action Plan in February 2016. One of the pillars of the national Safe System Approach is safer speeds, and the application of reasonable and safe speed limits allows for effective enforcement of speed limits throughout the City.

Background
The CVC establishes how a local authority sets speed limits that differ from the statutory speed of 25 miles per hour in a business or residence district or 65 miles per hour on other roadways. CVC section 22357 and section 22358 provide that if the local authority determines, based on a Survey, that a speed higher or lower than the statutory speed limit would facilitate the orderly movement of vehicular traffic and would be reasonable and safe, the local authority may determine and declare a speed limit by ordinance. The Survey includes measurement of vehicular speeds along roadway segments to determine the speed of a majority of drivers, which is the most effective attribute in establishing speed limits.

Assembly Bill 43, approved in 2021, established new practices for how cities can set and enforce speed limits. AB 43 changes the way speed limits are set by establishing

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new rounding practices and by accounting for more roadway and land use contextual factors.

The speed limits established by ordinance are in effect only after signs are in place to give notice of the speed limit.

SMMC section 3.12.490 currently sets speed limits for certain City streets based on a Survey completed in 2014. Section 2B.13 of the California Manual for Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CAMUTCD) requires that a new Survey be conducted every 5, 7, or 14 years in compliance with CVC section 40802 to reevaluate non-statutory speed limits on segments of roadways that have undergone significant changes since the last review.

As such, DOT commissioned a registered engineer from Fehr & Peers to complete the Survey earlier this year and it was conducted from January 27 through July 29, 2024.

The Survey justifies the Council to set reasonable and safe speed limits to facilitate the orderly movement of traffic.

The proposed revisions to SMMC section 3.12.490, which are set forth in Attachment A, adopt speed limit recommendations included in the Survey. The proposed revisions:
a) reduce existing limits on some street segments, b) authorize speed limit reductions on additional street segments where the City has not previously reduced speed limits and c) increase the speed limit on one segment.

Past Council Actions
Past Council actions include the adoption of speed limits in accordance with the Survey conducted in 2014. A subsequent amendment of the speed limits on several corridors listed in SMMC section 3.12.490 was implemented in 2016.

Meeting Date Description
6/10/2014 Ordinance 2459 establishing speed limits for certain streets pursuant to the CVC and amending SMMC section 3.12.490
2/9/2016 Ordinance 2510 establishing speed limits for certain streets pursuant to the CVC and amending SMMC section 3.12.490.

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Discussion
This proposed ordinance modifies SMMC 3.12.490 to incorporate the recommended speed limits in the Survey, which includes a reduction of the speed limit along some of the surveyed segments. DOT recommends establishing these limits in compliance with the CVC, as recently amended by AB 43. DOT has consulted with the Santa Monica Police Department (SMPD) and has taken SMPD’s recommendations into consideration.

The following speed limit reductions are supported by the Survey and would be established by this ordinance, grouped by speed limit and listed alphabetically:

Proposed to be reduced to 35 MPH

1. Olympic Boulevard between 11th Street and Centinela Avenue – from 40 to 35 MPH Proposed to be reduced to 30 MPH

2. Lincoln Boulevard between I-10 Freeway and Pico Boulevard – from 35 to 30 MPH

3. Ocean Park Boulevard between 23rd Street and Centinela Avenue – from 35 to 30 MPH

4. Pico Boulevard between Lincoln Boulevard and Centinela Avenue – from 35 to 30 MPH
Proposed to be reduced to 25 MPH

5. 2
nd Street between Wilshire Boulevard and Colorado Avenue – from 30 to 25 MPH

6. 4
th Street between Colorado Avenue and Pico Boulevard – from 30 to 25 MPH

7. 11th Street between San Vicente Boulevard and Marine Street – from 30 to 25 MPH

8. 14th Street between San Vicente Boulevard and Ashland Avenue - from 30 MPH to 25 MPH

9. 20th Street between Wilshire and Pico boulevards - from 30 to 25 MPH

10.26th Street between San Vicente and Cloverfield boulevards – from 30 to 25 MPH

11.Colorado Avenue between Ocean Avenue and 17th Street - from 30 to 25 MPH

12.Dewey Street between Robson Avenue and 23rd Street - from 30 to 25 MPH

13.Main Street between Colorado Avenue and Pico Boulevard - from 30 to 25 MPH

14.Marine Street between Lincoln Boulevard and 17th Street – from 30 to 25 MPH

15.Montana Avenue between Ocean Avenue and Stanford Street - from 30 to 25 MPH

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16.Neilson Way between Pico Boulevard and Marine Street - from 30 to 25 MPH

17.Ocean Avenue between the north City limit and Pico Boulevard - from 30 to 25 MPH

18.Ocean Park Boulevard between Barnard Way and 23rd Street - from 30 to 25 MPH

19.Pico Boulevard between Appian Way and Lincoln Boulevard – from 35 to 25 MPH

20.Stewart Street between Colorado Avenue and Pico Boulevard - from 30 to 25 MPH

21.Wilshire Boulevard between Ocean Avenue and Lincoln Boulevard - from 30 to 25 MPH
Proposed to be reduced to 20 MPH

22.6 th Street between Pico Boulevard and Pier Avenue – from 30 to 20 MPH

23.20th Street between Pico and Ocean Park boulevards – from 25 to 20 MPH

24.Appian Way between Pacific Coast Highway and Bay Street – from 25 to 20 MPH

25.Ashland Avenue between Neilson Way and Lincoln Boulevard – from 25 (statutory) to 20 MPH

26.Barnard Way between Hollister Avenue and Neilson Way – from 25 to 20 MPH

27.California Avenue between Ocean Avenue and Lincoln Boulevard – from 25 to 20 MPH

28.Michigan Avenue between Lincoln Boulevard and 19th Street – from 25 (statutory) to 20 MPH

29.Washington Avenue between Ocean Avenue and Stanford Street – from 25 to 20 MPH
The following speed limit increase is supported by the Survey and would be established by this ordinance:

1. California Avenue between Pacific Coast Highway and Ocean Avenue (also known as the California Incline) – from 25 to 30 MPH
Pursuant to CVC section 22358.4(b)(1), the Survey supports a 15 miles per hour prima facie (“at face value”) speed limit in areas less than 500 feet from or passing a school building or grounds, effective during school days only, and extending the 25 miles per hour prima facie school zone limits up to 1000 feet from school property.

The following 15 MPH prima facie speed limit and 25 MPH prima facie limits near school property are supported by the Survey and would be established by this ordinance:

1. 6
th Street between Pico Boulevard and Bay Street (Santa Monica High School)

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2. 7
th Street between Idaho Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard (Saint Monica Preparatory School)

3. 14th Street between Idaho Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard (Lincoln Middle School)

4. 14th Street between Pearl and Maple streets (Will Rogers Learning Community)

5. 16th Street between Pico and Ocean Park boulevards (John Adams Middle School)

6. 16th Street between Idaho Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard (Lincoln Middle School)

7. 17th Street between Pearl Street and Ocean Park Boulevard (John Adams Middle School)

8. 24th Street between Grant Elementary School and Ocean Park Boulevard (Grant Elementary School)

9. Arizona Avenue between 23rd and 25th streets (McKinley Elementary School)

10.California Avenue between 6th and 9th streets (Saint Monica Preparatory School)

11.California Avenue between 14th and 16th streets (Lincoln Middle School)

12.Chelsea Avenue between Arizona Avenue and Santa Monica Boulevard (McKinley Elementary School)

13.Idaho Avenue between 23rd and 25th streets (Franklin Elementary School)

14.Lincoln Boulevard between Alta and Montana avenues (Roosevelt Elementary School)

15.Lincoln Boulevard between Idaho Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard (Saint Monica Preparatory School)

16.Montana Avenue between 23rd and 25th streets (Franklin Elementary School)

17.Ocean Park Boulevard between 4th Street and Beverley Avenue (John Muir Elementary School)

18.Pearl Street between 16th and 20th streets (John Adams Middle School)

19.Pearl Street between Cloverfield Boulevard and 25th Street (Grant Elementary School)

20.Virginia Avenue between High Place and Frank Street (Edison Language Academy)

21.Washington Avenue between 6th and 9th streets (Saint Monica Preparatory School)

22.Washington Avenue between 14th and 16th streets (Lincoln Middle School) The proposed speed limit changes support the City’s Vision Zero goal of eliminating fatal and severe injury crashes for all roadway users within the context of the CVC as recently updated by AB 43. One of the pillars of the national Safe System Approach is

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safer speeds, and application of reasonable and safe speed limits allows for effective enforcement of speed limits throughout the City.

Next Steps
Should City Council approve, the installation of new and updated speed limit signs will be performed by DOT staff after the changes take effect 30 days after second reading of the ordinance. The anticipated duration for installation of signs is two months, and new speed limits would not be enforceable until signage is posted on the corridor.

Environmental Impacts
The project is categorically exempt from CEQA pursuant to Section 15301 and of the CEQA Guidelines. Section 15301 exempts Class 1 (Existing Facilities) projects from CEQA, which include the operation, repair, maintenance, permitting, leasing, licensing, or minor alteration of existing public or private structures, facilities, mechanical equipment, or topographical features, involving negligible or no expansion of existing or former use. The proposed speed limit changes would apply to existing streets in the City and no expansion of the streets would occur. Therefore, the changes are exempt pursuant to Section 15301 of the CEQA Guidelines.

The speed limit changes are also exempt from CEQA pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) of the CEQA Guidelines, which states that CEQA does not apply, “where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment.” The proposed speed limit changes would reduce fatal and severe injury crashes and would not have a physical effect on the environment. Therefore, it can be seen with certainty that actions would not result in adverse physical impacts on the environment, and as such, is exempt from CEQA.

Financial Impacts and Budget Actions
There is no immediate financial impact or budget action necessary as a result of the recommended action. Staff will return to Council if specific budget actions are required in the future.

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Prepared By: Mia Silver, CityTraffic Engineer
Approved Forwarded to Council
Attachments:

A. New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A B. Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813
C. Written Comments
D. PowerPoint Presentation

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1 City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024 Santa Monica, California ORDINANCE NUMBER _________ (CCS)
(City Council Series)

AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
SANTA MONICA AMENDING SANTA MONICA MUNICIPAL CODE SECTION 3.12.490

TO ESTABLISH SPEED LIMITS FOR CERTAIN CITY STREETS PURSUANT TO THE

CALIFORNIA VEHICLE CODE
WHEREAS, the California Vehicle Code establishes how a local authority sets speed limits that differ from the statutory speed of 25 miles per hour in a business or residence district or 65 miles per hour on other roadways; and WHEREAS, California Vehicle Code sections 22357 and 22358 provide that if the local authority determines, on the basis of a survey, that a speed higher or lower than the statutory speed limit would facilitate the orderly movement of vehicular traffic and would be reasonable and safe, the local authority may determine and declare a speed limit by ordinance; and
WHEREAS, the declared prima facie speed limits shall only be effective when appropriate signs giving notice thereof are erected upon the street and the limits shall not be revised except upon the basis of an engineering and traffic study WHEREAS, an engineering and traffic survey ("Survey") was conducted for the City by Fehr & Peers in 2024; and
WHEREAS, the Survey recommended certain changes to speed limits for certain City streets, as set forth in Exhibit A; and
WHEREAS, the City Council has determined that the speed limits set forth in the Survey are most appropriate to facilitate the orderly movement of traffic within the City and are reasonable and safe; and

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Packet Pg. 1366 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 2 WHEREAS, this ordinance would modify Santa Monica Municipal Code section

3.12.490 by setting new or revised speed limits for certain City streets, based upon the results of the Survey.

NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA DOES HEREBY ORDAIN AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 1. The City Council hereby determines the speed limits set forth in the Survey (attached hereto as Exhibit "A") are most appropriate to facilitate the orderly movement of traffic within the City and are reasonable and safe SECTION 2. Section 3.12.490 of the Santa Monica Municipal Code is hereby amended as follows:
§ 3.12.490 Speed limits established on the basis of an engineering and traffic survey pursuant to the California Vehicle Code.

The following speed limits are established pursuant to the California Vehicle Code. These prima facie speed limits shall be effective when appropriate signs giving notice thereof are erected for each listed street.
(a) Forty miles per hour:
(1) Olympic Boulevard from 11th Street to Centinela Avenue. (b)(a) Thirty-five miles per hour:
(1) Lincoln Boulevard from Santa Monica FreewayPico Boulevard to south City limit;
(2) Olympic Boulevard from 11th Street to Centinela Avenue; (2) Ocean Park Boulevard from 23rd Street to Centinela Avenue; (3) Pico Boulevard from Appian Way to Centinela Avenue;

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Packet Pg. 1367 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 3 (4)(3) San Vicente Boulevard from Ocean Avenue to 26th Street. (c)(b) Thirty miles per hour:
(1) 2nd Street from Wilshire Boulevard to Colorado Avenue; (2) 4th Street from Colorado Avenue to Pico Boulevard;
(3) 11th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to Marine Street; (4) 14th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to Ashland Avenue; (5) 20th Street from Wilshire Boulevard to Pico Boulevard; (6) 26th Street from north City limit to Cloverfield Boulevard; (1) California Avenue from Pacific Coast Highway to Ocean Avenue; (7)(2) Cloverfield Boulevard from Santa Monica Boulevard to Pico Boulevard; (8)(3) Colorado Avenue from Ocean Avenue17th Street to Centinela Avenue; (9) Dewey Street from Robson Avenue to 23rd Street;
(10)(4) Lincoln Boulevard from Wilshire Boulevard to Santa Monica FreewayPico Boulevard;
(11) Main Street from Colorado Avenue to Pico Boulevard; (12) Marine Street from Lincoln Boulevard to 17th Street; (13) Montana Avenue from Ocean Avenue to 7th Street;
(14) Montana Avenue from 14th Street east City limit;
(15) Neilson Way from Pico Boulevard to south City limit; (16) Ocean Avenue from north City limit to Pico Boulevard; (17)(5) Ocean Park Boulevard from Barnard Way23rd Street to 23rd Street Centinela Avenue;
(6) Pico Boulevard from Lincoln Boulevard to Centinela Avenue;

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Packet Pg. 1368 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 4 (18)(7) Santa Monica Boulevard from Lincoln Boulevard to Centinela Avenue; (19) Stewart Street from Colorado Avenue to Pico Boulevard; (20)(8) Wilshire Boulevard from Ocean AvenueLincoln Boulevard to Centinela Avenue.
(d)(c) Twenty-five miles per hour:
(1) 2nd Street from Montana Avenue to Wilshire BoulevardColorado Avenue; (2) 4th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to Colorado Avenuesouth City limit; (3) 4th Street from Pico Boulevard to south City limit; (4)(3) 5th Street from Montana Avenue to Olympic BoulevardColorado Avenue; (5)(4) 6th Street from Montana Avenue to Colorado Avenue; (6)(5) 7th Street from north City limit to Olympic Boulevard; (6) 7th Street from Michigan Avenue to Pico Boulevard;
(7) 11th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to Marine Street; (8) 14th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to Ashland Avenue; (7)(9) 17th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to south City limit; (8)(10) 20th Street from San Vicente Boulevard to WilshirePico Boulevard; (9) 20th Street from Pico Boulevard to Ocean Park Boulevard; (10)(11) 23rd Street from Pico Boulevard to Ocean Park Boulevardsouth City limit; (12) 26th Street from north City limit to Cloverfield Boulevard; (11)(13) 28th Street from Pico Boulevard to Ocean Park Boulevard; (12) Appian Way from Santa Monica Pier to Bay Street;
(13)(14) Arizona Avenue from Ocean Avenue to Centinela Avenue; (14)(15) Ashland Avenue from Lincoln Boulevard to 23rd Street;

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Packet Pg. 1369 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 5 (15) Barnard Way from Hollister Avenue to Neilson Way; (16) Broadway from Ocean Avenue to Centinela Avenue;
(17) California Avenue from Pacific Coast HighwayLincoln Boulevard to 4th20th Street;
(18) Cloverfield Boulevard from Pico Boulevard to Ocean Park Boulevard; (19) Colorado Avenue from Ocean Avenue to 17th Street;
(20) Dewey Street between Robson Avenue and 23rd Street; (19)(21) Lincoln Boulevard from San Vicente Boulevard to Montana Avenue Wilshire Boulevard;
(20)(22) Main Street from Pico BoulevardColorado Avenue to south City limit; (22)(23) Marine Street from Neilson Way to Lincoln Boulevard17th Street; (23)(24) Montana Avenue from 7th StreetOcean Avenue to 14thStanford Street; (24)(25) Ocean Avenue from Pico Boulevardnorth City limit to Hollister Avenue; (26) Ocean Park Boulevard from Barnard Way to 23rd Street; (25) Olympic Drive from Main Street to 4th Street;
(26)(27) Pearl Street from Lincoln Boulevard to Centinela Avenue; (27)(28) Pico Boulevard from Appian Way to Lincoln Boulevard; (27)(29) Robson Street from 17th Street to Dewey Street; (28)(30) Santa Monica Boulevard from Ocean Avenue to Lincoln Boulevard; (29)(31) Stanford Street from Montana Avenue to Colorado Avenue; (32) Stewart Street from Colorado Avenue to Pico Boulevard; (30) Washington Street from Ocean Avenue to Stanford Street; (33) Wilshire Boulevard from Ocean Avenue to Lincoln Boulevard.

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Packet Pg. 1370 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 6 (d) Twenty miles per hour:
(1) 6th Street from Pico Boulevard to Pier Avenue;
(2) 20th Street from Pico Boulevard to Ocean Park Boulevard; (3) Appian Way from Pacific Coast Highway to Bay Street; (4) Ashland Avenue from Neilson Way to Lincoln Boulevard; (5) Barnard Way from Hollister Avenue to Neilson Way;
(6) California Avenue from Ocean Avenue to Lincoln Boulevard; (7) Michigan Avenue between Lincoln Boulevard to 19th Street; (8) Washington Avenue from Ocean Avenue to Stanford Street. (e) The following speed limits are established pursuant to California Vehicle Code Section 22358.4(b)(1):
(1) A fifteen-mile-per-hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of thirty miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of less than five hundred feet from, or passing, a school building or the grounds of a school building, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of fifteen miles per hour, while children are going to or leaving the school, either during school hours or during the noon recess period. The prima facie limit shall also apply when approaching, at a distance of less than five hundred feet from, or passing, school grounds that are not separated from the highway by a fence, gate, or other physical barrier while the grounds are in use by children and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of fifteen miles per hour.

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Packet Pg. 1371 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 7 (2) A twenty-five-mile-per-hour prima facie limit in a residence district, on a highway with a posted speed limit of thirty miles per hour or slower, when approaching, at a distance of five hundred to one thousand feet from, a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of twenty-five miles per hour, while children are going to or leaving the school, either during school hours or during the noon recess period. The prima facie limit shall also apply when approaching, at a distance of five hundred to one thousand feet from, school grounds that are not separated from the highway by a fence, gate, or other physical barrier while the grounds are in use by children and the highway is posted with a school warning sign that indicates a speed limit of twenty-five miles per hour. (3) The school zone speed limit for each listed street, or portion thereof, shall be as set forth in subsections (1) and (2), above, follows when signs are erected giving notice thereof on the following streets:
(A) 6th Street from Pico Boulevard to Bay Street (Santa Monica High School); (B) 7th Street from Idaho Avenue to Wilshire Boulevard (Saint Monica Preparatory School);
(B)(C) 14th Street from Idaho Avenue to Wilshire Boulevard (Lincoln Middle School);
(C)(D) 14th Street from Pearl Street to Maple Street (Will Rogers Learning Community);
(D)(E) 16th Street from Pico Boulevard to Ocean Park Boulevard (John Adams Middle School);

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Packet Pg. 1372 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 8 (E)(F) 16th Street from Idaho Avenue to Wilshire Boulevard (Lincoln Middle School);
(F)(G) 17th Street from Pearl Street to Ocean Park Boulevard (John Adams Middle School);
(G)(H) 24th Street from Grant Elementary School to Ocean Park Boulevard (Grant Elementary School);
(H)(I) Arizona Avenue from 23rd Street to 25th Street (McKinley Elementary School);
(J) California Avenue from 6th Street to 9th Street (Saint Monica Preparatory School);
(I)(K) California Avenue from 14th Street to 16th Street (Lincoln Middle School); (J)(L) Chelsea Avenue from Arizona Avenue to Santa Monica Boulevard (McKinley Elementary School);
(K)(M) Idaho Avenue from 23rd Street to 25th Street (Franklin Elementary School);
(L)(N) Lincoln Boulevard from Alta Avenue to Montana Avenue (Roosevelt Elementary School);
(O) Lincoln Boulevard from Idaho Avenue to Wilshire Boulevard (Saint Monica Preparatory School);
(M)(P) Montana Avenue from 23rd Street to 25th Street (Franklin Elementary School);
(N)(Q) Ocean Park Boulevard from 4th Street to Beverley Avenue (John Muir Elementary School);

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Packet Pg. 1373 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 9 (R)Pearl Street from 16th Street to 20th Street (John Adams Middle School); (O)(S) Pearl from Cloverfield Boulevard to 25th Street (Grant Elementary School);
(T) Virginia Avenue from High Place to Frank Street (Edison Language Academy);
(U) Washington Avenue from 6th Street to 9th Street (Saint Monica Preparatory School);
(P)(V) Washington Avenue from 14th Street to 16th Street (Lincoln Middle School);.
(Q) Virginia Avenue from High Place to Frank Street (Edison Language Academy);
(R)Pearl Street from 16th Street to 20th Street (John Adams Middle School). (f) The speed limit of fifteen miles per hour is established pursuant to California Vehicle Code Section 22358.3 for the following streets:
(1) Bryn Mawr Avenue from 16th Street to 18th Street;
(2) Sunset Avenue from 16th Street to Dewey Street;
(3) Wellesley Drive from Ashland Avenue to 18th Street.

SECTION 3. Any provision of the Santa Monica Municipal Code or appendices thereto inconsistent with the provisions of this Ordinance, to the extent of such inconsistencies and no further, is hereby repealed or modified to that extent necessary to effect the provisions of this Ordinance.

SECTION 4. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid or unconstitutional by a decision of any

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Packet Pg. 1374 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 10 court of competent jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Ordinance. The City Council hereby declares that it would have passed this Ordinance and each and every section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase not declared invalid or unconstitutional without regard to whether any portion of the ordinance would be subsequently declared invalid or unconstitutional.

SECTION 5. The Mayor shall sign and the City Clerk shall attest to the passage of this Ordinance. The City Clerk shall cause the same to be published once in the official newspaper within 15 days after its adoption. This Ordinance shall become effective thirty days after adoption.

APPROVED AS TO FORM:
_________________________
Douglas Sloan, City Attorney

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Packet Pg. 1375 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 11 EXHIBIT A

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Packet Pg. 1376 Attachment: New Speed Limit Ordinance Amendment 8-27-2024 (002) A (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) Engineering and Traffic Survey
Results and Speed Limit Update
Prepared for the City of Santa Monica
July 29, 2024

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Packet Pg. 1377 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
2 Executive Summary
Guided by the Safe System Approach, the City of Santa Monica (City) initiated this study evaluating roadway speeds and speed limits to improve the safety of its roadway system. As part of this effort, Fehr & Peers was contracted to prepare an Engineering and Traffic Survey (E&TS) for 141 roadway segments composed of 215 data collection locations, and to complete an analysis that resulted in recommended speed limit updates as defined by California Vehicle Code (CVC) Section 627 and the 2014 California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CA MUTCD), Revision 8.

To update speed limits, the speed data were analyzed to set reasonable and appropriate speed limits in consideration of the following Assembly Bill 43 mechanisms: namely, Safety Corridors, Bicyclist and Pedestrian Activity Generators, Business Activity Districts, and historic speed limit retention. Additionally, speed limit continuity and existing infrastructure were taken into account, including the City’s Priority Network, principal arterial designation, bikes lanes, neighborhood greenways, K-12 facilities, and public parks.

This effort resulted in identifying 62 roadways segments, which account for 32 roadway miles, where speed limit reductions would be appropriate. The average speed limit reduction for all roadway segments where speed limit reductions were applied was 5 mph.

Table ES-1: Speed Limit Update Summary
Statistic Updated Speed Limits
Total number of roadway segments analyzed 141
Total number of roadway segments with speed reductions 62 Roadways miles where speed limits were reduced 32
Average speed limit reduction for all roadways segments where speed limit reductions were applied 5

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Packet Pg. 1378 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
3 Overview
Guided by the Safe System Approach, the City initiated this project to update speed limits pursuant to Section 22358 of the CVC. The Safe System Approach is a United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) adopted
paradigm that addresses roadway safety. The approach is depicted on the wheel in Figure 1, which promotes five
design elements on the inner ring, and six safe roadway principles on the outer ring. Embedded in this approach is anticipating human mistakes by designing and managing
road infrastructure to keep the risk of mistakes low; and, when a mistake leads to a crash, that the result is not a fatality or serious injury.

To assist the City with this objective, Fehr & Peers prepared an E&TS for 141 roadway segments, and an ensuing
analysis evaluated the potential speed limit reductions on each segment. Two surveys were required for 75 roadway segments (150 total roadway surveys for roadways with raised medians) and one survey was required for 65 roadway segments, yielding a total of 215 roadway locations surveyed. Figure 2 shows a map of existing speed limits, and Figure 3 shows a map of the 85th percentile speed recorded by the surveys.

To update speed limits, the speed data were analyzed for potential speed limit reductions in accordance with Assembly Bill 43 mechanisms: namely, Safety Corridors, Bicyclist and Pedestrian Activity Generators, Business Activity Districts, and historic speed limit retention. More information on the specifications of each of these mechanisms is provided in the next section of this report, Analysis Methodology.

Additionally, speed limit continuity and existing infrastructure were taken into account, including the City’s Priority Network, principal arterial designation, bikes lanes, neighborhood greenways, K-12 facilities, and public parks.

Fehr & Peers produced a list of updated speed limits for all 141 roadway segments in accordance with the CVC. Overall speeds were reduced on 62 roadways, which account for 32 miles of roadway. More details on the results of the analysis are found in the Results section of this report.

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Packet Pg. 1379 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
St
Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
Ave
6th St
Exposition Blvd
Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
St
4th St
5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
Broadway
Appian Way
Ashland
Ave
Ocean Ave
11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
Ave
San Vicente Blvd
26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
Ave
17th St
Pico Blvd
Pearl
St
20th St
Wilshire Blvd
Arizona
Ave
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
17th St
11th St
14th St
20th St
California Incline
Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
St
Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
Ave
6th St
Exposition Blvd
Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
St
4th St
5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
Broadway
Appian Way
Ashland
Ave
Ocean Ave
11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
Ave
San Vicente Blvd
26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
Ave
17th St
Pico Blvd
Pearl
St
20th St
Wilshire Blvd
Arizona
Ave
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
17th St
11th St
14th St
20th St
California Incline
\\fpgisdevapp01\DevGISLibrary\ServiceMXDs\LA\LA233515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS.aprx Existing Speed Limits
Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey
Figure 2
Speed (mph) 15 25 30 35 40
City Boundary
20 10.B.b
Packet Pg. 1380 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New \\fpgisdevapp01\DevGISLibrary\ServiceMXDs\LA\LA233515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS.aprx Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
St
Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
Ave
6th St
Exposition Blvd
Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
St
4th St
5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
Broadway
Appian Way
Ashland
Ave
Ocean Ave
11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
Ave
San Vicente Blvd
26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
Ave
17th St
Pico Blvd
Pearl
St
20th St
Wilshire Blvd
Arizona
Ave
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
17th St
11th St
14th St
20th St
California Incline
Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
St
Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
Ave
6th St
Exposition Blvd
Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
St
4th St
5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
Broadway
Appian Way
Ashland
Ave
Ocean Ave
11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
Ave
San Vicente Blvd
26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
Ave
17th St
Pico Blvd
Pearl
St
20th St
Wilshire Blvd
Arizona
Ave
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
17th St
11th St
14th St
20th St
California Incline
85th Percentile Speeds
Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey
Figure 3
Speed (mph) ≤19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 42 City Boundary

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Packet Pg. 1381 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
6 Analysis Methodology
The goal of this study is to establish enforceable speed limits throughout the City pursuant to Section 22358 of the CVC. To accomplish this, Fehr & Peers developed a methodology that consisted of two main components: data collection and policy review, and data analysis. The result of this effort is an E&TS for the Mobility Division to allow the City to enforce reasonable speed limits on the City’s roadways. The sections below describe how the analysis was conducted.

Data Collection & Policy Review
Fehr & Peers partnered with National Data & Surveying Services (NDS) to collect the required speed and daily travel volume data at 215 roadway locations in the City in accordance with CVC Section 627 and the 2014 CA MUTCD, Revision 8.

While the data was being collected, the following City plans and state legislation were reviewed:
• City of Santa Monica Bicycle Action Plan & Amendment
• Land Use and Circulation Element (LUCE)
• MANGo Concept Plan
• Pedestrian Action Plan
• Local Roadway Safety Plan (LRSP)
• CVC as amended by AB 43: Consideration of factors such as the presence of bicyclists and pedestrians and/or safety corridors in determining speed limits • AB 321: Establishment of prima facie speed limits in school zones and surrounding school grounds Data Analysis
Assembly Bill 43, approved by Governor Gavin Newsom in October 2021, established new practices for how cities can set and enforce speed limits. Before AB 43, local authorities had to round speed limits up or down to the nearest 5 mph speed increment relative to the 85th percentile driving speed observed by traffic and engineering surveys. The 85th percentile speed is the speed at or below which 85 percent of vehicles travel on a roadway. AB 43 changed the way speed limits are set by establishing new rounding practices, and by accounting for more roadway and land use contextual factors. This analysis is consistent with the AB 43 legislation and the 2014 CA MUTCD, Revision 8. It should also be noted that AB 43 extended the period a speed limit justified by a traffic and engineering survey conducted more than seven years ago remains valid, for purposes of speed enforcement, if evaluated by a registered engineer, as

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Packet Pg. 1382 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
7 specified, to 14 years.1 To determine which corridors could be prioritized for speed limit reductions, the following mechanisms and contextual factors were considered:
• Nearest 5 mph increment to 85th percentile speed allows for rounding down; in addition, all roadways are eligible for additional 5 mph reduction
• Safety Corridor/Priority Network designation (eligible for 5 mph reduction) • Proximity to Bicyclist/Pedestrian Generator (eligible for 5 mph reduction) • Within Business Activity District (eligible for 25 or 20 mph prima facie speed limit) • Retention of historic speed limits
• Proximity to Neighborhood Greenways
• Proximity to K-12 facilities
• Proximity to public parks
The following sections describe how each of these mechanisms were applied to develop updated speed limits.
85th Percentile Speed
Historically, speed limits were set for roadway segments—that did not qualify for prima facie speed limits—by determining the 85th percentile speed through an E&TS, and then rounding to the nearest multiple of five. Prima facie speed limits are speed limits that qualify under criteria outlined in the CVC. In the CVC, qualifying criteria are organized by contextual factors, such as Residence Districts, Business Districts, Business Activity Districts, Senior Zones, and School Buildings and Grounds, among others. If a roadway meets the criteria for any of the prima facie speed limit categories, an E&TS is not needed in order to enforce speed limits. If a roadway does not qualify under a prima facie speed limit category, an E&TS must be conducted to enforce speed limits. Prima facie speed limits are not arbitrary speed limit assignments determined by the preferences of a municipality.

AB 43 changed rounding practices in two ways. First, it allows the observed speed to be rounded down, instead of up, if the speed is in the upper quantile of the nearest multiple of 5; for example, a speed of

47.5 mph could be rounded down to 45 mph, instead of rounded to 50 mph. Second, the speed limit may be reduced by an additional 5 mph if it was previously rounded down by naturally by being in the lower quantile of the nearest multiple of 5; for example, after an observed speed of 42.4 mph is rounded down to 40 mph, it could be further reduced to 35 mph. Examples of 85th percentile speed values and the application of the speed limit criteria described above are shown in Table 1. If a corridor qualifies as a Safety Corridor or a Bicyclist/Pedestrian Generator it is eligible for an additional 5 mph reduction. Taking 1 Speed limits determined via an E&TS are valid for at least 5 years. The validity period can be extended to 7 years if officer training/radar requirements are met, and then further extended to 14 years if a registered engineer has determined that no significant changes to the roadway have occurred (e.g., addition or removal of parking/driveways/travel lanes, changes to traffic control/signal coordination, increase or decrease in ADT, etc.) (CVC 40802).

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Packet Pg. 1383 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
8 all of these reductions into account, the maximum possible speed limit reduction from the 85th percentile speed is 12.4 mph.

Table 1: 85th Percentile Speed Rounding
85th-Percentile
Speed (mph)
Rounding to
nearest 5 mph
increment
If rounding to
nearest is up,
may round down
If rounding to
nearest is down,
may additionally
lower by 5 mph
Safety Corridor or
Bicyclist/Pedestrian
Generator

47.5-50.0 50 45 NA 40

45.1-47.4 45 NA 40 35

42.5-45.0 45 40 NA 35

40.1-42.4 40 NA 35 30
Source: California MUTCD Table 2B-104(CA).

Safety Corridors
According to the CA MUTCD, a Safety Corridor is defined as “a roadway segment within an overall roadway network where the highest number of serious injury and fatality crashes occur.” The Safety Corridor definition requirements from Table 2 identify the characteristics that could be used to categorize Safety Corridors. Additionally, Safety Corridors should not constitute more than 20% of a local jurisdiction’s overall roadway network, and they should account for at least 25% of killed or seriously injured (KSI) collisions.

Table 2: Safety Corridor Definition Requirements MUTCD 2B-105(CA) Category Factors
Crash Weighting Factors to
Develop One Serious/Fatal
Injury Safety Corridor
• Crash severity: Fatal Crashes, Serious Injury Crashes • Mode: Pedestrian-bicycle related crashes, vehicle/other • Disadvantaged Community Status: MPO/RTPA or locally defined disadvantaged community status based on most current version of CalEnviroScreen
• Vulnerable Populations: Seniors (age 65 and older) and Youth (under age 15) based on the American Community Survey
• School proximity (within 0.25 miles) based on the California School Campus Database
Crash Density
Each roadway segment block can be converted into ~ 0.25 mile overlapping “corridor” segments to create a consistent unit of measurement and assess the concentration of linear patterns of injuries within a defined distance. The highest scoring (i.e., most fatal and serious injury crashes per mile) “corridor” segments within a street need to be identified and an appropriate threshold set to determine safety corridor eligibility.

Maintenance The jurisdiction can establish a review and re-evaluation frequency for safety corridors. However, such frequency need not exceed seven years.

Source: California MUTCD Table 2B-105(CA).

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Packet Pg. 1384 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
9 For this analysis, the Safety Corridor network was developed using the Santa Monica Local Roadway Safety Plan (LRSP) Priority Network data, which represents 14 percent of Santa Monica’s centerline miles.

The Priority Network was established in Santa Monica to pinpoint areas where transportation safety measures should be focused. This data includes the identification of street segments that represent the highest concentration of crashes weighted by severity for the most recent four years of collision data (2015-2019) from Transportation Injury Mapping System (TIMS). In addition, the top intersection locations in terms of crash rates were mapped to identify which intersections would benefit from safety enhancements.

Surveyed roadway segments that had at least one-third of their length overlapping with the Priority Network were designated as Safety Corridor qualified. Forty-seven roadway segments of the 141 surveyed qualified under this definition.

Bicyclist or Pedestrian Activity Generators
To qualify as a Bicyclist or Pedestrian Activity Generator, a roadway segment must have one or more generators listed in Table 3 present within a distance of 1,320 feet.2If the roadway segment is longer than 1,320 feet, a minimum of one generator must be present for every 1,320 feet. While most of the study roadway segments have multiple characteristics required to be considered a Bicyclist or Pedestrian Activity Generator, at a minimum all roadways have sidewalks, and as such all study roadways qualify as a Bicyclist or Pedestrian Activity Generator. Given that all study roadways qualified as a Bicyclist or Pedestrian Activity Generator, all roadways which did not meet the Safety Corridor designation, were designated as Bicyclist of Pedestrian Activity Generators. In addition, bicycle infrastructure was taken into account when determining the appropriate speed limit, including bikes lanes and neighborhood greenways.

Table 3: Bicyclists or Pedestrians Activity Generators
Category Generator
Land Use
• Employment centers
• Presence of retail
• Parks, multi-use trails, and recreational destinations • Schools/universities
• Senior centers
• Cultural areas, entertainment space areas, or areas of community significance • Religious facilities
• Health/medical facilities
Transit Factors • Transit stops
• Transit Oriented Development/Transit Priority Areas
2 Per the CA MUTCD, if the roadway segment is longer than 1,320 feet, a minimum of one (1) location within the top 20% of pedestrian and/or bicyclist KSI collisions must be present for every 1,320 feet.

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Packet Pg. 1385 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
10 Category Generator
Presence of
Pedestrian/Bicyclist
Infrastructure
• Sidewalk presence
• Crosswalk presence
• Bikeway presence
• Nearby signalized intersections or 4-way intersections • Presence of micromobility devices such as bicycles or scooters Demographic
Factors
• Presence of vulnerable groups including children, seniors, persons with disabilities, users of personal assistive mobility devices, and the unhoused • MPO/RTPA or locally defined disadvantaged community status • Presence of students (all levels)
Local Data • Need identified in a safety analysis such as a road safety audit or formalized planning document such as a local road safety plan
Source: California MUTCD 2B-106(CA).

Business Activity Districts
Assembly Bill 43 also defined the “business activity district” roadway designation. Business Activity Districts are defined as “the portion of a highway and the property contiguous thereto that includes central or neighborhood downtowns, urban villages, or zoning designations that prioritize commercial land uses at the downtown or neighborhood scale.” Per the CA MUTCD, local authorities can declare a 25 or 20 mph prima facie speed limit on a roadway contiguous to a business activity district if the roadway meets all of the following conditions:

1. A maximum of four traffic lanes.

2. A maximum posted 30 mph prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the business activity district, if establishing a 25 mph speed limit.

3. A maximum posted 25 mph prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the business activity district, if establishing a 20 mph speed limit.

To qualify as a business activity district, an area must meet at least three of the following four requirements:

1. No less than 50% of the contiguous property fronting the highway consists of retail or dining commercial uses, including outdoor dining, that open directly onto sidewalks adjacent to the highway.

2. Parking, including parallel, diagonal, or perpendicular spaces, located alongside the highway.

3. Traffic control signals or stop signs regulating traffic flow on the highway, located at intervals of no more than 600 feet.

4. Marked crosswalks not controlled by a traffic control device.

There were many roads in Santa Monica that could have been classified as a Business Activity District; however, the 85th percentile reductions are mutually exclusive from the Business Activity District. In other words, local authorities must choose to apply the reductions to the 85th percentile or the Business Activity District. Given these bounds, Fehr & Peers identified two roadway segments that did not meet the Safety

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Packet Pg. 1386 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
11 Corridor qualification and were appropriate candidates for the Business Activity District designation: Main Street between Ocean Park Boulevard & southern city limit; and, Montana Avenue between 7th Street & 14th Street. While both of these roadway segments qualified as a Business Activity District, for speed limit continuity purposes and based on the 85th percentile speeds, the existing speed limits were retained.

Speed Limit Retention
CVC section 22358.8 with AB 43 allows local authorities to retain the currently adopted speed limit without further reduction as long as that speed limit was established with an E&TS and if a registered engineer has evaluated the section of roadway and determined that no additional general-purpose lanes have been added since completion of the traffic survey that established the prior speed limit. Olympic Boulevard between I-10 westbound ramp and 11th Street, and 23rd Street between Pico Boulevard and Ocean Park Boulevard were the only two surveyed segments where the updated speed limit was rounded up by more than 2.4 mph to the nearest 5 mph increment relative to the surveyed 85th percentile speed— 32 mph and 21 mph, respectively—in order to restore the immediately prior speed limit of 35 mph.

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Packet Pg. 1387 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
12 Results
Once all of the mechanisms were applied, the lowest permitted speed limits were identified, and Fehr & Peers collaborated with city staff to determine the appropriate and reasonable speed limit for each study roadway based on contextual factors. As shown in Table 4, this effort resulted in identifying 62 roadways segments, which account for 32 roadway miles, where speed limit reductions would be appropriate. The average speed limit reduction for all roadway segments where speed limit reductions were applied was 2 mph. Figure 4 shows a map of the updated speed limits along all roadway segments surveyed, and Figure 5 shows whether a surveyed roadway segment was identified for a decrease, increase, or no change to existing speed limits. A complete list of the survey results and alternative speed limit updates can be found in Appendix A. Additional reference to school zone considerations is included in Appendix B.

Additionally, as noted in Table 4, the surveys found that the exact 85th percentile speed of vehicles was higher than the posted speed limit at 65 percent of survey locations (e.g., 85th percentile speed of 25.5 > posted speed limit of 25 mph), lower at 29 percent of survey locations, and approximately equivalent at 6 percent of survey locations.

Table 4 Analysis Summary
Statistic Updated Speed Limits
Speed Limit Changes
Total number of roadway segments analyzed 141
Total number of roadway segments with speed reductions 62 Roadways miles where speed limits were reduced 32
Average speed limit reduction for all roadways segments where speed limit reductions were applied 5
85th Percentile Surveys
% of surveys where the 85th percentile speed was higher than the posted speed 65 % of surveys where the 85th percentile speed was the same as the posted speed 6 % of surveys where the 85th percentile speed was lower than the posted speed 29

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Packet Pg. 1388 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
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Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
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Cloverfield Blvd
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11th St
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Lincoln Blvd
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Santa Monica
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Bicknell
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Michigan
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Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
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Exposition Blvd
Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
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4th St
5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
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Appian Way
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11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
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26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
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Pico Blvd
Pearl
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\\fpgisdevapp01\DevGISLibrary\ServiceMXDs\LA\LA233515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS.aprx Updated Speed Limits
Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey
Figure 4
Speed (mph) 15 25 30 35 40
City Boundary
20 10.B.b
Packet Pg. 1389 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
St
Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
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6th St
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Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
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5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
Broadway
Appian Way
Ashland
Ave
Ocean Ave
11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
Ave
San Vicente Blvd
26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
Ave
17th St
Pico Blvd
Pearl
St
20th St
Wilshire Blvd
Arizona
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Lincoln Blvd
24th St
17th St
11th St
14th St
20th St
California Incline
Bicknell
Ave
Stewart St
Michigan
Ave
Dewey
St
Neilson Main St Way
28th St
Washington
Ave
6th St
Exposition Blvd
Cloverfield Blvd
Barnard Way
23rd St
Marine
St
4th St
5th St
4th St
Stanford St
6th St
2nd St
California
Ave
Broadway
Appian Way
Ashland
Ave
Ocean Ave
11th St
7th St
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
24th St
26th St
14th St
Montana
Santa Monica
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San Vicente Blvd
26th St
Ocean
Park
Colorado
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Pico Blvd
Pearl
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Arizona
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\\fpgisdevapp01\DevGISLibrary\ServiceMXDs\LA\LA233515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS\LA23-3515 Santa Monica ETS.aprx Speed Limit Changes
Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey
Figure 5
Speed Limit Changes Decrease No Change Increase
City Boundary

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Packet Pg. 1390 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
15 Appendices
Appendix A. List of Surveyed Roadway Segments and Updated Speed Limits Surveyed Roadway Segments Updated Speed Limits
Analysis
Code Street Limits Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed Limit Speed Limit Change 85th
Percentile
Difference
1 2nd St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 25.5 25 0 -0.5
2 & 3 2nd St Wilshire Blvd & Colorado Ave 30 26.5 25 -5 -1.5 4 4th St San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 25 30.5 25 0 -5.5 5 4th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 29.0 25 0 -4.0
6 & 7 4th St Wilshire Blvd & Colorado Ave 25 27.3 25 0 -2.3 8 & 9 4th St Colorado Ave & Pico Blvd 30 33.3 25 -5 -8.3 10 & 11 4th St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 25 25.8 25 0 -0.8 12 & 13 4th St Ocean Park Blvd & S City Limit 25 27.3 25 0 -2.3 14 & 15 5th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 28.0 25 0 -3.0 16 & 17 5th St Wilshire Blvd & Colorado Ave 25 29.5 25 0 -4.5 18 6th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 27.0 25 0 -2.0 19 & 20 6th St Wilshire Blvd & Colorado Ave 25 28.5 25 0 -3.5 21 6th St Pico Blvd & Bay St 25 18.5 20 -5 1.5
22 6th St Bay St & Ocean Park Blvd 25 30.0 20 -5 -10.0
23 6th St Ocean Park Blvd & Pier Ave 25 26.5 20 -5 -6.5 24 & 25 7th St N City Limit & Montana Ave 25 30.5 25 0 -5.5 26 & 27 7th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 29.3 25 0 -4.3 28 & 29 7th St Wilshire Blvd & Olympic Blvd 25 27.3 25 0 -2.3 30 7th St Michigan Ave & Pico Blvd 25 27.0 25 0 -2.0

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Packet Pg. 1391 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
16 Surveyed Roadway Segments Updated Speed Limits
Analysis
Code Street Limits Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed Limit Speed Limit Change 85th
Percentile
Difference
31 11th St San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 30 29.0 25 -5 -4.0 32 11th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 30 29.0 25 -5 -4.0 33 & 34 11th St Wilshire Blvd & Pico Blvd 30 32.3 25 -5 -7.3 35 11th St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 30 27.5 25 -5 -2.5 36 11th St Ocean Park Blvd & Marine St 30 31.5 25 -5 -6.5 37 14th St San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 30 30.5 25 -5 -5.5 38 14th St Montana Ave & Washington Ave 30 27.0 25 -5 -2.0 39 & 40 14th St Washington Ave & Wilshire Blvd 30 27.8 25 -5 -2.8 41 & 42 14th St Wilshire Blvd & Pico Blvd 30 32.0 25 -5 -7.0 43 & 44 14th St Pico Blvd & Ashland Ave 30 31.8 25 -5 -6.8 45 17th St San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 25 29.0 25 0 -4.0 46 17th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 30.0 25 0 -5.0 47 & 48 17th St Wilshire Blvd & Pico Blvd 25 27.3 25 0 -2.3 49 17th St Pearl St & Ashland Ave 25 23.0 25 0 2.0
50 17th St Ashland Ave & Marine St/Robson Ave 25 28.0 25 0 -3.0 51 20th St San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 25 24.0 25 0 1.0 52 20th St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 30.0 25 0 -5.0 53 & 54 20th St Wilshire Blvd & Pico Blvd 30 30.0 25 -5 -5.0 55 & 56 20th St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 25 20.5 20 -5 -0.5 57 & 58 23rd St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 25 21.0 25 0 4.0 59 & 60 23rd St Ocean Park Blvd & Ashland Ave 25 29.5 25 0 -4.5 61 & 62 23rd St Ashland Ave & S City Limit 25 32.0 25 0 -7.0 63 24th St San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 25 26.0 25 0 -1.0 64 24th St Idaho Ave & Washington Ave 25 26.0 25 0 -1.0 65 24th St Pico Blvd & Pearl St 25 24.0 25 0 1.0

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Packet Pg. 1392 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
17 Surveyed Roadway Segments Updated Speed Limits
Analysis
Code Street Limits Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed Limit Speed Limit Change 85th
Percentile
Difference
66 24th St Grant Elementary & Ocean Park Blvd 25 23.0 25 0 2.0 67 & 68 26th St N City Limit & Montana Ave 30 33.8 25 -5 -8.8 69 & 70 26th St Montana Ave & Washington Ave 30 29.5 25 -5 -4.5 71 & 72 26th St Wilshire Blvd & Olympic Blvd 30 29.5 25 -5 -4.5 73 26th St Olympic Blvd & Cloverfield Blvd 30 27.0 25 -5 -2.0 74 28th St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 25 24.5 25 0 0.5 75 Appian Way Pacific Coast Hwy & Bay St 25 23.0 20 -5 -3.0 76 & 77 Arizona Ave Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 25 24.8 25 0 0.3 78 Arizona Ave Lincoln Blvd & 26th St 25 24.5 25 0 0.5
79 Arizona Ave 26th St & Centinela Ave 25 28.5 25 0 -3.5 80 Ashland Ave Neilson Wy & Lincoln Blvd 25 22.5 20 -5 -2.5 81 Ashland Ave Lincoln Blvd & 23rd St 25 28.0 25 0 -3.0 82 Barnard Way Hollister Ave & Ocean Park Blvd 25 26.5 20 -5 -6.5 83 Barnard Way Ocean Park Blvd & Neilson Way 25 27.0 20 -5 -7.0 84 & 85 Bicknell Ave Ocean Ave & 4th St 25 27.3 25 0 -2.3 86 Broadway Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 25 26.5 25 0 -1.5
87 & 88 Broadway E Lincoln Blvd & 20th St 25 27.0 25 0 -2.0 89 & 90 Broadway E 20th St & Princeton St 25 31.3 25 0 -6.3 91 & 92 Broadway E Princeton St & Centinela Ave 25 25.0 25 0 0.0 93 Bryn Mawr 16th St & 18th St 15 20.5 15 0 -5.5
94 California Ave Pacific Coast Hwy & Ocean Ave 25 36.5 30 5 -6.5 95 California Ave Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 25 23.5 20 -5 -3.5 96 & 97 California Ave Lincoln Blvd & 20th St 25 25.5 25 0 -0.5 98 & 99 Cloverfield Blvd Santa Monica Blvd & Olympic Blvd 30 29.3 30 0 0.8 100 & 101 Cloverfield Blvd Olympic Blvd & I-10 Fwy 30 31.5 30 0 -1.5

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Packet Pg. 1393 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
18 Surveyed Roadway Segments Updated Speed Limits
Analysis
Code Street Limits Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed Limit Speed Limit Change 85th
Percentile
Difference
102 & 103 Cloverfield Blvd I-10 Fwy & Pico Blvd 30 32.8 30 0 -2.8 104 Cloverfield Blvd Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 25 25.0 25 0 0.0 105 & 106 Colorado Ave Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 30 28.5 25 -5 -3.5 107 Colorado Ave Lincoln Blvd & 17th St 30 33.5 25 -5 -8.5 108 Colorado Ave 17th St & 20th St 30 35.5 30 0 -5.5
109 Colorado Ave 20th St & Centinela Ave 30 35.0 30 0 -5.0 110 Dewey St Robson Ave & 23rd St 30 33.0 25 -5 -8.0
111 Exposition Blvd Stewart St & Centinela Ave 25 27.5 25 0 -2.5 112 Lincoln Blvd San Vicente Blvd & Montana Ave 25 30.0 25 0 -5.0 113 Lincoln Blvd Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 31.5 25 0 -6.5 114 & 115 Lincoln Blvd Wilshire Blvd & I-10 Fwy 30 31.8 30 0 -1.8 116 & 117 Lincoln Blvd I-10 Fwy & Pico Blvd 35 33.5 30 -5 -3.5 118 & 119 Lincoln Blvd Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 35 38.3 35 0 -3.3 120 & 121 Lincoln Blvd Ocean Park Blvd & Ozone Ave 35 38.8 35 0 -3.8 122 & 123 Main St Colorado Ave & Pico Blvd 30 30.8 25 -5 -5.8 124 & 125 Main St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 25 27.5 25 0 -2.5 126 & 127 Main St Ocean Park Blvd & S City Limit 25 25.0 25 0 0.0 128 Marine St Neilson Way & Highland Ave 25 26.0 25 0 -1.0 129 Marine St Highland Ave & Lincoln Blvd 25 25.5 25 0 -0.5 130 Marine St Lincoln Blvd & 17th St 30 32.0 25 -5 -7.0 131 & 132 Montana Ave Ocean Ave & 7th St 30 29.8 25 -5 -4.8 133 & 134 Montana Ave 7th St & 14th St 25 26.3 25 0 -1.3 135 & 136 Montana Ave 14th St & 20th St 30 32.8 25 -5 -7.8 137 & 138 Montana Ave 20th St & Stanford St 30 30.0 25 -5 -5.0 139 & 140 Neilson Way Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd 30 32.0 25 -5 -7.0

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Packet Pg. 1394 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
19 Surveyed Roadway Segments Updated Speed Limits
Analysis
Code Street Limits Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed Limit Speed Limit Change 85th
Percentile
Difference
141 & 142 Neilson Way Ocean Park Blvd & S City Limit 30 33.0 25 -5 -8.0 143 & 144 Ocean Ave N City Limit & Montana Ave 30 33.5 25 -5 -8.5 145 & 146 Ocean Ave Montana Ave & California Ave 30 32.0 25 -5 -7.0 147 & 148 Ocean Ave California Ave & Colorado Ave 30 31.3 25 -5 -6.3 149 & 150 Ocean Ave Colorado Ave & Pico Blvd 30 33.8 25 -5 -8.8 151 Ocean Ave Pico Blvd & Hollister Ave 25 25.0 25 0 0.0 152 & 153 Ocean Park Barnard Way & 6th St 30 29.3 25 -5 -4.3 154 & 155 Ocean Park 6th St & Lincoln Blvd 30 30.5 25 -5 -5.5 156 & 157 Ocean Park Lincoln Blvd & 14th St 30 31.8 25 -5 -6.8 158 & 159 Ocean Park 14th St & 23rd St 30 31.0 25 -5 -6.0 160 & 161 Ocean Park 23rd St & Centinela Ave 35 38.0 30 -5 -8.0 162 Olympic Blvd 5th St and Lincoln Blvd 35 35.0 35 0 0.0 163 Olympic Blvd I-10 WB Ramp & 11th St 35 32.0 35 0 3.0 164 Olympic Blvd I-10 EB Ramp & 11th St 35 40.0 35 0 -5.0 165 & 166 Olympic Blvd 11th St & 20th St 40 37.5 35 -5 -2.5 167 & 168 Olympic Blvd 20th St & 26th St 40 36.5 35 -5 -1.5 169 & 170 Olympic Blvd 26th St & Centinela Ave 40 41.3 35 -5 -6.3 171 Pearl St Lincoln Blvd & 16th St 25 29.0 25 0 -4.0
172 Pearl St 16th St & 20th St 25 26.0 25 0 -1.0
173 Pearl St 20th St & Centinela Ave 25 26.5 25 0 -1.5
174 & 175 Pico Blvd Appian Way & 4th St 35 34.5 25 -10 -9.5 176 & 177 Pico Blvd 4th St & Lincoln Blvd 35 30.0 25 -10 -5.0 178 & 179 Pico Blvd Lincoln Blvd & 20th St 35 34.8 30 -5 -4.8 180 & 181 Pico Blvd 20th St & Centinela Ave 35 33.5 30 -5 -3.5 182 Robson Ave 17th St & Dewey St 25 25.0 25 0 0.0

10.B.b
Packet Pg. 1395 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
20 Surveyed Roadway Segments Updated Speed Limits
Analysis
Code Street Limits Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed Limit Speed Limit Change 85th
Percentile
Difference
183 & 184 San Vicente Ocean Ave & 7th St 35 39.5 35 0 -4.5 185 & 186 San Vicente 7th St & 17th St 35 39.3 35 0 -4.3 187 & 188 San Vicente 17th St & 26th St 35 40.8 35 0 -5.8 189 & 190 Santa Monica Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 25 25.8 25 0 -0.8 191 & 192 Santa Monica Lincoln Blvd & 17th St 30 32.5 30 0 -2.5 193 & 194 Santa Monica 17th St & Cloverfield Blvd 30 29.8 30 0 0.3 195 & 196 Santa Monica Cloverfield Blvd & Centinela Ave 30 34.8 30 0 -4.8 197 Stanford St Montana Ave & Wilshire Blvd 25 32.0 25 0 -7.0 198 Stanford St Wilshire Blvd & Colorado Ave 25 31.0 25 0 -6.0 199 Stewart St Colorado Ave & Exposition Blvd 30 25.5 25 -5 -0.5 200 Stewart St Exposition Blvd & Pico Blvd 30 29.0 25 -5 -4.0 201 Sunset Ave 16th St & Dewey St 15 22.0 15 0 -7.0
202 & 203 Washington Ave Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 25 24.8 20 -5 -4.8 204 Washington Ave Lincoln Blvd & 20th St 25 25.5 20 -5 -5.5 205 Washington Ave 20th St & 26th St 25 22.0 20 -5 -2.0 206 Washington Ave 26th St & Stanford St 25 27.0 20 -5 -7.0 207 Wellesley Dr Ashland Ave & 18th St 15 23.0 15 0 -8.0 208 & 209 Wilshire Blvd Ocean Ave & Lincoln Blvd 30 31.0 25 -5 -6.0 210 & 211 Wilshire Blvd Lincoln Blvd & 17th St 30 30.3 30 0 -0.3 212 & 213 Wilshire Blvd 17th St & Centinela Ave 30 30.5 30 0 -0.5 214 Michigan Ave Lincoln Blvd & 14th St 25 20.0 20 -5 0.0 215 Michigan Ave 14th St & 19th St 25 22.0 20 -5 -2.0

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Packet Pg. 1396 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 Engineering and Traffic Survey
City of Santa Monica
7/29/2024
21 Appendix B. School Zones
CVC 22358.4 was also reviewed as a part of this project. CVC 22358.4 allows local authorities to declare a 15 or 20 mph prima facie speed limit within 500 feet of a school building or school grounds and an extended 25 mph prima facie speed limit within 500 to 1,000 feet from a school or school grounds for roadways in residential district that have a maximum posted 30 miles per hour prima facie speed limit immediately prior to and after the school zone, and have a maximum of two traffic lanes. The City Mobility Division provided a list of roadway segments that meet these criteria in school zones where speed limits are 15 mph during specified times on school days. These roadways were reviewed to compare the updated speed limits to the existing school zone speed limit. Table B1 summarizes the street segments that currently have school zone speed limits of 15 mph and the updated speed limits.

Table B1. Roadway Segments Currently with 15 mph Speed Limits during School Hours Analysis
Code Street Segment Limits School
Updated
Speed
Limit
21 6
th St Pico Blvd & Bay St Santa Monica High 20
26 & 27 7
th St Idaho Ave to Wilshire Blvd Saint Monica School 25 39 & 40 14th St Idaho Ave & Wilshire Blvd Lincoln Middle 25 43 & 44 14th St Pearl St & Maple St Will Rogers Learning Community 25 - 16th St Pico Blvd & Ocean Park Blvd Johns Adams Middle - - 16th St Idaho Ave & Wilshire Blvd Lincoln Middle -
49 17th St Pearl St & Ocean Park Blvd Johns Adams 25
66 24th St Grant Elementary & Ocean Park Blvd Grant Elementary 25 78 Arizona Ave 23rd St & 25th St McKinley Elementary 25 95/96 & 97 California Ave 6
th St to 9th St Saint Monica School 20/25
96 & 97 California Ave 14th St & 16th St Lincoln Middle 25 - Chelsea Ave Arizona Ave & Santa Monica Blvd McKinley Elementary - - Idaho Ave 23rd St & 25th St Franklin Elementary -
112 Lincoln Blvd Alta Ave & Montana Ave Roosevelt Elementary 25 113 Lincoln Blvd Idaho Ave to Wilshire Blvd Saint Monica School 25 137 & 138 Montana Ave 23rd St & 25th St Franklin Elementary 25 152 & 153 Ocean Park Blvd 4
th St & Beverly Ave John Muir Elementary 25
173 Pearl St Cloverfield Blvd & 25th St Grant Elementary 25 172 Pearl St 16th St & 20th St John Adams Middle 20
- Virginia Ave High Place & Frank St Edison Language Academy - 202 &
203/204 Washington Ave 6
th St to 9th St Saint Monica School 20
204 Washington Ave 14th St & 16th St Lincoln Middle 20

10.B.b
Packet Pg. 1397 Attachment: Santa Monica Engineering & Traffic Survey Results and Recommendations_FINAL_20240813 (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New 1 David Yakobson
From: Cynthia Rose <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 11:35 AM
To: councilmtgitems; Council Mailbox; Gleam Davis; Jesse Zwick; Caroline Torosis; Lana Negrete; Oscar de la Torre; Phil Brock; Christine Parra Cc: Jason Kligier; Kyle Kozar; David White; Anuj Gupta; Jacqui Swartz; [email protected]
Subject: Agenda Item 10B: support
Attachments: 2024-08 CC Support Items 10B Speed Survey.pdf

EXTERNAL
Please find our letter of support for agenda item 10B
--
Cynthia Rose
Director
Santa Monica Spoke
SMSpoke.org
I acknowledge with respect and gratitude the Tongva, Kizh, and Chumash Peoples on whose traditional territory I live and work.

Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1398 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) A community group dedicated
to biking in Santa Monica.

Working to make the
City of Santa Monica a
more sustainable,
bikeable place to live, work and play.

August 27, 2024
Support Agenda Items 10B
Dear Mayor and City Council Members:

With great appreciation Santa Monica Spoke and the Santa Monica Safe Streets Alliance support Agenda Item 10B, an ordinance to amend the City’s speed limits. Our City Transportation Staff (SMDOT), led by Anuj Gupta and our Mobility Team (including our newest traffic engineer Mia) have conducted a Speed Survey which has been used to carefully update our streets speed limits in accordance with the California State Law. This resulted in the reduction of speed limits on approximately 31 miles of our streets, while precisely attending to a slight - though unfortunate yet unavoidable - increase on the California Incline. Staff has done conscientious and credible good work on the survey. We must, however, continue the efforts supported by the community to engineer our streets for safety and reducing unsafe speeds.

Staff has demonstrated its professional acumen and sensitivity to what it takes to realize our Vision Zero Goals and the safety of all of us using Santa Monica streets. We must continue to prioritize the efforts of Vision Zero with continued momentum - we cannot be distracted from realizing our goals of zero preventable road fatalities by 2026.

Thank you SMDOT staff and Council for your continued leadership in making sure our community is moving toward being safer. Thank you for bringing forth the safe streets initiatives that also advance our climate goals, which are particularly meaningful as we celebrate our 30th year of sustainability leadership.

Sincerely,
Cynthia Rose
Director, Santa Monica Spoke Cris Gutierrez
Co-Chair, Santa Monica Safe Street Alliance Co-Chair, Santa Monica Safe Streets Alliance SMSpoke.org
SaMoSafeStreets.org
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1399 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 1 David Yakobson
From: Phil's Eighty Grand Electric Mercedes <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 10:31 AM
To: Phil Brock; Oscar de la Torre; Christine Parra; Lana Negrete; councilmtgitems; Jesse Zwick; Gleam Davis; Caroline Torosis
Subject: oppose 10B

EXTERNAL
Hi councilmembers, it's your favorite extremely expensive Mercedes SUV again. I oppose this awful measure, motorists like Phil have places to be and they shouldn't have to be slowed down by silly concerns like safety for poor people and extremely privileged cyclists who can't afford their own extremely expensive Mercedes SUV.

I do approve of raising the speed limit on the incline though. In fact, make it higher! Motorists can easily go even faster than that on the incline after Phil wisely bullied staff into watering down the so-called safety improvements there.

Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1400 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 2 David Yakobson
From: Paul James <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 9:41 AM
To: Caroline Torosis; Christine Parra; Council Mailbox; councilmtgitems; Gleam Davis; Jesse Zwick; Lana Negrete; Oscar de la Torre; Phil Brock
Subject: 10B: Support speed Limits Updates

EXTERNAL
Dear council,
I strongly support item 10B. Lowering speed limits in our cities can benefit all road users and help us reach our goal of a clean & safe Santa Monica.

Signs and rules don’t make a real difference unless they’re enforced and speed enforcement has clearly been lacking.

I urge you to support this item and to ask for speed limits to be enforced.

I love biking in Santa Monica because there's so much to do and it's a very efficient way to get around the city.

With so much activity and so many people attampting to share the roads (mostly cars and SUVs by far), everyone needs to be held accountable for their behavior behind the wheel.

Everyone who has ever been on a bike has a horror story with a bad driver. Speed limit reduction and enforcement would help us out immensely.
-Paul LaBelle, 90034
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1401 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 1 David Yakobson
From: Dustin Shahan <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 7:26 AM
To: councilmtgitems; Council Mailbox; Gleam Davis; Phil Brock; Christine Parra; Lana Negrete; Jesse Zwick; Caroline Torosis; Oscar de la Torre Subject: Re: Support 10B for lower speed limits

EXTERNAL
Resending as I didn't get the auto reply...

On Mon, Aug 26, 2024, 8:08 PM Dustin Shahan <[email protected]> wrote:

Good evening council,
Please support item 10B for lower speed limits. There is abundantly clear data proving how important vehicle speed is for everyone on the road.

Please also ensure that these are actually enforced. There are far too many vehicles regularly blasting down neighborhood roads with no repercussions.

Thanks!
Dustin Shahan
90401
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1402 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 2 David Yakobson
From: Caro Vilain <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, August 26, 2024 10:38 PM
To: councilmtgitems; Council Mailbox; Gleam Davis; Phil Brock; Christine Parra; Lana Negrete; Jesse Zwick; Caroline Torosis; Oscar de la Torre Subject: I support item 10B

EXTERNAL
Dear council,
I strongly support item 10B.

I urge to not only support this item, but also ensure that this ordinance is enforced and that drivers are made aware of it.

I hope that you understand how important this item is and how it will save lives, if implemented and enforced.

While pedestrians have a 90 percent chance of surviving a crash involving a vehicle traveling 20 mph or below, they have less than a 50 percent chance of surviving a crash with a vehicle traveling 30 mph or above.

I’ve been so far very “lucky”that both of the careless drivers who hit me while I was riding my bike in Santa Monica were going at low speed; I got to get away with injuries that I might never fully recover from but that thankfully weren’t life threatening.

A friend of mine who was born and raised here and cares deeply about making our streets safe wasn’t so lucky when they were hit by a driver a couple weeks ago. It’s estimated that the driver who hit them was likely not going faster than 30mph, which might not feel that fast from behind the wheel of a car, but that crash nearly ended their life.

Lowering speed limits in our cities can benefit all road users and help us reach our goal of a clean & safe Santa Monica, but signs and rules alone don’t make a real difference unless they’re enforced, which we all know hasn’t been the case. I encounter speeding drivers every day riding my bike around Santa Monica.

I urge you to support this item and to ask for speed limits to be enforced.

Caro Vilain, 90404
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1403 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 3 David Yakobson
From: Brian Sweeney <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, August 26, 2024 8:57 PM
To: councilmtgitems
Subject: Item 10B: Proposed Speed Limit Reductions

EXTERNAL
Dear Mayor Brock and honorable City Council members,
I'm writing to express my enthusiastic support for the proposed speed limit reductions described in Item 10B. I also want to extend a huge thank you to City staff and the consultants at Fehr & Peers for doing a tremendous job with the study.

I walk my three little kids to school in the morning and literally every day we encounter someone speeding far above the existing speed limit on Ocean Park Blvd. (or otherwise blowing a stop sign in the neighborhood). It's not only dangerous but also exhausting.

These speed limit reductions are a necessary first step, but we also desperately need SMPD to be more proactive in enforcing these new speed limits if we want to improve street safety. I know traffic stops are significantly down since COVID; we need those to go up--above and beyond the special enforcement operations (and even if it that just means increasing the number of warnings)--if we want mobility staff's hard work here to be impactful.

Thank you, as always, for your help making our community safer.

Best wishes,
Brian Sweeney
Sunset Park resident
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1404 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 4 David Yakobson
From: Jacob Wasserman <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, August 26, 2024 8:46 PM
To: Council Mailbox; Gleam Davis; Phil Brock; Christine Parra; Lana Negrete; Jesse Zwick; Caroline Torosis; Oscar de la Torre; councilmtgitems
Subject: Item 10.B: Support Speed Limit Safety Changes

EXTERNAL
Dear Santa Monica City Council,
As a driver, pedestrian, biker, voter, resident, and parent, I am in support of the speed limit safety changes in Item 10.B and urge adoption. Living on 11th Street, this speed limit reduction will make me and my family safer.

I wish the California Incline speed limit increase could not be implemented, as speeding up and down that hill is already a huge risk and cause of crashes, but I understand state law forces your hand.

Thanks,
Jacob Wasserman
11th and Washington
90403
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1405 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) 1 David Yakobson
From: Peter DiChellis <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, August 23, 2024 2:23 PM
To: councilmtgitems
Subject: ITEM 10 B Speed Limits

EXTERNAL
Safety measures on residential streets and near schools must include stronger enforcement of negligent and reckless bicycle riding, including on many of the same streets named in this proposal Santa Monica Department of Transportation data show bicyclists are nearly equally at fault in serious crashes but are cited far less than motor vehicle drivers, as follows:

Bicycle-involved Fatal and Severe Injury crashes in Santa Monica since 2010 Total: 72 =100%
Driver at Fault: 31= 43%
Cyclist at Fault: 26 = 36%
Other/No Fault: 15 = 21%
Citations at “Bicycle Safety Operations” (Sept-Dec 2023) Total: 132 = 100%
Drivers: 97 = 73%
Bicyclists: 35 = 27%
Despite this clear data, City policies continue to point a false finger of blame for bicycle safety at motor vehicle drivers.

For example in recent a pilot program to objectively measure whether vehicles blocked bicycle lanes, video showed only 16% of nearly 2,000 so-called “violations” were actually blocking the bike lane; the remaining 84% of “violations” happened when there was no lane blockage whatsoever but the vehicle’s tires were on the white line of the bike lane.

Perhaps the pilot program only demonstrated that curb parking spaces are not wide enough and despite best efforts drivers cannot easily fit their vehicles within the allotted space.

But, predictably and despite clear data, great moaning ensued about the risk to bicyclists. No mention of the risk cyclists pose to themselves and others when running stop signs, traveling against traffic, riding on sidewalks, and all manner of other recklessness instigated in Santa Monica.

Bottom line: “bicycle safety” and related safer-streets programs must include enforcing bicyclist safety, not simply pointing a false finger of blame at motor vehicle drivers.

Sincerely,
Peter DiChellis
Santa Monica
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024
Item 10-B
August 27, 2024

10.B.c
Packet Pg. 1406 Attachment: Written Comments (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) August 27, 2024
Agenda Item 10.B
Mia Silver
Santa Monica Engineering and Traffic
Survey Results and Speed Limit Update

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1407 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

AGENDA & OBJECTIVES

1. PROJECT OVERVIEW

2. ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

3. RESULTS

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1408 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) PROJECT OVERVIEW • In order to enforce speed limits,
California law requires that Engineering
and Traffic Surveys (E&TS) are updated
periodically.
• City staff was guided by City plans and
and the Vision Zero commitment.
• The study was done pursuant to Section
22358 of the CVC, and accounted for
new provisions made by Assembly Bill
43 (AB 43).

City Plans

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1409 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) PROJECT OVERVIEW • The City prepared an E&TS for 141 roadway segments, which entailed surveying a total of
215 roadway locations.

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1410 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
• Prima facie speed limits are speed
limits that qualify under criteria outlined
in the CVC. For areas that qualify as
Resident Districts or Business Districts,
the prima facie speed limit is 25 mph.
• Data collection was conducted in accordance
with CVC and the California Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices (CA MUTCD).
• 85th percentile speeds were collected at the
215 roadway segments.
• Speeds were recorded outside of peak travel
hours on a weekday.

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1411 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) To update speed limits in alignment with current local and state policy, we considered:

Local Roadway Safety Plan City Plans Proximity to Sensitive Areas Business Activity Districts Speed Limit Continuity

PLANS AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS CONSIDERED

ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1412 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

SPEED SURVEY
RESULTS • Relative to the posted speed limit, the 85th
percentile speed of vehicles was: • > 7 mph higher at 1% of locations • 5 - 7 mph higher at 8% of locations • 0 - 5 mph higher at 62% of locations • Lower at 29% of locations

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1413 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

SPEED LIMIT CHANGES
RESULTS • The speed limit recommendations were made
regarding what would be reasonable and
appropriate in accordance with regulations,
requirements, and contextual factors.
• Overall speeds would be reduced by an
average of 5 mph on 62 roadways, which
account for 32 miles of roadway.
• California Incline was the only segment that
increased due to the speed survey finding
and its contextual factors.

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1414 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) Speed Limit Changes
Total number of roadway segments analyzed 141
Total number of roadway segments with speed reductions 62 Roadways miles where speed limits were reduced 32
Average speed limit reduction for all roadways segments where speed limit reductions were applied 5

SUMMARY STATISTICS

RESULTS

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1415 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

NEXT STEPS
• Upon City Council approval, the changes take effect 30 days after second reading of the ordinance.
• New and updated speed limit signs will then be installed by DOT staff. • The anticipated duration for installation of signs is two months, and new speed limits would not be enforceable until signage is posted on the corridor.

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1416 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

REQUESTED ACTIONS
• Adopt a finding of Categorical Exemption and a finding of no possibility of significant effect pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines • Introduce for first reading an ordinance amending Santa Monica Municipal Code 3.12.490 to establish speed limits for certain City streets pursuant to California Vehicle Code

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1417 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) Rounding Changes with AB 43

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1418 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) California Incline • New rounding changes with AB43 allow for 30 mph with 85th measured at

36.5 mph.
• 1 of the 2 segments > 7 mph over posted
speed limit.
• Reviewing traffic calming treatments. • Park, bikeway and sidewalk are all physically separated from the roadway.

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1419 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) San Vicente • Rounding changes with AB43 allow
for 35 mph with 85th measured at

39.9 mph.
• Flashing beacons at 4th, 11th, 14th,
and 19th streets.
• Speed feedback signs.

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1420 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) Safety Statistics
Vehicle Speed Comparison to Chance of Pedestrian Injury and Fatality

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1421 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits)

SCHOOLS INCLUDED IN ANALYSIS
• Academic Achievers Academy
• Carlthorp School
• Crossroads School for Arts & Sciences
• Edison Language Academy
• Evergreen Community School
• Franklin Elementary School
• Garden of Angels School
• Grant Elementary School
• John Adams Middle School
• John Muir Elementary School
• Lighthouse Christian Academy
• Lincoln Middle School
• McKinley Elementary School
• New Roads School
• Olympic High School
• Pacifica Christian High School
• PS1 Pluralistic School
• Roosevelt Elementary School
• Saint Monica Preparatory Upper School
• Santa Monica High School
• Santa Monica Montessori
• St. Annes School
• Sycamore Community School
• Waldorf Ealy Childhood Center
• Will Rogers Learning Community

10.B.d
Packet Pg. 1422 Attachment: PowerPoint Presentation (6416 : Ordinance to Establish New Speed Limits) City Council
Report
City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024
Agenda Item: 10.C
1 of 2
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Douglas Sloan, City Attorney, City Attorney's Office, Administration Subject: Introduction for First Reading of an Ordinance Adding Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 2.32.290 to Prohibit Acceptance of Gratuities by Public Officials
Recommended Action
Staff recommends that Council:

1. Adopt a finding of categorical exemption pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) (Common Sense Exemption) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines; and

2. Staff recommends that the City Council introduce for first reading an Ordinance to add Section 2.32.290 to the Santa Monica Municipal Code prohibiting the acceptance of gratuities by public officials.

Summary
The Council approved a 16 Item to direct the City Attorney to address the recent U.S.

Supreme Court decision Snyder v. United States, which, absent a clear ban on gratuities by a local jurisdiction, purports to allow city officials to accept gratuities. The proposed ordinance will prohibit acceptance of gratuities by public officials as a reward or token of appreciation for any official act performed by the public official.

Discussion
The decision in Snyder v. United States stated that providing state and local officials with tokens of appreciation for their official action, for example, gift cards, meals, event tickets, or cash payments, do not subject those officials to federal prosecution. At the same time, the Court reiterated that the decision does not affect the ability of state and

10.C
Packet Pg. 1423
2 of 2
local governments to regulate gratuities. A gratuity differs from a bribe in that a gratuity is given after, rather than before, the official act.

The proposed ordinance will prohibit any City official from accepting or soliciting, directly or indirectly, anything of value from any person to whom the official has conferred a public benefit within the last twelve months, intended as a reward or token of appreciation for or because of an official act performed by the public official. Violations may be prosecuted as a misdemeanor, or by an administrative fine of up to $500 per violation.

Financial Impacts and Budget Actions
There is no immediate financial impact or budget action necessary as a result of the proposed action.

Prepared By: Katie Doerr, Deputy City Attorney III
Approved Forwarded to Council
Attachments:

A. ORD-CAO-ord-Gratuity
B. Written Comments

10.C
Packet Pg. 1424
1 City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024 Santa Monica, California ORDINANCE NUMBER _________ (CCS)
(City Council Series)

AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
SANTA MONICA ADDING SECTION 2.32.290 PROHIBITING ACCEPTANCE OF

GRATUITIES BY CITY OFFICIALS
WHEREAS, the United States Supreme Court recently ruled that anti-bribery laws do not make it a crime for local officials to accept a gratuity for official acts they have already taken; and
WHEREAS, the Council believes it is unacceptable for City officials to receive gratuities for acts performed in their official capacity, and hereby formalizes the prohibition on so doing.

NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA DOES HEREBY ORDAIN AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 1. Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 2.32.290 is hereby added to read as follows:

2.32.290. PROHIBITION ON GRATUITIES
(a) No City official shall receive, accept, take, seek, or solicit, directly or indirectly, anything of economic value as a gift, gratuity, or favor, from any person or entity to whom the official has conferred a public benefit within the last 12 months, intended as a reward or token of appreciation for or because of any official act performed by the public official. This Section shall be in addition to the provisions of Charter Section XXII, the Taxpayer Protection Act.

10.C.a
Packet Pg. 1425 Attachment: ORD-CAO-ord-Gratuity (6553 : Gratuities Prohibition Ord) 2 (b) As used herein, the term “public benefit” does not include public employment in the normal course of business for services rendered, but includes a contract, benefit, permit, or arrangement between the City and any individual, corporation, firm, partnership, association, or other person or entity to:
(1) provide services of a value in excess of $5,000 over any 12-month period;
(2) sell or furnish any material, supplies or equipment to the City of a value in excess of $5,000 over any 12 month period;
(3) buy or sell any real property to or from the City with a value in excess of $5,000, or lease any real property to or from the City with a value in excess of $5,000 over any 12-month period;
(4) receive an award of a franchise to conduct any business activity in a territory, and for which gross revenue from the business activity exceeds $5,000 in any 12-month period;
(5) confer a land use variance, special use permit, or other exception to a pre-existing master plan or land use ordinance pertaining to real property where such decision has a value in excess of $5,000;
(6) confer a tax abatement, exception, or benefit not generally applicable of a value in excess of $5,000 in any 12-month period; or
(7) receive cash or property of a net value to the recipient in excess of $5,000 in any 12-month period.
(c) Those persons or entities receiving public benefits as defined above shall include the individual, corporation, firm, partnership, association, or other person or entity

10.C.a
Packet Pg. 1426 Attachment: ORD-CAO-ord-Gratuity (6553 : Gratuities Prohibition Ord) 3 so benefiting, and any individual or person who, during a period where such benefit is received or accrues,
(1) has more than a five percent (5%) equity, participation, or revenue interest in that entity, or
(2) who is a trustee, director, partner, or officer of that entity or of another entity that owns or controls the entity receiving the public benefit, excepting persons serving in those capacities as volunteers, without compensation, for organizations exempt from income taxes under Section 501(c)(3), (4), or (6) of the Internal Revenue Code.

However, this exception shall not apply if the organization is a political committee or controls political committees as defined by California Government Code Section 82013 or 2 U.S.C. Section 431(4) or successor provisions.
(d) As used herein, the term “public official” includes any elected or appointed public official acting in an official capacity. This includes, but is not limited to: City Council members, Planning Commission members, and the City Manager, City Attorney, City Clerk, and Department Heads and their designees who may confer public benefits as defined in this section.
(e) Each violation of the provisions of this Chapter shall constitute a misdemeanor. Alternatively, a civil action may also be brought by the City or any interested party before any court of competent jurisdiction. In addition to all other remedies authorized by law, the court may impose a fine of up to five hundred dollars for each violation of this Chapter.

SECTION 2. Any provision of the Santa Monica Municipal Code or appendices thereto inconsistent with the provisions of this Ordinance, to the extent of such

10.C.a
Packet Pg. 1427 Attachment: ORD-CAO-ord-Gratuity (6553 : Gratuities Prohibition Ord) 4 inconsistencies and no further, is hereby repealed or modified to that extent necessary to effect the provisions of this Ordinance.

SECTION 3. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid or unconstitutional by a decision of any court of competent jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Ordinance. The City Council hereby declares that it would have passed this Ordinance and each and every section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase not declared invalid or unconstitutional without regard to whether any portion of the ordinance would be subsequently declared invalid or unconstitutional.

SECTION 4. The Mayor shall sign and the City Clerk shall attest to the passage of this Ordinance. The City Clerk shall cause the same to be published once in the official newspaper within 15 days after its adoption. This Ordinance shall become effective 30 days from its adoption.

APPROVED AS TO FORM:
_________________________
Douglas Sloan, City Attorney

10.C.a
Packet Pg. 1428 Attachment: ORD-CAO-ord-Gratuity (6553 : Gratuities Prohibition Ord) 1 David Yakobson
From: Cynthia Rose <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, August 27, 2024 2:11 PM
To: councilmtgitems; Council Mailbox; Gleam Davis; Jesse Zwick; Caroline Torosis; Lana Negrete; Oscar de la Torre; Phil Brock; Christine Parra; David White Cc: [email protected]; [email protected] Subject: August 27th Agenda: Support items 10C-11A -- Opposed items 16F-16G Attachments: 2024-08 CC Agenda items- 10C-11A-16F-16G.pdf

EXTERNAL
Please see the attached letter in support of Agenda Items 10C and 11A and in opposition to Agenda Items 16F and 16G.

Cynthia Rose Cris Gutierrez and Anya Baroff
--
Cynthia Rose
Co-Chair
Santa Monica Safe Streets Alliance
SaMoSafeStreets.org
I acknowledge with respect and gratitude the Tongva, Kizh, and Chumash Peoples on whose traditional territory I live and work.

Item 10-C
August 27, 2024
Item 10-C
August 27, 2024

10.C.b
Packet Pg. 1429 Attachment: Written Comments (6553 : Gratuities Prohibition Ord)

August 27, 2024
RE: Agenda Items: 10C, 11A, 16F, 16G
Dear Mayor and City Council Members:

Santa Monica Safe Streets Alliance and community human rights advocate are writing in support of Agenda Items 10C and 11A and in opposition to Agenda Items 16F and 16G.

Support — Agenda Item 10C:

We support this common sense, ethical and accountable approach to preventing the appearance of bias with the acceptance of gratuities by our public officials. Also of concern is public officials awarding gratuities to special interests.

Support – Agenda item 11A:

Our Santa Monica values and priorities for a safe and clean community and robust economic recovery cannot be realized without a humane approach to provide more affordable homes. It is not only our civic and moral duty but the law. How else could anyone really expect to help solve the affordability and unhoused problems? We ask that you stay the course and continue to thoughtfully and expeditiously move these projects forward and not allow them to be undermined by a few loud and privileged voices. Santa Monica needs your thoughtful and steadfast leadership.

Oppose – Agenda item 16F:

We cannot solve our problems - in fact we create more grave problems - by ignoring the solutions to and needed compassion for those in crisis and in need. It is proven that to get our vulnerable population the help they need - we must meet them where they are. We must not vilify humans in crisis and deny them the very services they must have to survive and lift themselves out of homelessness and addiction. That is the essence of what we hope to live up to in Santa Monica – to be a compassionate and mature community.

Oppose - Agenda item 16G
As expressed in opposition to Agenda Item 16F: We cannot solve our problems - in fact we create more grave problems - by ignoring the solutions to and needed compassion for those in crisis and in need. It is proven that to get our vulnerable population the help they need - we must meet them where they are. We must not vilify humans in crisis and deny them the very services they must have to survive and lift themselves out of homelessness and addiction. That is the essence of what we hope to live up to in Santa Monica – to be a compassionate and mature community. We ALL need to do our part to support those in need – not kick them or the issue down the road or across city lines.

Sincerely,
Cynthia Rose Cris Gutierrez
Co-Chair, Santa Monica Safe Street Alliance Co-Chair, Santa Monica Safe Streets Alliance SaMoSafeStreets.org
Community Human Rights Advocate
Item 10-C
August 27, 2024
Item 10-C
August 27, 2024

10.C.b
Packet Pg. 1430 Attachment: Written Comments (6553 : Gratuities Prohibition Ord) City Council
Report
City Council Meeting: August 27, 2024
Agenda Item: 10.D
1 of 6
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Douglas Sloan, City Attorney, City Attorney's Office, Administration Subject: Introduction for first reading an Ordinance amending Santa Monica Municipal Code section 4.08.095 - Prohibition against camping in public places.

Recommended Action
Staff recommends that the City Council consider:

1. Adopt a finding of no possibility of significant effect pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) (Common Sense Exemption) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines.

2. Introduce for first reading an Ordinance amending Santa Monica Municipal Code section 4.08.095 - Prohibition against camping in public places.

Summary
At its July 9, 2024, meeting, the City Council approved the following 16 Item:

Request of Mayor Pro Tem Negrete and Councilmember de la Torre that the City Attorney and City Manager return to City Council with an evaluation of the recent Grants Pass Supreme Court decision and provide options to amend the City's Municipal Code that are consistent with the ruling and the city’s commitment to clean and safe.

The Council is not required to take any action to comply with the Court decision.

However, there are some options Council may consider; each option may or may not be combined with providing more resources to enforce current or amended laws and/or provide more resources to mitigate homelessness:

1. Take no action to amend the Municipal Code; or

10.D
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2 of 6

2. Repeal changes made in 2022 to Santa Monica Municipal Code Section

4.08.095, Prohibition against camping in public places, to comply with the Ninth Circuit’s Grants Pass ruling; and/or

3. Give direction to continue to monitor what other cities are doing and return with additional options on this and related issues, which may include, but not be limited to, examination of opportunities for further amendments to the Municipal Code to address use of public spaces as part of the City’s wholistic approach to addressing homelessness. Should Council give direction to return at a future date, future recommendations will necessarily be the result of a collaboration between City staff and the City Attorney’s Office, including Santa Monica Police Department, the Housing and Human Services Department, and the City’s Criminal Unit to provide recommendations on what is feasible given available resources, and may dovetail with the public safety budget discussion in October.

Details of the options are as follows:

1. Take no action to amend the Municipal Code. The Code is legally compliant currently. It does expressly allow for limited sleeping on public property using blankets and pillows as necessary for comfort by those who are homeless. The City is currently very much engaged on the issues, and Santa Monica does not see the types of encampments that occur in other jurisdictions. Santa Monica is also on the forefront of new programs, such as the STEP Court diversion and services program, that are helping people to become housed and healthy.

2. Repeal the changes to the Municipal Code made in 2022 to comply with the Ninth Circuit Grants Pass ruling.

On November 15, 2022, the City Council passed Ordinance Number 2728 (CCS), which made the following amendments to Santa Monica Municipal Code Section 4.08.095, Prohibition against camping in public places, to comply with the Ninth Circuit’s Grants Pass ruling. In that ruling, the Ninth Circuit determined that those who are homeless must be permitted to use certain items for comfort or survival while sleeping outdoors [underlined are additions, strikeouts are deletions]:

10.D
Packet Pg. 1432
3 of 6

4.08.095 Prohibition against camping in public places.
(a) No person shall camp in a prohibited public place.
(b) For the purpose of this Section:
(1) “Camp” means to erect, maintain, or occupy a camp facility for the purpose of living accommodations.
(2) “Camp facility” may means the use of, settling, fixing in place, setting up, locating, or leaving behind in a prohibited public place contain any or a combination of the following: tents, huts, other temporary physical shelters, cots, beds, sleeping bags, or hammocks, or bedrolls.
(3) “Prohibited public place” means any of the following: the public parks listed in Section 4.08.091, public beaches, the Santa Monica Municipal Pier, public streets, public alleyways, public parking lots, public passageways, public rights-of-way, publicly-owned landscaped areas or greenbelts, public educational institutions including properties owned by the Santa MonicaMalibu Unified School District or Santa Monica College, or other governmentowned properties located within the City of Santa Monica. (c) The City Council may, by majority vote, establish one or more specified camping areas. Such camping areas, if any, may be located in prohibited public places, except that such camping areas shall not be located within public parks. (d) This ordinance does not prohibit those who are homeless from using sleeping bags, blankets, pillows, and/or bedrolls while sleeping. This Section shall not take effect until March 1, 1995.

If there is a desire to repeal those changes, with some slight modifications the ordinance would read:

4.08.095 Prohibition against camping in public places.
(a) No person shall camp in a prohibited public place.
(b) For the purpose of this Section:
(1) “Camp” means to erect, maintain, or occupy a camp facility for the

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purpose of living accommodations.
(2) “Camp facility” means the use of, settling, fixing in place, setting up, locating, or leaving behind in a prohibited public place any or a combination of the following: tents, huts, other temporary physical shelters, cots, beds, sleeping bags, or hammocks, or bedrolls.
(3) “Prohibited public place” means any of the following: the public parks listed in Section 4.08.091, public beaches, the Santa Monica Municipal Pier, public streets, public alleyways, public parking lots, public passageways, public rights-of-way, publicly-owned landscaped areas or greenbelts, public educational institutions including properties owned by the Santa MonicaMalibu Unified School District or Santa Monica College, or other governmentowned properties located within the City of Santa Monica. (c) The City Council may, by majority vote, establish one or more specified camping areas. Such camping areas, if any, may be located in prohibited public places, except that such camping areas shall not be located within public parks. (d) This ordinance does not prohibit those who are homeless from using sleeping bags, blankets, pillows, and/or bedrolls while sleeping.

3. Give direction to continue to monitor what other cities are doing and return with additional legal options.

Many cities are re-examining options in light of the Court ruling. It may be beneficial to monitor these changes, then return to Council with additional information and potential options. Any such additional information would be the result of collaboration across all City departments that participate in the City’s wholistic approach to homelessness, and would include discussions about feasibility, expected outcomes, and resources.

Discussion
In Grants Pass v. Johnson, the U.S. Supreme Court held that regulating camping on public property does not constitute “cruel and unusual punishment” prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. The decision reversed the holding of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that camping prohibitions were “cruel and unusual punishment” if a person was “involuntarily” homeless. The Supreme Court held that legislative bodies,

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rather than courts, are the appropriate decision maker when determining criminal regulations and penalties for camping in public. The Court acknowledged legislative bodies have broad discretion in this regard. However, the Court also acknowledged that a number of Constitutional and common law protections still apply, for example competency to stand trial, a “necessity defense,” due process, and equal protection, among others. These protections ensure that everyone must be treated equally.

Whether someone falls asleep while sunbathing, a homeless person falls asleep in a park during the day, or a backpacker falls asleep while passing through, under the Constitution they must be treated equally.

The decision does not legally require the City to do anything differently, either in legislation or practices. There are many legal, resource, and reality considerations. The decision will not eliminate homelessness, but there are some nuanced changes that could be initiated.

Even if sleeping on public property could be completely outlawed, it will not end. Even if it is legally prohibited, resources must be available and there must be the will to cite or arrest, prosecute, then despite zero bail and even if a case makes it to court and the defendant appears, and a jury were to convict, there certainly are not resources nor the will to hold those convicted of low level crimes such as sleeping in public in the County jail. Until there are substantially greater resources available for mental health treatment, substance abuse prevention and treatment, and housing (shelter, transitional, and/or permanent housing), as people necessarily must sleep somewhere, the issue will not be resolved by this Court decision. One consideration, though, is that the legal process might assist in encouraging people to take advantage of available resources, but current laws do not allow people to be forced to accept shelter, and people can decline to accept shelter.

CEQA
Adopt a finding of no possibility of significant effect pursuant to Section 15061(b)(3) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines.

Financial Impacts and Budget Actions

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There is no immediate financial impact or budget action necessary as a result of the proposed actions; however, stricter prohibitions and/or enhanced enforcement will require additional resources for several City departments.

Prepared By: Douglas Sloan, City Attorney
Approved Forwarded to Council
Attachments:

A. A-Proposed Ordinance
B. B-Existing Santa Monica Ordinances
C. Written Comments

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